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Goldsworthy A, Olsen M, Koh A, Demaneuf T, Singh G, Almheiri R, Chapman B, Almazrouei S, Ghemrawi R, Senok A, McKirdy S, Alghafri R, Tajouri L. Extended Reality Head-Mounted Displays Are Likely to Pose a Significant Risk in Medical Settings While Current Classification Remains as Non-Critical. Microorganisms 2024; 12:815. [PMID: 38674759 PMCID: PMC11052361 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extended reality (XR) devices, including virtual and augmented reality head-mounted displays (HMDs), are increasingly utilised within healthcare to provide clinical interventions and education. Currently, XR devices are utilised to assist in reducing pain and improving psychological outcomes for immunocompromised patients in intensive care units, palliative care environments and surgical theatres. However, there is a paucity of research on the risks of infection from such devices in healthcare settings. Identify existing literature providing insights into the infection control risk XR HMDs pose within healthcare facilities and the efficacy of current infection control and cleaning procedures. Three databases (PubMed, Embase and CINAHL) in addition to Google Scholar were systematically searched. A total of seven studies were identified for this review. Microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were found to be present on XR HMDs. Published cleaning and infection control protocols designed to disinfect XR HMDs and protect users were heterogeneous in nature. Current cleaning protocols displayed varying levels of efficacy with microbial load affected by multiple factors, including time in use, number of users and XR HMD design features. In healthcare settings, fitting XR HMDs harbouring microorganisms near biological and mucosal entry points presents an infection control risk. An urgent revision of the Spaulding classification is required to ensure flexibility that allows for these devices to be reclassified from 'Non-critical' to 'Semi-Critical' depending on the healthcare setting and patient population (surgery, immunocompromised, burns, etc.). This review identified evidence supporting the presence of microorganisms on XR HMDs. Due to the potential for HMDs to contact mucosal entry points, devices must be re-considered within the Spaulding classification as 'Semi-critical'. The existence of microbial contaminated XR HMDs in high-risk medical settings such as operating wards, intensive care units, emergency departments, labour and delivery wards and clinical areas with immunosuppressed patients requires urgent attention. Public health authorities have a duty of care to develop revised guidelines or new recommendations to ensure efficient sanitation of such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Goldsworthy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (A.G.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia; (M.O.); (G.S.)
| | - Matthew Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia; (M.O.); (G.S.)
| | - Andy Koh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka 589-8511, Japan;
| | | | - Gobinddeep Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia; (M.O.); (G.S.)
| | - Reem Almheiri
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Brendan Chapman
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (A.G.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Shaima Almazrouei
- International Centre for Forensic Sciences, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Rose Ghemrawi
- Health and Biomedical Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates;
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Simon McKirdy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (A.G.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rashed Alghafri
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (A.G.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (A.G.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia; (M.O.); (G.S.)
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;
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Whitworth P, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Reynolds KJ, Plummer J, Clare AS. UV-C LED-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, lesion repair and mutagenesis in the biofilm-forming diatom, Navicula incerta. Biofouling 2024; 40:76-87. [PMID: 38384189 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2319178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation in marine biofouling control is a relatively new and potentially disruptive technology. This study examined effects of UV-C exposure on the biofilm-forming diatom, Navicula incerta. UV-C-induced mutations were identified via Illumina HiSeq. A de novo genome was assembled from control sequences and reads from UV-C-exposed treatments were mapped to this genome, with a quantitative estimate of mutagenesis then derived from the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms. UV-C exposure increased cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) abundance with a direct correlation between lesion formation and fluency. Cellular repair mechanisms gradually reduced CPDs over time, with the highest UV-C fluence treatments having the fastest repair rates. Mutation abundances were, however, negatively correlated with CPD abundance suggesting that UV-C exposure may influence lesion repair. The threshold fluence for CPD formation exceeding CPD repair was >1.27 J cm-2. Fluences >2.54 J cm-2 were predicted to inhibit repair mechanisms. While UV-C holds considerable promise for marine antifouling, diatoms are just one, albeit an important, component of marine biofouling communities. Determining fluence thresholds for other representative taxa, highlighting the most resistant, would allow UV-C treatments to be specifically tuned to target biofouling organisms, whilst limiting environmental effects and the power requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whitworth
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Reynolds
- Technology & Innovation Delivery, Marine, Protective and Yacht, AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd, Felling, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Plummer
- Physical Sciences Group, Platform Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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O'Mahoney P, Wood K, Ibbotson SH, Eadie E. Potential harm to the skin from unfiltered krypton chloride 'far- ultraviolet-C' lamps, even below an occupational exposure limit. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:043501. [PMID: 36317283 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac9e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation can effectively inactivate pathogens on surfaces and in the air. Due to the potential for harm to skin and eyes, human exposure to UVC should be limited within the guideline exposure limits produced by the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIHs). Both organisations state an effective spectrally weighted limit of 3 mJ cm-2, although the spectral weighting factors of the two organisations diverged following a revision of the ACGIH guidelines in 2022. Using existing published human exposure data, the effective spectrally weighted radiant exposure was calculated for both unfiltered and filtered (to reduce UV emissions above 230 nm) krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer lamps. The effective radiant exposure of the filtered KrCl* lamp was greater than 3 mJ cm-2when applying ICNIRP or either of the revised ACGIH spectral weightings. This indicates that both guidelines are appropriately conservative for this specific lamp. However, the effective radiant exposure of the unfiltered KrCl* lamp was as low as 1 mJ cm-2with the revised ACGIH weighting function that can be applied to the skin if the eyes are protected. Erythema has therefore been directly observed in a clinical study at an exposure within the revised ACGIH guideline limits. Extrapolating this information means that a mild sunburn could be induced in Fitzpatrick skin types I and II if that particular ACGIH weighting function were applied and an individual received an effective exposure of 3 mJ cm-2. Whilst it is improbable that such an effect would be seen in current deployment of KrCl* lamp technology, it does highlight the need for further research into skin sensitivity and irradiance-time reciprocity for UVC wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Mahoney
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Photobiology Unit, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wood
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sally H Ibbotson
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Photobiology Unit, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Eadie
- Photobiology Unit, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Sharma P, Chen P, Han S, Chung P, Chen J, Tseng J, Han C. Design Considerations for a Surface Disinfection Device Using Ultraviolet-C Light-Emitting Diodes. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2022; 126:126045. [PMID: 36475088 PMCID: PMC9707634 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation, spanning wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm, has proven germicidal qualities and medical, industrial, and environmental applications. The need for new disinfection technologies and the prospect of eliminating mercury-based radiation sources compels research on ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). UV-LED technology could be used for customized and point-of-use products for disinfection and sterilization. We focused on the design and development of a surface disinfection device using UV-C LEDs, including potential user targets, important design parameters, and final validation methods. Optical and thermal simulations were used to illustrate the design process and associated challenges. A sample device prototype was developed, and microbial validation results are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pao Chen
- Violumas Inc., California 94538, USA
| | - Saya Han
- Violumas Inc., California 94538, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Tseng
- Violumas Taiwan, Lung-tan, Tao-Yuan 32556,
Taiwan
| | - Chang Han
- Violumas Inc., California 94538, USA
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Kelly S, Schnugh D, Thomas DT. The Effectiveness of Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) versus Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide (aHP) in ICU Terminal Disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2021; 121:114-119. [PMID: 34915051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10% of patients with healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) died during their hospitalisation in 2015. Thus, the reduction in HAI prevalence is critical. One strategy to achieve this is the adequate disinfection of patient rooms within the hospital. AIM To compare the effectiveness of an Ultraviolet-C room sanitizer against that of an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide device in eliminating selected healthcare-associated (HA) pathogens and other HA-organisms in an ICU setting. METHODS The disinfection systems were tested on the following organisms: meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida auris. Media plates with known densities of each organism and placed at preselected regions within an ICU room. The mean kill rate was determined for each organism. Additionally, swabs were taken from five high-touch areas from different ICU rooms prior to manual cleaning, following manual cleaning, and following each disinfection method in order to compare their effectiveness. FINDINGS The UV-C device achieved a 96.75% mean microbial reduction in non-shaded areas. It was significantly less effective in the shaded regions. The aHP system achieved a mean kill rate of 50.71% for all areas. The swab results revealed that 15% of manually cleaned surfaces still harboured a microbial load, which was eradicated after use of either no-touch disinfection system. CONCLUSION This study presents the notable differences between two no-touch disinfection methods, highlights their effectiveness and advocates for their incorporation alongside a manual cleaning regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Kelly
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Desmond Schnugh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infection control services laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dr Teena Thomas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa; Infection control services laboratory, National Health Laboratory Services, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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6
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Geldert A, Balch HB, Gopal A, Su A, Grist SM, Herr AE. Best Practices for Germicidal Ultraviolet-C Dose Measurement for N95 Respirator Decontamination. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126020. [PMID: 38469452 PMCID: PMC10046750 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination holds promise in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, particularly with its potential to mitigate the N95 respirator shortage. Safe, effective, and reproducible decontamination depends critically on UV-C dose, yet dose is frequently measured and reported incorrectly, which results in misleading and potentially harmful protocols. Understanding best practices in UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination is essential to the safety of medical professionals, researchers, and the public. Here, we outline the fundamental optical principles governing UV-C irradiation and detection, as well as the key metrics of UV-C wavelength and dose. In particular, we discuss the technical and regulatory distinctions between UV-C N95 respirator decontamination and other applications of germicidal UV-C, and we highlight the unique considerations required for UV-C N95 respirator decontamination. Together, this discussion will inform best practices for UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination during crisis-capacity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Geldert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Halleh B. Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Anjali Gopal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Alison Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- Corresponding author
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7
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Obeng YS, Nablo BJ, Reyes DR, Poster DL, Postek MT. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy as a Potential Label-Free Method to Rapidly Verify Ultraviolet-C Radiation Disinfection. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126022. [PMID: 36475079 PMCID: PMC9681222 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) sensing offers noninvasive, real-time detection of the electromagnetic properties of biological materials via the highly concentrated electromagnetic fields, for which advantages include wide bandwidth, small size, and cost-effective fabrication. In this paper, we present the application of MW broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) coupled to a fabricated biological thin film for evaluating ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure effects. The BDS thin film technique could be deployed as a biological indicator for assessing whole-room UV-C surface disinfection. The disinfection process is monitored by BDS as changes in the electrical properties of surface-confined biological thin films photodegraded with UV-C radiation. Fetal bovine serum (FBS, a surrogate for protein) and bacteriophage lambda double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) were continuously monitored with BDS during UV-C radiation exposure. The electrical resistance of FBS films yielded promising yet imprecise readings, whereas the resistance of dsDNA films discernibly decreased with UV-C exposure. The observations are consistent with the expected photo-oxidation and photodecomposition of protein and DNA. While further research is needed to characterize these measurements, this study presents the first application of BDS to evaluate the electrical properties of solid-state biological thin films. This technique shows promise toward the development of a test method and a standard biological test to determine the efficacy of UV-C disinfection. Such a test with biological indicators could easily be applied to hospital rooms between patient occupancy for a multipoint evaluation to determine if a room meets a disinfection threshold set for new patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw S. Obeng
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
USA
| | | | - Darwin R. Reyes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
USA
| | - Dianne L. Poster
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
USA
| | - Michael T. Postek
- National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899,
USA
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8
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Yates SF, Isella G, Rahislic E, Barbour S, Tiznado L. Effects of Ultraviolet-C Radiation Exposure on Aircraft Cabin Materials. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126019. [PMID: 38469438 PMCID: PMC10855778 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation exposure is an attractive option for rapid and consistent disinfection of interior surfaces in aircraft cabins. In this study, fabric and plastic materials commonly used in aircraft cabins were exposed to UV-C radiation to determine their sensitivity to cumulative damage from frequent application. No significant effect on flame retardancy occurred up to 269 J/cm2 dose, and no effect on tensile or tear strength occurred up to 191 J/cm2 . Changes in color or appearance can occur at lower doses. A limit of 40 J/cm2 is proposed to avoid perceptible changes in appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Isella
- Honeywell Aerospace,
1300 W. Warner Road, Tempe, AZ 85285,
USA
| | - Emir Rahislic
- Honeywell Aerospace,
1300 W. Warner Road, Tempe, AZ 85285,
USA
| | - Spencer Barbour
- Honeywell Performance Materials and Technology,
15801 Woods Edge Road, Colonial Heights, VA 23834,
USA
| | - Lillian Tiznado
- Honeywell Aerospace,
1300 W. Warner Road, Tempe, AZ 85285,
USA
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9
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Stojalowski PDS, Fairfoull J. Comparison of Reflective Properties of Materials Exposed to Ultraviolet-C Radiation. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126017. [PMID: 38469450 PMCID: PMC10856222 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The reflectivity of material lining the inside of a disinfection chamber can have a dramatic effect on the ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation dose received across all sides of a contaminated object. Because minimum UV-C dosages are required to reliably inactivate microorganisms, it is crucial for the disinfection chamber to have either multiple UV-C sources or a highly reflective internal surface. This article describes an experimental comparison of four different materials, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, silver gloss self-adhesive aluminum, and Rosco matte black Cinefoil, to determine their efficacy as UV-C reflectors by using a custom-designed testing apparatus utilizing a UV-C radiation-emitting diode alongside photochromic UV-C indicators, allowing for a full 360° analysis of a target object and its received UV-C dose. Results determined that UV-C radiation received at the photochromic indicators varied greatly among the chosen materials, with PTFE providing the most uniform levels of radiation across all sides of the test object.
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Kreitenberg A, Martinello RA. Perspectives and Recommendations Regarding Standards for Ultraviolet-C Whole-Room Disinfection in Healthcare. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126015. [PMID: 36475087 PMCID: PMC9681192 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Patient well-being must be the driving force for determining standards for disinfection systems based on ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation. Reductions of inoculated bacteria on carriers is the optimal method of validating a UV-C-emitting system. We make specific, evidence-based recommendations regarding room description, organism selection, carrier material, quantity, orientations, and locations. Criteria for a satisfactory performance are discussed. Adoption of these requirements will ensure that devices intended for room disinfection provide the greatest chances for prevention of environmentally derived healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kreitenberg
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine,
Irvine, CA 92617,
USA
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11
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Fredes P, Raff U, Gramsch E, Tarkowski M. Estimation of the Ultraviolet-C Doses from Mercury Lamps and Light-Emitting Diodes Required to Disinfect Surfaces. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126025. [PMID: 38469433 PMCID: PMC10857788 DOI: 10.6028/jres.vol.126.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection of surfaces by ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation is gaining importance in diverse applications. However, there is generally no accepted computational procedure to determine the minimum irradiation times and UV-C doses required for reliable and secure disinfection of surfaces. UV-C dose distributions must be comparable for devices presently on the market and future ones, as well as for the diverse surfaces of objects to be disinfected. A mathematical model is presented to estimate irradiance distributions. To this end, the relevant parameters are defined. These parameters are the optical properties of the UV-C light sources, such as wavelength and emitted optical power, as well as electrical features, like radiant efficiency and consumed power. Furthermore, the characteristics and geometry of the irradiated surfaces as well as the positions of the irradiated surfaces in relation to the UV-C light sources are considered. Because mercury (Hg) lamps are competitive with UV-C light-emitting diodes, a comparative analysis between these two light sources based on the simulation results is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fredes
- Hydraluvx, Minerva 2576, Maipú,
Santiago 9254013,
Chile
| | - Ulrich Raff
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
| | - Ernesto Gramsch
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
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12
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Nicolau T, Filho NG, Zille A. Ultraviolet-C as a Viable Reprocessing Method for Disposable Masks and Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:801. [PMID: 33807909 PMCID: PMC7961913 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal conditions, discarding single-use personal protective equipment after use is the rule for its users due to the possibility of being infected, particularly for masks and filtering facepiece respirators. When the demand for these protective tools is not satisfied by the companies supplying them, a scenario of shortages occurs, and new strategies must arise. One possible approach regards the disinfection of these pieces of equipment, but there are multiple methods. Analyzing these methods, Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) becomes an exciting option, given its germicidal capability. This paper aims to describe the state-of-the-art for UV-C sterilization in masks and filtering facepiece respirators. To achieve this goal, we adopted a systematic literature review in multiple databases added to a snowball method to make our sample as robust as possible and encompass a more significant number of studies. We found that UV-C's germicidal capability is just as good as other sterilization methods. Combining this characteristic with other advantages makes UV-C sterilization desirable compared to other methods, despite its possible disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Nicolau
- 2C2T—Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Núbio Gomes Filho
- School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-57 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Andrea Zille
- 2C2T—Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
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Ryou H, Kim S, Shin M, Cho J, Hwang WS. Fast-Response Colorimetric UVC Sensor Made of a Ga 2O 3 Photocatalyst with a Hole Scavenger. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21020387. [PMID: 33429874 PMCID: PMC7827601 DOI: 10.3390/s21020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A fast-response colorimetric ultraviolet-C (UVC) sensor was demonstrated using a gallium oxide (Ga2O3) photocatalyst with small amounts of triethanolamine (TEOA) in methylene blue (MB) solutions and a conventional RGB photodetector. The color of the MB solution changed upon UVC exposure, which was observed using an in situ RGB photodetector. Thereby, the UVC exposure was numerically quantified as an MB reduction rate with the R value of the photodetector, which was linearly correlated with the measured spectral absorbance using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Small amount of TEOA in the MB solution served as a hole scavenger, which resulted in fast MB color changes due to the enhanced charge separation. However, excessive TEOA over 5 wt.% started to block the catalytical active site on the surface of Ga2O3, prohibiting the chemical reaction between the MB molecules and catalytic sites. The proposed colorimetric UVC sensor could monitor the detrimental UVC radiation with high responsivity at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejoong Ryou
- Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea; (H.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunjae Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea; (H.R.); (S.K.)
- Smart Drone Convergence, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea
| | - Myunghun Shin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea;
| | - Junsang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (W.S.H.)
| | - Wan Sik Hwang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea; (H.R.); (S.K.)
- Smart Drone Convergence, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (W.S.H.)
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Dhahir N, Feugang J, Witrick K, Park S, White S, AbuGhazaleh A. The effect of different ultraviolet-C light doses on microbial reduction and the components of camel milk. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 27:99-111. [PMID: 32580589 DOI: 10.1177/1082013220935230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a result of increasing interest in non-thermal technologies as a possible alternative or complementary to milk pasteurization processing, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different ultraviolet-C light doses on the viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and chemical changes to camel milk components. Pasteurized and inoculated camel milk samples were ultraviolet-C treated in a continuous flow system. The viability of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium was evaluated with both in vivo imaging system and traditional plate count agar method. Samples subjected to the 4.15, 8.30, and 12.45 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet-C treatment resulted in 1.9, 3.3, and 3.9-log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and 0.9, 3, and 3.9-log reductions in S. Typhimurium, respectively. The measurement of secondary lipid peroxidation products (or ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substance values) showed no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the raw and ultraviolet-C treated milk samples. Additionally, no changes (P > 0.05) in the protein profiles of αs1-casein, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin were observed between both samples. Compared to the untreated raw milk, c9t11 conjugated linoleic acid decreased (P < 0.01) while t10c12 conjugated linoleic acid increased (P < 0.01) in the ultraviolet-C treated milk. Furthermore, three new volatile compounds were identified in the ultraviolet-C treated milk compared to the control. In conclusion, milk treated with the ultraviolet-C light at a dose of 12.45 mJ/cm2 did not meet the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements for the 5-log pathogen reduction. The ultraviolet-C treatment, on the other hand, had minimal effects on camel milk components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namariq Dhahir
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Jean Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Katherine Witrick
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Seongbin Park
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA.,Costal Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Amer AbuGhazaleh
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
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15
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Li KH, Alfaraj N, Kang CH, Braic L, Hedhili MN, Guo Z, Ng TK, Ooi BS. Deep-Ultraviolet Photodetection Using Single-Crystalline β-Ga 2O 3/NiO Heterojunctions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:35095-35104. [PMID: 31462042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, β-Ga2O3/NiO heterojunction diodes have been studied, but reports in the literature lack an investigation of an epitaxial growth process of high-quality single-crystalline β-Ga2O3/NiO thin films via electron microscopy analysis and the fabrication and characterization of an optoelectronic device based on the resulting heterojunction stack. This work investigates the thin-film growth of a heterostructure stack comprising n-type β-Ga2O3 and p-type cubic NiO layers grown consecutively on c-plane sapphire using pulsed laser deposition, as well as the fabrication of solar-blind ultraviolet-C photodetectors based on the resulting p-n junction heterodiodes. Several characterization techniques were employed to investigate the heterostructure, including X-ray crystallography, ion beam analysis, and high-resolution electron microscopy imaging. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the single-crystalline nature of the grown monoclinic and cubic (2̅01) β-Ga2O3 and (111) NiO films, respectively, whereas electron microscopy analysis confirmed the sharp layer transitions and high interface qualities in the NiO/β-Ga2O3/sapphire double-heterostructure stack. The photodetectors exhibited a peak spectral responsivity of 415 mA/W at 7 V reverse-bias voltage for a 260 nm incident-light wavelength and 46.5 pW/μm2 illuminating power density. Furthermore, we also determined the band offset parameters at the thermodynamically stable heterointerface between NiO and β-Ga2O3 using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence and conduction band offsets values were found to be 1.15 ± 0.10 and 0.19 ± 0.10 eV, respectively, with a type-I energy band alignment.
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de Groot T, Chowdhary A, Meis JF, Voss A. Killing of Candida auris by UV-C: Importance of exposure time and distance. Mycoses 2019; 62:408-412. [PMID: 30748018 PMCID: PMC6850319 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Candida auris is a globally emerging yeast, causing severe infections in patients with underlying diseases. This yeast is responsible for several outbreaks within healthcare facilities, where it can be found on hospital surfaces and patient care devices. Spread from these fomites may be prevented by improving the decontamination of hospital surfaces. UV‐C decontamination may constitute an effective adjunct to routine room cleaning. Objectives Our aim was to investigate the effect of different UV‐C exposure times and distance in killing C auris, using strains from different countries. Methods Candida auris was seeded on glass slides and exposed to UV‐C for 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes at 2 and 4 m. Results A maximal effect of C auris killing was found after 30 minutes of UV‐C exposure at 2 m. With half the time or twice the distance, the efficacy strongly diminished to ~10 and ~50 fold, respectively. At suboptimal exposure times and distances, the C auris strains from Japan/Korea were more sensitive to UV‐C killing than C auris strains originating from Venezuela, Spain and India. Conclusions Altogether, UV‐C exposure times and distance are the most critical parameters to kill C auris, while strain variations of C auris also determine UV‐C efficacy. Future studies should aim to determine the effect and place of UV‐C on surface decontamination in hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theun de Groot
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Ang L, Almasoud A, Palakodeti S, Mahmud E. Bacterial Contamination of Lead Aprons in a High-Volume Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and Disinfection Using an Automated Ultraviolet-C Radiation System. J Invasive Cardiol 2018; 30:416-420. [PMID: 30373951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quantify and characterize bacterial contamination of lead aprons in a high-volume catheterization laboratory and evaluate the efficacy of decontamination using an ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation system. BACKGROUND Bacterial contamination and ineffective disinfection of personal protective equipment in medical centers pose potential health risks to patients and medical staff. The contamination burden of lead aprons and a reliable disinfection strategy are unknown. METHODS Ten routinely used, unsterilized lead aprons from a high-volume catheterization laboratory were studied. Standard and bacteria-resistant outer fabrics were included. Swabbings from four locations on each apron (inner thyroid collar, chest, waist, and bottom border) were obtained at baseline and after a 15-minute decontamination cycle using the UV-C based DCab System (Nosocom Solutions). Colony counts, speciation, and antibiotic resistance were obtained from aerobic and anaerobic cultures. RESULTS Baseline cultures grew ≥1 colony from 25 of 40 samples (62.5%; 310 colonies; 0-100 colonies/sample; 16 organisms), mainly skin and mouth flora without antibiotic resistance. Baseline growth was greatest from the thyroid collar and similar between different fabrics. UV-C reduced subsequent growth (7.8 ± 23.8 colonies overall vs 0.1 ± 0.3 colonies overall; P<.001), with all four isolates considered contaminants of laboratory handling. Colony counts were reduced in thyroid collar, chest, waist, nylon fabric, polyurethane fabric, and alternative bacteria-resistant fabric subgroups (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Routinely used lead aprons in a high-volume catheterization laboratory were contaminated by non-pathogenic skin and mouth flora located predominantly on the thyroid collar. Disinfection using an automated UV-C based system is highly effective across different apron surface locations and fabric types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Ang
- UC San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, 9434 Medical Center Drive #7844, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
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18
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Zhu P, Li Q, Azad SM, Qi Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Xu L. Fungal Gene Mutation Analysis Elucidating Photoselective Enhancement of UV-C Disinfection Efficiency Toward Spoilage Agents on Fruit Surface. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1141. [PMID: 29951038 PMCID: PMC6008522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-wave ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment represents a potent, clean and safe substitute to chemical sanitizers for fresh fruit preservation. However, the dosage requirement for microbial disinfection may have negative effects on fruit quality. In this study, UV-C was found to be more efficient in killing spores of Botrytis cinerea in dark and red light conditions when compared to white and blue light. Loss of the blue light receptor gene Bcwcl1, a homolog of wc-1 in Neurospora crassa, led to hypersensitivity to UV-C in all light conditions tested. The expression of Bcuve1 and Bcphr1, which encode UV-damage endonuclease and photolyase, respectively, were strongly induced by white and blue light in a Bcwcl1-dependent manner. Gene mutation analyses of Bcuve1 and Bcphr1 indicated that they synergistically contribute to survival after UV-C treatment. In vivo assays showed that UV-C (1.0 kJ/m2) abolished decay in drop-inoculated fruit only if the UV-C treatment was followed by a dark period or red light, while in contrast, typical decay appeared on UV-C irradiated fruits exposed to white or blue light. In summary, blue light enhances UV-C resistance in B. cinerea by inducing expression of the UV damage repair-related enzymes, while the efficiency of UV-C application for fruit surface disinfection can be enhanced in dark or red light conditions; these principles seem to be well conserved among postharvest fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sepideh M Azad
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qi
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Yin X, Singer SD, Qiao H, Liu Y, Jiao C, Wang H, Li Z, Fei Z, Wang Y, Fan C, Wang X. Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Ultraviolet-C Induced Resveratrol Metabolism in Grapevine (V. amurensis Rupr.) cv. "Tonghua-3". Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:503. [PMID: 27148326 PMCID: PMC4835806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stilbene compounds belong to a family of secondary metabolites that are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Production of the stilbene phytoalexin, resveratrol, in grape (Vitis spp.) berries is known to be induced by ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C), which has numerous regulatory effects on plant physiology. While previous studies have described changes in gene expression caused by UV-C light in several plant species, such information has yet to be reported for grapevine. We investigated both the resveratrol content and gene expression responses of berries from V. amurensis cv. Tonghua-3 following UV-C treatment, to accelerate research into resveratrol metabolism. Comparative RNA-Seq profiling of UV-C treated and untreated grape berries resulted in the identification of a large number of differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology (GO) term classification and biochemical pathway analyses suggested that UV-C treatment caused changes in various cellular processes, as well as in both hormone and secondary metabolism. The data further indicate that UV-C induced increases in resveratrol may be related to the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites and signaling, as well as several transcription factors. We also observed that following UV-C treatment, 22 stilbene synthase (STS) genes exhibited increases in their expression levels and a VaSTS promoter drove the expression of the GUS reporter gene when expressed in tobacco. We therefore propose that UV-C induction of VaSTS expression is an important factor in promoting resveratrol accumulation. This transcriptome data set provides new insight into the response of grape berries to UV-C treatment, and suggests candidate genes, or promoter activity of related genes, that could be used in future functional and molecular biological studies of resveratrol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Stacy D. Singer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hengbo Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F UniversityShaanxi, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Chonghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Chonghui Fan
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Xiping Wang
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Gao C, Zhang L, Wen F, Xing D. Sorting out the role of reactive oxygen species during plant programmed cell death induced by ultraviolet-C overexposure. Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:197-8. [PMID: 19704717 PMCID: PMC2634115 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.3.5373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that light is required for activating Arabidopsis programmed cell death (PCD) induced by ultraviolet-C (UV-C) overexposure, and a caspase-like protease cleaving the caspase-3 substrate Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVDase activity) is induced during this process. Our recent report has suggested that a quick burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is mainly derived from mitochondria and chloroplasts, is induced in a light dependent manner during the early stages of UV-induced plant PCD. Concomitantly, the mitochondria undergo serious dysfunction including the MTP loss and the changes in distribution and mobility, which ultimately lead to apoptotic-cell death. Though some of signaling molecules have been elucidated in this type of plant cell death, the molecular mechanism about UV-induce Arabidopsis PCD is still poorly understood when comparing with the study of signaling pathways involved in animal cell apoptosis induced by UV. By using the Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts as a reference model, we have begun to shed light on the complexity of signaling pathway in UV-induced plant PCD. Recently we have tried to real-time detect the presence of caspase-like proteolytic activation, and to sort out the key role of ROS as well as to further assess the relationship between the ROS production and caspase-like activation in this type of plant apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiji Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science; South China Normal University; Guangzhou, P.R. China
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