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Johnson MB, Mehrvar M. Waste Activated Sludge-High Rate (WASHR) Treatment Process: A Novel, Economically Viable, and Environmentally Sustainable Method to Co-Treat High-Strength Wastewaters at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1017. [PMID: 37760119 PMCID: PMC10525545 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-strength wastewaters from a variety of sources, including the food industry, domestic septage, and landfill leachate, are often hauled to municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for co-treatment. Due to their high organic loadings, these wastewaters can cause process upsets in both a WWTP's liquid and solids treatment trains and consume organic treatment capacity, leaving less capacity available to service customers in the catchment area. A novel pre-treatment method, the Waste Activated Sludge-High Rate (WASHR) process, is proposed to optimize the co-treatment of high-strength wastewaters. The WASHR process combines the contact stabilization and sequencing batch reactor processes. It utilizes waste activated sludge from a municipal WWTP as its biomass source, allowing for a rapid start-up. Bench-scale treatment trials of winery wastewater confirm the WASHR process can reduce loadings on the downstream WWTP's liquid and solids treatment trains. A case study approach is used to confirm the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the WASHR process compared to direct co-treatment, using life-cycle cost analyses and greenhouse gas emissions estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrab Mehrvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
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Jorge N, Teixeira AR, Fernandes JR, Oliveira I, Lucas MS, Peres JA. Degradation of Agro-Industrial Wastewater Model Compound by UV-A-Fenton Process: Batch vs. Continuous Mode. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1276. [PMID: 36674030 PMCID: PMC9858821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of a model agro-industrial wastewater phenolic compound (caffeic acid, CA) by a UV-A-Fenton system was investigated in this work. Experiments were carried out in order to compare batch and continuous mode. Initially, batch experiments showed that UV-A-Fenton at pH 3.0 (pH of CA solution) achieved a higher generation of HO•, leading to high CA degradation (>99.5%). The influence of different operational conditions, such as H2O2 and Fe2+ concentrations, were evaluated. The results fit a pseudo first-order (PFO) kinetic model, and a high kinetic rate of CA removal was observed, with a [CA] = 5.5 × 10−4 mol/L, [H2O2] = 2.2 × 10−3 mol/L and [Fe2+] = 1.1 × 10−4 mol/L (kCA = 0.694 min−1), with an electric energy per order (EEO) of 7.23 kWh m−3 order−1. Under the same operational conditions, experiments in continuous mode were performed under different flow rates. The results showed that CA achieved a steady state with higher space-times (θ = 0.04) in comparison to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal (θ = 0−0.020). The results showed that by increasing the flow rate (F) from 1 to 4 mL min−1, the CA and DOC removal rate increased significantly (kCA = 0.468 min−1; kDOC = 0.00896 min−1). It is concluded that continuous modes are advantageous systems that can be adapted to wastewater treatment plants for the treatment of real agro-industrial wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Jorge
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado (EIDO), Campus da Auga, Campus Universitário de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Teixeira
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José R. Fernandes
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Física, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ivo Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marco S. Lucas
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José A. Peres
- Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQVR), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Marchão L, Fernandes JR, Sampaio A, Peres JA, Tavares PB, Lucas MS. Microalgae and immobilized TiO 2/UV-A LEDs as a sustainable alternative for winery wastewater treatment. Water Res 2021; 203:117464. [PMID: 34371233 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work intends to promote the growth of microalgae biomass with simultaneous remediation of an agro-industrial wastewater. Winery wastewater (WW) was used as growth media for the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima and the green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus, Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris, under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The latter species stands out under mixotrophic conditions, with removals of TOC and TN above 90%. Biomass production and pollutant removal were influenced by the initial WW concentration. Maximum removal values within 8 days of incubation were 92, 91, 49 and 40% for COD, TN, polyphenols and P-PO4, respectively, and 147.5 mg L-1 d-1 of biomass productivity. C. vulgaris biomass showed higher carotenoid content (maximum of 8.7 mg/g) when grown in WW, compared to autotrophic conditions (6.5 mg/g), making the bioremediation process more viable with the production of valuable by-products such as pigments. As the pollutant load removed by the microalgae does not allow reach the legal limits of release treated waters in natural water courses, a tertiary treatment process was applied. A post-treatment by photocatalysis in a UV LEDs photoreactor with TiO2-supported in Raschig rings was proposed for the removal of COD and polyphenols from a high loaded WW. The heterogeneous photocatalytic process was efficient in removing 80% of total polyphenols and 40% of COD, allowing the release of the treated water in superficial water courses since complies with the legal limits (COD below 150 mg L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilde Marchão
- Chemistry Centre, Vila Real (CQVR) and Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José R Fernandes
- Chemistry Centre, Vila Real (CQVR) and Department of Physics, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- CITAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José A Peres
- Chemistry Centre, Vila Real (CQVR) and Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Tavares
- Chemistry Centre, Vila Real (CQVR) and Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marco S Lucas
- Chemistry Centre, Vila Real (CQVR) and Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Jorge N, Teixeira AR, Matos CC, Lucas MS, Peres JA. Combination of Coagulation-Flocculation-Decantation and Ozonation Processes for Winery Wastewater Treatment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8882. [PMID: 34444631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This research assessed a novel treatment process of winery wastewater, through the application of a chemical-based process aiming to decrease the high organic carbon content, which represents a difficulty for wastewater treatment plants and a public health problem. Firstly, a coagulation–flocculation–decantation process (CFD process) was optimized by a simplex lattice design. Afterwards, the efficiency of a UV-C/ferrous iron/ozone system was assessed for organic carbon removal in winery wastewater. This system was applied alone and in combination with the CFD process (as a pre- and post-treatment). The coagulation–flocculation–decantation process, with a mixture of 0.48 g/L potassium caseinate and 0.52 g/L bentonite at pH 4.0, achieved 98.3, 97.6, and 87.8% removals of turbidity, total suspended solids, and total polyphenols, respectively. For the ozonation process, the required pH and ferrous iron concentration (Fe2+) were crucial variables in treatment optimization. With the application of the best operational conditions (pH = 4.0, [Fe2+] = 1.0 mM), the UV-C/ferrous iron/ozone system achieved 63.2% total organic carbon (TOC) removal and an energy consumption of 1843 kWh∙m−3∙order−1. The combination of CFD and ozonation processes increased the TOC removal to 66.1 and 65.5%, respectively, for the ozone/ferrous iron/UV-C/CFD and CFD/ozone/ferrous iron/UV-C systems. In addition, the germination index of several seeds was assessed and excellent values (>80%) were observed, which revealed the reduction in phytotoxicity. In conclusion, the combination of CFD and UV-C/ferrous iron/ozone processes is efficient for WW treatment.
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Liu T, Nadaraja AV, Friesen J, Gill K, Lam MI, Roberts DJ. Narrow pH tolerance found for a microbial fuel cell treating winery wastewater. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2280-2293. [PMID: 33843137 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The use of microbial fuel cells (MFC) to treat winery wastewater is promising; however, an initial acidic pH, fluctuating chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels and a lack of natural buffering in these wastewaters make providing a suitable buffer system at an ideal buffer to COD ratio. METHODS AND RESULTS A lab scale MFC was designed, inoculated with anaerobic winery sludge and fed with synthetic winery wastewater. It was observed that at pH 6·5, the MFC performed best, the maximum output voltage was 0·63 ± 0·01 V for 60 ± 3 h, and the COD removal efficiency reached 77 ± 7%. The electrogens were affected by pH much more than the bulk COD degrading organisms. Fluorescent in situ hybridization suggested Betaproteobacteria played a significant role in electron transfer. CONCLUSIONS A ratio of 1 mmol l-1 phosphate buffer to 100 mg l-1 COD was ideal to maintain a stable pH for MFCs treating synthetic winery wastewater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results find the narrow pH tolerance for MFCs treating winery wastewater and demonstrate the significance of pH and buffer to COD ratio for steady performance of MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - A V Nadaraja
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - J Friesen
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - K Gill
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - M I Lam
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - D J Roberts
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
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Albergamo A, Costa R, Bartolomeo G, Rando R, Vadalà R, Nava V, Gervasi T, Toscano G, Germanò MP, DʼAngelo V, Ditta F, Dugo G. Grape water: reclaim and valorization of a by-product from the industrial cryoconcentration of grape (Vitis vinifera) must. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:2971-2981. [PMID: 32048295 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term 'grape (Vitis vinifera) water' refers to a by-product from the cryoconcentration of must that, if not reclaimed, would be considered as wastewater. In this study, the nutraceutical potential of waters reclaimed from the cryoconcentration of Grillo and Moscato musts was evaluated. RESULTS Both waters showed physicochemical parameters in agreement with Italian regulation for drinking water, and interesting levels of F- (3.02-8.02 mg L-1 ) and SO4 - (52.85-49.34 mg L-1 ). Inorganic elements, including Mg (5.54-7.78 mg L-1 ), K (47.12-59.87 mg L-1 ), Fe (219.09-205.32 μg L-1 ), and Zn (189.65-127.30 μg L-1 ), and phenolic contents <35 mg GAE L-1 contributed to determine moderate antioxidant activities. Considering fatty acid composition, oleic and linoleic acids predominated, being higher in Moscato than Grillo samples (64.42% versus 58.22%, and 5.42% versus 6.07%). Grape waters displayed also rich aroma profiles, including mainly esters, alcohols and terpenoids. The latter components (i.e. linalool and α-terpineol) were more abundant in Moscato than in Grillo (13% versus 8%). Interestingly, some minor volatiles, characterized the vine of provenance (e.g. benzaldehyde and 3-methylbutylacetate in Moscato). All grape waters showed also a considerable fraction of ethyl lactate, six-carbon compounds and acetates, reflecting the proximity of samples to the grapes of origin. CONCLUSION In a growing scenario of environmental decay and resource depletion, results from this study support an innovative and profitable waste recycling strategy for the wine industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrogina Albergamo
- Science4Life S.r.l., a spin-off of the University of Messina-Via Leonardo Sciascia, Messina, Italy
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Costa
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- Science4Life S.r.l., a spin-off of the University of Messina-Via Leonardo Sciascia, Messina, Italy
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Rando
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Vadalà
- Science4Life S.r.l., a spin-off of the University of Messina-Via Leonardo Sciascia, Messina, Italy
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Science4Life S.r.l., a spin-off of the University of Messina-Via Leonardo Sciascia, Messina, Italy
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Ditta
- Bono & Ditta S.p.A., Via Selinunte, Campobello di Mazara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Science4Life S.r.l., a spin-off of the University of Messina-Via Leonardo Sciascia, Messina, Italy
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Giacobbo A, Moura Bernardes A, Filipe Rosa MJ, de Pinho MN. Concentration Polarization in Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration for the Recovery of Polyphenols from Winery Wastewaters. Membranes (Basel) 2018; 8:E46. [PMID: 30037095 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Concentration polarization is intrinsically associated with the selective character of membranes and often means flux decline and which causes a subsequent decrease of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration performance. More important is the fact that it acts as a precursor of membrane fouling and creates severe fouling problems in the longer times range. The quantification of its dependence on the operating parameters of cross-flow velocities and transmembrane pressures makes recourse to the film theory to introduce mass-transfer coefficients that generally are calculated by dimensionless correlations of the Sherwood number as a function of the Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. In the present work, the mass-transfer coefficients are obtained through the fitting of experimental results by the pressure variation method. The ultrafiltration/nanofiltration of the winery wastewaters from the racking operation is carried out with the membranes ETNA 01PP (Alfa Laval) and NF 270 (Dow Filmtec) under a wide range of cross-flow velocities and transmembrane pressures up to 15 bar.
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Penteado ED, Fernandez-Marchante CM, Zaiat M, Gonzalez ER, Rodrigo MA. Influence of carbon electrode material on energy recovery from winery wastewater using a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ Technol 2017; 38:1333-1341. [PMID: 27603229 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1226961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate three carbon materials as anodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), clarifying their influence on the generation of electricity and on the treatability of winery wastewater, a highly organic-loaded waste. The electrode materials tested were carbon felt, carbon cloth and carbon paper and they were used at the same time as anode and cathode in the tests. The MFC equipped with carbon felt reached the highest voltage and power (72 mV and 420 mW m-2, respectively), while the lowest values were observed when carbon paper was used as electrode (0.2 mV and 8.37·10-6 mW m-2, respectively). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from the wastewater was observed to depend on the electrode material, as well. When carbon felt was used, the MFC showed the highest average organic matter consumption rate (650 mg COD L-1 d-1), whereas by using carbon paper the rate decreased to 270 mg COD L-1 d-1. Therefore, both electricity generation and organic matter removal are strongly related not to the chemical composition of the electrode (which was graphite carbon in the three electrodes), but to its surface features and, consequently, to the amount of biomass adhered to the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Penteado
- a Laboratório de Processos Biológicos (LPB), Centro de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Engenharia Ambiental, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC) , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Zaiat
- a Laboratório de Processos Biológicos (LPB), Centro de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação em Engenharia Ambiental, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC) , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Ernesto R Gonzalez
- c Departamento de Físico Química, Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC) , Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Castilla-La Mancha , Ciudad Real , Spain
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Robles A, Latrille E, Ruano MV, Steyer JP. A fuzzy-logic-based controller for methane production in anaerobic fixed-film reactors. Environ Technol 2017; 38:42-52. [PMID: 27126614 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1184321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to develop a controller for biogas production in continuous anaerobic fixed-bed reactors, which used effluent total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration as control input in order to prevent process acidification at closed loop. To this aim, a fuzzy-logic-based control system was developed, tuned and validated in an anaerobic fixed-bed reactor at pilot scale that treated industrial winery wastewater. The proposed controller varied the flow rate of wastewater entering the system as a function of the gaseous outflow rate of methane and VFA concentration. Simulation results show that the proposed controller is capable to achieve great process stability even when operating at high VFA concentrations. Pilot results showed the potential of this control approach to maintain the process working properly under similar conditions to the ones expected at full-scale plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robles
- a Institut Universitari d'Investigació d'Enginyeria de l'Aigua i Medi Ambient, IIAMA , Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
- b INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement , Narbonne , France
| | - E Latrille
- b INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement , Narbonne , France
| | - M V Ruano
- c Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - J P Steyer
- b INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement , Narbonne , France
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