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Rosenbloom JL, Ginther DK, Juhl T, Heppert JA. The Effects of Research & Development Funding on Scientific Productivity: Academic Chemistry, 1990-2009. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138176. [PMID: 26372555 PMCID: PMC4570780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between Research & Development (R&D) funding and the production of knowledge by academic chemists. Using articles published, either raw counts or adjusted for quality, we find a strong, positive causal effect of funding on knowledge production. This effect is similar across subsets of universities, suggesting a relatively efficient allocation of R&D funds. Finally, we document a rapid acceleration in the rate at which chemical knowledge was produced in the late 1990s and early 2000s relative to the financial and human resources devoted to its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Rosenbloom
- Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna K. Ginther
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Economics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ted Juhl
- Department of Economics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Heppert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Moser F, Karavezyris V, Blum C. Chemical leasing in the context of sustainable chemistry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:6968-6988. [PMID: 25475620 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical leasing is a new and innovative approach of selling chemicals. It aims at reducing the risks emanating from hazardous substances and ensuring long-term economic success within a global system of producing and using chemicals. This paper explores how, through chemical leasing, the consumption of chemicals, energy, resources and the generation of related wastes can be reduced. It also analyses the substitution of hazardous chemicals as a tool to protect environmental, health and safety and hence ensure compliance with sustainability criteria. For this, we are proposing an evaluation methodology that seeks to provide an answer to the following research questions: (1) Does the application of chemical leasing promote sustainability in comparison to an existing chemicals production and management system? 2. If various chemical leasing project types are envisaged, which is the most promising in terms of sustainability? The proposed methodology includes a number of basic goals and sub-goals to assess the sustainability for eight different chemical leasing case studies that have been implemented both at the local and the national levels. The assessment is limited to the relative assessment of specific case studies and allows the comparisons of different projects in terms of their relative contribution to sustainable chemistry. The findings of our assessment demonstrate that chemical leasing can be regarded as promoting sustainable chemistry in five case studies with certainty. However, on the grounds of our assessment, we cannot conclude with certainty that chemical leasing has equivalent contribution to sustainable chemistry in respect of three further case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy,
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Nozal RR. [The pharmaceutical industry in the industrial chemical group: the National Union of Chemical-Pharmaceutical Laboratories (1919-1936)]. Asclepio 2011; 63:431-452. [PMID: 22372007 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2011.v63.i2.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry associations, as it happened with other businesses, had a significant rise during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and II Republic. The 'Cámara Nacional de Industrias Químicas', in Barcelona, represented the national chemical industry to its ultimate assimilation by the 'Organización Sindical' in 1939. In this association, matters relating to pharmaceutical products -- which we will especially deal with in this work -- were managed by the 'Unión Nacional de Laboratorios Químico-Farmacéuticos', which defended the interests of pharmaceutical companies in the presence of government authorities, using the resources and mechanisms also managed by business pressure groups. The inclusion of industrial pharmacy in the Chemical lobby separated the pharmaceutical industry from traditional exercise and its corporate environment. this created ups and downs, conflicts of interests and finally, love and hate relationships with their colleagues of the pharmacy work placement and, of course, with the association that represented them: the 'Unión Farmacéutica Nacional'.
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Onghena S. The survival of 19th-century scientific optimism: the public discourse on science in Belgium in the aftermath of the Great War (ca. 1919-1930). Centaurus 2011; 53:280-305. [PMID: 22324076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0498.2011.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In historiography there is a tendency to see the Great War as marking the end of scientific optimism and the period that followed the war as a time of discord. Connecting to current (inter)national historiographical debate on the question of whether the First World War meant a disruption from the pre-war period or not, this article strives to prove that faith in scientific progress still prevailed in the 1920s. This is shown through the use of Belgium as a case study, which suggests that the generally adopted cultural pessimism in the post-war years did not apply to the public rhetoric of science in this country. Diverse actors -- scientists, industrialists, politicians, the public opinion, and the military staff -- declared a confidence in science, enhanced by wartime results. Furthermore, belief in science in Belgium was not affected by public outcry over the use of mustard gas, unlike in the former belligerent countries where the gas became an unpleasant reminder of how science was used during the war. Even German science with its industrial applications remained the norm after 1918. In fact, the faith in science exhibited during the pre-war years continued to exist, at least until the 1920s, despite anti-German sentiments being voiced by many sections of Belgian society in the immediate aftermath of the war.
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van 't Erve TJ, Rautiainen R, Robertson L, Luthe G. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane: a safe non-explosive, cost effective and less-toxic reagent for phenol derivatization in GC applications. Environ Int 2010; 36:835-842. [PMID: 20385409 PMCID: PMC4090112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diazomethane is a highly explosive and toxic gas routinely employed for the quantitative and clean derivatization of phenols. We investigated the commercially available trimethylsilyldiazomethane in the presence of diisopropylethylamine as a safe, non-explosive and less-toxic alternative using six phenolic polychlorinated biphenyls as model analytes and fluoro-tagged analogues as internal standards. We compared yields and derivatization times of each method employing a liver microsomal extract as a real matrix. Steric hindrance and electronic properties of the analytes were also investigated. The alternative method afforded equal to higher derivatization yields with increased reaction times, up to 100 min, while explosion and toxic exposure risks were minimized and cost efficiency was increased above 25%. These findings demonstrate that non-explosive trimethylsilyl diazomethane produces comparable derivatization results to the dangerous diazomethane under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. van 't Erve
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Institute of Life Sciences, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - R.H. Rautiainen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - L.W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - G. Luthe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Institute of Life Sciences, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Richards WG. Technology transfer is all about bringing in money. Nature 2006; 441:690. [PMID: 16760952 DOI: 10.1038/441690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Larionov VN, Leont'ev VG. [Russian chemicals designed for processing the radiographic medical films]. Med Tekh 2004:38-43. [PMID: 15455822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Technical characteristics of Russian chemicals designed for processing the radiographic medical films are described in the paper. Requirements applicable to operating solutions and films characteristics, obtained by the manual and machine-processing, are defined. It is demonstrated as feasible to choose the chemicals with respect to the economic parameter, i.e. cost per unit of photoprocessing of 1.0 m2 of film at the photo laboratories of patient-care and preventive facilities.
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Hoag H. Chemists' salaries turn south. Nature 2003; 422:650. [PMID: 12700723 DOI: 10.1038/422650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Smaglik P. Chemistry's clouded view. Nature 2003; 421:295. [PMID: 12529651 DOI: 10.1038/nj6920-295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marald E. Everything circulates: agricultural chemistry and recycling theories in the second half of the nineteenth century. Environ Hist Camb 2002; 8:65-84. [PMID: 21038713 DOI: 10.3197/096734002129342602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses the arguments in favour of recycling put forth by agricultural chemists in the mid nineteenth century. In this context the study emphasises how agricultural chemical theories, mainly developed by Justus Liebig, were connected to larger issues outside the scientific domain. The study also investigates how agricultural chemists argued for different kinds if recycling systems in a more practical way. By way of conclusion, some reasons for the ultimate abandonment of the recycling discourse at the end of the nineteenth century will be discussed.
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Laakkonen S. [Environmental chemistry: water supply network, 1900-40.]. Hist Ark 1999; 113:69-87. [PMID: 21250504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Stubbs BJ. Tied houses, taxes, and technology: concentration in the brewing industry of New South Wales, 1882 to 1932. Aust Econ Hist Rev 1999; 39:87-113. [PMID: 19391276 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8446.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Andersen A. [Chemistry as a technology of the future: the coal-tar dye industry before World War I]. Jahrb Wirtschaftsgesch 1999:85-101. [PMID: 21941696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abraham D. Combining legal and business strategies to develop combinatorial chemistry businesses. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:679-82. [PMID: 9219273 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0797-679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Abraham
- Sonsini, Goodrich, and Rosati, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1050, USA.
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Counts RW. Watching our numbers double. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1992; 6:93-4. [PMID: 1583542 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Miles WD. Charles Smart and the adulteration investigation of the National Board of Health. Cap Chem 1968; 18:245-247. [PMID: 19928334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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