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Chaudhuri D, Baban Ghate N, Deb S, Panja S, Sarkar R, Rout J, Mandal N. Assessment of the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of a bloom forming microalgae Euglena tuba. Biol Res 2014; 47:24. [PMID: 25026869 PMCID: PMC4101720 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unstable generation of free radicals in the body are responsible for many degenerative diseases. A bloom forming algae Euglena tuba growing abundantly in the aquatic habitats of Cachar district in the state of Assam in North-East India was analysed for its phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity as well as free radical scavenging potentials. RESULTS Based on the ability of the extract in ABTS•+ radical cation inhibition and Fe3+ reducing power, the obtained results revealed the prominent antioxidant activity of the algae, with high correlation coefficient of its TEAC values to the respective phenolic and flavonoid contents. The extract had shown its scavenging activity for different free radicals and 41.89 ± 0.41 μg/ml, 5.83 ± 0.07 μg/ml, 278.46 ± 15.02 μg/ml and 223.25 ± 4.19 μg/ml were determined as the IC50 values for hydroxyl, superoxide, nitric oxide and hypochlorous acid respectively, which are lower than that of the corresponding reference standards. The phytochemical analysis also revealed that the phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and carbohydrates are present in adequate amount in the extract which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that 70% methanol extract of the algae possesses excellent antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Chaudhuri
- />Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Nikhil Baban Ghate
- />Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Shampa Deb
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 Assam India
| | - Sourav Panja
- />Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Rhitajit Sarkar
- />Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Jayashree Rout
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 Assam India
| | - Nripendranath Mandal
- />Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054 India
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Gutierrez DB, Rafalski A, Beauchesne K, Moeller PD, Triemer RE, Zimba PV. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis and post-extraction stability assessment of the euglenoid toxin euglenophycin. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1587-96. [PMID: 24051554 PMCID: PMC3798875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglenophycin is a recently discovered toxin produced by at least one species of euglenoid algae. The toxin has been responsible for several fish mortality events. To facilitate the identification and monitoring of euglenophycin in freshwater ponds, we have developed a specific mass spectrometric method for the identification and quantitation of euglenophycin. The post-extraction stability of the toxin was assessed under various conditions. Euglenophycin was most stable at room temperature. At 8 °C there was a small, but statistically significant, loss in toxin after one day. These methods and knowledge of the toxin's stability will facilitate identification of the toxin as a causative agent in fish kills and determination of the toxin's distribution in the organs of exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B. Gutierrez
- Center for Coastal Studies Texas A&M University Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Alexandra Rafalski
- Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kevin Beauchesne
- NOAA/NCCOS Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Peter D. Moeller
- NOAA/NCCOS Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Richard E. Triemer
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul V. Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies Texas A&M University Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +1-361-825-2768; Fax: +1-361-825-2770
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:95-101. [PMID: 23987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new strategy for creating surface modified polysaccharide nanofibers. To demonstrate proof of principle, the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly behavior of a carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) and succinic anhydride were investigated. Examination by a combination of NMR, FT-IR, and SEC-MALLS confirmed that successful preparation of the desired succinylated paramylon without significant depolymerization. NMR, SEC-MALLS, visible absorption and CD spectroscopic analyses indicated that the paramylon derivative forms the triplex structure in solutions. SEM observation revealed that succinylated paramylon forms a nanofiber that has carboxylic acid on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Frassanito R, Cantonati M, Flaim G, Mancini I, Guella G. A new method for the identification and the structural characterisation of carotenoid esters in freshwater microorganisms by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008; 22:3531-3539. [PMID: 18853402 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) has been employed to identify carotenoid esters present in raw organic extracts of pigmented freshwater microalgae and to gain structural information on these compounds. In particular, acyl carotenoid derivatives of Haematococcus pluvialis and Euglena sanguinea have been characterised by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a quadrupole ion trap. ESI-MS/MS allows recognition of the presence of carotenoid esters in complicated mixtures without any initial chromatographic work-up and without the need to use UV-Vis photo-diode array (PDA) detectors. Product ion scans of the [M + Na]+ ion lead to known neutral losses of the C7H8 and C8H10 residues from the conjugated polyene moiety of the carotenoid unit, that permit the unambiguous identification of the carotenoid itself. These structurally relevant ions are not observed in positive or negative ion APCI (atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) mass spectra. Moreover, the several product ions observed in positive and/or negative ion ESI-MS/MS not only are a diagnostic signature of the main structural features of the acyl chains such as length, position and unsaturation, but also display the nominal mass of the parent xanthophyll. Our methodology has been validated (i) by using esters of astaxanthin obtained from off-line purification of the H. pluvialis extracts and structurally elucidated through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and (ii) by product analysis of esters by alkaline hydrolysis. The characterisation of the unknown carotenoid esters of E. sanguinea is a demonstration of the capabilities of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Frassanito
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, I-38100 Povo, Trento, Italy.
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Nagahama T, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa S, Iseki M. Functional transplant of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) into Aplysia sensory neurons. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:81-8. [PMID: 17624456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In neural mechanisms of animal learning, intracellular cAMP has been known to play an important role. In the present experiments we attempted functional transplant of a photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) isolated from Euglena into Aplysia neurons, and explored whether PAC can produce cAMP in the neurons by light stimulation. Serotonergic modulation of mechanoafferent sensory neurons in Aplysia pleural ganglia has been reported to increase intracellular cAMP level and promotes synaptic transmission to motor neurons by increasing spike width of sensory neurons. When cAMP was directly injected into the sensory neurons, spike amplitude temporarily decreased while spike width temporarily increased. This effect was not substituted by injection of 5'AMP, and maintained longer in a bath solution containing IBMX, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor. We, therefore, explored these changes as indicators of appearance of the PAC function. PAC or the PAC expression vector (pNEX-PAC) was injected into cell bodies of sensory neurons. Spike amplitude decreased in both cases and spike width increased in the PAC injection when the neurons were stimulated with light, suggesting that the transplanted PAC works well in Aplysia neurons. These results indicate that we can control cAMP production in specific neurons with light by the functional transplant of PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Nagahama
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan.
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Hamana K, Sakamoto A, Nishina M, Niitsu M. Cellular polyamine profile of the phyla Dinophyta, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Euglenozoa, Cercozoa and Heterokonta. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2005; 50:297-303. [PMID: 15747233 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.50.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koei Hamana
- Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Zimba
- USDA/ARS/MSA/CGRU, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Abstract
To provide new information on the series of structural changes that Euglena photoreceptive proteins undergo inside the photoreceptor in response to light, we measured in vivo emission fluorescence spectra in the stable intermediates of its photocycle. Our emission spectra give a certain indication that fluorescent proteins are present in the Euglena photoreceptor and that they undergo a photocycle. On the basis of our data, we suggested that at least two stable intermediates, one of which is fluorescent, can be discriminated at room temperature and with our time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtere Evangelista
- Istituto di Biofisica CNR, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
It is currently thought that chloroplasts of higher plants were derived from endosymbiont oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (primary endosymbiosis), while Euglena, a photosynthetic protista, gained chloroplasts by secondary endosymbiosis (i.e., incorporation of a photosynthetic eukaryote into heterotrophic eukaryotic host). To examine if the protein transport inside chloroplasts is similar between these organisms, we carried out heterologous protein import experiments with Euglena precursor proteins and spinach chloroplasts. The precursor of a 30-kDa subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC30) from the thylakoid lumen of Euglena chloroplasts contained the N-terminal signal, stroma targeting, and thylakoid transfer domains. Truncated preOEC30s lacking the N-terminal domain were post-translationally imported into spinach chloroplasts, transported into the thylakoid lumen, and processed to a mature protein. These results showed that protein translocations within chloroplasts in Euglena and higher plants are similar and supported the hypothesis that Euglena chloroplasts are derived from the ancestral Chlorophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Inagaki
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Abstract
We investigate the evolutionary relationships between photosynthetic reaction center proteins (D1, D2, L and M) and demonstrate that the pattern of nucleotide substitution in these is more complicated than has been assumed in previous phylogenetic analyses. We show that there are serious violations of methodological assumptions in previous published studies. We conclude that there is equal support for hypotheses indicating (i) a single gene duplication of an ancestral reaction center protein followed by diversification and (ii) two independent gene duplications giving rise to proteins in oxygenic and anoxygenic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lockhart
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenökologie und Systematik, Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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Ngô HM, Bouck GB. Isolation of flagellar paraxonemal rod proteins. Methods Cell Biol 1995; 47:355-60. [PMID: 7476510 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Ngô
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607, USA
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Bohrmann B, Haider M, Kellenberger E. Concentration evaluation of chromatin in unstained resin-embedded sections by means of low-dose ratio-contrast imaging in STEM. Ultramicroscopy 1993; 49:235-51. [PMID: 8475602 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90230-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative STEM with the imaging mode of ratio-contrast was investigated in order to evaluate the local concentration of DNA in situ for different kinds of DNA plasms in terms of intracellular packing densities (p.d.). The ability of ratio imaging to suppress thickness variations provided the basis to use unstained sections from cryofixed and freeze-substituted material. The DNA p.d. within the nucleoid of E. coli was determined to be about 100 mg ml-1. Quantitative data concerning the p.d. of DNA in condensed eukaryotic chromatin assuming equal amounts of DNA and protein were evaluated for the first time: approximately 400 mg ml-1 chromatin which corresponds to 200 mg ml-1 DNA. The p.d. of DNA in chromosomes from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, a eukaryote devoid of histones and with only small relative amounts of histone-like protein, was also found to be of the order of 200 mg ml-1. The highest p.d. of DNA was measured for the head of the bacteriophage T4 with more than 800 mg ml-1, in fair agreement with previous calculations. The results provide further support for a condensation mode of low protein chromatins that involves a liquid-crystalline organization of the DNA filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bohrmann
- Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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