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Schinke T, Oheim R. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH), a complex disorder in need of precision medicine. Kidney Int 2024; 105:927-929. [PMID: 38642991 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria is an autosomal recessive phosphate-wasting disorder, associated with kidney and skeletal pathologies, which is caused by pathogenic variants of SLC34A3. In this issue, Zhu et al. describe a pooled analysis of 304 individuals carrying SLC34A3 variants. Their study underscores the complexity of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria, as kidney and bone phenotypes generally do not coexist, heterozygous carriers of SLC34A3 variants also can be affected, and the response to oral phosphate supplementation is dependent on the genetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Zhu Z, Bo-Ran Ho B, Chen A, Amrhein J, Apetrei A, Carpenter TO, Lazaretti-Castro M, Colazo JM, McCrystal Dahir K, Geßner M, Gurevich E, Heier CA, Simmons JH, Hunley TE, Hoppe B, Jacobsen C, Kouri A, Ma N, Majumdar S, Molin A, Nokoff N, Ott SM, Peña HG, Santos F, Tebben P, Topor LS, Deng Y, Bergwitz C. An update on clinical presentation and responses to therapy of patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Kidney Int 2024; 105:1058-1076. [PMID: 38364990 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in solute carrier family 34, member 3 (SLC34A3), the gene encoding the sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter 2c (NPT2c), cause hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Here, we report a pooled analysis of clinical and laboratory records of 304 individuals from 145 kindreds, including 20 previously unreported HHRH kindreds, in which two novel SLC34A3 pathogenic variants were identified. Compound heterozygous/homozygous carriers show above 90% penetrance for kidney and bone phenotypes. The biochemical phenotype for heterozygous carriers is intermediate with decreased serum phosphate, tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP (%)), fibroblast growth factor 23, and intact parathyroid hormone, but increased serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, and urine calcium excretion causing idiopathic hypercalciuria in 38%, with bone phenotypes still observed in 23% of patients. Oral phosphate supplementation is the current standard of care, which typically normalizes serum phosphate. However, although in more than half of individuals this therapy achieves correction of hypophosphatemia it fails to resolve the other outcomes. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics score correlated with functional analysis of frequent SLC34A3 pathogenic variants in vitro and baseline disease severity. The number of mutant alleles and baseline TRP (%) were identified as predictors for kidney and bone phenotypes, baseline TRP (%) furthermore predicted response to therapy. Certain SLC34A3/NPT2c pathogenic variants can be identified with partial responses to therapy, whereas with some overlap, others present only with kidney phenotypes and a third group present only with bone phenotypes. Thus, our report highlights important novel clinical aspects of HHRH and heterozygous carriers, raises awareness to this rare group of disorders and can be a foundation for future studies urgently needed to guide therapy of HHRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewu Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bryan Bo-Ran Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alyssa Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Amrhein
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine Greenville Campus, University of South Carolina, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andreea Apetrei
- Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, UR7450 Biotargen, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Oliver Carpenter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Colazo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn McCrystal Dahir
- Division of Endocrinology, Program for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michaela Geßner
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evgenia Gurevich
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Petach Tikva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Jill Hickman Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tracy Earl Hunley
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Jacobsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Kouri
- Pediatric Nephrology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nina Ma
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sachin Majumdar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Caen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, UR7450 Biotargen, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network, Caen, France
| | - Natalie Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M Ott
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helena Gil Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter Tebben
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa Swartz Topor
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Walker E, Hayes W, Bockenhauer D. Inherited non-FGF23-mediated phosphaturic disorders: A kidney-centric review. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 38:101843. [PMID: 38042745 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate is freely filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed exclusively in the proximal tubule by two key transporters, NaPiIIA and NaPiIIC, encoded by SLC34A1 and SLC34A3, respectively. Regulation of these transporters occurs primarily through the hormone FGF23 and, to a lesser degree, PTH. Consequently, inherited non-FGF23 mediated phosphaturic disorders are due to generalised proximal tubular dysfunction, loss-of-function variants in SLC34A1 or SLC34A3 or excess PTH signalling. The corresponding disorders are Renal Fanconi Syndrome, Infantile Hypercalcaemia type 2, Hereditary Hypophosphataemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria and Familial Hyperparathyroidism. Several inherited forms of Fanconi renotubular syndrome (FRTS) have also been described with the underlying genes encoding for GATM, EHHADH, HNF4A and NDUFAF6. Here, we will review their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and the implications for treatment from a kidney-centric perspective, focussing on those disorders caused by dysfunction of renal phosphate transporters. Moreover, we will highlight specific genetic aspects, as the availability of large population genetic databases has raised doubts about some of the originally proposed gene-disease associations concerning phosphate transporters or their associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Walker
- Nephrology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wesley Hayes
- Nephrology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Nephrology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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Ito N, Hidaka N, Kato H. The pathophysiology of hypophosphatemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 38:101851. [PMID: 38087658 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
After identification of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 as the pivotal regulator of chronic serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels, the etiology of disorders causing hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia has been clarified, and measurement of intact FGF23 serves as a potent tool for differential diagnosis of chronic hypophosphatemia. Additionally, measurement of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) is recommended to differentiate acute and subacute hypophosphatemia from chronic hypophosphatemia. This article divides the etiology of chronic hypophosphatemia into 4 groups: A. FGF23 related, B. primary tubular dysfunction, C. disturbance of vitamin D metabolism, and D. parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) mediated. Each group is further divided into its inherited form and acquired form. Topics for each group are described, including "ectopic FGF23 syndrome," "alcohol consumption-induced FGF23-related hypophosphatemia," "anti-mitochondrial antibody associated hypophosphatemia," and "vitamin D-dependent rickets type 3." Finally, a flowchart for differential diagnosis of chronic hypophosphatemia is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Osteoporosis Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoko Hidaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Osteoporosis Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hajime Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Osteoporosis Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Bosman A, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Boot AM, de Borst MH, van de Ven AC, de Jongh RT, Bökenkamp A, van den Bergh JP, van der Eerden BCJ, Zillikens MC. Disease Manifestations and Complications in Dutch X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Patients. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:255-266. [PMID: 38226986 PMCID: PMC10901935 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common monogenetic cause of chronic hypophosphatemia, characterized by rickets and osteomalacia. Disease manifestations and treatment of XLH patients in the Netherlands are currently unknown. Characteristics of XLH patients participating in the Dutch observational registry for genetic hypophosphatemia and acquired renal phosphate wasting were analyzed. Eighty XLH patients, including 29 children, were included. Genetic testing, performed in 78.8% of patients, showed a PHEX mutation in 96.8%. Median (range) Z-score for height was - 2.5 (- 5.5; 1.0) in adults and - 1.4 (- 3.7; 1.0) in children. Many patients were overweight or obese: 64.3% of adults and 37.0% of children. All children received XLH-related medication e.g., active vitamin D, phosphate supplementation or burosumab, while 8 adults used no medication. Lower age at start of XLH-related treatment was associated with higher height at inclusion. Hearing loss was reported in 6.9% of children and 31.4% of adults. Knee deformities were observed in 75.0% of all patients and osteoarthritis in 51.0% of adult patients. Nephrocalcinosis was observed in 62.1% of children and 33.3% of adults. Earlier start of XLH-related treatment was associated with higher risk of nephrocalcinosis and detection at younger age. Hyperparathyroidism longer than six months was reported in 37.9% of children and 35.3% of adults. This nationwide study confirms the high prevalence of adiposity, hearing loss, bone deformities, osteoarthritis, nephrocalcinosis and hyperparathyroidism in Dutch XLH patients. Early start of XLH-related treatment appears to be beneficial for longitudinal growth but may increase development of nephrocalcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bosman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A M Boot
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A C van de Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R T de Jongh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Steur J, Bohner L, Jackowski J, Hanisch M, Oelerich O. Oral health and oral-health-related quality of life in people with X-linked hypophosphatemia. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:259. [PMID: 38383400 PMCID: PMC10880295 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a type of vitamin D-resistant rickets. It is the most common form of it and is related with oral health problems. This study aimed to analyze the OHRQoL of people suffering from XLH and measure physical oral health to confirm or refute evidence of reduced oral health. METHODS The German version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14G), was used to measure OHRQoL. All study participants underwent clinical examination, and oral health was scored using the Physical Oral Health Index (PhOX). RESULTS A total of 26 people participated in the study, of whom five were male and 21 were female. The average participant age was 40.9 ± 12.8 years. The OHIP-14G score was 14.3 (± 12.1; 95% CI: 9.37. 19.16) points (range 0-44 points). The PhOX score was 77.1 (± 9.9; 95% CI: 73.10-81.13) points (range 61-95 points). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm that oral health and OHRQoL are both reduced in the studied cohort of people affected by XLH. Particular attention should be paid to perfect oral hygiene in people with XLH, as the impaired enamel mineralisation increases the risk of caries and thus also the occurrence of apical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Steur
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Lauren Bohner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Jochen Jackowski
- Department of Oral Surgery and Policlinical Ambulance, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 45, Witten, 58448, Germany
| | - Marcel Hanisch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
- Department of Oral Surgery and Policlinical Ambulance, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 45, Witten, 58448, Germany
| | - Ole Oelerich
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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Wang L, Kulaixi G, Zaiyinati J, Aibai G, Du D, Guo Y. Family analysis and literature study of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:121. [PMID: 38355430 PMCID: PMC10865686 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hypophosphatemia rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by reduced renal phosphate reabsorption leading to hypophosphataemia, rickets and bone pain. Here, we present a case of HHRH in a Chinese boy. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 11-year-old female proband, who was admitted to our hospital with bilateral genuvarum deformity and short stature. Computed Tomography (CT) showed kidney stones, blood tests showed hypophosphatemia, For a clear diagnosis, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to screen for variants. Our gene sequencing approach encompassed whole exome sequencing, detection of exon and intron junction regions, and examination of a 20 bp region of adjacent introns. Flanking sequences are defined as ±50 bp upstream and downstream of the 5' and 3' ends of the coding region.The raw sequence data were compared to the known gene sequence data in publicly available sequence data bases using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software (BWA, 0.7.12-r1039), and the pathogenic variant sites were annotated using Annovar. Subsequently, the suspected pathogenic variants were classified according to ACMG's gene variation classification system. Simultaneously, unreported or clinically ambiguous pathogenic variants were predicted and annotated based on population databases. Any suspected pathogenic variants identified through this analysis were then validated using Sanger sequencing technology. At last, the proband and her affected sister carried pathogenic homozygous variant in the geneSLC34A3(exon 13, c.1402C > T; p.R468W). Their parents were both heterozygous carriers of the variant. Genetic testing revealed that the patient has anLRP5(exon 18, c.3917C > T; p.A1306V) variant of Uncertain significance, which is a rare homozygous variant. CONCLUSION This case report aims to raise awareness of the presenting characteristics of HHRH. The paper describes a unique case involving variants in both theSLC34A3andLRP5genes, which are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This combination of gene variants has not been previously reported in the literature. It is uncertain whether the presence of these two mutated genes in the same individual will result in more severe clinical symptoms. This report shows that an accurate diagnosis is critical, and with early diagnosis and correct treatment, patients will have a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Gulimire Kulaixi
- Department of Endocrinology, Yecheng County, Kashi City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi City, 832000, China
| | - Jiazireya Zaiyinati
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Guzhalikezi Aibai
- Department of Endocrinology, Yecheng County, Kashi City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi City, 832000, China
| | - Danyang Du
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Urumqi, 830000, China
| | - Yanying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Urumqi, 830000, China.
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Dodamani MH, Memon SS, Karlekar M, Lila AR, Khan M, Sarathi V, Arya S, Jamale T, Thakare S, Patil VA, Shah NS, Bergwitz C, Bandgar TR. Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria Presenting with Enthesopathy, Renal Cysts, and High Serum c-Terminal FGF23: Single-Center Experience and Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:137-146. [PMID: 37981601 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) is a rare disorder of phosphate homeostasis. We describe a single-center experience of genetically proven HHRH families and perform systematic review phenotype-genotype correlation in reported biallelic probands and their monoallelic relatives. Detailed clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic data were retrieved from our center and a systematic review of Pub-Med and Embase databases for patients and relatives who were genetically proven. Total of nine subjects (probands:5) carrying biallelic SLC34A3 mutations (novel:2) from our center had a spectrum from rickets/osteomalacia to normal BMD, with hypophosphatemia and hypercalciuria in all. We describe the first case of genetically proven HHRH with enthesopathy. Elevated FGF23 in another patient with hypophosphatemia, iron deficiency anemia, and noncirrhotic periportal fibrosis led to initial misdiagnosis as tumoral osteomalacia. On systematic review of 58 probands (with biallelic SLC34A3 mutations; 35 males), early-onset HHRH and renal calcification were present in ~ 70% and late-onset HHRH in 10%. c.575C > T p.(Ser192Leu) variant occurred in 53% of probands without skeletal involvement. Among 110 relatives harboring monoallelic SLC34A3 mutation at median age 38 years, renal calcification, hypophosphatemia, high 1,25(OH)2D, and hypercalciuria were observed in ~30%, 22.3%, 40%, and 38.8%, respectively. Renal calcifications correlated with age but were similar across truncating and non-truncating variants. Although most relatives were asymptomatic for bone involvement, 6/12(50%) had low bone mineral density. We describe the first monocentric HHRH case series from India with varied phenotypes. In a systematic review, frequent renal calcifications and low BMD in relatives with monoallelic variants (HHRH trait) merit identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Havalappa Dodamani
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Saba Samad Memon
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India.
| | - Manjiri Karlekar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Mustafa Khan
- Department of Endocrinology, Brown University, 375 Wampanoag Trail, Providence, RI, 02913, USA
- Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, Anlyan Center, Office S117, Lab S110, 1 Gilbert Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Tukaram Jamale
- Department of Nephrology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayali Thakare
- Department of Nephrology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Virendra A Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, Anlyan Center, Office S117, Lab S110, 1 Gilbert Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Tushar R Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, OPD, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
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Punchak MA, Sarris C, Xu E, Flanders TM, Lang SS, Swanson JW, Taylor JA, Heuer GG. Craniosynostosis in primary metabolic bone disorders: a single-institution experience. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:3583-3588. [PMID: 37420034 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of metabolic bone diseases in pediatric neurosurgical patients is rare. We examined our institutional experience of metabolic bone diseases along with a review of the literature in an effort to understand management for this rare entity. METHODS Retrospective review of the electronic medical record database was performed to identify patients with primary metabolic bone disorders who underwent craniosynostosis surgery between 2011 and 2022 at a quaternary referral pediatric hospital. Literature review was conducted for primary metabolic bone disorders associated with craniosynostosis. RESULTS Ten patients were identified, 6 of whom were male. The most common bone disorders were hypophosphatemic rickets (n = 2) and pseudohypoparathyroidism (n = 2). The median age at diagnosis of metabolic bone disorder was 2.02 years (IQR: 0.11-4.26), 2.52 years (IQR: 1.24-3.14) at craniosynostosis diagnosis, and 2.65 years (IQR: 0.91-3.58) at the time of surgery. Sagittal suture was most commonly fused (n = 4), followed by multi-suture craniosynostosis (n = 3). Other imaging findings included Chiari (n = 1), hydrocephalus (n = 1), and concurrent Chiari and hydrocephalus (n = 1). All patients underwent surgery for craniosynostosis, with the most common operation being bifronto-orbital advancement (n = 4). A total of 5 patients underwent reoperation, 3 of which were planned second-stage surgeries and 2 of whom had craniosynostosis recurrence. CONCLUSIONS We advocate screening for suture abnormalities in children with primary metabolic bone disorders. While cranial vault remodeling is not associated with a high rate of postoperative complications in this patient cohort, craniosynostosis recurrences may occur, and parental counseling is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Punchak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Christina Sarris
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Xu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy M Flanders
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shih-Shan Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan W Swanson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse A Taylor
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory G Heuer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Herrou J, Fechtenbaum J, Rothenbuhler A, Kamenický P, Roux C, Linglart A, Briot K. Development of Spinal Enthesopathies in Adults With X-linked Hypophosphatemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1524-e1531. [PMID: 37390471 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal complications are the main manifestations in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Enthesopathy significantly impairs quality of life. OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors associated with the development and progression of spinal enthesopathies in adults with XLH. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective study in the French Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism. PATIENTS Adults XLH patients with 2 EOS® imaging performed at least 2 years apart at the same center between June 2011 and March 2022. The progression of enthesopathies was defined as a new enthesopathy at least 1 intervertebral level in patients with or without presence of enthesopathy at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic, treatment, PHEX mutation with the progression of enthesopathies. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (66.7% of women, mean age 42.1 ± 13.4 years) underwent 2 EOS imaging with an average interval of 5.7 (± 2.31) years.Progression of spinal enthesopathies was observed in 27 (52.9%) patients. In univariate analysis, patients with a progression of spinal enthesopathies were significantly older (P < .0005), were significantly older at treatment initiation (P = .02), presented with dental complications (P = .03), received less frequently treatment during childhood with phosphate and/or vitamin D analogs (P = .06), and presented more frequently with hip osteoarthritis (P = .002) at baseline. In multivariate analysis, none of these factors was associated with a progression of spinal enthesopathies. CONCLUSION This study confirms the high proportion of patients with a progression of spinal enthesopathies. Age seems to be the main factor associated with progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herrou
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fechtenbaum
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, APHP, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Saclay maladies rares, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Roux
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, APHP, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Saclay maladies rares, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Karine Briot
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM UMR 1153, Université de Paris-Cité, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, APHP Centre, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, OSCAR Network for Rare Bone and Calcium Phosphate Disorders, Paris, France
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11
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Grimbly C, Graf D, Ward LM, Alexander RT. X-linked hypophosphatemia, fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling, and craniosynostosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2175-2182. [PMID: 38230523 PMCID: PMC10800125 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231222023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge of fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling in bone and its role in the disease pathology of X-linked hypophosphatemia. Craniosynostosis is an under-recognized complication of X-linked hypophosphatemia. The clinical implications and potential cellular mechanisms invoked by increased fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling causing craniosynostosis are reviewed. Knowledge gaps are identified and provide direction for future clinical and basic science studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Grimbly
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
- Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
- Department of Dentistry and Dental Hygiene, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Leanne M Ward
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
- Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
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12
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Chamli A, Souissi A, Frioui R, Alaoui F, Sassi W, Raboudi A, Chelly I, Mokni M. Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets associated with alopecia and epidermal cysts. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:1835-1837. [PMID: 37002879 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Chamli
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Dermatology Department, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asmahane Souissi
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Refka Frioui
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatima Alaoui
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Sassi
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Raboudi
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Chelly
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Anatomopathology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Mokni
- Dermatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Kim KJ, Song JE, Kim JH, Hong N, Kim SG, Lee J, Rhee Y. Elevated morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic idiopathic hypophosphatemia: a nationwide cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1229750. [PMID: 37635983 PMCID: PMC10448510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1229750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic idiopathic hypophosphatemia (CIH) induced by X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets or tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare inherited or acquired disorder. However, due to its rarity, little is known about the epidemiology and natural course of CIH. Therefore, we aimed to identify the prevalence and long-term health outcomes of CIH patients. Methods Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database, we evaluated the incidence of hypophosphatemia initially diagnosed from 2003 to 2018. After excluding secondary conditions that could change serum phosphorus levels, we identified 154 patients (76 men and 78 women) with non-secondary and non-renal hypophosphatemia. These hypophosphatemic patients were compared at a ratio of 1:10 with age-, sex-, and index-year-matched controls (n = 1,540). Results In the distribution of age at diagnosis, a large peak was observed in patients aged 1-4 years and small peaks were observed in ages from 40-70 years. The age-standardized incidence rate showed non-statistically significant trend from 0.24 per 1,000,000 persons in 2003 to 0.30 in 2018. Hypophosphatemic patients had a higher risk of any complication (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-2.69) including cardiovascular outcomes, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, osteoporotic fractures, periodontitis, and depression. Hypophosphatemic patients also had higher risks of mortality and hospitalization than the controls (aHR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.83-5.81; and aHR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.97-3.16, respectively). Conclusion This first nationwide study of CIH in South Korea found a bimodal age distribution and no sex differences among patients. Hypophosphatemic patients had higher risks of complications, mortality, and hospitalization compared to age- and sex-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Koyun M, Ertosun MG, Aksoy GK, Çomak E, Akman S. An uncommon cause of hypophosphatemic rickets: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2613-2614. [PMID: 36995464 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-05952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Koyun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Gökhan Ertosun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Kaya Aksoy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Elif Çomak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Sema Akman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
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15
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Dodamani MH, Lila AR, Memon SS, Sarathi V, Arya S, Rane A, Sehemby MK, Garg R, Bhandare VV, Karlekar M, Patil VA, Kunwar A, Bandgar TR. Genotypic Spectrum and its Correlation with Alopecia and Clinical Response in Hereditary Vitamin D Resistant Rickets: Our Experience and Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:483-492. [PMID: 36705686 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia in hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) has some correlation with severe rickets and poor overall response. However, these observations are based on small series. Hence, we aim to assess the genotypic spectrum of HVDRR and its correlation with alopecia and clinical response. Seven genetically-proven HVDDR patients from five unrelated families and 119 probands from systematic review were analysed retrospectively for phenotypic and genotypic data and overall response to therapy. In our cohort mean age at rickets onset was 12 (± 3.4) months. Alopecia was present in all patients but one. All patients had poor overall response to oral high-dose calcium and calcitriol and most required intravenous calcium. Genetic analyses revealed four novel variants. On systematic review, alopecia was present in majority (81.5%) and preceded the onset of rickets. Patients with alopecia had higher serum calcium (7.6 vs.6.9 mg/dl, p = 0.008), lower 1, 25(OH)2 D (200 vs.320 pg/ml, p = 0.03) and similar overall response to oral therapy (28.7% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.56). Alopecia was present in 51.4% of non-truncating (NT) ligand-binding domain (LBD) variants, whereas it was universal in truncating LBD and all DNA binding-domain (DBD) variants. Overall response to oral therapy was highest in LBD-NT (46.4%) as compared to 7.6% in LBD-truncating and 19% in DBD-NT variants. Among LBD-NT variants, those affecting RXR heterodimerization, but not those affecting ligand affinity, were associated with alopecia. Both alopecia and overall response have genotypic correlation. Age at diagnosis and overall response to oral therapy were similar between patients with and without alopecia in genetically proven HVDRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Havalappa Dodamani
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Saba Samad Memon
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India.
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Ankita Rane
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Manjeet Kaur Sehemby
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Robin Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | | | - Manjiri Karlekar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Virendra A Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar R Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 4000012, India
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Gottesman
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Sugarman J, Maruri A, Hamilton DJ, Tabatabai L, Luca D, Cimms T, Krolczyk S, Roberts MS, Carpenter TO. The efficacy and safety of burosumab in two patients with cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome. Bone 2023; 166:116598. [PMID: 36341949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS) is an ultra-rare mosaic disorder manifesting as skeletal dysplasia and FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia, with some experiencing extra-osseous/extra-cutaneous manifestations, including both benign and malignant neoplasms. Like other disorders of FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia including X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), patients with CSHS have low serum phosphorus and active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. Current treatment options for patients with CSHS include multiple daily doses of oral phosphorus and one or more daily doses of active vitamin D analog to correct the deficits. Recently, the fully human monoclonal antibody against FGF23 burosumab received US approval for the treatment of XLH and TIO, two rare diseases characterized by FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia leading to rickets and osteomalacia. Given the similarities between the pathobiologies of these disorders and CSHS, we investigated the impact of burosumab on two patients, one pediatric and one adult, with CSHS who participated in separate, but similarly designed trials. In both the pediatric and adult patients, burosumab therapy was well-tolerated and contributed to clinically meaningful improvements in disease outcomes including normalization of phosphorus metabolism and markers of bone health, and improvements in skeletal abnormalities, fractures, and physical function. Reported adverse events were minimal, with only mild injection site reactions attributed to burosumab therapy. Together, these findings suggest that burosumab therapy is a promising therapeutic option for patients with CSHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sugarman
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ann Maruri
- Westside Pediatrics Focus Research and Development, 1477 N 2000 W, Clinton, UT 84015, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute; WCM Affiliate, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laila Tabatabai
- Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute; WCM Affiliate, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diana Luca
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
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18
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Nielsen SR, Hansen SG, Bistrup C, Brusgaard K, Frederiksen AL. Bone Deformities and Kidney Failure: Coincidence of PHEX-Related Hypophosphatemic Rickets and m.3243A>G Mitochondrial Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:641-645. [PMID: 35916905 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease share several clinical findings, including short stature, hearing impairment (HI), nephropathy, and hypertension. Here, we report on a case with the rare coincidence of these two genetic conditions. In early childhood, the patient presented with hypophosphatemia and bone deformities and was clinically diagnosed with XLH. This was genetically verified in adulthood with the identification of a de novo pathogenic deletion in phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX). In addition, the patient developed HI and hypertension and when his mother was diagnosed with m.3243A>G, subsequent genetic testing confirmed the patient to carry the same variant. Over the next two decades, the patient developed progressive renal impairment however without nephrocalcinosis known to associate with XLH which could indicate an m.3243A>G-related kidney disease. Parallel with the progression of renal impairment, the patient developed hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In conclusion, this case represents a complex clinical phenotype with the reversal of hypo- to hyperphosphatemia in XLH potentially mediated by the development of an m.3243A>G-associated nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rask Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 5, 5. Floor, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Claus Bistrup
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brusgaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 5, 5. Floor, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Arcidiacono T, Foligno N, Vezzoli G. Efficacy of burosumab in healing a long-standing femoral fracture in an adult patient with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Endocrine 2022; 77:566-567. [PMID: 35633487 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Arcidiacono
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Foligno
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vezzoli
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Scorcelletti M, Kara S, Zange J, Jordan J, Semler O, Schönau E, Rittweger J, Ireland A, Seefried L. Lower limb bone geometry in adult individuals with X-linked hypophosphatemia: an observational study. Osteoporos Int 2022; 33:1601-1611. [PMID: 35435480 PMCID: PMC9187561 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-022-06385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We assessed lower-limb geometry in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and controls. We found large differences in multiple measures including femoral and tibial torsion, bowing and cross-sectional area and acetabular version and coverage which may contribute to clinical problems such as osteoarthritis, fractures and altered gait common in XLH. PURPOSE Individuals with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) are at risk of lower-limb deformities and early onset of osteoarthritis. These two factors may be linked, as altered biomechanics is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. This exploratory evaluation aims at providing clues and concepts for this association to facilitate future larger-scale and longitudinal studies on that aspect. METHODS For this observational study, 13 patients with XLH, aged 18-65 years (6 female), were compared with sex-, age- and weight-matched healthy individuals at a single German research centre. Femoral and hip joint geometry, including femoral and tibial torsion and femoral and tibial shaft bowing, bone cross-sectional area (CSA) and acetabular version and coverage were measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. RESULTS Total femoral torsion was 29° lower in individuals with XLH than in controls (p < 0.001), mainly resulting from lower intertrochanteric torsion (ITT) (p < 0.001). Femoral lateral and frontal bowing, tibial frontal bowing, mechanical axis, femoral mechanical-anatomical angle, acetabular version and acetabular coverage were all greater and tibial torsion lower in individuals with XLH as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). Greater femoral total and marrow cavity CSA, greater tibial marrow cavity CSA and lower cortical CSA were observed in XLH (all p < 0.05). DISCUSSION We observed large differences in clinically relevant measures of tibia and particularly femur bone geometry in individuals with XLH compared to controls. These differences may plausibly contribute to clinical manifestations of XLH such as early-onset osteoarthritis, pseudofractures and altered gait and therefore should be considered when planning corrective surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scorcelletti
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Serhan Kara
- Division of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Zange
- Division of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Division of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine DLR, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Semler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Division of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine DLR, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alex Ireland
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Lothar Seefried
- Orthopaedic Department, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
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21
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Kato H, Ansh AJ, Lester ER, Kinoshita Y, Hidaka N, Hoshino Y, Koga M, Taniguchi Y, Uchida T, Yamaguchi H, Niida Y, Nakazato M, Nangaku M, Makita N, Takamura T, Saito T, Braddock DT, Ito N. Identification of ENPP1 Haploinsufficiency in Patients With Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis and Early-Onset Osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1125-1135. [PMID: 35340077 PMCID: PMC9177665 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous ENPP1 mutations are associated with autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets type 2 (ARHR2), severe ossification of the spinal ligaments, and generalized arterial calcification of infancy type 1. There are a limited number of reports on phenotypes associated with heterozygous ENPP1 mutations. Here, we report a series of three probands and their families with heterozygous and compound heterozygous ENPP1 mutations. The first case (case 1) was a 47-year-old male, diagnosed with early-onset osteoporosis and low-normal serum phosphate levels, which invoked suspicion for hypophosphatemic rickets. The second and third cases were 77- and 54-year-old females who both presented with severe spinal ligament ossification and the presumptive diagnosis of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Upon workup, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was noted to be relatively high in case 2 and serum phosphorous was low-normal in case 3, and the diagnoses of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and ARHR2 were considered. Genetic testing for genes related to congenital hypophosphatemic rickets was therefore performed, revealing heterozygous ENPP1 variants in cases 1 and 2 (case 1, c.536A>G, p.Asn179Ser; case 2, c.1352A>G, p.Tyr451Cys) and compound heterozygous ENPP1 variants in case 3 constituting the same variants present in cases 1 and 2 (c.536A>G, p.Asn179Ser and c.1352A>G, p.Tyr451Cys). Several in silico tools predicted the two variants to be pathogeneic, a finding confirmed by in vitro biochemical analysis demonstrating that the p.Asn179Ser and p.Tyr451Cys ENPP1 variants possessed a catalytic velocity of 45% and 30% compared with that of wild-type ENPP1, respectively. Both variants were therefore categorized as pathogenic loss-of-function mutations. Our findings suggest that ENPP1 mutational status should be evaluated in patients presenting with the diagnosis of idiopathic DISH, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), and early-onset osteoporosis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anenya J. Ansh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ethan R. Lester
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hidaka
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Hoshino
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minae Koga
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Uchida
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaguchi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yo Niida
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Makita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Osteoporosis center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The burden of disease of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) in East Asia is poorly understood. This was a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and disease complications in Japanese and Korean patients with XLH. Adults with XLH and the caregivers of children <18 years of age with XLH in Japan and Korea were surveyed. Respondents disclosed demographic data, family history, diagnostic history, medical history, surgical history, disease-specific clinical symptoms, treatment, medications, and use of ancillary equipment. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs; the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, the brief pain inventory, and the 36-item short form health survey version 2) were used to assess pain, disability, and HRQOL in adults. Of those surveyed, all 14 children (100%) and 30/32 adults (93.8%) were receiving treatment for XLH. However, despite oral phosphate and active vitamin D use, short stature, gait abnormalities, dental conditions, and decreased physical function were reported. Stapling of the growth plates was reported in 14.3% of children but no adults. Adult patients reported high rates of bone pain (59.4%) and joint pain (65.6%). Caregivers of children with XLH also reported the occurrence of bone pain (35.7%) and joint pain (35.7%). Many adult patients had a history of impaired renal function (9.5%), nephrocalcinosis (15.6%), hyperparathyroidism (15.6%), and parathyroidectomy (6.3%), all of which are associated with conventional XLH treatments. These data show that patients (both pediatric and adult) continue to have symptoms such as pain, disability, and various complications despite receiving conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Yayoi Nishida
- Medical Affairs Department, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ayla Evins
- Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Alison Skrinar
- Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California 94949, USA
| | - Hae Il Cheong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
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Furukawa H, Oka S, Kondo N, Nakagawa Y, Shiota N, Kumagai K, Ando K, Takeshita T, Oda T, Takahashi Y, Izawa K, Iwasaki Y, Hasegawa K, Arino H, Minamizaki T, Yoshikawa N, Takata S, Yoshihara Y, Tohma S. The Contribution of Deleterious Rare Alleles in ENPP1 and Osteomalacia Causative Genes to Atypical Femoral Fracture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1890-e1898. [PMID: 35038731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are very rare atraumatic or mild trauma fractures in the subtrochanteric region or femoral shaft. Some unique genetic variants in Asian populations might confer susceptibility to AFF, since the incidence of AFFs is higher in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE Because rare variants have been found to be causative in some diseases and the roles of osteomalacia causative genes have not been reported, we investigated rare variants in genes causing abnormal mineralization. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed to detect variants in gene coding and boundary regions, and the frequencies of deleterious rare alleles were compared between Japanese patients with AFF (n = 42) and controls of the 4.7KJPN panel of Tohoku Medical Megabank by whole genome sequencing (n = 4773). RESULTS The frequency of the deleterious rare allele of ENPP1 was significantly increased in AFF (P = .0012, corrected P [Pc] = .0155, OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.15-10.40). In multigene panel analysis, the frequencies of deleterious rare alleles of candidate genes were increased in AFF (P = .0025, OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.49-4.93). Principal component analysis of bone metabolism markers identified a subgroup of patients with AFF with higher frequencies of deleterious rare alleles in ENPP1 (P = 4.69 × 10-5, Pc = .0006, OR 8.47, 95% CI 3.76-19.09) and the candidate genes (P = 1.08 × 10-5, OR 5.21, 95% CI 2.76-9.86). CONCLUSION AFF is associated with genes including ENPP1 that cause abnormal mineralization, suggesting that osteomalacia is an underlying condition predisposing to AFF and that higher incident rates of AFFs in Asian populations might be explained by the genetic risk factors including ENPP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Furukawa
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, 204-8585Japan
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392Japan
| | - Shomi Oka
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, 204-8585Japan
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392Japan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8555, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shiota
- Department of Orthopedics/Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Kita-ku, Okayama, 701-1192, Japan
| | - Kenji Kumagai
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Keiji Ando
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Utano National Hospital, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, 616-8255Japan
| | - Tsutao Takeshita
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, 874-0011, Japan
| | - Takenori Oda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano, 586-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedics/Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2085Japan
- Bitoku Orthopedic Clinic, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8067Japan
| | - Kazutaka Izawa
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, 560-8552Japan
| | - Yoichi Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Hiroshima-Nishi Medical Center, Otake, 739-0696, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics/Rehabilitation, Hiroshima Hiramatsu Hospital, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 739-0696, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, 920-8650, Japan
- Niigata Spine Surgery Center, Kameda Daiichi Hospital, Konan-ku, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arino
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Ota Memorial Hospital, Ota, 373-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Minamizaki
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Yonago Medical Center, Yonago, 683-0006, Japan
| | - Norie Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedics, National Hospital Organization Miyakonojo Medical Center, Miyakonojo, 885-0014, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takata
- Department of Orthopedics/Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Tokushima National Hospital, Yoshinogawa, 776-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshihara
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeto Tohma
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, 204-8585Japan
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392Japan
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Abstract
CONTEXT Hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, and fractures are complications of certain intravenous iron formulations. OBJECTIVE This study investigated risk factors for incident, severe, and persistent hypophosphatemia, and associated alterations in bone and mineral biomarkers following intravenous iron treatment. METHODS We analyzed data from the PHOSPHARE-IDA randomized clinical trials, comprising 245 patients aged 18 years or older with iron deficiency anemia at 30 outpatient clinics in the United States who received intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) or ferric derisomaltose (FDI). Outcome measures included serum phosphate, intact fibroblast growth factor-23 (iFGF23), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS FCM was the only consistent risk factor for incident hypophosphatemia (< 2.0 mg/dL; odds ratio vs FDI: 38.37; 95% CI: 16.62, 88.56; P < 0.001). Only FCM-treated patients developed severe hypophosphatemia (< 1.0 mg/dL; 11.3%; 13/115) or persistent hypophosphatemia (< 2.0 mg/dL at study end; 40.0%; 46/115). More severe hypophosphatemia associated with significantly greater increases in iFGF23, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase, and more severe decreases in 1,25(OH)2D and ionized calcium (all P < 0.05). Patients with persistent vs resolved hypophosphatemia demonstrated significantly greater changes in iFGF23, PTH, 1,25(OH)2D, and N-terminal procollagen-1 peptide levels (all P < 0.01), but alkaline phosphatase increased similarly in both groups. CONCLUSION Treatment with FCM was the only consistent risk factor for hypophosphatemia. Patients who developed severe or persistent hypophosphatemia after FCM treatment manifested more severe derangements in bone and mineral metabolism. Changes in bone biomarkers continued beyond resolution of hypophosphatemia, suggesting ongoing effects on bone that may help explain the association of FCM with osteomalacia and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schaefer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Iron and Phosphate Biology at the Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Iron and Phosphate Biology at the Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Myles Wolf
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Myles Wolf, MD, MMSc, 2 Genome Court, Room 1009, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Javaid MK, Ward L, Pinedo-Villanueva R, Rylands AJ, Williams A, Insogna K, Imel EA. Musculoskeletal Features in Adults With X-linked Hypophosphatemia: An Analysis of Clinical Trial and Survey Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1249-e1262. [PMID: 34636401 PMCID: PMC8852215 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) experience multiple musculoskeletal manifestations throughout adulthood. OBJECTIVE To describe the burden of musculoskeletal features and associated surgeries across the lifespan of adults with XLH. METHODS Three groups of adults were analyzed: subjects of a clinical trial, participants in an online survey, and a subgroup of the online survey participants considered comparable to the clinical trial subjects (according to Brief Pain Inventory worst pain scores of ≥ 4). In each group, the adults were categorized by age: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and ≥ 60 years. Rates of 5 prespecified musculoskeletal features and associated surgeries were investigated across these age bands for the 3 groups. RESULTS Data from 336 adults were analyzed. In all 3 groups, 43% to 47% had a history of fracture, with the proportions increasing with age. The overall prevalence of osteoarthritis was > 50% in all 3 groups, with a rate of 23% to 37% in the 18- to 29-year-old group, and increasing with age. Similar patterns were observed for osteophytes and enthesopathy. Hip and knee arthroplasty was reported even in adults in their 30s. Spinal stenosis was present at a low prevalence, increasing with age. The proportion of adults with ≥ 2 musculoskeletal features was 59.1%, 55.0%, and 61.3% in the clinical trial group, survey group, and survey pain subgroup, respectively. CONCLUSION This analysis confirmed high rates of multiple musculoskeletal features beginning as early as age 20 years among adults with XLH and gradually accumulating with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kassim Javaid
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence: Dr. Muhammad Kassim Javaid, Associate Professor in Metabolic Bone Disease, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
| | - Leanne Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rafael Pinedo-Villanueva
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela J Rylands
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Kyowa Kirin International, Marlow, UK
| | - Angela Williams
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Kyowa Kirin International, Marlow, UK
| | - Karl Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Assunção H, Prata AR, Silva J, Malcata A. Targeting the underlying pathophysiology in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets in adults. ARP Rheumatol 2022; 1:83-86. [PMID: 35633579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) is a life-long phosphate waste disorder that presents in early childhood with lower limb deformities, stunted growth, and bone and joint pain. In adults, osteomalacia and fractures may develop, aggravating bone and joint pain, stiffness, and disability. A 50-year-old woman with XLHR was referred to Rheumatology for incapacitating pain in her left lower limb with gait impairment. A pseudofracture was identified in the radiography of long bones, and secondary hyperparathyroidism was also observed. Treatment was optimized, and marked clinical improvement occurred. The authors review and discuss the underlying pathophysiology of this disease and its adequate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita Prata
- Reumatologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
| | - Jorge Silva
- Reumatologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra
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Merz LM, Buerger F, Ziegelasch N, Zenker M, Wieland I, Lipek T, Wallborn T, Terliesner N, Prenzel F, Siekmeyer M, Dittrich K. A Case Report: First Long-Term Treatment With Burosumab in a Patient With Cutaneous-Skeletal Hypophosphatemia Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:866831. [PMID: 35600592 PMCID: PMC9120998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.866831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal nevus syndromes encompass a highly heterogeneous group of systemic disorders, characterized by epidermal nevi, and a spectrum of neuromuscular, ocular, and bone abnormalities. Cutaneous-skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS) constitutes a specific sub-entity in which elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 cause hypophosphatemic rickets that are, to date, not amenable to causal therapy. Here, we report the first long-term follow-up of causal treatment with burosumab in a 3-year-old female patient with CSHS. 4 weeks after initiation of burosumab treatment, serum phosphate normalized to age-appropriate levels. Furthermore, long-term follow-up of 42 months revealed significant improvement of linear growth and gross physical functions, including respiratory insufficiency. Radiographic rickets severity as well as subjective bone pain were strongly reduced, and no side effects were observed over the course of treatment. In summary, we, here, report about a successful treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets in CSHS with burosumab over the time course of 42 months. In our patient, burosumab showed convincing efficacy and safety profile, without any loss of effect or increase of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Maria Merz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lea Maria Merz,
| | - Florian Buerger
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Niels Ziegelasch
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ilse Wieland
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lipek
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann Wallborn
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Terliesner
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Freerk Prenzel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Siekmeyer
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katalin Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Jiajue R, Ni X, Jin C, Yu W, Huo L, Wu H, Liu Y, Jin J, Lv W, Zhou L, Xia Y, Chi Y, Cui L, Pang Q, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Xing X, Meng X, Xia W. Bone Volumetric Density, Microarchitecture, and Estimated Bone Strength in Tumor-Induced Rickets/Osteomalacia Versus X-linked Hypophosphatemia in Chinese Adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883981. [PMID: 35769089 PMCID: PMC9234144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia (TIR/O) severely impairs bone microarchitecture and bone strength. However, no study has described the microarchitectural quality of bone in adolescent patients with TIR/O. TIR/O affects bone quality more severely than the inherited causes of hypophosphatemia, the most common form of which is X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Nevertheless, differences of the microarchitectural quality of the bone between TIR/O and XLH have never been clarified. Therefore, in this study, we used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to assess bone microarchitecture in five Chinese adolescent TIR/O patients, and these were compared with 15 age- and gender-matched XLH patients as well as 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Compared with the healthy controls, the TIR/O patients presented with significantly lower volumetric bone mineral densities (vBMDs), severely affected bone microarchitecture, and profoundly weaker bone strength. The distal tibia was more severely affected than the distal radius. Compared with the XLH patients, the TIR/O patients showed deteriorated bone quality notably at the distal tibia and in the cancellous compartment, reflected by 45.9% lower trabecular vBMD (p = 0.029), 40.2% lower trabecular fraction (p = 0.020), 40.6% weaker stiffness (p = 0.058), and 42.7% weaker failure load (p = 0.039) at the distal tibia. The correlation analysis showed that a higher level of serum FGF23 and a lower level of serum phosphate were associated with a poorer bone microarchitecture and a weaker estimated bone strength in the hypophosphatemic patients of our study. In conclusion, our study demonstrated significantly lower vBMDs, severely impaired bone microarchitecture, and profoundly weaker bone strength in Chinese adolescent patients with TIR/O, notably at the distal tibia, compared with the same parameters in age- and sex-matched healthy controls and XLH patients, which was possibly caused by excessive FGF23 production and secretion, chronically severe hypophosphatemia, and weak mechanical stimulus at the lower extremities. These findings further our understanding of the impact of different kinds of hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia on bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Jiajue
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chi
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xunwu Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Commission of Health, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weibo Xia,
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Mindler GT, Stauffer A, Kranzl A, Penzkofer S, Ganger R, Radler C, Haeusler G, Raimann A. Persistent Lower Limb Deformities Despite Amelioration of Rickets in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH) - A Prospective Observational Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:866170. [PMID: 35399930 PMCID: PMC8987359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.866170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait deviations, lower limb pain and joint stiffness represent key symptoms in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH, OMIM 307800), a rare disorder of mineral homeostasis. While the pathomechanism for rickets is well understood, the direct role of PHEX (Phosphate-regulating neutral endopeptidase) deficiency in non-rachitic features including complex deformities, skull and dental affections remains unclear. FGF23-inhibiting antibody treatment can normalize serum phosphate levels and to improve rickets in XLH patients. However, linear growth remains impaired and effects on lower limb deformity and gait are insufficiently studied. AIMS To characterize and evaluate the course of lower limb deformity in a case series of pediatric XLH patients receiving Burosumab therapy. METHODS Comparative assessment of planar radiographs, gait analysis, biochemical and clinical features of pediatric patients before and ≥12 months after initiation of FGF23-inhibiting was performed prospectively. Lower limb maltorsion was quantified by torsional MRI and gait analysis. Standardized deformity analysis of lower limb anteroposterior radiographs was conducted. RESULTS Seven patients (age 9.0 +/-3.6 years) were eligible for this study. All patients received conventional treatment before onset of antibody treatment. Maltorsion of the femur was observed in 8/14 legs using torsional MRI (mean antetorsion 8.79°). Maltorsion of the tibia was observed in 9/14 legs (mean external torsion 2.8°). Gait analysis confirmed MRI findings with femoral external malrotation prior to and one year after onset of Burosumab therapy. Internal foot progression (intoeing gait) remained pathological in all cases (mean 2.2°). Knee rotation was pathologically internal 10/14 legs. Mean mechanical axis deviation (MAD) of 16.1mm prior to Burosumab changed in average by 3.9mm. Three children underwent guided growth procedures within the observation period. Mild postprocedural rebound of frontal axis deviation was observed under Burosumab treatment in one patient. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate lower limb deformity parameters quantitatively in children with XLH receiving Burosumab. One year of Burosumab therapy was associated with persistent maltorsion and frontal axis deviation (varus/valgus) despite improved rickets in this small, prospective uncontrolled study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T. Mindler
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Stauffer
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Kranzl
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Gait and Movement Analysis, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Penzkofer
- MRI Institute Bader, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Ganger
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Radler
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Haeusler
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adalbert Raimann
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Adalbert Raimann,
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Takashi Y, Toyokawa K, Oda N, Muta Y, Yokomizo H, Fukumoto S, Kawanami D. Combined treatment by burosumab and a calcimimetic can ameliorate hypophosphatemia due to excessive actions of FGF23 and PTH in adult XLH with tertiary hyperparathyroidism: A case report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1004624. [PMID: 36531500 PMCID: PMC9751939 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1004624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most prevalent type of heritable fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets. Recently, anti-FGF23 antibody, burosumab, has become clinically available. We herein report a patient with adult XLH and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. CASE PRESENTATION The serum phosphate level and tubular maximum reabsorption of phosphate per glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) remained low, despite burosumab treatment. While the influence of the relationship between FGF23 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the phosphaturic effect is unclear, it was considered that a high level of PTH due to tertiary hyperparathyroidism remains to suppress renal phosphate reabsorption. A calcimimetic, evocalcet, increased the serum phosphate level and TmP/GFR. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Therefore, it is important to evaluate the presence of secondary-tertiary hyperparathyroidism in patients whose serum phosphate level does not increase with burosumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuichi Takashi,
| | - Kyoko Toyokawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Muta
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daiji Kawanami
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Rahul M, Gowthaman K, Tewari N, Mathur V. Dental manifestations of pseudo-vitamin-D deficiency rickets in a paediatric patient. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244517. [PMID: 34969788 PMCID: PMC8719130 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D-resistant rickets shows the resistance to vitamin D (Vit-D) therapy, which traditionally works well in cases with deficiency rickets. The signs start appearing as early as in the first month of life and are characterised by the defective mineralisation at the ends of cartilage and bones despite having normal Vit-D levels in the serum. This case report highlights the dental and maxillofacial manifestations in a 3-year-old girl diagnosed with pseudo-Vit-D deficiency rickets. The report also highlights the variations in the dental manifestations of the condition reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morankar Rahul
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Keerthana Gowthaman
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Tewari
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Mathur
- Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Education and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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32
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Giannini S, Bianchi ML, Rendina D, Massoletti P, Lazzerini D, Brandi ML. Burden of disease and clinical targets in adult patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. A comprehensive review. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:1937-1949. [PMID: 34009447 PMCID: PMC8510985 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a lifelong condition. Despite the mounting clinical evidence highlighting the long-term multi-organ sequelae of chronic phosphate wasting and consequent hypophosphatemia over the lifetime and the morbidities associated with adult age, XLH is still perceived as a paediatric disease. INTRODUCTION Children who have XLH need to transition from paediatric to adult healthcare as young adults. While there is general agreement that all affected children should be treated (if the administration and tolerability of therapy can be adequately monitored), there is a lack of consensus regarding therapy in adults. METHODS To provide guidance in both diagnosis and treatment of adult XLH patients and promote better provision of care for this potentially underserved group of patients, we review the available clinical evidence and discuss the current challenges underlying the transition from childhood to adulthood care to develop appropriate management and follow-up patterns in adult XLH patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Such a multi-systemic lifelong disease would demand that the multidisciplinary approach, successfully experienced in children, could be transitioned to adulthood care with an integration of specialized sub-disciplines to efficiently control musculoskeletal symptoms while optimizing patients' QoL. Overall, it would be desirable that transition to adulthood care could be a responsibility shared by the paediatric and adult XLH teams. Pharmacological management should require an adequate balance between the benefits derived from the treatment itself with complicated and long-term monitoring and the potential risks, as they may differ across age strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giannini
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - M L Bianchi
- Experimental Laboratory for Children's Bone Metabolism Research, Bone Metabolism Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rendina
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - P Massoletti
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Kyrin, Basiglio, (MI), Italy
| | - D Lazzerini
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Kyrin, Basiglio, (MI), Italy
| | - M L Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Kato H, Koga M, Kinoshita Y, Taniguchi Y, Kobayashi H, Fukumoto S, Nangaku M, Makita N, Ito N. Incidence of Complications in 25 Adult Patients With X-linked Hypophosphatemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3682-e3692. [PMID: 33912912 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) present complications other than osteomalacia. OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and severity of comorbidities in adults with XLH. METHODS This observational retrospective study included a total of 25 adults with XLH with thorough investigations, including spinal computed tomography scans, x-rays of hip/knee joints and Achilles tendons, abdominal ultrasounds, and audiograms. The index of ossification of the anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament and yellow ligament (OA/OP/OY index) and the sum of OA/OP/OY index (OS index) were utilized to evaluate the severity of spinal ligament ossification. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification was adopted to evaluate the severity of the hip/knee osteophytes. RESULTS The participants consisted of 13 male patients and 12 female patients from 21 families, with a median age of 43 (range, 18-72) years. In all, 20 patients (80%) showed spinal ligament ossification. The median OA/OP/OY/OS indices were 2 (0-22), 0 (0-15), 6 (0-13), and 12 (0-41), respectively. Hip/knee osteophytes were reported in 24 (96%) and 17 cases (68%). The median KL grade was 3 in the hip joint and 2 in the knee joint, and 18 cases (72%) developed enthesopathy in the Achilles tendon. Nephrocalcinosis and hearing impairment were observed in 18 (72%) and 8 (32%) cases. CONCLUSION This study revealed a high prevalence and severity of ectopic ossification and disclosed the incidence of nephrocalcinosis and hearing impairment in adults with XLH. In cases with severe spinal ligament ossification or noticeable osteophytes around the hip/knee joints, undiagnosed XLH should be considered as a possible underlying condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Minae Koga
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Noriko Makita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Marin A, Morales P, Jiménez M, Borja E, Ivanovic-Zuvic D, Collins MT, Florenzano P. Characterization of Oral Health Status in Chilean Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:132-138. [PMID: 33839802 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
X-Linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common cause of inherited hypophosphatemic rickets. Dental involvement, including spontaneous abscesses and/or fistulae, is an important part of the disease and has not been completely defined, especially in cohorts from developing countries. To describe oral health status in a cohort of Chilean patients with XLH and explore its correlation with biochemical presentation and treatment, we conducted a cross-sectional observational study of patients with PHEX mutation-confirmed XLH. All patients had an oral clinical exam, radiographic evaluation; clinical and biochemical data were obtained to determine their association with oral features. Twenty-six patients were included, 77% adults and 23% children. Most adults (89%) had past or current dental pulp pathology (abscesses and/or fistulae). Pulpal chamber enlargement and radiolucent apical lesions were common radiological features (94 and 74%, respectively). In children, abscess and/or fistulae were also common (33%). Caries index, which was determined by dmft/DMFT, was higher than the Chilean national average. Early and long-term therapy with phosphate and activated vitamin D was associated with lower carious index and attachment loss. XLH patients frequently present with high pulpal involvement and carious index. Conventional therapy was associated with lower carious index and attachment loss. These data highlight the importance of early and periodical dental care in order to prevent dental damage and assure a good quality of oral health for XLH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marin
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Morales
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Jiménez
- Endocrinology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Diagonal Paraguay 262, Cuarto piso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Borja
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danisa Ivanovic-Zuvic
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo Florenzano
- Endocrinology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Diagonal Paraguay 262, Cuarto piso, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology, CETREN-UC, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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35
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Liu C, Li X, Zhao Z, Chi Y, Cui L, Zhang Q, Ping F, Chai X, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Xing X, Xia W. Iron deficiency plays essential roles in the trigger, treatment, and prognosis of autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:737-745. [PMID: 32995940 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED By analyzing iron status of 14 ADHR patients, we found that iron deficiency was an important trigger of ADHR. Correcting iron deficiency significantly improved patients' symptoms. Meanwhile, patients' serum phosphate showed positive correlations with iron metabolism parameters and hemoglobin-related parameters, suggesting the necessity of monitoring and correcting the iron status in ADHR. INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) is unique for its incomplete penetrance, variety of disease onsets, and waxing and waning phenotypes. Iron deficiency is a trigger of ADHR. This study aimed to clarify the role of iron deficiency in ADHR. METHODS Data of clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations were collected from patients among eight kindreds with ADHR. Multiple regression and Pearson's correlation tests were performed to test the relationships of serum phosphate levels and other laboratory variables during the patients' follow-ups. RESULTS Among 23 ADHR patients with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) mutations, 14 patients presented with obvious symptoms. Ten patients had iron deficiency at the onset of ADHR, coinciding with menarche, menorrhagia, pregnancy, and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Two patients who did not have their iron status tested presented with symptoms after abortion and pregnancy in one patient each, which suggested that they also had iron deficiency at onset. Patients were treated with ferrous succinate tablets, vitamin C, and neutral phosphate and calcitriol. With correction of the iron status, the patients' symptoms showed notable improvement, with increased serum phosphate levels. Two patients' FGF23 levels also declined to the normal range. There were strong correlations between serum phosphate and serum iron levels (r = 0.7689, p < 0.0001), serum ferritin levels (r = 0.5312, p = 0.002), iron saturation (r = 0.7907, p < 0.0001), and transferrin saturation (r = 0.7875, p < 0.001). We also examined the relationships between serum phosphate levels and hemoglobin-related indices, which were significant (hemoglobin: r = 0.71, p < 0.0001; MCV: r = 0.7589, p < 0.0001; MCH: r = 0.8218, p < 0.0001; and MCHC: r = 0.7751, p < 0.0001). Longitudinal data of six patients' follow-up also showed synchronous changes in serum phosphate with serum iron levels. CONCLUSIONS Iron deficiency plays an important role in triggering ADHR. Monitoring and correcting the iron status are helpful for diagnosing and treating ADHR. Iron metabolism parameters and hemoglobin-related parameters are positively correlated with serum phosphate levels in patients with ADHR and iron deficiency, and these might serve as good indicators of prognosis of ADHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Y Chi
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - L Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - F Ping
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - X Chai
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - O Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - X Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - W Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Laurent MR, De Schepper J, Trouet D, Godefroid N, Boros E, Heinrichs C, Bravenboer B, Velkeniers B, Lammens J, Harvengt P, Cavalier E, Kaux JF, Lombet J, De Waele K, Verroken C, van Hoeck K, Mortier GR, Levtchenko E, Vande Walle J. Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia in Belgium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:641543. [PMID: 33815294 PMCID: PMC8018577 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.641543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common genetic form of hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia. In this disease, mutations in the PHEX gene lead to elevated levels of the hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), resulting in renal phosphate wasting and impaired skeletal and dental mineralization. Recently, international guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition have been published. However, more specific recommendations are needed to provide guidance at the national level, considering resource availability and health economic aspects. A national multidisciplinary group of Belgian experts convened to discuss translation of international best available evidence into locally feasible consensus recommendations. Patients with XLH may present to a wide array of primary, secondary and tertiary care physicians, among whom awareness of the disease should be raised. XLH has a very broad differential-diagnosis for which clinical features, biochemical and genetic testing in centers of expertise are recommended. Optimal care requires a multidisciplinary approach, guided by an expert in metabolic bone diseases and involving (according to the individual patient's needs) pediatric and adult medical specialties and paramedical caregivers, including but not limited to general practitioners, dentists, radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. In children with severe or refractory symptoms, FGF23 inhibition using burosumab may provide superior outcomes compared to conventional medical therapy with phosphate supplements and active vitamin D analogues. Burosumab has also demonstrated promising results in adults on certain clinical outcomes such as pseudofractures. In summary, this work outlines recommendations for clinicians and policymakers, with a vision for improving the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape for XLH patients in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël R. Laurent
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Michaël R. Laurent,
| | - Jean De Schepper
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, University Hospital Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Trouet
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Godefroid
- Pediatric Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emese Boros
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Bravenboer
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Velkeniers
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Lammens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Development and Regeneration, Prometheus LRD Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven - University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Harvengt
- XLH Belgium, Belgian X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets (XLH) Patient Association, Waterloo, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Center of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Traumatology, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Lombet
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kathleen De Waele
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Verroken
- Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koenraad van Hoeck
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert R. Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Vande Walle
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Seefried L, Smyth M, Keen R, Harvengt P. Burden of disease associated with X-linked hypophosphataemia in adults: a systematic literature review. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:7-22. [PMID: 32710160 PMCID: PMC7755619 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This systematic review collated evidence on the burden of XLH in adults. Data captured highlight the substantial ongoing burden of XLH in adulthood and identified unmet needs. Greater awareness and understanding of the impact of XLH in adulthood are needed to improve care and outcomes in adults with XLH. INTRODUCTION X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a rare metabolic bone disease characterized by renal phosphate wasting and musculoskeletal manifestations. Whilst the disease's impact in children is well documented, information on the effects of this progressive, debilitating condition on adults is lacking. This systematic review aimed to collate existing evidence on the burden of XLH in adulthood to identify unmet needs. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases and recent congress reports were searched on 19 February 2019 for English-language publications describing the medical, humanistic and socio-economic impact of XLH in adults (≥ 18 years old). In addition, a structured Internet search was conducted. RESULTS Of the 2351 articles identified, 91 met the selection criteria along with 44 congress abstracts. Data show that adults with XLH experience a range of clinical manifestations, particularly skeletal deformities and (pseudo)fractures, along with pain, dental abnormalities and impaired physical function and mobility. XLH in adulthood impacts on quality of life and places limitations on daily activities. The level of healthcare resource utilization among adults with XLH is indicative of substantial socio-economic burden; further research is needed to quantitate the economic impact on the healthcare system, society and patients. Adults with XLH may not receive appropriate care and treatment; a possible explanation for this is a lack of awareness among healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION XLH in adults is associated with considerable disease burden and unmet needs. Forthcoming studies and increased awareness of the impact of XLH in adulthood should help to improve management of XLH in adulthood and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Seefried
- Orthopedic Institute, König-Ludwig Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Smyth
- Kyowa Kirin International, Galashiels, UK
| | - R Keen
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - P Harvengt
- RVRH-XLH, French association of patients with XLH (a member of the International XLH Alliance), 20 rue Merlin de Thionville, Appt 120, 92150, Suresnes, France.
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Liu AQ, Zhang LS, Guo H, Wu ML, Li TY, Xuan K, Wei KW. Long-term dental intervention and laboratory examination in a patient with Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22508. [PMID: 33031289 PMCID: PMC7544169 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I (VDDR-I) is a rare form of rickets, which is an autosomal recessive disease caused by 1α-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. However, long-term dental management and microscopic morphology of teeth remain largely unclear. PATIENT CONCERNS We report the case of a 10-year-old Chinese boy complaining of yellowish-brown teeth with extensive caries. DIAGNOSES Clinical and laboratory examinations were performed, and VDDR-I was confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed amelogenesis imperfecta. INTERVENTIONS The patient had been taking drugs intervention for VDDR-I from the age of 3 years. The decayed teeth were treated, and metal-preformed crowns were placed to prevent further impairment. Sequence tooth extraction and remineralization therapy were also performed. OUTCOMES After 3 years of follow-up, the patient exhibited normal tooth replacement and an acceptable oral hygiene status. However, the new erupted teeth had amelogenesis imperfecta. LESSONS This case is the first to confirm amelogenesis imperfecta in a patient with VDDR-I that was not prevented by drug intervention. Importantly, it provides evidence that long-term dental intervention in patients with VDDR-I can result in an acceptable oral hygiene status. Therefore, early and long-term dental intervention is necessary in VDDR-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Mei-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology
| | - Ke-Wen Wei
- Department of Dentistry, Hospital of Tangdu, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wiedemann A, Renard E, Molin A, Weryha G, Oussalah A, Guéant JL, Feillet F. Prolonged 25-OH Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Impair Bone Mineral Density in Adult Patients With Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase Deficiency (CYP2R1). Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:191-194. [PMID: 32430692 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1B (VDDR1B) is an autosomal semidominant genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in CYP2R1, which encodes vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the conversion of vitamin D to 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. VDDR1B is a severe form of rickets that occurs during infancy and which is responsive to 25-OH vitamin D supplementation. We studied three adult patients from a multi-consanguineous family with VDDR1B. They have been diagnosed with pseudo-nutritional rickets and treated during their adolescence with 25-OH vitamin D. These patients stopped their treatments at the end of adolescence and were contacted 14 to 17 years later when VDDR1B diagnosis was carried out in their niece and nephews. These three patients had undetectable 25-OH vitamin D, but normal levels of plasma 1-25(OH)2 vitamin D. All patients had a hip bone mineral density and a normal vertebral despite osteoarthritis degenerative lesions which may impact BMD evaluation. These findings show that vitamin D supplementation has a questionable effect, if any, for osteoporosis prevention in adulthood in contrast to its crucial importance during infancy and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Wiedemann
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France.
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
| | - Emeline Renard
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Georges Weryha
- Department of Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Abderrahim Oussalah
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - François Feillet
- Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Correspondence: Erik A. Imel, MD, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Gatch Clinical Building Room 365, 1120 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. E-mail:
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Riddles T, Saad N, Benham H. Alternative causes of ankle pain in a patient with enthesopathy and X-linked hypophosphataemia. Lancet 2020; 395:e97. [PMID: 32446409 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Riddles
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nivene Saad
- Department of Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Benham
- Department of Rheumatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Steele A, Gonzalez R, Garbalosa JC, Steigbigel K, Grgurich T, Parisi EJ, Feinn RS, Tommasini SM, Macica CM. Osteoarthritis, Osteophytes, and Enthesophytes Affect Biomechanical Function in Adults With X-linked Hypophosphatemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5734494. [PMID: 32047911 PMCID: PMC8416779 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT X-Linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a lifelong metabolic disease with musculoskeletal comorbidities that dominate the adult clinical presentation. OBJECTIVE The adult XLH disorder has yet to be quantified on the basis of the physical and functional limitations that can affect activities of daily living. Our goal was to report the impact of the musculoskeletal manifestations on physical function. DESIGN AND SETTING Musculoskeletal function was evaluated by validated questionnaires and in an interdisciplinary clinical space where participants underwent full-body radiologic imaging, goniometric range of motion (ROM) measurements, general performance tests, and kinematic gait analysis. PATIENTS Nine adults younger than 60 years with a diagnosis of XLH and self-reported musculoskeletal disability, but able to independently ambulate, were selected to participate. Passive ROM and gait analysis were also performed on age-approximated controls to account for differences between individual laboratory instrumentation. RESULTS Enthesophytes, degenerative arthritis, and osteophytes were found to be consistently bilateral and diffusely present at the spine and synovial joints across participants, with predominance at weight-bearing joints. Passive ROM in adults with XLH was decreased at the cervical spine, hip, knee, and ankle compared to controls. Gait analysis relative to controls revealed increased step width, markedly increased lateral trunk sway, and physical restriction at the hip, knees, and ankle joints that translated into limitations through the gait cycle. CONCLUSIONS The functional impact of XLH musculoskeletal comorbidities supports the necessity for creating an interprofessional health-care team with the goal of establishing a longitudinal plan of care that considers the manifestations of XLH across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Steele
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Health Sciences at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Juan C Garbalosa
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keith Steigbigel
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tania Grgurich
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Health Sciences at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erika J Parisi
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard S Feinn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Tommasini
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carolyn M Macica
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Carolyn M. Macica, PhD, Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, NH-MED, 275 Mt Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518. E-mail:
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Menon LP, Weinstein RS. Iron replacement ameliorates hypophosphatemia in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets: A review of the role of iron. Bone 2020; 131:115137. [PMID: 31756522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) is remarkable among the hypophosphatemic rickets syndromes for its variable age of presentation and periods of quiescence during which serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23) levels are normal without therapy. In contrast, hypophosphatemia in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) manifests soon after birth and requires lifelong therapy. This suggests that there are environmental factors which can alter FGF 23 activity in ADHR but not in XLH. We present an adult with ADHR in whom resolution of hypophosphatemia was achieved by correcting iron deficiency without the need for phosphate supplementation. Serial iron and FGF 23 levels revealed an inverse relationship (r=-0.79, p<0.04). All patients with ADHR who present with hypophosphatemia and worsening symptoms should be screened for iron deficiency. If iron deficiency is detected, therapy with a combination of calcitriol and iron supplementation should be considered without phosphate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi P Menon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Robert S Weinstein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America.
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Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is caused by mutations in the PHEX gene which result in Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FG-F23) excess and phosphate wasting. Clinically, XLH children present with rickets, bone deformities and short stature. In adulthood, patients may still be symptomatic with bone and joint pain, osteomalacia-related fractures or pseudofractures, precocious osteoarthrosis, enthesopathy, muscle weakness and severe dental anomalies. Besides these musculoskeletal and dental manifestations, adult XLH patients are also prone to secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism is only partially understood but FGF23 excess and deficient production of calcitriol likely contributes to its development. Similarly, the pathophysiological mechanisms of potential cardiovascular and metabolic involvements are not clear, but FGF-23 excess may play an essential role. Treatment should be considered in symptomatic patients, patients undergoing orthopedic or dental surgery and women during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment with oral phosphate salts and active vitamin D analogs has incomplete efficacy and potential risks. Burosumab, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody against FGF-23, has proven its efficacy in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials in adult patients with XLH, but currently its position as first line or second line treatment differ among the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Lecoq
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Agnès Linglart
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR, and Platform of Expertise for Rare Disorders, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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DeLacey S, Liu Z, Broyles A, El-Azab SA, Guandique CF, James BC, Imel EA. Hyperparathyroidism and parathyroidectomy in X-linked hypophosphatemia patients. Bone 2019; 127:386-392. [PMID: 31276850 PMCID: PMC6836672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) causes rickets, osteomalacia, skeletal deformities and growth impairment, due to elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 and hypophosphatemia. Conventional therapy requires high doses of phosphate salts combined with active vitamin D analogues. Risks of this regimen include nephrocalcinosis and secondary hyperparathyroidism or progression to tertiary (hypercalcemic) hyperparathyroidism. METHODS The primary goals were to estimate the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism and to characterize parathyroidectomy outcomes regarding hypercalcemia among XLH patients. XLH patients attending our center from 1/2000 to 12/2017 were included in a retrospective chart review. Prevalence of nephrocalcinosis and eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 was also assessed. RESULTS Of 104 patients with XLH, 84 had concurrent measurements of calcium and PTH (40 adults and 44 children). Of these, 70/84 (83.3%), had secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism at any time point. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was persistent in 62.2% of those with data at multiple timepoints. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism had an overall prevalence of 14/84 (16.7%) patients. Parathyroidectomy was performed in 8/84 (9.5%) of the total population. After parathyroidectomy, persistent or recurrent tertiary hyperparathyroidism was detected in 6/8 (75%) patients at a median of 6 years (from 0 to 29 years). One patient had chronic post-surgical hypoparathyroidism and one patient remained normocalcemic 4 years after surgery. Nephrocalcinosis was more prevalent in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism than those without (60.0% vs 18.6%). Chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2) was also more prevalent in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism than those without (35.7% vs 1.5%). CONCLUSION The majority of patients with XLH develop secondary hyperparathyroidism during treatment with phosphate and active vitamin D. A significant proportion develops tertiary hyperparathyroidism and most have recurrence or persistence of hypercalcemia after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean DeLacey
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States of America; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Indiana University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, United States of America
| | - Andrea Broyles
- Regenstrief Institute, Data Core Services, United States of America
| | - Sarah A El-Azab
- Regenstrief Institute, Data Core Services, United States of America
| | | | - Benjamin C James
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, United States of America
| | - Erik A Imel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States of America; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States of America.
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Abstract
Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations at the level of the vitamin D receptor ( VDR) gene. The disease is characterized by refractory hypocalcemia, elevated serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, retarded growth, sparse body hair (sometimes alopecia), premature tooth loss, enlarged pulp chambers, thin dentine, and hypoplastic enamel. The aims of this study were 1) to document the dental development of children with HVDRR in association with the mutation type within the VDR and 2) to evaluate the association between dental development and the timing of and response to HVDRR treatment. Genome analysis was performed for 4 affected children (2 y 2 mo to 6 y 8 mo) under treatment with high doses of vitamin D and calcium. Longitudinal records of clinical and radiographic data on their dental development were assessed in relation to genetic profile and response to treatment. Treatment success depended on the position of the mutation within the VDR protein: children with the p.R391S mutation had a favorable outcome but maintained alopecia totalis, while 1 child with the p.H397P mutation and normal hair had no response to very high doses of vitamin D. The primary incisors, formed prenatally and first to emerge, were missing in 3 children and mobile in 1 child; parents reported loss within months posteruption. Posterior teeth were present, having erupted after treatment initiation. Hypoplastic enamel in emerging teeth was associated with late treatment onset. Mutation type in the VDR gene appears to be related to differences in the disease phenotype and response to treatment. Dental development represents an indicator of the disease process, initially protected by maternal blood levels of calcium and later restored by therapeutic supplies that normalize these levels. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Two novel mutations were associated with different HVDRR phenotypes, one of which responded positively to treatment. Early detection of the mutation should help pediatricians forecast treatment protocol and response. The results also highlight the direct relationship between dental development and blood calcium levels, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of HVDRR to minimize the loss of primary teeth and reduce structural abnormalities of permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hanna
- 1 Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Sanjad
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Andary
- 3 Private practice, Aley Mount, Lebanon
| | - G Nemer
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - J G Ghafari
- 1 Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- 5 School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- 6 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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47
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Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Claramunt-Taberner D, Hernández O, Fernández-Iglesias A, Alonso-Durán L, Rodríguez-Rubio E, Santos F. X-linked hypophosphatemia and growth. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:107-115. [PMID: 28130634 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
X-Linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common form of hereditary rickets caused by loss-of function mutations in the PHEX gene. XLH is characterized by hypophosphatemia secondary to renal phosphate wasting, inappropriately low concentrations of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and high circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Short stature and rachitic osseous lesions are characteristic phenotypic findings of XLH although the severity of these manifestations is highly variable among patients. The degree of growth impairment is not dependent on the magnitude of hypophosphatemia or the extent of legs´ bowing and height is not normalized by chronic administration of phosphate supplements and 1α hydroxyvitamin D derivatives. Treatment with growth hormone accelerates longitudinal growth rate but there is still controversy regarding the potential risk of increasing bone deformities and body disproportion. Treatments aimed at blocking FGF23 action are promising, but information is lacking on the consequences of counteracting FGF23 during the growing period. This review summarizes current knowledge on phosphorus metabolism in XLH, presents updated information on XLH and growth, including the effects of FGF23 on epiphyseal growth plate of the Hyp mouse, an animal model of the disease, and discusses growth hormone and novel FGF23 related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - H Gil-Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - D Claramunt-Taberner
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - O Hernández
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - L Alonso-Durán
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - E Rodríguez-Rubio
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - F Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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48
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Jaszczuk P, Rogers GF, Guzman R, Proctor MR. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and sagittal craniosynostosis: three patients requiring operative cranial expansion: case series and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:887-91. [PMID: 26510652 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A defect in a phosphate-regulating gene leads to the most common form of rickets: X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) or vitamin D-resistant rickets (VDDR). XLH has been associated with craniosynostosis, the sagittal suture being the most commonly involved. METHODS We present three patients with rickets and symptomatic sagittal suture craniosynostosis all of whom presented late (>2 years of age). Two had a severe phenotype and papilledema, while the third presented with an osseous bulging near the anterior fontanel and experienced chronic headaches. RESULTS All underwent successful cranial vault expansion. CONCLUSIONS Rachitic patients with scaphocephaly should be screened for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Jaszczuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Childrens Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gary F Rogers
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Childrens Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mark R Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Rafaelsen S, Johansson S, Ræder H, Bjerknes R. Hereditary hypophosphatemia in Norway: a retrospective population-based study of genotypes, phenotypes, and treatment complications. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:125-36. [PMID: 26543054 PMCID: PMC4674593 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hereditary hypophosphatemias (HH) are rare monogenic conditions characterized by decreased renal tubular phosphate reabsorption. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence, genotypes, phenotypic spectrum, treatment response, and complications of treatment in the Norwegian population of children with HH. DESIGN Retrospective national cohort study. METHODS Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligand-dependent probe amplification analysis of PHEX and Sanger sequencing of FGF23, DMP1, ENPP1KL, and FAM20C were performed to assess genotype in patients with HH with or without rickets in all pediatric hospital departments across Norway. Patients with hypercalcuria were screened for SLC34A3 mutations. In one family, exome sequencing was performed. Information from the patients' medical records was collected for the evaluation of phenotype. RESULTS Twety-eight patients with HH (18 females and ten males) from 19 different families were identified. X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) was confirmed in 21 children from 13 families. The total number of inhabitants in Norway aged 18 or below by 1st January 2010 was 1,109,156, giving an XLHR prevalence of ∼1 in 60,000 Norwegian children. FAM20C mutations were found in two brothers and SLC34A3 mutations in one patient. In XLHR, growth was compromised in spite of treatment with oral phosphate and active vitamin D compounds, with males tending to be more affected than females. Nephrocalcinosis tended to be slightly more common in patients starting treatment before 1 year of age, and was associated with higher average treatment doses of phosphate. However, none of these differences reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS We present the first national cohort of HH in children. The prevalence of XLHR seems to be lower in Norwegian children than reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Rafaelsen
- Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Ræder
- Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert Bjerknes
- Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Section for PediatricsDepartment of Clinical Science, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, NorwayCenter for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineDepartment of PediatricsHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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50
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Harada D, Namba N. [FGF23 related hypophosphatemic rickets:current therapy and unresolved issues]. Clin Calcium 2016; 26:269-276. [PMID: 26813507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets is basically treated with active vitamin D and phosphorus. The treatment goals are to minimize bone deformity and improve adult height in children, and to relieve pain and decrease osteomalacia in adult. However, since they do not target the underlying molecular defect, bone deformity can worsen during growth and adult height is suboptimal restricted. Many adult patients suffer from enthesopathy leading to symptoms such as spinal cord compression and debilitating pain. At present, no treatment is effective in preventing or revenging this complication. The recently developed anti-FGF23 antibody may potentially be a more fundamental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Harada
- Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health care Organization(JCHO)Osaka Hospital, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health care Organization(JCHO)Osaka Hospital, Japan
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