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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Dupont
- From the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (S.C.D.); and the School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (S.G.)
| | - Sandro Galea
- From the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (S.C.D.); and the School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston (S.G.)
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2
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Furnaz S, Baig N, Ali S, Rizwan S, Khawaja UA, Usman MA, Haque MTU, Rizwan A, Ali F, Karim M. Knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing mask in the population presenting to tertiary hospitals in a developing country. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265328. [PMID: 35271654 PMCID: PMC8912125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the era of COVID-19 where there is emphasis on the importance of wearing a mask, wearing it rightly is equally important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing a mask in the general population of a developing country at three major tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods Participants of this cross-sectional study were patients and attendants at three major tertiary care hospital of Karachi Pakistan. Selected participants, through non-probability convenient sampling technique, were interviewed regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice of wearing mask using an Urdu translated version of a questionnaire used in an earlier study. Three summary scores (0 to 100) were computed to indicate participants’ mask wearing practice, technique of putting it on, and technique of taking if off. Collected data were analyzed with the help of IBM SPSS version 19. Results A total of 370 selected individuals were interviewed, out of which 51.9% were male and mean age was 37.65±11.94 years. For more than 90% of the participants, wearing a face mask was a routine practicing during the pandemic. The mean practice score was 65.69±25.51, score for technique of putting on a face mask was 67.77±23.03, and score of technique of taking off a face mask was 51.01±29.23. Education level of participant tends to have positive relationship with all three scores, while presence of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as co-morbid had negative impact on mask wearing practice. Conclusion We have observed suboptimal knowledge, attitude and practice of wearing mask among the selected individuals. There is a continued need to spread awareness and educate general population about the importance of using a face mask, as well as the proper technique of wearing and taking off a face mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Furnaz
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Sahar Rizwan
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Farheen Ali
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Musa Karim
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
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3
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O’Kelly E, Arora A, Pirog S, Pearson C, Ward J, Clarkson PJ. Face mask fit hacks: Improving the fit of KN95 masks and surgical masks with fit alteration techniques. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262830. [PMID: 35108287 PMCID: PMC8809580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common “fit hacks” to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Methods Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without ‘fit hacks’, on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. Results and discussion The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Conclusions Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia O’Kelly
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Anmol Arora
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Pirog
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Pearson
- Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - James Ward
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. John Clarkson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Walter J, Sellmer L, Kahnert K, Kiefl R, Syunyaeva Z, Kauffmann-Guerrero D, Manapov F, Schneider C, Behr J, Tufman A. Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer care and patient health in a German lung cancer center: results from a cross-sectional questionnaire. Respir Res 2022; 23:18. [PMID: 35093079 PMCID: PMC8799980 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global COVID-19 pandemic, leading to worldwide changes in public health measures. In addition to changes in the public sector (lockdowns, contact restrictions), hospitals modified care to minimize risk of infection and to mobilize resources for COVID-19 patients. Our study aimed to assess the impact of these measures on access to care and behaviour of patients with thoracic malignancies. METHODS Thoracic oncology patients were surveyed in October 2020 using paper-based questionnaires to assess access to ambulatory care services and tumor-directed therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, behaviour regarding social distancing and wearing of face masks were assessed, as well as COVID-19 exposure, testing and vaccination. Results are presented as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables and means with standard deviation for numerical variables. We used t-test, and ANOVA to compare differences in metric variables and Chi2-test to compare proportions between groups. RESULTS 93 of 245 (38%) patients surveyed completed the questionnaire. Respiration therapy and physical therapy were unavailable for 57% to 70% of patients during March/April. Appointments for tumor-directed therapy, tumor imaging, and follow-up care were postponed or cancelled for 18.9%, 13.6%, and 14.8% of patients, respectively. Patients reported their general health as mostly unaffected. The majority of patients surveyed did not report reducing their contacts with family. The majority reduced contact with friends. Most patients wore community masks, although a significant proportion reported respiratory difficulties during prolonged mask-wearing. 74 patients (80%) reported willingness to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS This survey provides insights into the patient experience during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Munich, Germany. Most patients reported no negative changes to cancer treatments or general health; however, allied health services were greatly impacted. Patients reported gaps in social distancing, but were prepared to wear community masks. The willingness to get vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 was high. This information is not only of high relevance to policy makers, but also to health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Sellmer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kahnert
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Kiefl
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zulfiya Syunyaeva
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Diego Kauffmann-Guerrero
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Farkhad Manapov
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Juergen Behr
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Amanda Tufman
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Centre Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL CPC-M), Aulweg 130, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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5
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Cohen DA, Talarowski M, Awomolo O, Han B, Williamson S, McKenzie TL. Increased mask adherence after important politician infected with COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261398. [PMID: 35020749 PMCID: PMC8754325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
To quantify changes in adherence to mask and distancing guidelines in outdoor settings in Philadelphia, PA before and after President Trump announced he was infected with COVID-19.
Methods
We used Systematic Observation of Masking Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) to assess mask adherence in parks, playgrounds, and commercial streets in the 10 City Council districts in Philadelphia PA. We compared adherence rates between August and September 2020 and after October 2, 2020.
Results
Disparities in mask adherence existed by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity, with females wearing masks correctly more often than males, seniors having higher mask use than other age groups, and Asians having higher adherence than other race/ethnicities. Correct mask use did not increase after the City released additional mask guidance in September but did after Oct 2. Incorrect mask use also decreased, but the percentage not having masks at all was unchanged.
Conclusions
Vulnerability of leadership appears to influence population behavior. Public health departments likely need more resources to effectively and persuasively communicate critical safety messages related to COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- Emeritus, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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6
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Tuñón-Molina A, Takayama K, Redwan EM, Uversky VN, Andrés J, Serrano-Aroca Á. Protective Face Masks: Current Status and Future Trends. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:56725-56751. [PMID: 34797624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Management of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has relied in part on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Face masks, as a representative example of PPE, have made a particularly significant contribution. However, most commonly used face masks are made of materials lacking inactivation properties against either SARS-CoV-2 or multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals wearing masks can still infect others due to viable microbial loads escaping from the masks. Moreover, microbial contact transmission can occur by touching the mask, and the discarded masks are an increasing source of contaminated biological waste and a serious environmental threat. For this reason, during the current pandemic, many researchers have worked to develop face masks made of advanced materials with intrinsic antimicrobial, self-cleaning, reusable, and/or biodegradable properties, thereby providing extra protection against pathogens in a sustainable manner. To overview this segment of the remarkable efforts against COVID-19, this review describes the different types of commercialized face masks, their main fabrication methods and treatments, and the progress achieved in face mask development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Tuñón-Molina
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Juan Andrés
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI), 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Legro
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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8
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Lafzi A, Boodaghi M, Zamani S, Mohammadshafie N, Hasti VR. Analysis of the effectiveness of face-coverings on the death ratio of COVID-19 using machine learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21675. [PMID: 34737389 PMCID: PMC8569016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 led to death of millions of people worldwide. To stave off the spread of the virus, the authorities in the US employed different strategies, including the mask mandate order issued by the states' governors. In the current work, we defined a parameter called average death ratio as the monthly average of the number of daily deaths to the monthly average number of daily cases. We utilized survey data to quantify people's abidance by the mask mandate order. Additionally, we implicitly addressed the extent to which people abide by the mask mandate order, which may depend on some parameters such as population, income, and education level. Using different machine learning classification algorithms, we investigated how the decrease or increase in death ratio for the counties in the US West Coast correlates with the input parameters. The results showed that for the majority of counties, the mask mandate order decreased the death ratio, reflecting the effectiveness of such a preventive measure on the West Coast. Additionally, the changes in the death ratio demonstrated a noticeable correlation with the socio-economic condition of each county. Moreover, the results showed a promising classification accuracy score as high as 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lafzi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Miad Boodaghi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Siavash Zamani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Niyousha Mohammadshafie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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9
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Müller SA, Balmer M, Charlton W, Ewert R, Neumann A, Rakow C, Schlenther T, Nagel K. Predicting the effects of COVID-19 related interventions in urban settings by combining activity-based modelling, agent-based simulation, and mobile phone data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259037. [PMID: 34710158 PMCID: PMC8553173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological simulations as a method are used to better understand and predict the spreading of infectious diseases, for example of COVID-19. This paper presents an approach that combines a well-established approach from transportation modelling that uses person-centric data-driven human mobility modelling with a mechanistic infection model and a person-centric disease progression model. The model includes the consequences of different room sizes, air exchange rates, disease import, changed activity participation rates over time (coming from mobility data), masks, indoors vs. outdoors leisure activities, and of contact tracing. It is validated against the infection dynamics in Berlin (Germany). The model can be used to understand the contributions of different activity types to the infection dynamics over time. It predicts the effects of contact reductions, school closures/vacations, masks, or the effect of moving leisure activities from outdoors to indoors in fall, and is thus able to quantitatively predict the consequences of interventions. It is shown that these effects are best given as additive changes of the reproduction number R. The model also explains why contact reductions have decreasing marginal returns, i.e. the first 50% of contact reductions have considerably more effect than the second 50%. Our work shows that is is possible to build detailed epidemiological simulations from microscopic mobility models relatively quickly. They can be used to investigate mechanical aspects of the dynamics, such as the transmission from political decisions via human behavior to infections, consequences of different lockdown measures, or consequences of wearing masks in certain situations. The results can be used to inform political decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Müller
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - William Charlton
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Ewert
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Rakow
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilmann Schlenther
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Nagel
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Müller SA, Balmer M, Charlton W, Ewert R, Neumann A, Rakow C, Schlenther T, Nagel K. Predicting the effects of COVID-19 related interventions in urban settings by combining activity-based modelling, agent-based simulation, and mobile phone data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259037. [PMID: 34710158 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.27.21252583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological simulations as a method are used to better understand and predict the spreading of infectious diseases, for example of COVID-19. This paper presents an approach that combines a well-established approach from transportation modelling that uses person-centric data-driven human mobility modelling with a mechanistic infection model and a person-centric disease progression model. The model includes the consequences of different room sizes, air exchange rates, disease import, changed activity participation rates over time (coming from mobility data), masks, indoors vs. outdoors leisure activities, and of contact tracing. It is validated against the infection dynamics in Berlin (Germany). The model can be used to understand the contributions of different activity types to the infection dynamics over time. It predicts the effects of contact reductions, school closures/vacations, masks, or the effect of moving leisure activities from outdoors to indoors in fall, and is thus able to quantitatively predict the consequences of interventions. It is shown that these effects are best given as additive changes of the reproduction number R. The model also explains why contact reductions have decreasing marginal returns, i.e. the first 50% of contact reductions have considerably more effect than the second 50%. Our work shows that is is possible to build detailed epidemiological simulations from microscopic mobility models relatively quickly. They can be used to investigate mechanical aspects of the dynamics, such as the transmission from political decisions via human behavior to infections, consequences of different lockdown measures, or consequences of wearing masks in certain situations. The results can be used to inform political decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Müller
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - William Charlton
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Ewert
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Rakow
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilmann Schlenther
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Nagel
- Transport Systems Planning and Transport Telematics, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has transformed the daily lifestyles of people worldwide. COVID-19 was characterized as a pandemic owing to its global spread, and technologies based on engineered materials that help to reduce the spread of infections have been reported. Nanotechnology present in materials with enhanced physicochemical properties and versatile chemical functionalization offer numerous ways to combat the disease. Facemasks are a reliable preventive measure, although they are not 100% effective against viral infections. Nonwoven materials, which are the key components of masks, act as barriers to the virus through filtration. However, there is a high chance of cross-infection because the used mask lacks virucidal properties and can become an additional source of infection. The combination of antiviral and filtration properties enhances the durability and reliability of masks, thereby reducing the likelihood of cross-infection. In this review, we focus on masks, from the manufacturing stage to practical applications, and their abilities to combat COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the impacts of masks on the environment, while considering safe industrial production in the future. Furthermore, we discuss available options for future research directions that do not negatively impact the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Karmacharya
- Center for Soft and Living Matter,
Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan
44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Center for Soft and Living Matter,
Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan
44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Oleksandra Gulenko
- Center for Soft and Living Matter,
Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan
44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter,
Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan
44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lang J, Erickson WW, Jing-Schmidt Z. #MaskOn! #MaskOff! Digital polarization of mask-wearing in the United States during COVID-19. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250817. [PMID: 33909669 PMCID: PMC8081244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented public health crisis worldwide. Its intense politicization constantly made headlines, especially regarding the use of face masks as a safety precaution. However, the extent to which public opinion is polarized on wearing masks has remained anecdotal and the verbal representation of this polarization has not been explored. This study examined the types, themes, temporal trends, and exchange patterns of hashtags about mask wearing posted from March 1 to August 1, 2020 by Twitter users based in the United States. On the one hand, we found a stark rhetorical polarization in terms of semantic antagonism between pro- and anti-mask hashtags, exponential frequency increases of both types of hashtags during the period under study, in parallel to growing COVID-19 case counts, state mask mandates, and media coverage. On the other hand, the results showed an asymmetric participatory polarization in terms of a predominance of pro-mask hashtags along with an "echo chamber" effect in the dominant pro-mask group, which ignored the subversive rhetoric of the anti-mask minority. Notwithstanding the limitations of the research, this study provides a nuanced account of the digital polarization of public opinion on mask wearing. It draws attention to political polarization both as a rhetorical phenomenon and as a participatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lang
- Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Wesley W. Erickson
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Jing-Schmidt
- Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Najmi A, Nazari S, Safarighouzhdi F, MacIntyre CR, Miller EJ, H. Rashidi T. Facemask and social distancing, pillars of opening up economies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249677. [PMID: 33878131 PMCID: PMC8057568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe health and economic impacts globally. Strategies to safely reopen economies, travel and trade are a high priority. Until a reliable vaccine is available, non-pharmaceutical techniques are the only available means of disease control. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the extent to which social distancing (SD) and facemask (FM) use can mitigate the transmission of COVID-19 when restrictions are lifted. We used a microsimulation activity-based model for Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area, to evaluate the power of SD and FM in controlling the pandemic under numerous scenarios. The hypothetical scenarios are designed to picture feasible futures under different assumptions. Assuming that the isolation of infected cases and the quarantining of close contacts are in place, different numerical tests are conducted and a full factorial two-way MANOVA test is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the FM and SD control strategies. The main and interactive effects of the containment strategies are evaluated by the total number of infections, percentage of infections reduction, the time it takes to get the pandemic under control, and the intensity of active cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Najmi
- Research Centre for Integrated Transport Innovation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sahar Nazari
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Farshid Safarighouzhdi
- Research Centre for Integrated Transport Innovation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C. Raina MacIntyre
- Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric J. Miller
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taha H. Rashidi
- Research Centre for Integrated Transport Innovation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Sikakulya FK, Ssebuufu R, Mambo SB, Pius T, Kabanyoro A, Kamahoro E, Mulumba Y, Muhongya JK, Kyamanywa P. Use of face masks to limit the spread of the COVID-19 among western Ugandans: Knowledge, attitude and practices. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248706. [PMID: 33760882 PMCID: PMC7990295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The world is grappling with an ever-changing COVID-19 pandemic using preventive measures such as personal hygiene, face masks, restrictions on travel and gatherings in communities, in addition to a race to find a vaccine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the western Uganda community on the proper use of face masks to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was carried out from 1st July to 10th July 2020 among western Ugandans of consent age of 18 years and above. Data was analysed using Stata version 14.2. Results Among the respondents (n = 1114), the mean age was 30.7 (SD 11.1), 51% were males, 53.9% married and 43% had attained secondary education. Most participants (60.1%, n = 670) had satisfactory knowledge on the use of face masks and participants at a tertiary education level [AOR 2.6 (95% CI: 1.42–4.67; p = 0.002)] were likely to have satisfactory knowledge than participants who had not education. On attitude, most respondents (69.4%) were confident enough to correctly put on a face mask; 83.4% believed that a face mask can protect against COVID-19 and 75.9% of respondents had never shared their face mask. The majority of respondents (95.2%) agreed wearing face masks in public places was important to protect themselves against COVID-19; 60.3% reported washing their hands before wearing and after removing the face mask. Unfortunately, 51.5% reported removing the face mask if they needed to talk to someone. Conclusion Despite the satisfactory knowledge, good attitude and practices, there is still much more to be done in terms of knowledge, attitude and practices among participants. Government, non-governmental organizations and civil society should improve sensitization of populations on how to behave with face masks while talking to avoid the spread of the COVID-19 among western Ugandans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Katembo Sikakulya
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique du Graben, Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- * E-mail:
| | - Robinson Ssebuufu
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - Theophilus Pius
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Annet Kabanyoro
- School of Nursing Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Kamahoro
- School of Nursing Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Yusuf Mulumba
- Biostatistics, Cancer Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean Kakule Muhongya
- Allied Health Sciences Department, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Patrick Kyamanywa
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
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Mersha A, Shibiru S, Girma M, Ayele G, Bante A, Kassa M, Abebe S, Shewangizaw M. Health professionals practice and associated factors towards precautionary measures for COVID-19 pandemic in public health facilities of Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248272. [PMID: 33690704 PMCID: PMC7943004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease, which caused by a novel coronavirus. The disease disrupts health systems and resulting in social, political, and economic crises. Health professionals are in front of this pandemic and always work in a high-risk environment. The best prevention for COVID-19 is avoiding exposure to the virus. Some studies reported health professional's practice of precautionary measures for COVID-19. Nevertheless, a few have identified factors affecting. As such, this study aimed to fill those research gaps in the study setting. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 428 health professionals involved from the public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. A simple random sampling method employed, and the data collected by the interviewer-administered Open Data Kit survey tool and observational checklist. The data analyzed in Stata version 15, and a binary logistic regression model used to identify factors. In this study, a statistically significant association declared at P< 0.05. RESULTS In this study, 35.3% (95%CI: 30.7%, 39.8%) of health professionals' had a good practice on precautionary measures for the COVID-19 pandemic. Use hand sanitizer or wash hands continuously with soap and water (68.9%), cover nose and mouth with a tissue during sneezing or coughing (67.3%), and use facemask in crowds (56.8%) were the most common practice reported by study participants. Marital status, being married (AOR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.06, 3.18), good knowledge on the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.02, 3.18), and positive attitude towards precautionary measures for the COVID-19 were factors showed significant association with the practice. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of good practice of precautionary measures for the COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals was low. As such, different interventions to improve the knowledge and attitude of health professionals in the health care system are highly needed to boost the practice and to advance service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abera Mersha
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Shitaye Shibiru
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Girma
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gistane Ayele
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Agegnehu Bante
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mekidim Kassa
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Abebe
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Misgun Shewangizaw
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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16
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Sterr CM, Nickel IL, Stranzinger C, Nonnenmacher-Winter CI, Günther F. Medical face masks offer self-protection against aerosols: An evaluation using a practical in vitro approach on a dummy head. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248099. [PMID: 33657178 PMCID: PMC7928437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the question regarding the efficacy of various hygiene measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has become the focus of scientific and above all public discussion. To compare respirators, medical face masks, and cloth masks and determine if it is recommendable to wear face masks to protect the individual wearer of the mask from inhaling airborne particles, we challenged 29 different masks with aerosols and tested the pressure drop as a surrogate for breathing resistance owing to the mask material. We found that Type II medical face masks showed the lowest pressure drop (12.9±6.8 Pa/cm2) and therefore additional breathing resistance, whereas respirators such as the KN95 (32.3±7.0 Pa/cm2) and FFP2 (26.8±7.4 Pa/cm2) showed the highest pressure drops among the tested masks. The filtration efficacy of the mask material was the lowest for cloth masks (28±25%) followed by non-certified face masks (63±19%) and certified medical face masks (70±10%). The materials of the different respirators showed very high aerosol retentions (KN95 [94±4%] and FFP2 [98±1%]). For evaluating the as-worn filtration performance simulating real live conditions each mask type was also tested on a standardized dummy head. Cloth masks and non-EN-certified face masks had the worst as-worn filtration efficacies among the tested masks, filtering less than 20% of the test aerosol. Remarkably, certified type II medical face masks showed similar (p>0.5) as-worn filtration results (47±20%) than KN95 masks (41±4%) and FFP2 masks (65±27%), despite having a lower pressure drop. Face shields did not show any significant retention function against aerosols in our experiment. Our results indicate that it seems recommendable to wear face masks for providing base protection and risk reduction against inhaling airborne particles, in low-risk situations. In our study, especially EN 14683 type II certified medical face masks showed protective effectiveness against aerosols accompanied by minimal additional breathing resistance. FFP2 Respirators, on the other hand, could be useful in high-risk situations but require greater breathing effort and therefore physical stress for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Sterr
- Division of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Inga-Lena Nickel
- Division of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Stranzinger
- Division of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Günther
- Division of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
This study uses national survey data to describe overall and regional trends in adherence to protective behaviors (mask wearing, physical distancing, staying at home, others) among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Crane
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Saad B. Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John A. Romley
- USC Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Xu M, Lee P, Collins D. The critical importance of mask seals on respirator performance: An analytical and simulation approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246720. [PMID: 33596228 PMCID: PMC7888670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and medical masks are widely used to reduce the inhalation exposure of airborne particulates and biohazardous aerosols. Their protective capacity largely depends on the fraction of these that are filtered from the incoming air volume. While the performance and physics of different filter materials have been the topic of intensive study, less well understood are the effects of mask sealing. To address this, we introduce an approach to calculate the influence of face-seal leakage on filtration ratio and fit factor based on an analytical model and a finite element method (FEM) model, both of which take into account time-dependent human respiration velocities. Using these, we calculate the filtration ratio and fit factor for a range of ventilation resistance values relevant to filter materials, 500-2500 Pa∙s∙m-1, where the filtration ratio and fit factor are calculated as a function of the mask gap dimensions, with good agreement between analytical and numerical models. The results show that the filtration ratio and fit factor are decrease markedly with even small increases in gap area. We also calculate particle filtration rates for N95 FFRs with various ventilation resistances and two commercial FFRs exemplars. Taken together, this work underscores the critical importance of forming a tight seal around the face as a factor in mask performance, where our straightforward analytical model can be readily applied to obtain estimates of mask performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Truong TL, Beck SD, Weber A. The impact of face masks on the recall of spoken sentences. J Acoust Soc Am 2021; 149:142. [PMID: 33514131 PMCID: PMC7945988 DOI: 10.1121/10.0002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of face covering masks on listeners' recall of spoken sentences was investigated. Thirty-two German native listeners watched video recordings of a native speaker producing German sentences with and without a face mask, and then completed a cued-recall task. Listeners recalled significantly fewer words when the sentences had been spoken with a face mask. This might suggest that face masks increase processing demands, which in turn leaves fewer resources for encoding speech in memory. The result is also informative for policy-makers during the COVID-19 pandemic, regarding the impact of face masks on oral communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Lan Truong
- English Department, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara D Beck
- English Department, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Weber
- English Department, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Margraf J, Brailovskaia J, Schneider S. Behavioral measures to fight COVID-19: An 8-country study of perceived usefulness, adherence and their predictors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243523. [PMID: 33284865 PMCID: PMC7721173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral measures, such as the wearing of facemasks and maintaining of distance to other people, have been central in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and will continue to be important in curbing its spread. We therefore investigated their perceived usefulness, adherence and their predictors in representative online samples in eight countries (France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, U.K., U.S.). Of the 7,658 participants, 77.4% rated governmental measures (highest: Germany, lowest: France) as useful and 91.7% reported adherence to them. Adherence was lowest in Russia and Poland, where people felt particularly left alone and not well supported, and in the U.S. and Sweden, where governments showed ambivalent attitudes towards the measures. The highest adherence was reported in countries with very high mortality (U.K., Spain, France) or very positively perceived government communication (Germany). Female gender, higher age, belonging to a risk group, being affected physically and mentally, perception of governmental communication as guided by the interests of people, feeling of being well informed and the level of positive mental health positively predicted both outcomes, while being affected economically negatively predicted both outcomes. Country-specific results are considered in the light of the protection motivation theory and the theory of planned behavior together with potential ways to improve active participation of the population. Overall, we recommend the governments and authorities to stress that each individual can contribute to the control of the COVID-19 situation by adherence to the measures in the public communication. Moreover, they should emphasize the risk of unconscious infection of older individuals by younger people, as well as the importance of physical activity for the protection of mental and physical health especially during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Brailovskaia
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Abstract
In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, barrier gestures such as regular hand-washing, social distancing, and wearing a face mask are highly recommended. Critically, interpersonal distance (IPD) depends on the affective dimension of social interaction, which might be affected by the current Covid-19 context. In the present internet-based experimental study, we analyzed the preferred IPD of 457 French participants when facing human-like characters that were either wearing a face mask or displaying a neutral, happy or angry facial expression. Results showed that IPD was significantly reduced when characters were wearing a face mask, as they were perceived as more trustworthy compared to the other conditions. Importantly, IPD was even more reduced in participants infected with Covid-19 or living in low-risk areas, while it was not affected by the predicted health of the characters. These findings shed further light on the psychological factors that motivate IPD adjustments, in particular when facing a collective threat. They are also of crucial importance for policy makers as they reveal that despite the indisputable value of wearing a face mask in the current pandemic context, their use should be accompanied by an emphasis on social distancing to prevent detrimental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartaud
- CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Quesque
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yann Coello
- CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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22
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Kim YJ, Cho JH, Kang SW. Study on the Relationship between Leisure Activity Participation and Wearing a Mask among Koreans during COVID-19 Crisis: Using TPB Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7674. [PMID: 33096689 PMCID: PMC7589600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables-including "attitude," "subjective norms," and "perceived behavioral control"-to understand the relationship between mask-wearing behavior and physical/non-physical leisure activity participation in Koreans as well as the tendencies behind mask-wearing intentions within leisure activities. The measurement tools used attitude, subjective norms, control, and mask use intention factors based on the TPB. Overall, 545 individuals participated, and the non-overlapping regions, sex, and age were considered through the stratified sampling method. The survey was conducted online owing to COVID-19, and collected data were derived through descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses. First, a difference in mask-wearing intention based on physical and non-physical leisure activities was identified; second, attitudes and perceived behaviors were considered in light of the dangers posed by COVID-19. It was found that control influences the tendency of intention to wear a mask depending on whether the group was engaged in physical or non-physical activity. Therefore, it can be stated that mask-wearing must be mandatory during physical and non-physical activities owing to respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. It is also important to simultaneously promote a positive attitude toward mask-wearing to enable people to believe that they can stay in full control of their own health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Woo Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (J.-h.C.)
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23
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Burnett ML, Sergi CM. Face Masks Are Beneficial Regardless of the Level of Infection in the Fight Against COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 14:e47-e50. [PMID: 32900420 PMCID: PMC7550874 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a global pandemic that has affected over 7 million people worldwide, resulting in over 400,000 deaths. In the past 20 years, they have been several viral epidemics that were primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets. The use of face masks is proven to be effective in protecting health-care workers as they perform their duties. Still, there is limited evidence about whether the widespread use of face mask would be very useful in protecting the general population. This study aimed to conduct a review to determine if face masks would be beneficial in the general population as a means of reducing the spread of COVID-19. The widespread implementation of wearing face masks by the general population is challenging due to a variety of factors. However, the extensive use of cloth masks in conjunction with other preventative measures such as social distancing and handwashing can potentially reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin L. Burnett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Aguiar M, Cruz C, Esquinas AM. Different masks for CPAP. Clin Respir J 2018; 12:357. [PMID: 27059086 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Aguiar
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Cruz
- Pulmonology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ciftci T, Erbatur S, Ak M. Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on potential extreme haemodynamic and respiratory response following mask ventilation and laryngoscopy in patients with mandibular fractures. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19:4427-4433. [PMID: 26636533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The safety profile and efficacy were compared for remifentanil and dexmedetomidine with respect to haemodynamic and respiratory response during mask ventilation and laryngoscopy in patients with mandibular fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy patients undergoing elective mandibular fracture surgery were randomly assigned to the remifentanil group (Group R, n = 35) or the dexmedetomidine group (Group D, n = 35). The primary outcomes were preoperative pain scores caused by jaw movement; haemodynamic response; intubation score; and side effects, such as the incidence of oxygen desaturation and muscle rigidity. Other side effects, such as tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension and hypotension, were also compared. RESULTS Preoperative pain scores caused by jaw movement were significantly high for both groups, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The incidence of oxygen desaturation and muscle rigidity was significantly lower in Group D than in Group R (p = 0.025). No significant differences existed between the groups in terms of intubation score, haemodynamics, and other side effects (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION Dexmedetomidine and remifentanil had equal effectiveness on the control of haemodynamic response due to mask ventilation and intubation in patients with mandibular fractures. However, at the doses used in this study, dexmedetomidine had a significant advantage over remifentanil in terms of respiratory stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ciftci
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
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Tutors wear silicon body parts and masks to represent real patients. Nurs Stand 2015; 29:9. [PMID: 25627490 DOI: 10.7748/ns.29.22.9.s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Abstract
Since the turn of the 20th century, when researchers were discovering the presence of bacteria in droplets from the nose and mouth and the role these bacteria played in disease transmission, masks have been used as a method to protect both health care providers and patients from respiratory diseases. In 1926, the first study was published that indicated masks might also play a role in reducing the incidence of surgical site infections. That report spearheaded the development of new mask materials and designs and devices to demonstrate their filtering efficiency. This article provides a historical review of the work done by researchers over the years and examines whether tests to determine the filtering efficiency of surgical masks, including those recently adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are relevant to actual OR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Leger SS, Leger P. The art of interface. Tools for administering noninvasive ventilation. Med Klin (Munich) 1999; 94:35-9. [PMID: 10373733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the choice of interface plays a large role in the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation, there is a need for information about what is available, how to make a selection, what to do when a problem occurs, and how to provide proper care and monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here we will present some of the different types of interfaces available, different problems presented by each, and guidelines for making choices among them.
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