1
|
Abstract
Excessive amounts of air can enter the lungs and cause air embolism (AE)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Pulmonary AE can occur during diving, aviation, and iatrogenic invasive procedures. AE-induced lung injury presents with severe hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, microvascular hyper-permeability, and severe inflammatory responses. Pulmonary AE-induced ALI is a serious complication resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Surfactant is abundant in the lungs and its function is to lower surface tension. Earlier studies have explored the beneficial effects of surfactant in ALI; however, none have investigated the role of surfactant in pulmonary AE-induced ALI. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the effects of surfactant in pulmonary AE-induced ALI. Isolated-perfused rat lungs were used as a model of pulmonary AE. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): sham, air embolism (AE), AE + surfactant (0.5 mg/kg), and AE+ surfactant (1 mg/kg). Surfactant pretreatment was administered before the induction of pulmonary AE. Pulmonary AE was induced by the infusion of 0.7 cc air through a pulmonary artery catheter. After induction of air, pulmonary AE was presented with pulmonary edema, pulmonary microvascular hyper-permeability, and lung inflammation with neutrophilic sequestration. Activation of NF-κB was observed, along with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Na-K-Cl cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). Surfactant suppressed the activation of NF-κB and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NKCC1, thereby attenuating AE-induced lung injury. Therefore, AE-induced ALI presented with pulmonary edema, microvascular hyper-permeability, and lung inflammation. Surfactant suppressed the expressions of NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NKCC1, thereby attenuating AE-induced lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Chin Lan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Kuang Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pyng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Landseed International Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zarepour L, Gharaylou Z, Hadjighassem M, Shafaghi L, Majedi H, Behzad E, Hosseindoost S, Ramezani F, Nasirinezhad F. Preliminary study of analgesic effect of bumetanide on neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 81:477-484. [PMID: 33222966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the analgesic effects of bumetanide as an adjunctive treatment in managing neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. The peripheral expression level of Na-K-Cl-cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl-cotransporter-2 (KCC2) genes in polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMLs) assessed as a possible biomarker indicating central underlying mechanisms. METHODS This open-label, single-arm, pilot trial of bumetanide (2 mg/day) is an add-on treatment conducted in 14 SCI patients for 19 weeks. The whole duration consisted of three phases: pre-treatment (1 month), titration (3 weeks), and active treatment (4 months). Ultimately, nine patients completed the study. The primary outcome variables were the endpoint pain score measured by the numeric rating scale (NRS), and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Secondary endpoints included the Short-Form Health Survey that measures the quality of life. Blood samples were collected and used for determining the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 genes in transcription and translation levels. RESULTS Bumetanide treatment significantly reduced average pain intensity according to the NRS and the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire scores. The baseline expression of KCC2 protein was low between groups and increased significantly following treatment (P < 0.05). Through the current study, pain improvement accompanied by the more significant mean change from the baseline for the overall quality of life. CONCLUSION These data might be a piece of preliminary evidence for the analgesic effect of bumetanide on neuropathic pain and could support the potential role of the upregulation of KCC2 protein and involvement of GABAergic disinhibition in producing neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zarepour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Gharaylou
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lida Shafaghi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Majedi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Behzad
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sawant-Pokam PA, Vail TJ, Metcalf CS, Maguire JL, McKean TO, McKean NO, Brennan K. Preventing neuronal edema increases network excitability after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6005-6020. [PMID: 33044227 PMCID: PMC7598047 DOI: 10.1172/jci134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema is an important target for clinical intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used in vivo cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiological recording to examine the ionic mechanisms underlying neuronal edema and their effects on neuronal and network excitability after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Unexpectedly, we found that neuronal edema 48 hours after CCI was associated with reduced cellular and network excitability, concurrent with an increase in the expression ratio of the cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCC1 and KCC2. Treatment with the CCC blocker bumetanide prevented neuronal swelling via a reversal in the NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio, identifying altered chloride flux as the mechanism of neuronal edema. Importantly, bumetanide treatment was associated with increased neuronal and network excitability after injury, including increased susceptibility to spreading depolarizations (SDs) and seizures, known agents of clinical worsening after TBI. Treatment with mannitol, a first-line edema treatment in clinical practice, was also associated with increased susceptibility to SDs and seizures after CCI, showing that neuronal volume reduction, regardless of mechanism, was associated with an excitability increase. Finally, we observed an increase in excitability when neuronal edema normalized by 1 week after CCI. We conclude that neuronal swelling may exert protective effects against damaging excitability in the aftermath of TBI and that treatment of edema has the potential to reverse these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron S. Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jamie L. Maguire
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - K.C. Brennan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amadeo A, Coatti A, Aracri P, Ascagni M, Iannantuoni D, Modena D, Carraresi L, Brusco S, Meneghini S, Arcangeli A, Pasini ME, Becchetti A. Postnatal Changes in K +/Cl - Cotransporter-2 Expression in the Forebrain of Mice Bearing a Mutant Nicotinic Subunit Linked to Sleep-Related Epilepsy. Neuroscience 2018; 386:91-107. [PMID: 29949744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and the K+/Cl- cotransporter-2 (KCC2) set the transmembrane Cl- gradient in the brain, and are implicated in epileptogenesis. We studied the postnatal distribution of NKCC1 and KCC2 in wild-type (WT) mice, and in a mouse model of sleep-related epilepsy, carrying the mutant β2-V287L subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). In WT neocortex, immunohistochemistry showed a wide distribution of NKCC1 in neurons and astrocytes. At birth, KCC2 was localized in neuronal somata, whereas at subsequent stages it was mainly found in the somatodendritic compartment. The cotransporters' expression was quantified by densitometry in the transgenic strain. KCC2 expression increased during the first postnatal weeks, while the NKCC1 amount remained stable, after birth. In mice expressing β2-V287L, the KCC2 amount in layer V of prefrontal cortex (PFC) was lower than in the control littermates at postnatal day 8 (P8), with no concomitant change in NKCC1. Consistently, the GABAergic excitatory to inhibitory switch was delayed in PFC layer V of mice carrying β2-V287L. At P60, the amount of KCC2 was instead higher in mice bearing the transgene. Irrespective of genotype, NKCC1 and KCC2 were abundantly expressed in the neuropil of most thalamic nuclei since birth. However, KCC2 expression decreased by P60 in the reticular nucleus, and more so in mice expressing β2-V287L. Therefore, a complex regulatory interplay occurs between heteromeric nAChRs and KCC2 in postnatal forebrain. The pathogenetic effect of β2-V287L may depend on altered KCC2 amounts in PFC during synaptogenesis, as well as in mature thalamocortical circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Aurora Coatti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI-Milan Center of Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Aracri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI-Milan Center of Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Miriam Ascagni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Iannantuoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Debora Modena
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Carraresi
- Dival Toscana Srl, Via Madonna del Piano, 6 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Simone Brusco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI-Milan Center of Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simone Meneghini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI-Milan Center of Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Maria Enrica Pasini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI-Milan Center of Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suzuki K, Murano T, Shimizu H, Ito G, Nakata T, Fujii S, Ishibashi F, Kawamoto A, Anzai S, Kuno R, Kuwabara K, Takahashi J, Hama M, Nagata S, Hiraguri Y, Takenaka K, Yui S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Ohtsuka K, Watanabe M, Okamoto R. Single cell analysis of Crohn's disease patient-derived small intestinal organoids reveals disease activity-dependent modification of stem cell properties. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1035-1047. [PMID: 29374777 PMCID: PMC6132922 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play indispensable roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, and also in the regeneration of the damaged intestinal epithelia. However, whether the inflammatory environment of Crohn's disease (CD) affects properties of resident small intestinal stem cells remain uncertain. METHODS CD patient-derived small intestinal organoids were established from enteroscopic biopsy specimens taken from active lesions (aCD-SIO), or from mucosa under remission (rCD-SIO). Expression of ISC-marker genes in those organoids was examined by immunohistochemistry, and also by microfluid-based single-cell multiplex gene expression analysis. The ISC-specific function of organoid cells was evaluated using a single-cell organoid reformation assay. RESULTS ISC-marker genes, OLFM4 and SLC12A2, were expressed by an increased number of small intestinal epithelial cells in the active lesion of CD. aCD-SIOs, rCD-SIOs or those of non-IBD controls (NI-SIOs) were successfully established from 9 patients. Immunohistochemistry showed a comparable level of OLFM4 and SLC12A2 expression in all organoids. Single-cell gene expression data of 12 ISC-markers were acquired from a total of 1215 cells. t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis identified clusters of candidate ISCs, and also revealed a distinct expression pattern of SMOC2 and LGR5 in ISC-cluster classified cells derived from aCD-SIOs. Single-cell organoid reformation assays showed significantly higher reformation efficiency by the cells of the aCD-SIOs compared with that of cells from NI-SIOs. CONCLUSIONS aCD-SIOs harbor ISCs with modified marker expression profiles, and also with high organoid reformation ability. Results suggest modification of small intestinal stem cell properties by unidentified factors in the inflammatory environment of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Konomi Kuwabara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Minami Hama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kento Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu D, Yu ZL, Zhang Y, Han Y, Zhang W, Lu L, Shi J. Bumetanide treatment during early development rescues maternal separation-induced susceptibility to stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11878. [PMID: 28928398 PMCID: PMC5605528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Early life stress, such as maternal separation, can have long-term effects on the development of the central nervous system and pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we found that maternal separation increased the susceptibility to stress in adolescent rats, increased the expression of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) on postnatal day 14, and increased the expression of K+/2Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor subunits on postnatal day 40 in the hippocampus. NKCC1 inhibition by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug bumetanide during the first two postnatal weeks rescued the depressive- and anxiety-like behavior that was induced by maternal separation and decreased the expression of NKCC1, KCC2 and GABAA receptor α1 and β2,3 subunits in the hippocampus. Bumetanide treatment during early development did not adversely affect body weight or normal behaviors in naive rats, or affect serum osmolality in adult rats. These results suggest that bumetanide treatment during early development may prevent the maternal separation-induced susceptibility to stress and impairments in GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhou-Long Yu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Healthy, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ju LS, Yang JJ, Gravenstein N, Seubert CN, Morey TE, Sumners C, Vasilopoulos T, Yang JJ, Martynyuk AE. Role of environmental stressors in determining the developmental outcome of neonatal anesthesia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 81:96-104. [PMID: 28433802 PMCID: PMC5492971 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of studies evaluating neurocognition in humans who had procedures under anesthesia early in life found long-term deficits even though the typical anesthesia duration normalized to the human life span is much shorter than that shown to induce developmental abnormalities in rodents. Therefore, we studied whether subsequent environmental stressors contribute to deficiencies programmed by a brief neonatal etomidate exposure. METHODS Postnatal days (P) 4, 5, or 6, Sprague-Dawley rats, pretreated with vehicle or the Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1) inhibitor, bumetanide, received two injections of etomidate resulting in anesthesia for 2h. To simulate stress after anesthesia, the animals were exposed to a single maternal separation for 3h at P10. 3-7days after exposure to etomidate the rats had increased hypothalamic NKCC1 mRNA and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA and decreased K+-2Cl- (KCC2) mRNA levels with greater changes in males. In rats neonatally exposed to both etomidate and maternal separation, these abnormalities persisted into adulthood. These animals also exhibited extended corticosterone responses to restraint stress with increases in total plasma corticosterone more robust in males, as well as behavioral abnormalities. Pretreatment with the NKCC1 inhibitor ameliorated most of these effects. CONCLUSIONS Post-anesthesia stressors may exacerbate/unmask neurodevelopmental abnormalities even after a relatively short anesthetic with etomidate, leading to dysregulated stress response systems and neurobehavioral deficiencies in adulthood. Amelioration by bumetanide suggests a mechanistic role for etomidate-enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-mediated depolarization in initiating long-lasting alterations in gene expression that are further potentiated by subsequent maternal separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Sha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jiao-Jiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus Gravenstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States; The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christoph N Seubert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Timothy E Morey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Colin Sumners
- The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Terrie Vasilopoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anatoly E Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States; The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Murguía-Castillo J, Beas-Zárate C, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Feria-Velasco AI, Ureña-Guerrero ME. NKCC1 and KCC2 protein expression is sexually dimorphic in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 552:52-7. [PMID: 23932891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Seizure susceptibility appears to be greater in males than females during the early developmental stages of the brain when the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting through its GABA-A receptor, predominantly produces neuronal depolarization. GABA-mediated excitation has been observed when the NKCC1 (chloride importer) expression level is higher than KCC2 (chloride exporter). In this study, the relative protein expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 over β-actin was evaluated in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of male and female rats during postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 using Western blotting assays. For both cerebral regions in the females, the NKCC1/β-actin expression ratio was constant during all evaluated ages, whereas the KCC2/β-actin expression ratio increased gradually until reaching a maximal level at PND9 that was nearly three- and ten-fold higher in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, respectively, compared with the initial level. In males, the NKCC1/β-actin expression ratio was constant during the first week, peaking almost three-fold higher than the initial level at PND9 in the hippocampus and at PND11 in the entorhinal cortex and then returning to the initial values at PND13, whereas the KCC2/β-actin expression ratio increased gradually to reach a maximal and steady level at PND5, which were nearly two- and four-fold higher in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, respectively, compared with the intial level. In conclusion, the NKCC1/β-actin and KCC2/β-actin expression ratios displayed a specific expression profile for each gender and cerebral region, which could be related with the differences in seizure susceptibility observed between genders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justo Murguía-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|