Curcumin Mitigates Streptozotocin-Induced Genotoxicity In Vivo by Activating P53 Protein and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Chromosomal Aberration

BACKGROUND

Genotoxins are chemical constituents that damage DNA or chromosomal architecture, leading to alterations in the genetic level. Streptozotocin, a monofunctional nitrosourea derivative, is often utilized to induce diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals because of its detrimental effects on pancreatic cells. The purpose of this work was to investigate possible protective efficacy against the genotoxic effects of Streptozotocin.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the potentiality of curcumin, a phytoproduct with anti-genotoxic and anti-diabetic qualities, against streptozotocin-induced chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage. The study evaluates the possible protective efficacy of curcumin, exploring a variety of biochemical and molecular biology techniques in murine models.

METHODS

The experiment involves a control group, the administration of Streptozotocin (Group S), and a curcumin-pretreated STZ group (Group SC) in mice. The effects of curcumin on DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations were investigated by histopathology, immunofluorescence, evaluation of chromosomal aberrations, detection of Reactive oxygen species, cell viability analysis, and DNA laddering assay.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated a significant reduction in DNA damage, chromosomal anomalies, and a decrease in the expression of the p53 protein in the curcumin-treated animals compared to that of STZ-treated mice.

CONCLUSION

The overall results show that curcumin can reduce chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage by altering the expression of p53 repair proteins. This suggests that curcumin has a promising future as a therapeutic agent, especially when it comes to drug-induced toxicity and the development of novel therapeutics.

To Explore Potential Inhibitors Against Various Enzymatic Targets of Human African Trypanosomiasis

Synthetic drugs currently prescribed for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are non-specific, toxic, demand extended therapeutic regimes and are of varying efficacy. Along with the challenging demographic and socio-economic hurdles, the everincreasing risk of drug resistance is another major problem to be addressed. Cysteine protease, Heat shock proteins (HSP-90), Trypanothione reductase (TR), Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, UP-4-galactose epimerase, and Cytidine triphosphate synthetase are potential enzymatic targets for the development of novel inhibitors against HAT which are the main focus of this review. The potential enzymatic targets of Trypanosoma brucei, especially small molecules like cysteine proteases and heat shock proteins are identified as major candidates for the sustenance of the parasite, their proliferation, infection, and spread of the disease. The development of new compounds to combat the disease by thorough ligand modification has been explored in the current review. Extracting these compounds and studying their efficacy, toxicity, and target mechanism extensively, this review has proposed a list of different compounds, including some synthetic and natural compounds along with multi-target inhibitors such as acoziborole, fexinidazole, etc. Potential inhibitors against these enzymatic targets of the T. brucei are important candidates for designing novel therapeutics against HAT. Multi-target inhibitors have also been identified as crucial molecules because of their potential advantage against the development of drug resistance.

Novel PLGA-encapsulated-nanopiperine promotes synergistic interaction of p53/PARP-1/Hsp90 axis to combat ALX-induced-hyperglycemia

The present study predicts the molecular targets and druglike properties of the phyto-compound piperine (PIP) by in silico studies including molecular docking simulation, druglikeness prediction and ADME analysis for prospective therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications. PIP was encapsulated in biodegradable polymer poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) to form nanopiperine (NPIP) and their physico-chemical properties were characterized by AFM and DLS. ∼ 30 nm sized NPIP showed 86.68% encapsulation efficiency and - 6 mV zeta potential, demonstrated great interactive stability and binding with CT-DNA displaying upsurge in molar ellipticity during CD spectroscopy. NPIP lowered glucose levels in peripheral circulation by > 65 mg/dL compared to disease model and improved glucose influx in alloxan-induced in vivo and in vitro diabetes models concerted with 3-folds decrease in ROS production, ROS-induced DNA damage and 27.24% decrease in nuclear condensation. The 25% increase in % cell viability and inhibition in chromosome aberration justified the initiation of p53 and PARP DNA repairing protein expression and maintenance of Hsp90. Thus, the experimental study corroborated well with in silico predictions of modulating the p53/PARP-1/Hsp90 axis, with predicted dock score value of - 8.72, - 8.57, - 8.76 kcal/mol respectively, validated docking-based preventive approaches for unravelling the intricacies of molecular signalling and nano-drug efficacy as therapeutics for diabetics.

Enhanced Drug Carriage Efficiency of Curcumin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles in Combating Diabetic Nephropathy via Mitigation of Renal Apoptosis

Objectives

The Curcuma-derived diferuloylmethane compound CUR, loaded on Poly (lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles was utilized to combat DN-induced renal apoptosis by selectively targeting and modulating Bcl2.

Methods

Upon in silico molecular docking and screening study CUR was selected as the core phytocompound for nanoparticle formulation. PLGA-nano-encapsulated-curcumin (NCUR) were synthesized following standard solvent displacement method. The NCUR were characterized for shape, size and other physico-chemical properties by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy studies. For in vivo validation of nephro-protective effects, Mus musculus were pre-treated with CUR at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. and NCUR at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. (dose 1), 12.5 mg/kg b.w (dose 2) followed by alloxan administration (100 mg/kg b.w) and serum glucose levels, histopathology and immunofluorescence study were conducted.

Results

The in silico study revealed a strong affinity of CUR towards Bcl2 (dock score -10.94 Kcal/mol). The synthesized NCUR were of even shape, devoid of cracks and holes with mean size of ~80 nm having -7.53 mV zeta potential. Dose 1 efficiently improved serum glucose levels, tissue-specific expression of Bcl2 and reduced glomerular space and glomerular sclerosis in comparison to hyperglycaemic group.

Conclusion

This study essentially validates the potential of NCUR to inhibit DN by reducing blood glucose level and mitigating glomerular apoptosis by selectively promoting Bcl2 protein expression in kidney tissue.

Effect of heat exposure on prostaglandin production and expression of COX-2, PGES, PGFS, ITGAV and LGALS15 mRNAs in endometrial epithelial cells of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

BACKGROUND

Early embryonic mortality is one of the major intriguing factors of reproductive failure that causes considerable challenge to the mammalian cell biologists. Heat stress is the major factor responsible for reduced fertility in farm animals. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of heat stress on prostaglandin production and the expression of key genes, including COX-2, PGES, PGFS, ITGAV and LGALS15, in buffalo endometrial epithelial cells.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Buffalo genitalia containing ovaries with corpus luteum (CL) were collected immediately post-slaughter. The stages of the estrous cycle were determined based on macroscopic observations of the ovaries. Uterine lumens of the mid-luteal phase (days 6-10 of the estrous cycle) were washed and treated with trypsin to isolate epithelial cells, which were then cultured at control temperature (38.5 °C for 24 h) or exposed to elevated temperatures [38.5 °C for 6 h, 40.5 °C for 18 h; Heat Stressed (HS)]. The supernatant and endometrial epithelial cells were collected at various time points (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) from both the control and treatment groups. Although heat stress (40.5 °C) significantly (P < 0.05) increased COX-2, PGES, and PGFS transcripts in epithelial cells but it did not affect the in vitro production of PGF2α and PGE2. The expression of ITGAV and LGALS15 mRNAs in endometrial epithelial cells remained unaltered under elevated temperature conditions.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that elevated temperature did not directly modulate prostaglandin production but, it promoted the expression of COX-2, PGES and PGFS mRNA in buffalo endometrial epithelial cells.

Influence of phenolic flavonols (Kaempferol, Querectin and Myricetin) on the survival and growth of ovine preantral follicles and granulosa cells cultured in vitro

Study was carried out to examine the influence of plant bioactive compounds [Kaempferol (KAE), Querectin (QUE) and Myricetin (MYR)] on the survival and growth parameters of cultured ovine preantral follicles (PFs) granulosa cells (GCs) and expression of some key developmental genes. Ovine PFs were isolated from slaughterhouse derived ovaries and KAE, QUE and MYR were supplemented to the standard culture medium of GCs and PFs at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μM and cultured for 5 and 7 days respectively. PFs morphological and functional parameters [follicle and enclosed oocyte growth rate, viability of follicles, antrum formation rate, oocyte maturation rate, estradiol concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production] and GC growth parameters (metabolic activity, viability rate, cell number increment, ROS production) were measured after culture. Significantly higher PF growth, viability rate and estradiol concentration was observed at 10 μM, 25 μM and 10 μM concentration of KAE, MYR and QUE respectively compared to the control. ROS production was significantly decreased in the PF culture media treated with 10 μM KAE or MYR 25 μM or 10 μM QUE compared to those observed in the control group. Likewise, metabolic activity of GCs, viability rate and cell number increment cultured with KAE, MYR and QUE was significantly higher at 10, 25 and 10 μM concentrations respectively compared to those observed in control group. ROS production was significantly lower in the GC cultured with KAE, MYR and QUE at 10, 25 and 10 μM concentrations respectively compared to the control. Based on the results of the growth parameters, gene expression of PFs and GCs were studied by qPCR at selected concentrations (KAE, MYR and QUE at 10, 25 and 10 μM concentrations respectively) in the cultured PFs and GCs. Gene expression of GDF9, FGF2, CYP19A1 was significantly higher and Bax, Bcl2 expression was significantly lower in the PFs and GCs cultured with the KAE or QUE at 10 μM concentration. KAE, MYR and QUE have dose dependant responses on PFs and GCs morphological and functional parameters; however, KAE is more potent amongst the three in augmenting the ovarian functions.

Spatio-temporal dynamics and distributional trend analysis of African swine fever outbreaks (2020-2021) in North-East India

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, notifiable, and fatal hemorrhagic viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs. The disease was reported for the first time in India during 2020, resulted in serious outbreaks and economic loss in North-Eastern (NE) parts, since 47% of the Indian pig population is distributed in the NE region. The present study focused on analyzing the spatial autocorrelation, spatio-temporal patterns, and directional trend of the disease in NE India during 2020-2021. The ASF outbreak data (2020-2021) were collected from the offices of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services in seven NE states of India to identify the potential clusters, spatio-temporal aggregation, temporal distribution, disease spread, density maps, and risk zones. Between 2020 and 2021, a total of 321 ASF outbreaks were recorded, resulting in 59,377 deaths. The spatial pattern analysis of the outbreak data (2020-2021) revealed that ASF outbreaks were clustered in 2020 (z score = 2.20, p < .01) and 2021 (z score = 4.89, p < .01). Spatial autocorrelation and Moran's I value (0.05-0.06 in 2020 and 2021) revealed the spatial clustering and spatial relationship between the outbreaks. The hotspot analysis identified districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and districts of Mizoram, Tripura as significant hotspots in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The spatial-scan statistics with a purely spatial and purely temporal analysis revealed six and one significant clusters, respectively. Retrospective unadjusted, temporal, and spatially adjusted space-time analysis detected five, five, and two statistically significant (p < .01) clusters, respectively. The directional trend analysis identified the direction of disease distribution as northeast-southwest (2020) and north-south (2021), indicate the possibility of ASF introduction to India from China. The high-risk zones and spatio-temporal pattern of ASF outbreaks identified in the present study can be used as a guide for deploying proper prevention, optimizing resource allocation and disease control measures in NE Indian states.

Targeting Cysteine Proteases and their Inhibitors to Combat Trypanosomiasis

BACKGROUND

Trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, remains a significant health burden in several regions of the world. Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma parasites and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs.

INTRODUCTION

This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of cysteine proteases in trypanosomiasis and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the biological significance of cysteine proteases in Trypanosoma parasites and their involvement in essential processes, such as host immune evasion, cell invasion, and nutrient acquisition.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and research articles on the role of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in trypanosomiasis. The selected studies were critically analyzed to extract key findings and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

RESULTS

Cysteine proteases, such as cruzipain, TbCatB and TbCatL, have been identified as promising therapeutic targets due to their essential roles in Trypanosoma pathogenesis. Several small molecule inhibitors and peptidomimetics have been developed to target these proteases and have shown promising activity in preclinical studies.

CONCLUSION

Targeting cysteine proteases and their inhibitors holds great potential for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs against trypanosomiasis. The identification of potent and selective cysteine protease inhibitors could significantly contribute to the combat against trypanosomiasis and improve the prospects for the treatment of this neglected tropical disease.

Exploring the Targets of Dengue Virus and Designs of Potential Inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease spread by the dengue virus (DENV), has become one of the most alarming health issues in the global scenario in recent days. The risk of infection by DENV is mostly high in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The mortality rate of patients affected with DENV is ever-increasing, mainly due to a lack of anti-dengue viral-specific synthetic drug components.

INTRODUCTION

Repurposing synthetic drugs has been an effective tool in combating several pathogens, including DENV. However, only the Dengvaxia vaccine has been developed so far to fight against the deadly disease despite the grave situation, mainly because of the limitations of understanding the actual pathogenicity of the disease.

METHODS

To address this particular issue and explore the actual disease pathobiology, several potential targets, like three structural proteins and seven non-structural (NS) proteins, along with their inhibitors of synthetic and natural origin, have been screened using docking simulation.

RESULTS

Exploration of these targets, along with their inhibitors, has been extensively studied in culmination with molecular docking-based screening to potentiate the treatment.

CONCLUSION

These screened inhibitors could possibly be helpful for the designing of new congeneric potential compounds to combat dengue fever and its complications.

Aromatic Plants as Potential Resources to Combat Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis, which affects an estimated 10% of men and 18% of women over the age of 60 and is increasing in genetic prevalence and incidence, is acknowledged as the condition that degrades the quality of life for older adults in the world. There is currently no known treatment for osteoarthritis. The majority of therapeutic methods slow the progression of arthritis or treat its symptoms, making effective treatment to end the degenerative process of arthritis elusive. When non-pharmacological therapy is ineffective, various pharmacological therapies may be used to treat osteoarthritis. Pharmacological therapy, however, can have major adverse effects and be very expensive. As a result, alternative remedies have been researched. The promise for the safe and efficient management of osteoarthritis has been demonstrated by herbal remedies. Experimental research suggests that herbal extracts and compounds can reduce inflammation, inhibit catabolic processes, and promote anabolic processes that are important for treating osteoarthritis. Due to their therapeutic and innate pharmacological qualities, aromatic herbs are frequently employed as herbal remedies. Recent research has shown that aromatic plants have the potency to treat osteoarthritis. Additionally, complex mixtures of essential oils and their bioactive ingredients, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and are obtained from aromatic plants, are frequently utilized as complementary therapies for osteoarthritis. To establish new study avenues, the advantageous anti-osteoarthritic effects of aromatic herbal medicines, including plants, essential oils, and their bioactive components, are extensively discussed.

Transethosomes: Cutting edge approach for drug permeation enhancement in transdermal drug delivery system

The skin is a major route of drug administration. Despite the high surface area of the skin, drug delivery via the skin route is problematic due to its physiological obstacles. The formulation scientist has developed a vesicular system to enhance the skin's absorption of bioactive substances. Among numerous vesicular systems, concept of transethosomes (TEs) introduced in 2012 are being tested for drug delivery to the dermis. When transferosomes and ethosomes interact, TEs are produced. It consists of water, ethanol, phospholipids, and an edge activator. Ethanol and the edge activator increase the absorption of medication through the skin. In the presence of ethanol and an edge activator, skin permeability can increase. The advantages of TEs include increased patient compliance, bypassing first-pass metabolism, including non-toxic raw components, being a noninvasive method of drug delivery, being more stable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and administered in semisolid form. TEs can be produced through the use of hot, cold, mechanical dispersion, and conventional techniques. The morphology, shape, size, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, vesicle yield, biophysical interactions, and stability of TEs define them. Recent studies reported successful transdermal distribution of antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular bioactive while using ethosomes with significant deeper penetration in skin. The review extensively discussed various claims on TEs developed by researchers, patents, and marketed ethosomes. However, till today no patens being granted on TEs. There are still lingering difficulties related to ethanol-based TEs that require substantial research to fix.

Morroniside interaction with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase accentuates metabolic mitigation of alloxan-induced genotoxicity and hyperglycaemia: a molecular docking based in vitro and in vivo experimental therapeutic insight

The present study tends to evaluate the possible potential of bio-active Morroniside (MOR), against alloxan (ALX)-induced genotoxicity and hyperglycaemia. In silico prediction revealed the interaction of MOR with Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein which corroborated well with experimental in vitro L6 cell line and in vivo mice models. Data revealed the efficacy of MOR in the selective activation of PARP protein and modulating other stress proteins NF-κB, and TNF-α to initiate protective potential against ALX-induced genotoxicity and hyperglycaemia. Further, the strong interaction of MOR with CT-DNA (calf thymus DNA) analyzed through CD spectroscopy, UV-Vis study and ITC data revealed the concerted action of bio-factors involved in inhibiting chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation associated with DNA damage. Finally, MOR does not play any role in microbial growth inhibition which often occurs due to hyperglycemic dysbiosis. Thus, from the overall findings, we may conclude that MOR could be a potential drug candidate for the therapeutic management of induced-hyperglycaemia and genotoxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

To explore the putative molecular targets of Diabetic Nephropathy and their inhibition utilizing potential phytocompounds

BACKGROUND

This review critically addresses the putative molecular targets of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and screens effective phytocompounds that can be therapeutically beneficial, and highlights their mechanistic modalities of action.

INTRODUCTION

DN has become one of the most prevalent complications of clinical hyperglycemia, with individual-specific variations in the disease spectrum that leads to fatal consequences. Diverse etiologies involving oxidative and nitrosative stress, activation of polyol pathway, inflammasome formation, Extracellular Matrix (ECM) modifications, fibrosis, and change in dynamics of podocyte functional and mesangial cell proliferation adds up to the clinical complexity of DN. Current synthetic therapeutics lacks target-specific approach, and is associated with the development of inevitable residual toxicity and drug resistance. Phytocompounds provides a vast diversity of novel compounds that can become an alternative therapeutic approach to combat the DN.

METHOD

Relevant publications were searched and screened from research databases like GOOGLE SCHOLAR, PUBMED and SCISEARCH. Out of 4895 publications, the most relevant publications were selected and included in this article.

RESULT

This study critically reviews over 60 most promising phytochemical and provides with their molecular targets, that can be of pharmacological significance in context to current treatment and concomitant research in DN.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights those most promising phytocompounds that have the potential of becoming new safer naturally-sourced therapeutic candidates and demands further attention at clinical level.

Effect of α-Tocopherol in the vitrification medium on the viability, lipid peroxidation, expression of key developmental, apoptotic and stress-related genes in ovine secondary follicles

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol on viability, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of apoptosis, stress, and development related genes in the vitrified sheep secondary follicles. Ovarian secondary follicles (200-300 μm) were isolated and distributed separately to the vitrification treatment and supplemented with 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM of α-tocopherol (while the control fresh group was without vitrification and supplementation of α-tocopherol). After a week, the follicles were thawed and evaluated for follicular viability by trypan blue dye exclusion method, lipid peroxidation and gene expression studies. The results showed that the vitrification with 10 and 20 mM of α-tocopherol positively affected (P<0.05) the viability of vitrified follicles in comparison with vitrified ones without α-tocopherol but the higher concentration of α-tocopherol, i.e., 30 mM negatively affected the viability (P<0.05) in comparison with the 10 and 20 mM of α-tocopherol groups. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the vitrified without α-tocopherol group in comparison to the vitrified with 20 mM of α-tocopherol group. The expression of apoptotic-related gene, BCL2L1 was significantly higher in 10 mM α-tocopherol group compared to the control fresh and CASPASE 3, 9 expressions were significantly higher in the vitrified group when compared to the vitrified with 10 mM α-tocopherol group. Expressions of BAX, BAD, BAK, BMP-15 and GDF-9 showed no significant difference among the groups. The mRNA expression of SOD1 was significantly higher in the vitrified without α-tocopherol group when compared to other groups. We conclude that the supplementation of 10 and 20 mM α-tocopherol in vitrification solution was the efficient vitrification procedure for the vitrification of ovine secondary follicles.

Antioxidants supplementation improves the quality of in vitro produced ovine embryos with amendments in key development gene expressions

The present study assessed the effects of supplementation of different antioxidants on oocyte maturation, embryo production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and expression of key developmental genes. In this study, using ovine as an animal model, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidant supplementation enhanced the developmental competence of oocytes. Ovine oocytes aspirated from local abattoir-derived ovaries were subjected to IVM with different concentrations of antioxidants [(Melatonin, Ascorbic acid (Vit C), alpha-tocopherol (Vit E), Sodium selenite (SS)]. Oocytes matured without any antioxidant supplementation were used as controls. The oocytes were assessed for maturation rates and ROS levels. Further, embryo production rates in terms of cleavage, blastocysts and total cell numbers were evaluated after performing in vitro fertilization. Real-Time PCR analysis was used to evaluate the expression of stress related gene (SOD-1), growth related (GDF-9, BMP-15), and apoptosis-related genes (BCL-2 and BAX). We observed that maturation rates were significantly higher in alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 92.4%) groups followed by melatonin (30 μM; 89.1%) group. However, blastocyst rates in ascorbic acid (100 μM; 19.5%), melatonin (30 μM; 18.4%), alpha-tocopherol (100 μM; 18.2%), and sodium selenite (20 μM; 16.9%) groups were significantly higher (P 0.05) than that observed in the control groups. Total cell numbers in blastocysts in the melatonin, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol groups were significantly higher than those observed in sodium selenite and control groups. ROS production was reduced in groups treated with melatonin (30 μM), vitamin C (100 μM), sodium selenite (20 μM) and α-tocopherol (200 μM) compared with that observed in the control group. Supplementation of antioxidants caused the alterations in mRNA expression of growth, stress, and apoptosis related gene expression in matured oocytes. The results recommend that antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (200 μM), sodium selenite (40 μM), melatonin (30 μM) and ascorbic acid (100 μM) during IVM reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels in oocytes, thus improving embryo quantity and quality.

To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors

Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.

Current Naturopathy to Combat Alzheimer's Disease

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, which may ultimately involve cell death. The most common neurodegenerative disorder in the brain happens with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. It ultimately leads to neuronal death, thereby impairing the normal functionality of the central or peripheral nervous system. The onset and prevalence of AD involve heterogeneous etiology, either in terms of genetic predisposition, neurometabolomic malfunctioning, or lifestyle. The worldwide relevancies are estimated to be over 45 million people. The rapid increase in AD has led to a concomitant increase in the research work directed towards discovering a lucrative cure for AD. The neuropathology of AD comprises the deficiency in the availability of neurotransmitters and important neurotrophic factors in the brain, extracellular betaamyloid plaque depositions, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Current pharmaceutical interventions utilizing synthetic drugs have manifested resistance and toxicity problems. This has led to the quest for new pharmacotherapeutic candidates naturally prevalent in phytochemicals. This review aims to provide an elaborative description of promising Phyto component entities having activities against various potential AD targets. Therefore, naturopathy may combine with synthetic chemotherapeutics to longer the survival of the patients.

Multi-target Polypharmacology of 4-aminoquinoline Compounds against Malaria, Tuberculosis and Cancer

BACKGROUND

Polypharmacology means drugs having interactions with multiple targets of a unique disease or many disease pathways. This concept has been greatly appreciated against complex diseases, such as oncology, CNS disorders, and anti-infectives.

METHODS

The integration of diverse compounds available on public databases initiates polypharmacological drug discovery research. Immunocompromised patients may suffer from complex diseases. Multiple-component drug formulations may produce side effects and resistance issues due to unintended drug-target interactions.

RESULTS

Polypharmacology remains a novel avenue to propose a more effective and less toxic treatment. The 4-amino quinoline scaffold has become an important construction motif for the development of new drugs against lifestyle diseases like cancer and infectious diseases like tuberculosis and malaria.

CONCLUSION

The present study is an attempt to explore the polypharmacological effects of 4- aminoquinoline drugs to combat malaria, cancer, and tuberculosis.

QSAR of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors Utilizing Theoretical Molecular Descriptors

Background:

COVID-19 is caused by a novel strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). It has claimed casualties around the world since the end of 2019 due to its high virulence and quick multiplicity in the human body. Hence, there has been a requirement to develop effective remedial measures to mitigate the mortality. Scientists have been able to develop corona vaccines to provide immunity, but there are no specific small-molecule chemotherapeutics to combat the novel coronavirus which has spread to the whole world due to its contagiousness. In the viral genome exploration, it has been found that the main protease, also known as chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease ([Mpro] or 3C-like protease [3CLpro]) is responsible for the novel coronavirus replication, transcription, and host immunity destruction.

Objectives:

Therefore, the main protease has been selected as one of the major targets for the design of new inhibitors. The protein crystallographic and molecular docking studies on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors and some quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies have been carried out on SARS-CoV main protease inhibitors to get some lead molecules for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. However, there is hardly any QSAR done on the diverse data of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. In view of it, QSAR studies have been attempted on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors utilizing theoretical molecular descriptors solely computed from the structures of novel corona viral main protease inhibitors.

Methods:

As the number of structural descriptors is more than the observations, a genetic algorithm coupled with multiple linear methods has been applied for the development of QSAR models taking diverse SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

Results:

The developed best QSAR model showing R2, Q2Loo, and R2pred values of 0.7389, 0.6666, and 0.6453 respectively has been further validated on an external data set where a good correlation (r = 0.787) has been found.

Conclusion:

Therefore, this model may be useful for the design of new SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors.

Stem Cell therapy in combination with naturopathy: Current progressive management of diabetes and associated complications

Background:

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder having a global prevalence of nearly doubled over the last 30 years and has become one of the major health concerns worldwide. The number of adults with diabetes increased to 537 million in 2021.

Introduction:

The overarching goal of diabetic research and treatment has always been to restore insulin independence and an average blood glucose level. Chemotherapeutic antidiabetic agents can manage diabetes but often show toxicity and drug resistance. Natural phytomedicines may be useful along with stem cell therapy for diabetes management. Even if the whole pancreatic organ and islet transplantation, are becoming benchmark techniques for diabetes management and control, a considerable scarcity of eligible donors of pancreatic tissues and organs severely limits their use. Stem cell treatment provides a bunch of possibilities for treating people with diabetes.

Methods:

For this purpose, comprehensive article searching was conducted, with relevant material obtained using search engines such as Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Google, and others, using appropriate keywords.

Results:

Stem cell therapies, including induced pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, are now becoming a popular area of investigation. Recent advancements in stem cell therapy might provide a feasible treatment option. Furthermore, in recent years, some novel bioactive compounds derived from plants have demonstrated antidiabetic action with higher potency than oral hypoglycaemic medications. Recent regenerative medicine and stem cell treatment advancements might subsequently provide a feasible diabetic management option. On the other hand, medicinal herbs have been considered a better choice for the extensive treatment of diabetes.

Conclusion:

If proper attention is not given to control diabetes by antidiabetic chemotherapeutic agents, natural phytomedicine, and sophisticated treatment like stem cell therapy, then the lifespan of patients will be decreased, and some associated secondary problems will also arise. So, the present review attempts to discuss naturopathy as an alternative resource in combination with stem cell therapy for the progressive management of diabetes and associated disorders.

Repurposing of Chemotherapeutics to Combat COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel strain of SARS coronavirus. The COVID-19 disease caused by this virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads through droplets sprayed by coughs or sneezes of the infected to a healthy person within the vicinity of 6 feet. It also spreads through asymptomatic carriers and has negative impact on the global economy, security and lives of people since 2019. Numerous lives have been lost to this viral infection; hence there is an emergency to build up a potent measure to combat SARS-CoV-2. In view of the non-availability of any drugs or vaccines at the time of its eruption, the existing antivirals, antibacterials, antimalarials, mucolytic agents and antipyretic paracetamol were used to treat the COVID-19 patients. Still there are no specific small molecule chemotherapeutics available to combat COVID-19 except for a few vaccines approved for emergency use only. Thus, the repurposing of chemotherapeutics with the potential to treat COVID-19 infected people is being used. The antiviral activity for COVID-19 and biochemical mechanisms of the repurposed drugs are being explored by the biological assay screening and structure-based in silico docking simulations. The present study describes the various US-FDA approved chemotherapeutics repositioned to combat COVID-19 along with their screening for biological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.

Selected Phytochemicals to Combat Lungs Injury: Natural Care

The human has two lungs responsible for respiration and drug metabolism. Severe lung infection caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to lungs injury. Smoking and tobacco consumption may also produce lungs injury. Inflammatory and pain mediators are secreted by alveolar macrophages. The inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, neutrophils, and fibroblasts are accumulated in the alveoli sac, which becomes infected. It may lead to hypoxia followed by severe pulmonary congestion and the death of the patient. There is an urgent need for the treatment of artificial respiration and ventilation. However, the situation may be the worst for patients suffering from lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and acute pneumonia caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Re-urgency has been happening in the case of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Therefore, it is needed to protect the lungs with the intake of natural phytomedicines. In the present review, several selected phyto components having the potential role in lung injury therapy have been discussed. Regular intake of natural vegetables and fruits bearing these constituents may save the lungs even in the dangerous attack of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cancer, pulmonary TB, and pneumatic patients.

Natural Inhibitors against Potential Targets of Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and Leukotrienes

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes catalyze the production of pain mediators like Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs), respectively from arachidonic acid.

INTRODUCTION

The COX and LOX enzyme modulators are responsible for the major PGs and LTs mediated complications like asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathy and Cardiovascular Syndromes (CVS). Many synthetic Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment have serious side effects like nausea, vomiting, hyperacidity, gastrointestinal ulcers, CVS, etc. Methods: The natural inhibitors of pain mediators have great acceptance worldwide due to fewer side effects on long-term uses. The present review is an extensive study of the advantages of plantbased vs synthetic inhibitors.

RESULTS

These natural COX and LOX inhibitors control inflammatory response without causing side-effect-related complicacy.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the natural COX and LOX inhibitors may be used as alternative medicines for the management of pain and inflammation due to their less toxicity and resistivity.

Exploring the Targets of Novel Corona Virus and Docking-based Screening of Potential Natural Inhibitors to Combat COVID-19

There is a need to explore natural compounds against COVID-19 due to their multitargeted actions against various targets of nCoV. They act on multiple sites rather than single targets against several diseases. Thus, there is a possibility that natural resources can be repurposed to combat COVID-19. However, the biochemical mechanisms of these inhibitors were not known. To reveal the mode of anti-nCoV action, structure-based docking plays a major role. The present study is an attempt to explore various potential targets of SARS-CoV-2 and the structure-based screening of various potential natural inhibitors to combat the novel coronavirus.

Cardiac sympathetic afferent denervation reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression and improves cardiac remodeling in rats post myocardial infarction

 

In a previous study from our laboratory, we demonstrated that chronic and selective cardiac sympathetic afferent (spinal) denervation at the time of myocardial infarction (MI) using epicardial application of resiniferatoxin (RTX), a neuronal toxin capable of inducing rapid degeneration of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing afferent neurons and fibers, markedly reduced the cardiac remodeling process 9–11 weeks post-MI in rats. This included reduced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Here, we further investigated the effect of epicardial application of RTX at the time of MI on cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling post-MI. Echocardiographic and morphologic data demonstrated that, compared to MI+vehicle, MI+RTX exhibited a significantly slower LV chamber dilation (6-week echocardiographic data: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, 10.7±0.2 vs. 9.6±0.3 mm; left ventricular end-systolic diameter: 8.8±0.2 vs. 7.8±0.3 mm; MI+vehicle vs. MI+RTX, n=18, p&lt;0.05; mean±SE). Scanning electron microscopy showed that RTX reduced collagen deposition in the peri-infarct area in post-MI rats. Western blot and zymography were used to further evaluate the effect of RTX application on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity, which is responsible for degrading ECM and contributing to cardiac dilation post MI. Our data suggest time-dependent increases in MMP expression in infarcted hearts post MI. RTX application largely prevented the increase in MMP9 but not MMP2, 4 weeks post-MI. RTX prevented both increased MMP2 and MMP9 activities in the peri-infarct myocardium at 8–10 weeks post-MI. We further investigated the effect of RTX application on MI-induced cardiac inflammation, which has been reported as an upstream mechanism triggering MMP activation post-MI. The data show that RTX largely abolished MI-induced plasma extravasation and reduced macrophage infiltration and cardiac cytokine content in the peri-infarct or remote myocardium of post-MI rats. These data suggest that cardiac sympathetic afferent denervation at the time of MI exerts a local anti-inflammatory effect and reduces ECM remodeling by preventing excessive MMP activation in post-MI rats.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Institutes of Health Grant HL126796

Exploring the Role of Antioxidants to Combat Oxidative Stress in Malaria Parasites

BACKGROUND

Malaria, a global challenge, is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species. Approximately 229 million cases of malaria were reported in 2019. Major incidences occur in various continents, including African and Eastern Mediterranean Continents and South-East Asia.

INTRODUCTION

Despite the overall decline in global incidence from 2010 to 2018, the rate of decline has been almost constant since 2014. The morbidity and mortality have been accelerated due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by oxidative stress generated by the parasite responsible for the destruction of host metabolism and cell nutrients.

METHODS

The excessive release of free radicals is associated with the infection in the animal or human body by the parasites. This may be related to a reduction in nutrients required for the generation of antioxidants and the destruction of cells by parasite activity. Therefore, an intensive literature search has been carried out to find the natural antioxidants used to neutralize the free radicals generated during malarial infection.

RESULTS

The natural antioxidants may be useful as an adjuvant treatment along with the antimalarial chemotherapeutics to reduce the death rate and enhance the success rate of malaria treatment.

CONCLUSION

In this manuscript, an attempt has been made to provide significant insight into the antioxidant activities of herbal extracts against malaria parasites.

Repurposing of Drugs and HTS to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Utilizing Structure-Based Molecular Docking

Background:

COVID-19, first reported in China, from the new strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), poses a great threat to the world by claiming uncountable lives. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious virus that has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. In the absence of any specific medicine to cure COVID-19, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics, including drug repositioning along with diagnostics and vaccines to combat the COVID-19. Many antivirals, antimalarials, antiparasitic, antibacterials, immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory agents are being clinically investigated for the treatment of COVID-19.

Objectives:

The earlier developed one parameter regression model correlating the dock scores with in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 main protease activity well predicted the six drugs viz remdesivir, chloroquine, favipiravir, ribavirin, penciclovir, and nitazoxanide as potential anti-COVID agents. To further validate our earlier model, the biological activity of nine more recently published SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors has been predicted using our previously reported model.

Methods:

In the present study, this regression model has been used to screen the existing antiviral, antiparasitic, antitubercular, and anti pneumonia chemotherapeutics utilizing dock score analyses to explore the potential including mechanism of action of these compounds in combating SARS-CoV-2 main protease.

Results:

The high correlation (R=0.91) explaining 82.3% variance between the experimental versus predicted activities for the nine compounds is observed. It proves the robustness of our developed model. Therefore, this robust model has been further improved, taking a total number of 15 compounds to formulate another model with an R-value of 0.887 and the explained variance of 78.6%. These models have been used for high throughput screening (HTS) of the 21 diverse compounds belonging to antiviral, antiparasitic, antitubercular, and anti pneumonia chemotherapeutics as potential repurpose agents to combat SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The models screened that the drugs bedaquiline and lefamulin have higher binding affinities (dock scores of -8.989 and -9.153 Kcal/mol respectively) than the reference compound N-[2-(5-fluoranyl-1~H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ethanamide (dock score of -7.998 Kcal/Mol), as well as higher predicted activities with pEC50 of 0.783 and 0.937 μM and the 0.611 and 0.724 μM respectively. The clinically used repurposed drugs dexamethasone and cefixime have been predicted with pEC50 values of -0.463 and -0.622 μM and -0.311 and -0.428 μM respectively for optimal inhibition. The drugs such as doxycycline, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, and TBAJ-876 showed moderate binding affinity corresponding to the moderate predicted activity (-1.540 to -1.109 μM).

Conclusion:

In the present study, validation of our previously developed dock score-based one parametric regression model has been carried out by predicting 9 more SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Another model has been formulated to explore the model's robustness. These models have been taken as a barometer for the screening of more potent compounds. The HTS revealed that the drugs such as bedaquiline and lefamulin are highly predicted active compounds, whereas dexamethasone and cefixime have optimal inhibition towards SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The drugs such as doxycycline, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, and TBAJ-876 have moderately active compounds towards the target inhibition.

Poloxamer based Urapidil Loaded Chitosan Microparticle in Approach to Improve the Mechanical Strength by Tensile Strength and Entrapment Determination

Background:

The literature review highlighted the issues related to the poor mechanical strength of chitosan-based microparticles. In an attempt to resolve the stated drawback, the microparticles are prepared with a suitable combination of poloxamer-188 (pluronic) and chitosan-based hydrogels.

Objective:

The current study deals with urapidil-loaded chitosan microparticles incorporating chitosan-based hydrogels and small polyanionic electrolytes. The mechanical strength was ascertained by entrapment efficiency and texture analyzer.

Method:

Chitosan-based hydrogels and the combination of poloxamer and further microparticles are prepared by counter-ion aggregation technique in polyanionic electrolyte medium (20 % w/v). During the preparation, poloxamer is incorporated to improve the mechanical strength, which is ascertained in terms of adhesive strength (tensile strength) by texture analyzer and entrapment efficiency. The prepared microparticles are also subjected to micrometric studies, swelling index, surface morphology study, drug-polymer interaction study, and zeta analysis.

Result:

It was observed that there is a remarkable increase in entrapment efficiency (maximum of 78.56 % from SSP4) with the progressive increase in poloxamer-188. In addition to that, adhesive strength was also studied by a texture analyzer for all microparticles. Sodium citrate-based products exhibited superior adhesive strength values compared to sodium sulfate and sodium tripolyphosphate-based and signified the incorporation of poloxamer-188. A significant finding was also recorded for the swelling properties to microenvironmental pH attributed to polyanions. It observed Sodium TPP microparticles continued to swell in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. Zeta value was found to be maximum with -5.2 mV; it could further be improved by adding electrolytes. TPP4 showed a comparatively larger particle size of 8.07 µm. Polydispersity index value ascertained homogenous dispersion of microparticles. SEM study revealed prominent porous surfaces for sodium tripolyphosphate microparticles.

Conclusion:

The study revealed that the addition of poloxamer-188 improved the mechanical strength, identified by entrapment efficiency and texture analysis. SCP4 microparticle was found to be the best formulation among all.

Effect of different vitrification protocols on post thaw viability and gene expression of ovine preantral follicles

The aim of the present study was to establish a vitrification protocol for ovine preantral follicles, which can retain viability after thawing and to evaluate the impact of different vitrification treatments on apoptosis and development-related gene expression. Preantral follicles were isolated from cortical slices of ovaries by the mechanical method of isolation. The isolated preantral follicles (200-300 μm) were randomly assigned into four groups. Group1 - Control Fresh preantral follicles (256 follicles); Group 2- Vitrification treatment A (259 follicles) (Vitrification solution 1 (VS1) - Fetal bovine serum (FBS)10%, Ethylene glycol (EG):1.8 M, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): 1.4 M, Sucrose-0.3 M for 4 min; VS2- FBS10%, EG:4.5 M, DMSO: 3.5 M, Sucrose:0.3 M for 45 s), Group 3 - Vitr. treatment B (235 follicles) (VS1-FBS 20%, EG:1.3 M, DMSO1.05 M for 15 min, VS2- FBS 20%, EG:2.7 M, DMSO:2.1 M for 5 min) and Group 4-Vitrification treatment C (248 follicles) (VS1-Glycerol(Gly):1.2 M for 3 min, VS2- Gly:1.2 M, EG:3.6 M for 3 min, VS3- Gly3M, EG: 4.5 M for 1 min). Preantral follicles were placed in corresponding vitrification treatments and later plunged immediately into liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). After a week, the follicles were thawed and analyzed for follicular viability by trypan blue dye exclusion method as well as for gene expression. The results showed that the low concentration of cryoprotectants (vitrification treatment B) negatively affected the viability of preantral follicles in comparison with control follicles. There was no significant difference in the viability rates among the Control (87%), Treatment A (79%) and Treatment C (75%). The percentage of viable preantral follicles (73%) derived from Treatment B was significantly decreased (P<0.05%) in comparison to that of control. The expression of apoptotic gene BAK was higher in the vitrification treatment B group. Expressions of the other apoptosis-related genes i.e. Bcl2L1, BAD, BAX, Caspase 3, and Annexin showed no significant difference among the groups. The expression pattern of development competence genes GDF-9 and BMP-15 were higher (P < 0.05) in vitrification treatment A and C, respectively. Expression of NOBOX gene was significantly increased in preantral follicles with Vitrification treatment B compared to the control group. We conclude that both the Vitrification treatment A and Treatment C were the efficient vitrification treatment methods for the vitrification of ovine preantral follicles.

Effect of retinol in the vitrification medium on viability of vitrified ovine preantral follicles and expression of key developmental and apoptosis related genes

BACKGROUND

Vitrification increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidants in the vitrification solution may be beneficial by reducing excessive ROS production.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of retinol supplementation in vitrification solution on viability, apoptosis and development-related gene expression in vitrified sheep preantral follicles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preantral follicles were isolated and randomly assigned into one of five groups: Group1, control fresh preantral follicles; Group 2, vitrification treatment; Group 3, vitrification + 2 μM retinol; Group 4, vitrification + 5 μM retinol; Group 5, vitrification + 10 μM retinol. Preantral follicles were placed in vitrification solutions and then plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). After a week, the follicles were thawed and analyzed for follicular viability by trypan blue exclusion method and for gene expression.

RESULTS

Vitrification with 5 μM retinol positively affected viability in comparison with vitrification without retinol (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in viability among the Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 5. Expression of apoptotic genes BAX and Casp 3 were higher in the vitrified group, and vitrification with 5 μM retinol (Group 4) is comparable to the control fresh. Expressions of other apoptosis-related genes (i.e., BCL2L1, BAD and BAK) showed significant difference between the control fresh group and the vitrification group with 5 μM retinol. Expression of Annexin5 was also significantly different among various groups. The expression of development competence genes GDF-9 and BMP-15 were higher (P < 0.05) in the Group vitrified with 5 μM retinol.

CONCLUSION

The supplementation of 5 μM retinol in vitrification solution was beneficial for the vitrification of ovine preantral follicles.

Regulatory role of Wnt signal in the estradiol synthesis of different size categories of ovarian follicles in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The aim of the present study was to understand the role of Wnt signal in ovarian estradiol synthesis in various size categories of ovarian follicles. A six- day cell culture system was adopted to test the effect of a Wnt inhibitor i.e. Inhibitor of Wnt response (IWR) on the ovarian granulosa cell estradiol synthesis and associated genes related to estradiol synthesis and Wnt signaling (CYP19A1, CCND2, WNT2, FZD6, DVL1, APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1) in buffalo. It was conducted with four groups: Group 1:control, Group 2: control + FSH, Group 3: IWR, Group 4:IWR + FSH. No significant effect of IWR was observed on the ovarian granulosa cell proliferation. No significant difference in the estradiol levels was found in the spent media harvested after six days of in vitro culture among different groups in small and large-sized ovarian follicles. However, the estradiol level varied significantly (P < 0.05) among different treatment groups in medium-sized follicles. The estradiol level was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in IWR group compared to the control group and was also significantly lower in IWR+FSH group compared to the FSH group. The Wnt inhibitor had significantly (P< 0.05) reduced the gene expression of CYP19A1 in large ovarian follicles. Varied effects of IWR-1 and FSH on the expression of other genes were observed. The results indicated that there is a positive role of Wnt signal in estradiol synthesis in buffalo but the positive role was more discernable in medium and large-sized follicles.

An updated patent review on drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis (2018-present)

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has been a global challenge as 1.4 million deaths were reported in 2019, which included deaths attributed to HIV-TB co-infection. It is curable by the prescribed Directly Observed Treatment Short (DOTS) course, but the situation becomes critical and alarming due to multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. Hence there has been an urgent need to develop novel M.tb chemotherapeutics to overcome this situation.

AREAS COVERED

This review provides an overview and update on recent developments on the novel therapeutics for the treatment of TB from the important published and granted patents (2018-present).

EXPERT OPINION

The discovery of potent chemotherapeutics with reduced toxicity to combat M.tb particularly MDR and XDR-TB is a major challenge in antitubercular drug development. The missing of any doses during the DOTS treatment and poor immunity particularly in HIV patients has been a major cause for the development of drug resistance. Hence the major focus has to be on novel targets with their inhibitors and novel molecules both of natural and synthetic origins along with repurposed drugs for the complete eradication of tuberculosis.

Current Role of Nanotechnology Used in Food Processing Industry to Control Food Additives and Exploring Their Biochemical Mechanisms

BACKGROUND

With the advent of food additives centuries ago, the human race has found ways to improve and maintain the safety of utility, augment the taste, color, texture, nutritional value, and appearance of the food. Since the 19th century, when the science behind food spoilage was discerned, the use of food additives in food preservation has been increasing worldwide and at a fast pace to get along with modern lifestyles. Although food additives are thought to be used to benefit the food market, some of them are found to be associated with several health issues at an alarming rate. Studies are still going on regarding the mechanisms by which food additives affect public health. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find out the remedies by exploiting technologies that may convey new properties of food additives that can only enhance the quality of food without having any systemic side effects. Thus, this review focuses on the applications of nanotechnology in the production of nano-food additives and evaluates its success regarding reduction in the health-related hazards collaterally maintaining the food nutrient value.

METHODOLOGY

A thorough literature study was performed using scientific databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science for determining the design of the study, and each article was checked for citation and referred to formulate the present review article.

CONCLUSION

Nanotechnology can be applied in the food processing industry to control the unregulated use of food additives and to intervene in the biochemical mechanisms at a cellular and physiological level for the ensuring safety of food products. The prospective of nano-additive of chemical origin could be useful to reduce risks of hazards related to human health that are caused majorly due to the invasion of food contaminants (either intentional or non-intentional) into food, though this area still needs scientific validation. Therefore, this review provides comprehensive knowledge on different facets of food contaminants and also serves as a platform of ideas for encountering health risk problems about the design of improved versions of nano-additives.

First molecular modelling report on tri-substituted pyrazolines as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors through classical and machine learning based multi-QSAR analysis

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) falls under a broad category of metallohydrolase enzymes responsible for the catalysis of the phosphodiesterase bond, and thus it can terminate the action of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Overexpression of this enzyme leads to development of a number of pathological conditions. Thus, targeting the enzyme to develop inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as pulmonary hypertension. In the current study, several molecular modelling techniques were utilized including Bayesian classification, single tree and forest tree recursive partitioning, and genetic function approximation to identify crucial structural fingerprints important for optimization of tri-substituted pyrazoline derivatives as PDE5 inhibitors. Later, various machine learning models were also developed that could be utilized to predict and screen PDE5 inhibitors in the future.

Phyto-chlorophyllin Prevents Food Additive Induced Genotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Cytochrome c Mediated Pathway in Mice Model

OBJECTIVES

The issue of food-additive-toxicity causing several health hazards needs to be therapeutically managed with an immediate effect. Alloxan, a food additive, is used for whitening and shining flour. It is capable of inducing genotoxicity, diabetes, and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, to explore a non-toxic, phyto-based compound that can delay the onset of diabetes and prevent the multitude of damage associated, Chlorophyllin (CHL) was selected for our study, having been reported to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and antiinflammatory responses. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the protective role of CHL in controlling genotoxicity, glucose imbalance, and associated cytochrome c mediated mitochondrial signaling dysfunction against food-additive-induced genotoxicity, diabetic state, and its complexities in mice model in vivo.

METHODS

Mice were pre-treated with CHL through oral gavage before they were exposed to alloxan. Diabetic markers, anti-oxidant enzyme profile, chromosomal study, mitochondrial functioning factors, and expression of proteins were checked against food-additive injected mice.

RESULTS

The results revealed that CHL pre-treatment could delay the onset of diabetes, restrict alloxan-induced elevation of blood glucose, reduce DNA-damage and chromosomal aberration, optimize enzymatic profile (glucokinase, pyruvate, insulin), and modulates protein expression (insulin, IRS1, IRS2, GLUT2). Further, CHL-pre-treatment could stabilize mitochondrial-membrane-potential, intracellular calcium ion, ATP/ADP ratio, ATPase activity, thereby maintaining optimum functioning of cytochrome-c, bcl2, and caspase3 mitochondrial protein.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the present study reports, for the first time, the screening of phytobased bioactive CHL for preventing/limiting the extent of food-additive-induced genotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction and serves as an advanced therapeutic tool in the management of diabetes.

Naturally Sourced CDK Inhibitors and Current Trends in Structure-Based Synthetic Anticancer Drug Design by Crystallography

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the chief regulators in cell proliferation; the kinase activities are largely regulated by their interactions with CDK inhibitors (CKIs) and Cyclins. The association of different CDKs with CDKIs and Cyclins at the cell-cycle checkpoints of different stages of mitotic cell cycle function act more likely as the molecular switches that regulate different transcriptional events required for progression through the cell cycle. A fine balance in response to extracellular and intracellular signals is highly maintained in the orchestrated function of CDKs along with Cyclins and CDKIs for normal cell proliferation. This fine-tuning in mitotic cell cycle progression sometimes gets lost due to dysregulation of CDKs. The aberrant functioning of the CDKIs is therefore studied for its contributions as a vital hallmark of cancers. It has attracted our focus to maneuver cancer therapy. Hence, several synthetic CDKIs and their crystallography-based drug design have been explained to understand their mode of action with CDKs. Since most of the synthetic drugs function by inhibiting the CDK4/6 kinases by competitively binding to their ATP binding cleft, these synthetic drugs are reported to attack the normal, healthy growing cells adjacent to the cancer cells leading to the decrease in the life span of the cancer patients. The quest for traditional natural medicines may have a great impact on the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in the present studies, a search for naturally sourced CDK inhibitors has been briefly focused. Additionally, some synthetic crystallography-based drug design has been explained to elucidate different avenues to develop better anticancer chemotherapeutics, converting natural scaffolds into inhibitors of the CDK mediated abnormal signal transduction with lesser side effects.

Exploring the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and RdRp targets by updating current structure-based drug design utilizing co-crystals to combat COVID-19

The unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) engulfs millions of death worldwide. It has directly hit the socio-economic status of the affected countries. There are more than 219 countries badly affected by the COVID-19. There are no particular small molecule inhibitors to combat the dreadful virus. Many antivirals, antimalarials, antiparasitic, antibacterials, immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory, and immune stimulatory agents have been repurposed for the treatment of COVID19. But the exact mechanism of action of these drugs towards COVID-19 targets has not been experimented with yet. Under the effect of chemotherapeutics, the virus may change its genetic material and produces various strains, which are the main reasons behind the dreadful attack of COVID-19. The nuclear genetic components are composed of main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which are responsible for producing nascent virion and viral replication in the host cells. To explore the biochemical mechanisms of various small molecule inhibitors, structure-based drug design can be attempted utilizing NMR crystallography. The process identifies and validates the target protein involved in the disease pathogenesis by the binding of a chemical ligand at a well-defined pocket on the protein surface. In this way, the mode of binding of the ligands inside the target cavity can be predicted for the design of potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

Effect of retinol as antioxidant on the post-thaw viability and the expression of apoptosis and developmental competence-related genes of vitrified preantral follicles in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study evaluated the effect of supplementation of retinol in the vitrification solution on the viability, apoptosis and development-related gene expression in vitrified buffalo preantral follicles. Preantral follicles isolated from cortical slices of ovaries were randomly assigned into three groups: Group1-Control fresh preantral follicles; Group 2-Vitrification treatment (Vitrification solution 1 (VS1) -TCM-199 + 25 mM HEPES + Foetal bovine serum (FBS) 10%, Ethylene glycol (EG): 10%, Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO): 10%, Sucrose-0.3 M for 4 min; VS2- TCM-199 + 25 mM HEPES + FBS10%, EG:25%, DMSO: 25%, Sucrose:0.3 M for 45 s); Group3-vitrification treatment +5 μM of Retinol. Preantral follicles were placed in corresponding vitrification medium and plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). After a week, the follicles were thawed and analysed for follicular viability and gene expression. There was no significant difference in the viability rates among the Group 1(Fresh preantral follicles) (91.46 ± 2.39%), Group 2 (89.59 ± 2.46%) and Group 3 (87.19 ± 4.05%). There was a significantly (p < .05) higher mRNA expression of BCL2L1, GDF-9 and BMP-15 in the vitrification + retinol group compared with the control group. There was a significantly (p < .05) higher expression of Caspase-3 and Annexin-5 in the vitrification group and Vitrification + retinol group compared with control group of follicles. It is concluded that the supplementation of 5 μM of Retinol in Vitrification solution was an efficient vitrification procedure for the vitrification of buffalo preantral follicles.

Natural infection of Delta mutant of SARS-CoV-2 in Asiatic lions of India

The current pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has underlined the importance of emerging diseases of zoonotic importance. Along with human beings, several species of wild and pet animals have been demonstrated to be infected by SARS‐CoV‐2, both naturally and experimentally. In addition, with constant emergence of new variants, the species susceptibility might further change which warrants intensified screening efforts. India is a vast and second most populated country, with a habitat of a very diverse range of animal species. In this study we place on record of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in three captive Asiatic lions. Detailed genomic characterization revealed involvement of Delta mutant (Pango lineage B.1.617.2) of SARS‐CoV‐2 at two different locations. Interestingly, no other feline species enclosed in the zoo/park were found infected. The epidemiological and molecular analysis will contribute to the understanding of the emerging mutants of SARS‐CoV‐2 in wild and domestic animals.

Exploring the COVID-19 Potential Targets: Big Challenges to Quest Specific Treatment

BACKGROUND

The novel strain SARS-CoV-2 of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) became pandemic in end of 2019 with an unprecedented global crisis by infecting around 11 million people in more than 200 countries. The condition has now been provoked by the demand, supply, and liquidity shocks that COVID-19 has attacked lives of an incredible population.

OBJECTIVES

Therefore, researchers are trying to encode and understand the viral genome sequence along with various potential targets to explore the transmission mechanism and the mode of treatment for COVID-19. The important structural proteins such as nucleocapsid protein (N), membrane protein (M), an envelope protein (E), and spike protein (S) related to covid-19 are discussed in this manuscript.

METHODS

The topology of these various targets has been explored utilizing structure-based design and crystallographic studies.

RESULTS

The literature reported that the N protein process viral genome to the host cell during replication. The "N terminal domain" and "C terminal domain" contribute towards the localization in the endoplasmic region and dimerization respectively. The M protein determines the shape of coronavirus and also assists the S protein to integrate with the Golgi-endoplasmic region complex leading to the stabilization of the virion. The smallest hydrophobic viroporin termed "E" takes part in morphogenesis and pathogenesis during intracellular infection. The viral spike (S) protein attaches the cellular receptors and initiates virus-cell membrane fusions. The main protease in the proteolytic process during viral gene expression and replication has also been discussed.

CONCLUSION

Currently there is no permanent cure and treatment of COVID-19 hence researchers are repurposing the suitable combination of drugs including antiviral, antimalarial, antiparasitic, and antibacterial, hypertensive receptor blockers, immunosuppressant, anti-arthritis drug, including ayurvedic formulations. In brief, it is justified that, for complete recovery, there is a need for deep and elaborate studies on genomic sequences and invading mechanisms in the host cell.

Exploring targets of cell wall protein synthesis and overexpression mediated drug resistance for the discovery of potential M. tb inhibitors

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease engulfing millions of lives worldwide; it is caused by mammalian tubercle bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which may consist of strains viz. M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), M. microti, M. pinnipedii and M. canettii. The other pathogenic strain is M.africanum which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex and it is fully virulent for humans. The non-pathogenic strains in the complex may include, M. fortuitum and M.smegmatis. Extensive research has been carried out to combat this dangerous disease. World Health Organization proposed Directly Observed Treatment Short-course regimen (DOTS) for the eradication of the TB. In addition, the compounds such as TBA-7371, TBI-166, AZD5847 and PBTZ-169 are under clinical trials whereas the recently FDA approved anti tubercular drugs are Pretomanid (PA-824), Bedaquiline (TMC207), Linezolid (PNU-100480) and Delamanid (OPC-67683). The early detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis can be permanently cured by DOTS comprising of Pyrazinamide (Z), Isoniazid (H), Rifampin (R) and Ethambutol (E). Duration of the treatment depends on viability of the disease. DOTS can target to disrupt the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall proteins expressed by various genes. Overexpression of these genes may produce drug-resistant due to dose misuse or the intake of quality compromised anti tubercular drug regimen. Therefore, in the present review there has been a necessity to report the second line antitubercular chemotherapeutics to target various proteins which are the building block of M. tb cell wall, overexpression of which may produce drug resistance.

The Antiviral and Antimalarial Drug Repurposing in Quest of Chemotherapeutics to Combat COVID-19 Utilizing Structure-Based Molecular Docking

BACKGROUND

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a new strain (SARS-CoV-2) that erupted in 2019. Nowadays, it is a great threat that claims uncountable lives worldwide. There is no specific chemotherapeutics developed yet to combat COVID-19. Therefore, scientists have been devoted to the quest of the medicine that can cure COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE

Existing antivirals, such as ASC09/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir with or without umifenovir in combination with antimalarial chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, have been repurposed to fight the current coronavirus epidemic. Exact biochemical mechanisms of these drugs towards COVID-19 have not been discovered to date.

METHODS

In-silico molecular docking can predict the mode of binding to sort out the existing chemotherapeutics having a potential affinity towards inhibition of the COVID-19 target. An attempt has been made in the present work to carry out docking analyses of 34 drugs, including antivirals and antimalarials, to explain explicitly the mode of interactions of these ligands towards the COVID-19protease target.

RESULTS

13 compounds having good binding affinity have been predicted towards protease binding inhibition of COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

Our in silico docking results have been confirmed by current reports from clinical settings through the citation of suitable experimental in vitro data available in the published literature.

Potential Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP1B) Enzyme: Promising Target for Type-II Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND

There has been growing interest in the development of highly potent and selective protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) inhibitors for the past 2-3 decades. Though most PTPs share a common active site motif, the interest in selective inhibitors, particularly against PTP1B is increasing to discover new chemical entities as antidiabetic agents. In the current paradigm to find potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors, which is currently considered as one of the best validated biological targets for non-insulin-dependent diabetic and obese individuals, resistance to insulin due to decreased sensitivity of the insulin receptor is a pathological factor and is also genetically linked, causing type II diabetes.

OBJECTIVE

Insulin receptor sensitization is performed by a signal transduction mechanism via a selective protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B). After the interaction of insulin with its receptor, autophosphorylation of the intracellular part of the receptor takes place, turning it into an active kinase (sensitization). PTP1B is involved in the desensitization of the receptor by dephosphorylation. PTP1b inhibitors delay the receptor desensitization, prolonging insulin effect and making PTP1B as a drug target for the treatment of diabetes II. Therefore, it has become a major target for the discovery of potent drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity. An attempt has been made in the present study to discuss the latest design and discovery of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) inhibitors.

METHODS

Many PTP1B inhibitors such as diaminopyrroloquinazoline, triazines, pyrimido triazine derivatives, 2-(benzylamino)-1-phenylethanol, urea, acetamides and piperazinylpropanols, phenylsulphonamides and phenylcarboxamide, benzamido, arylcarboxylic acid derivatives, arylsupfonyl derivatives, thiazoles, isothiozolidiones and thiazolodinones have been discussed, citing the disease mechanisms.

RESULTS

The reader will gain an overview of the structure and biological activity of recently developed PTPs inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

The co-crystallized ligands and the screened inhibitors could be used as a template for the further design of potent congeners.

In Silico Factorial Screening and Optimization of Chitosan Based Gel for Urapidil Loaded Microparticle using Reduced Factorial Design

OBJECTIVE

Literature study revealed the poor mechanical strength of chitosan-based microparticles. Our research aimed at developing sufficient strength of microparticle with a suitable concentration of chitosan and non-ionic surfactants such as poloxamer-188 (pluronic). It also aimed to develop and study the effect of variables for prepared microparticles utilizing insilico screening methodology, such as reduced factorial design, followed by optimization.

METHODS

Preliminary trial batches were prepared with variable concentration of chitosan and poloxamer-188 utilizing cross-linked ion-gelation technique. A 20% w/v sodium citrate solution was used as a cross-linking solution. The resolution-IV of 24-1 reduced factorial design was selected to screen the possible and significant independent variables or factors in the dosage form design. A total number of eight runs were suggested by statistical software and responses were recorded. The responses such as spreadability, pH, viscosity and percentage of drug released at 12 h were considered in the screening study. Based on the result, selected factors were included in the optimization technique, including graphical and numerical methods.

RESULTS

The signified factors based on reduced two-level factorial screening design with randomized subtype, were identified by Half-normal and Pareto chart. Mathematical fitting and analysis were performed by the factorial equation during the optimization process. The validation and fitting of models were suggested and evaluated by p-value, adjusted R2, and predicted R2 values. The significant and non-significant terms were evaluated, followed by finding the optimal concentration and region with yellow color highlighted in an overlay plot. Based on the data obtained by the overlay study, the final formulation batch was prepared and the observed value was found to be pretty much nearer as compared to predicted values. Drug-polymer interaction study included attenuated total reflectance, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-Ray diffraction study.

CONCLUSION

The principal of the study design was based on finding the prefixed set parameter values utilizing the concept of in-silico screening technique and optimization with a minimal number of trials and study expenses. It concluded that Poloxamer-188 (0.94%), chitosan (2.38%), swelling time (1.81 h), and parts of chitosan (78.51%) in a formulation batch would fulfill the predetermined parameter with specific values.

Copper and Selenium stimulates CYP19A1 expression in caprine ovarian granulosa cells: possible involvement of AKT and WNT signalling pathways

The role of copper and selenium on activation of estradiol synthesis pathways viz. PKA/AKT/WNT is not clearly elucidated. On this background we attempt to elcuiated the role of copper and selenium on mRNA expression of genes associated with estradiol synthesis in caprine ovarian granulose cell models. Ovarian granulosa cells from medium (3-5 mm) sized follicles were aspirated and distributed separately to different groups. Group I: control, Group II: cupric chloride (Cu: 0.5 mM), Group III: sodium selenite (Se: 100 ng/ml), Group IV: Cu + Se. The cells (10⁵/well) were cultured in 96 well plate in the base culture medium of MEMα comprising of nonessential amino acids (1.1 mM), FSH (10 ng/mL), transferrin (5 µg/mL), IGF-I (2 ng/mL), androstenedione (10^-6 M), penicillin (100 IU/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL) and fungizone (0.625 µl/mL) and insulin (1 ng/mL). The cells were incubated in a carbondioxide incubator (38 °C, 5% CO₂, 95% RH). The medium was changed on alternate days and cells were harvested on day 6. Day 6 media was used for estimation of estradiol. The RNA isolated form harvested cells was used for qPCR assay. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in estradiol concentration between groups. The mRNA expression of AKT1, CYP19A1, WNT2 & 4, FZD6 and APC2 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Cu and Cu + Se groups compared to control. Whereas, the mRNA transcript of DVL1 and CSNK1 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Cu + Se group compared to control. Incontrast, no significant difference in mRNA expression of PRKAR1A and CTNNB1 was noticed. Our study support a key role of copper and selenium in activation of AKT and WNT signalling pathway that further lead to increase in the mRNA expression of CYP19A1.

To Explore the Potential Targets and Current Structure-based Design Strategies Utilizing Co-crystallized Ligand to Combat HCV

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) belongs to the Hepacivirus family. HCV has been designated as a very dreadful virus as it can attack the liver, causing inflammation and even may lead to cancer in chronic conditions. It was estimated that 71 million people around the world have chronic HCV infection. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that about 399000 people died because of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. In spite of the abundance of availability of drugs for the treatment of HCV, however, the issue of drug resistance surpasses all the possibilities of therapeutic management of HCV. Therefore, to address this issue of 'drug-resistance', various HCV targets were explored to quest the evaluation of the mechanism of the disease progression.

METHODS

An attempt has been made in the present study to explore the various targets of HCV involved in the mechanism(s) of the disease initiation and progression and to focus on the mode of binding of ligands, which are co-crystallized at the active cavity of different HCV targets.

CONCLUSION

The present study could predict some crucial features of these ligands, which possibly interacted with various amino acid residues responsible for their biological activity and molecular signaling pathway(s). Such binding mode may be considered as a template for the high throughput screening and designing of active congeneric ligands to combat HCV.

Exploring Spike Protein as Potential Target of Novel Coronavirus and to Inhibit the Viability utilizing Natural Agents

BACKGROUND

By the end of 2019 the sudden outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global threat. It is called COVID-19 because it was caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) in 2019. A total of 1.9 M deaths and 87.9 M cases have been reported all over the world where 49M cases have recovered so far. Scientists are working hard to find chemotherapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19. Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed in a combination of several hazardous stresses, making them more resistant and beneficial. So to break down the viral system, the disease targets are examined.

OBJECTIVE

In today's review, a comprehensive study of spike protein explains the main purpose of the novel coronavirus and how to prevent the spread of the disease virus, cross-transmission from infected to a healthy person.

METHOD

Covid-19 has already been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to global death and wide illness. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. However, the intermediate host of the novel coronavirus is not clear. To explore the mechanisms of disease, one of the viral targets, such as the spike protein that binds to human cells and causes the disease and its genetic structure, is considered with potential inhibitors.

RESULTS

It has been shown that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS- CoV-2 spike and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host receptor interact and further replication of coronavirus spike protein causes its invasion in the host cell. The human Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, Locus E (LY6E) inhibits the entry of CoV into host cells by interfering with the human gene, spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Some natural formulations have also been shown to prevent spike protein from binding to the host cell.

CONCLUSION

With the development of the LY6E gene activator that can inhibit spike protein-ACE2-mediated membrane fusion, new opportunities for SARS-CoV-2 treatment may emerge. Existing antiviral fusion inhibitors and natural compounds targeting spike resistance can serve as a template for further SARS-CoV-2 drug formulation.