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Gricajeva A, Buchovec I, Kalėdienė L, Badokas K, Vitta P. Evaluation of visible light and natural photosensitizers against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus planktonic cells and biofilm. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28811. [PMID: 38596007 PMCID: PMC11002230 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photoinactivation (API) has shown some promise in potentially treating different nosocomial bacterial infections, however, its application on staphylococci, especially other than Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) species is still limited. Although S. aureus is a well-known and important nosocomial pathogen, several other species of the genus, particularly coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, can also cause healthcare-associated infections and foodborne intoxications. CNS are often involved in resilient biofilm formation on medical devices and can cause infections in patients with compromised immune systems or those undergoing invasive procedures. In this study, the effects of chlorophyllin and riboflavin-mediated API on S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus planktonic cells and biofilm are demonstrated for the first time. Based on the residual growth determination and metabolic reduction ability changes, higher inactivating efficiency of chlorophyllin-mediated API was determined against the planktonic cells of both tested species of bacteria and against S. saprophyticus biofilm. Some insights on whether aqueous solutions of riboflavin and chlorophyllin, when illuminated with optimal exciting wavelength (440 nm and 402 nm, respectively) generate O2-•, are also provided in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gricajeva
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio avenue 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irina Buchovec
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lilija Kalėdienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio avenue 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kazimieras Badokas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Pranciškus Vitta
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Liu X, Beaudoin G, Zhang H, Esquivel Guzmán JA, Le Roux É, Pellerin C, Rivera E, Lavertu M, Zhu XX. Chlorophyllin-Containing Copolymers and Their Responsive Properties. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:124-130. [PMID: 38109902 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper-chlorophyllin is a water-soluble derivative of chlorophylls and shows low cytotoxicity and antimutagenic properties in cultured cells. It has multiple applications, including its use as a photosensitizer in photothermal therapy because of its green light-activated photothermal performance. In this work, it was copolymerized with a poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylic monomer to yield random copolymers by free radical polymerization, which showed dual temperature- and pH-dependent phase transitions in aqueous solutions. The cloud points of the copolymer solutions were raised by lowering the pH of the aqueous solutions due to the protonation of the carboxylic groups on the chlorophyllin moieties, which decreased the overall hydrophilicity of the polymers. At low pH values, complete protonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the chlorophyllin moieties led to an irreversible aggregation of the copolymers in water. The incorporation of chlorophyllin in the copolymer improved its stability over its single molecular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Liu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hu Zhang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jair A Esquivel Guzmán
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Élise Le Roux
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xiao Xia Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Lim J, Shin M, Ha T, Su WW, Yoon J, Choi JW. A Nano-Biohybrid-Based Bio-Solar Cell to Regulate the Electrical Signal Transmission to Living Cells for Biomedical Application. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303125. [PMID: 37435979 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-solar cells are studied as sustainable and biocompatible energy sources with significant potential for biomedical applications. However, they are composed of light-harvesting biomolecules with narrow absorption wavelengths and weak transient photocurrent generation. In this study, a nano-biohybrid-based bio-solar cell composed of bacteriorhodopsin, chlorophyllin, and Ni/TiO2 nanoparticles is developed to overcome the current limitations and verify the possibility of biomedical applications. Bacteriorhodopsin and chlorophyllin are introduced as light-harvesting biomolecules to broaden the absorption wavelength. As a photocatalyst, Ni/TiO2 nanoparticles are introduced to generate a photocurrent and amplify the photocurrent generated by the biomolecules. The developed bio-solar cell absorbs a broad range of visible wavelengths and generates an amplified stationary photocurrent density (152.6 nA cm-2 ) with a long lifetime (up to 1 month). Besides, the electrophysiological signals of muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions are precisely regulated by motor neurons excited by the photocurrent of the bio-solar cell, indicating that the bio-solar cell can control living cells by signal transmission through other types of living cells. The proposed nano-biohybrid-based bio-solar cell can be used as a sustainable and biocompatible energy source for the development of wearable and implantable biodevices and bioelectronic medicines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungpyo Lim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Shin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyung Ha
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Wen Su
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jinho Yoon
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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Heo SY, Lee Y, Kim TH, Heo SJ, Shin H, Lee J, Yi M, Kang HW, Jung WK. Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11565. [PMID: 37511323 PMCID: PMC10380873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy because of their low toxicity, lesser side effects, and high solubility in water. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-cancer efficacy of chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy on human cervical cancer by inducing apoptotic response through oxidative stress. The chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy significantly induced cytotoxicity, and the optimal conditions were determined based on the results, including laser irradiation time, laser power density, and chlorophyllin concentration. In addition, reactive oxygen species generation and Annexin V expression level were detected on the photodynamic reaction-treated HeLa cells under the optimized conditions to evaluate apoptosis using a fluorescence microscope. In the Western blotting analysis, the photodynamic therapy group showed the increased protein expression level of the cleaved caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and cytochrome C, and the suppressed protein expression level of Bcl-2, pro-caspase 8, and pro-caspase 9. Moreover, the proposed photodynamic therapy downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1 in the HeLa cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy has potential as an antitumor therapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeong Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeachan Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwarang Shin
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggi Yi
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Martins T, Barros AN, Rosa E, Antunes L. Enhancing Health Benefits through Chlorophylls and Chlorophyll-Rich Agro-Food: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5344. [PMID: 37513218 PMCID: PMC10384064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls play a crucial role in photosynthesis and are abundantly found in green fruits and vegetables that form an integral part of our diet. Although limited, existing studies suggest that these photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives possess therapeutic properties. These bioactive molecules exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, anti-cancer, and anti-obesogenic activities. However, it is unfortunate that leafy materials and fruit peels often go to waste in the food supply chain, contributing to the prevailing issue of food waste in modern societies. Nevertheless, these overlooked materials contain valuable bioactive compounds, including chlorophylls, which offer significant health benefits. Consequently, exploring the potential of these discarded resources, such as utilizing them as functional food ingredients, aligns with the principles of a circular economy and presents exciting opportunities for exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Novo Barros
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Buchovec I, Vyčaitė E, Badokas K, Sužiedelienė E, Bagdonas S. Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36614160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a dangerous hospital pathogen primarily due to its ability to form biofilms on different abiotic and biotic surfaces. The present study investigated the effect of riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, performed with near-ultraviolet or blue light on the viability of bacterial cells in biofilms and their structural stability, also determining the extent of photoinduced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as the ability of A. baumannii to form biofilms after the treatment. The efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy was compared with that of light alone and the role of the photosensitizer type on the photosensitization mechanism was demonstrated. We found that the antibacterial effect of riboflavin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy depends on the ability of photoactivated riboflavin to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species but does not depend on the concentration of riboflavin and pre-incubation time before irradiation. Moreover, our results suggest a clear interconnection between the inactivation efficiency of chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the sensitivity of A. baumannii biofilms to used light. In summary, all the analyzed results suggest that riboflavin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy have the potential to be applied as an antibacterial treatment against A. baumannii biofilms or as a preventive measure against biofilm formation.
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Akif FA, Mahmoud M, Prasad B, Richter P, Azizullah A, Qasim M, Anees M, Krüger M, Gastiger S, Burkovski A, Strauch SM, Lebert M. Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101371. [PMID: 36290029 PMCID: PMC9598908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin and branched PEI combinations’ activity against Escherichia coli strains DH5α and RB791, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LT2, and Bacillus subtilis 168. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating cells treated with different concentrations of PEI and chlorophyllin on agar and monitoring their growth after 24 h. All tested combinations of PEI and chlorophyllin were lethal for S. enterica after 240 min of incubation in light, whereas PEI alone (<100 µg mL−1) was ineffective. In the darkness, complete inhibition was noted with a combination of ≥2.5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 50 µg mL−1 PEI. If applied alone, PEI alone of ≥800 µg mL−1 of PEI was required to completely inactivate E. coli DH5α cells in light, whereas with ≥5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin, only ≥100 µg mL−1 PEI was needed. No effect was detected in darkness with PEI alone. However, 1600 µg mL−1 PEI in combination with 2.5 µg mL−1 resulted in complete inactivation after 4 h dark incubation. PEI alone did not inhibit E. coli strain RB791, while cells were inactivated when treated with 10 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin in combination with ≥100 µg mL−1 (in light) or ≥800 µg mL−1 PEI (in darkness). Under illumination, B. subtilis was inactivated at all tested concentrations. In the darkness, 1 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 12.5 µg mL−1 PEI were lethal for B. subtilis. Overall, PEI can be used as an antimicrobial agent or potentiating agent for ameliorating the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ahmad Akif
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona Mahmoud
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Dairy Department (Microbiology Lab.), National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Environmental Cell Biology Group, Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Space Biology Unlimited S.A.S., 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Zhang T, Zhang R, Zhao G, Liu W, Pan L, Tong Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Xiao Z, Pandol SJ, Fu X, Han YP, Zheng X. Plant green pigment of chlorophyllin attenuates inflammatory bowel diseases by suppressing autophagy activation in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G102-G113. [PMID: 35638642 PMCID: PMC9291423 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00291.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are intestinal complications characterized by chronic inflammation, autophagy abnormality, and lysosomal stress, which are derived from genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. It is generally precepted that dietary green vegetable is beneficial for physiological homeostasis. In this study, we found that dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and altered intestinal epithelia in mice were attenuated by oral administration of chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble derivate of chlorophyll. In DSS-treated mice, autophagy was persistently activated in intestinal tissues and associated with bowel disorders. Conversely, supplement of CHL in diet or gavage suppressed intestinal inflammation, downregulated autophagy flux in intestinal tissue, and relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress. In vitro studies show that CHL could activate Akt and mTOR pathways, leading to downregulation of autophagic and lysosomal flux. Thus, consumption of green vegetables and chlorophyllin may be beneficial for IBD recovery in part through alleviation of inflammation and autolysosomal flux.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal disease, while the etiology remains poorly understood. Dietary composition and lifestyle are crucial for pathogenesis and progression of IBD. In this study, we observed that autophagy in the intestinal tissue was persistently activated in IBD mice. Chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble derivate of chlorophyll, can attenuate colitis by regulating autophagy and inflammation. Thus, consumption of green vegetables and chlorophyllin may be beneficial for IBD recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Zhang
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruofei Zhang
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangfu Zhao
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Pan
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Tong
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshan Jiang
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixiong Xiao
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 3Department of Medicine, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiansheng Fu
- 4The Division of Gastroenterology, The First Associated Hospital of the Chengdu Medical Collage, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Ping Han
- 1The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- 5Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Diabetes and
Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sun S, Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhang Y, Yang R, Guo J, Guan S, Ma Q, Ma K, Xu J. Chlorophyllin Inhibits Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase 1 and Triggers Cancer Cell Death. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111733. [PMID: 34829604 PMCID: PMC8615155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food colorants are widely used by humans in food production and preparation; however, their potential toxicity requires an in-depth analysis. In this study, five out of 15 commercial food colorants, namely, lutein, betanin, caramel, crocin and chlorophyll, significantly inhibited wild type selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, TXNRD1) in vitro. The hyperactive Sec498 residue of TrxR1 was targeted by those five colorants, which was confirmed by the site-directed mutagenesis of TrxR1. Furthermore, two colorants, chlorophyll and betanin, triggered the oligomerization of TrxR1. A chlorophyll-derived compound, chlorophyllin, irreversibly inhibited the 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) reducing activity of TrxR1 with Kinact = 6.96 × 10−3 ± 0.49 × 10−3 µM−1 min−1. Moreover, chlorophyllin reduced the cellular TrxR activity, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and, subsequently, promoting cancer cell death. In conclusion, this study might contribute to understand the food safety of commercial colorants and provide chemotherapeutic compounds by targeting TrxR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Yici Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry (IRCBC), Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China;
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Jianli Guo
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Shui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R & D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
- Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (R-ECCE-TPM), School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Kun Ma
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation (CASS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; (S.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-189-0986-4926; Fax: +86-427-263-1429
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Samadder A, Dey S, Sow P, Das R, Nandi S, Das J, Bhattacharjee B, Chakrovorty A, Biswas M, Guptaroy P. Phyto- chlorophyllin Prevents Food Additive Induced Genotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Cytochrome c Mediated Pathway in Mice Model. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:1618-1627. [PMID: 33380297 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666201230093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The issue of food-additive-toxicity causing several health hazards needs to be therapeutically managed with an immediate effect. Alloxan, a food additive, is used for whitening and shining flour. It is capable of inducing genotoxicity, diabetes, and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, to explore a non-toxic, phyto-based compound that can delay the onset of diabetes and prevent the multitude of damage associated, Chlorophyllin (CHL) was selected for our study, having been reported to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and antiinflammatory responses. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the protective role of CHL in controlling genotoxicity, glucose imbalance, and associated cytochrome c mediated mitochondrial signaling dysfunction against food-additive-induced genotoxicity, diabetic state, and its complexities in mice model in vivo. METHODS Mice were pre-treated with CHL through oral gavage before they were exposed to alloxan. Diabetic markers, anti-oxidant enzyme profile, chromosomal study, mitochondrial functioning factors, and expression of proteins were checked against food-additive injected mice. RESULTS The results revealed that CHL pre-treatment could delay the onset of diabetes, restrict alloxan-induced elevation of blood glucose, reduce DNA-damage and chromosomal aberration, optimize enzymatic profile (glucokinase, pyruvate, insulin), and modulates protein expression (insulin, IRS1, IRS2, GLUT2). Further, CHL-pre-treatment could stabilize mitochondrial-membrane-potential, intracellular calcium ion, ATP/ADP ratio, ATPase activity, thereby maintaining optimum functioning of cytochrome-c, bcl2, and caspase3 mitochondrial protein. CONCLUSION Therefore, the present study reports, for the first time, the screening of phytobased bioactive CHL for preventing/limiting the extent of food-additive-induced genotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction and serves as an advanced therapeutic tool in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Samadder
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, India
| | - Sudatta Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, India
| | - Priyanka Sow
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, India
| | - Ruchira Das
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University). Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Jayeeta Das
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia- 741235, India
| | - Banani Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, Dum Dum Motijheel College, 1, Motijheel Avenue, Kolkata 700074, India
| | - Arnob Chakrovorty
- Department of Zoology, Dum Dum Motijheel College, 1, Motijheel Avenue, Kolkata 700074, India
| | - Maharaj Biswas
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, India
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Molet-Rodríguez A, Martín-Belloso O, Salvia-Trujillo L. Formation and Stabilization of W 1/O/W 2 Emulsions with Gelled Lipid Phases. Molecules 2021; 26:E312. [PMID: 33435343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions are emulsion-based systems where the dispersed phase is an emulsion itself, offering great potential for the encapsulation of hydrophilic bioactive compounds. However, their formation and stabilization is still a challenge mainly due to water migration, which could be reduced by lipid phase gelation. This study aimed to assess the impact of lipid phase state being liquid or gelled using glyceryl stearate (GS) at 1% (w/w) as well as the hydrophilic emulsifier (T80: Tween 80 or lecithin) and the oil type (MCT:medium chain triglyceride or corn oil (CO) as long chain triglyceride) on the formation and stabilization of chlorophyllin W1/O/W2 emulsions. Their colloidal stability against temperature and light exposure conditions was evaluated. Gelling both lipid phases (MCT and CO) rendered smaller W1 droplets during the first emulsification step, followed by formation of W1/O/W2 emulsions with smaller W1/O droplet size and more stable against clarification. The stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions was sensitive to a temperature increase, which might be related to the lower gelling degree of the lipid phase at higher temperatures. This study provides valuable insight for the formation and stabilization of W1/O/W2 emulsions with gelled lipid phases as delivery systems of hydrophilic bioactive compounds under common food storage conditions.
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Žudytė B, Velička M, Šablinskas V, Lukšienė Ž. Understanding Escherichia coli damages after chlorophyllin-based photosensitization. J Biophotonics 2020; 13:e202000144. [PMID: 32729182 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of bacteria are causing various illnesses all around the world and have a major socio-economic impact. Thus, fast- and low-cost methods for the microbial control of foods are needed. One of them might be photosensitization. This study looks deeper into the mechanism of Escherichia coli damage by chlorophyllin-based photosensitization. Fluorimetric data indicate that after 15 minute incubation with chlorophyllin (Chl) (1.5 × 10-5 M Chl) 0.73 ± 0.03 μM of this compound was associated with E. coli cell surface. After photoactivation (405 nm, 6-30 J/cm2 ) significant reduction (88.2%) of bacterial viability was observed. Higher concentration of Chl (5 × 10-4 M Chl) reduced viability of bacteria more than by 98%. Results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) took place in this inactivation. Colloidal surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was employed to detect the molecular changes in the treated bacteria. It was found that Chl-based based photosensitization triggers multiple surface structure changes in E. coli what induce lethal unrepairable damages and inactivation of pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Žudytė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Martynas Velička
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Šablinskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Živilė Lukšienė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are natural pigments that are present in our daily diet, especially with the increasing tendency towards more natural and healthy behaviors among consumers. As disturbed antioxidant homeostasis capacities seem to be implicated in the progress of different pathologies, the antioxidant properties of both groups of lipophilic compounds have been studied. The objective of this review was to analyze the state-of-the-art advances in this field. We conducted a systematic bibliographic search (Web of Science™ and Scopus®), followed by a comprehensive and critical description of the results, with special emphasis on highly cited and more recently published research. In addition to an evaluative description of the methodologies, this review discussed different approaches used to obtain a physiological perspective, from in vitro studies to in vivo assays using oxidative biomarkers. From a chemical viewpoint, many studies have demonstrated how a pigment's structure influences its antioxidant response and the underlying mechanisms. The major outcome is that this knowledge is essential for interpreting new data in a metabolic networks context in the search for more direct applications to health. A promising era is coming where the term "antioxidant" is understood in terms of its broadest significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.P.-G.); (I.V.)
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Galliani M, Signore G. Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Chlorophyllin and Quantum Dots as Photodynamic Therapy Agents. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1653-1658. [PMID: 31943880 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approach to treating cancer and involves light-induced activation of a photosensitizer that triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in targeted cells and subsequent cell death. Examples of photosensitizers are porphyrins, including the natural compound chlorophyll. These molecules can be delivered alone or co-formulated with an agent, such as quantum dots (QDs), that is able to excite them through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based mechanism. We encapsulated a chlorophyllin copper complex and CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs into biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), that allow modification with specific targeting ligands. When excited at 365 nm, FRET occurs between co-encapsulated QDs and chlorophyllin to result in the formation of ROS. This chlorophyllin-QD coformulation allows generation of ROS both in an aqueous environment and in cells, thus confirming the potential of this formulation in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Galliani
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, 56017, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
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Ozcan M, Esendagli G, Musdal Y, Canpinar H, Bacanlı M, Anlar HG, Esendağlı-Yılmaz G, Beyramzadeh M, Aksoy Y. Dual actions of the antioxidant chlorophyllin, a glutathione transferase P1-1 inhibitor, in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7045-7055. [PMID: 30484884 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and enzymes related to this antioxidant molecule are often overexpressed in tumor cells and may contribute to drug resistance. Blockade of glutathione transferases (GSTs) has been proposed to potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorophyllin that has antioxidant properties, and also interferes with the activity of GST P1-1, on breast cancers in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo studies were conducted using an N-methyl- N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced chemical carcinogenesis model in laboratory rats. DNA damage, GST activity, and GSH levels were determined in liver and tumor tissues. Treatment with chlorophyllin increased the GSH levels in the liver and significantly decreased DNA damage in the blood, liver, and tumor tissues. Even though tumorigenesis was delayed in rats receiving chlorophyllin before MNU injections, once the tumors emerged, the progression of tumor appeared to be faster than in the animals that received the carcinogen only. Out of nine breast cell lines, GST P1-1 expression was detected in MCF-12A, MDA-MB-231, and HCC38. Concomitant incubation with chlorophyllin and docetaxel did not significantly affect cell proliferation and viability. Chlorophyllin displayed genoprotective effects that initially delayed tumorigenesis. However, once the tumors were established, it may act as a promoter that facilitates tumor growth, potentially by a mechanism independent of cell proliferation and viability. Our results underline the pros and cons of antioxidant treatment in cancer, even if it has a capacity to inhibit GST P1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozcan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yaman Musdal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Canpinar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Gul Anlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Mojtaba Beyramzadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Aksoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Although there is no legal and clear definition of the term “natural food colorant”, the market trends, and consequently industrial and commercial interest, have turned to foods with added natural pigments. This progressive substitution of artificial colorants has faced chemical complications with some colors, with a lack of stable green hues being one of them. Several strategies have been applied for green color stabilization in processed foods, from the formation of metallochlorophylls to the microencapsulation of green pigments. However, at present, the utilization of green coloring foodstuffs, which are considered an ingredient in the EU, seems to be the more successful solution for the market. Besides those topics, the present review aims to clarify the current confusion between the different chlorophyll compounds that form part of the authorized green food colorants. In this sense, legislations from different countries are compared. Finally, and in line with current concerns, the knowledge gathered so far in relation to the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of all green natural food colorants is reviewed.
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Patar AK, Sharma A, Syiem D, Bhan S. Chlorophyllin supplementation modulates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of streptozotocin-administered mice. Biofactors 2018; 44:418-430. [PMID: 30303271 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllin is a water-soluble mixture of sodium-copper salts of chlorophyll with antioxidant and antimutagen properties. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of chlorophyllin on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-administered mice. In STZ-induced diabetes, two causative factors for pancreatic β-cell deaths are DNA alkylation and profound reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this study, chlorophyllin treatment was found to be able to modulate oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of diabetic mice. Diabetic mice exhibited a significant reduction of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl levels upon treatment with the chlorophyllin. However, antioxidant enzymes, such as copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and catalase (CAT) showed enhanced activity as well as expression in chlorophyllin-administered diabetic mice. The hepatoprotective effect of chlorophyllin was confirmed from the decreased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The histological and ultrastructural studies revealed the ability of chlorophyllin to restore morphological and cellular alterations as observed in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The effect of chlorophyllin on apoptosis showed the downregulation of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease (caspase) 3 and caspase 9, whereas upregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay demonstrated a few apoptotic cells. In conclusion, it can be stated that chlorophyllin treatment can exert hepatoprotective effect via modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in STZ-administered diabetic mice. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(5):418-430, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abani Kumar Patar
- Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Anupama Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Donkupar Syiem
- Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Surya Bhan
- Department of Biochemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Chlorophylls and their Derivatives Used in Food Industry and Medicine. Mini Rev Med Chem 2017; 17:1194-1222. [PMID: 27719668 DOI: 10.2174/1389557516666161004161411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Thylakoids and chloroplasts harbor several vital metabolic processes, but are most importantly associated with photosynthesis. The undisturbed functioning of this process necessitates the ceaseless synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, including closed tetrapyrroles such as chlorophylls (Chls). Chls probably represent the most abundant natural pigment molecules which are via photosynthesis not only crucial for the autotrophic production of food sources for heterotrophic organisms but have also contributed to oxygen production essential for aerobic metabolism. This review first briefly discusses the physico-chemical properties, biosynthesis, occurrence, in vivo localization and roles of the different Chl pigments. Then we provide a detailed overview of their potential applications in the food industry and medicine. These include the use of Chls and their derivatives (different chlorophyllins) as food colorants (identified as E140 and E141 in the European Union). METHOD Different sources used for industrial extraction as well as different factors influencing pigment stability during processing are also critically reviewed. The problems surrounding the nomenclature, the production and the composition of different chlorophyllin mixtures are also discussed. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Finally, a comprehensive overview of the health benefits and potential medicinal applications of these pigments and the future directions of research in these fields are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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Norman M, Bartczak P, Zdarta J, Tomala W, Żurańska B, Dobrowolska A, Piasecki A, Czaczyk K, Ehrlich H, Jesionowski T. Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Immobilization onto Hippospongia communis Marine Demosponge Skeleton and Its Antibacterial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101564. [PMID: 27690001 PMCID: PMC5085623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Hippospongia communis marine demosponge skeleton was used as an adsorbent for sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Obtained results indicate the high sorption capacity of this biomaterial with respect to SCC. Batch experiments were performed under different conditions and kinetic and isotherms properties were investigated. Acidic pH and the addition of sodium chloride increased SCC adsorption. The experimental data were well described by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined and the experimental data were analyzed using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The effectiveness of the process was confirmed by 13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). This novel SCC-sponge-based functional hybrid material was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Norman
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bartczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Tomala
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Barbara Żurańska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Dobrowolska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawla II 24, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
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El-Ghor AA, Noshy MM, Galal A, Mohamed HRH. Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:21-32. [PMID: 25129858 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive uses of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in sunscreens, toothpaste, sweats, medications, etc. making humans exposed to it daily by not little amounts and also increased its risks including genotoxicity. Thus, the present study was designed as one way to reduce nano-titanium-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity in mice by co-administration of the free radical scavenger chlorophyllin (CHL). In addition, markers of oxidative stress were detected to shed more light on mechanism(s) underlying nano-sized TiO2 genotoxicity. Male mice were exposed to multiple injection into the abdominal cavity for five consecutive days with either CHL (40 mg/kg bw/day), or each of three dose levels of nano-sized TiO2 (500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg bw/day) alone, or both simultaneously and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 h after the last treatment. After CHL co-administration, the observed dose-dependent genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles indicated by the significant elevations in frequencies of both micronuclei and DNA damage induction was significantly decreased and returned to the negative control level. The observed induced mutations in p53 exons 5, 7, & 8 and 5 & 8 in the liver and brain, respectively, were declined in most cases. Moreover, CHL significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde level and significantly increased glutathione level and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities that were significantly disrupted in animal groups treated with nano-TiO2 alone. In conclusion, the evidenced in vivo genotoxicity of nano-TiO2 in the present study was normalized after CHL co-administration which supports the previously suggested oxidative stress as the possible mechanism for titanium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda M Noshy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University
| | - Ahmad Galal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University
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Pimentel E, Cruces MP, Zimmering S. A Further Study of the Role of Copper in Regard to the Antimutagenic Action of Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin (SCC) in Somatic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Biomark Insights 2013; 8:29-33. [PMID: 23531495 PMCID: PMC3603386 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that copper plays a crucial role in the antimutagenic effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). The objective of the current research was to compare the antimutagenic effects of two SCC compounds with different amounts of copper (3.7% and 5.4%, respectively) on the genetic damage induced by gamma rays in somatic cells of Drosophila. Data indicate that an increase in copper content of 31.5% in SCC-5.4 resulted in a greater inhibition of gamma ray genetic damage of 49% whereas only a 2% inhibition with SCC-3.7 occurred. Of greater interest is the association of SCC with a variety of uses in humans, such as a chemo preventive agent and food supplement. A greater attention to the concentration of copper in the SCC product in use should be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Pimentel
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Carretera México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, México CP, México
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Keshava C, Divi RL, Einem TL, Richardson DL, Leonard SL, Keshava N, Poirier MC, Weston A. Chlorophyllin significantly reduces benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation and alters cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 expression and EROD activity in normal human mammary epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 2009; 50:134-144. [PMID: 19152381 PMCID: PMC2637934 DOI: 10.1002/em.20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that chlorophyllin (CHLN) would reduce benzo[a]pyrene-DNA (BP-DNA) adduct levels. Using normal human mammary epithelial cells (NHMECs) exposed to 4 microM BP for 24 hr in the presence or absence of 5 microM CHLN, we measured BP-DNA adducts by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA). The protocol included the following experimental groups: BP alone, BP given simultaneously with CHLN (BP+CHLN) for 24 hr, CHLN given for 24 hr followed by BP for 24 hr (preCHLN, postBP), and CHLN given for 48 hr with BP added for the last 24 hr (preCHLN, postBP+CHLN). Incubation with CHLN decreased BPdG levels in all groups, with 87% inhibition in the preCHLN, postBP+CHLN group. To examine metabolic mechanisms, we monitored expression by Affymetrix microarray (U133A), and found BP-induced up-regulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, as well as up-regulation of groups of interferon-inducible, inflammation and signal transduction genes. Incubation of cells with CHLN and BP in any combination decreased expression of many of these genes. Using reverse transcription real time PCR (RT-PCR) the maximal inhibition of BP-induced gene expression, >85% for CYP1A1 and >70% for CYP1B1, was observed in the preCHLN, postBP+CHLN group. To explore the relationship between transcription and enzyme activity, the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay was used to measure the combined CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activities. BP exposure caused the EROD levels to double, when compared with the unexposed controls. The CHLN-exposed groups all showed EROD levels similar to the unexposed controls. Therefore, the addition of CHLN to BP-exposed cells reduced BPdG formation and CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, but EROD activity was not significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channa Keshava
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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23
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Pietrzak M, Wieczorek Z, Stachelska A, Darzynkiewicz Z. Interactions of chlorophyllin with acridine orange, quinacrine mustard and doxorubicin analyzed by light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Biophys Chem 2003; 104:305-13. [PMID: 12834849 PMCID: PMC3480723 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to estimate the ability of chlorophyllin (CHL) to interact with two acridine mutagens, quinacrine mustard (QM) and acridine orange (AO), and with the antitumor anthracycline doxorubicin (Dox). To this end, aqueous solutions of QM, AO or Dox during titration with CHL were subjected to spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetry to detect possible interactions between these reagents. The data indicate that CHL forms complexes with AO, QM or Dox in these solutions. The presence of the complexes was manifested by a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectra, as well as by strong quenching of the fluorescence of each of these mutagens in the presence of CHL. CHL, thus, may serve as an interceptor of these mutagenic acridines in different in vivo or in vitro applications. Its ability to interact with Dox may potentially be utilized to detoxify patients overdosed with this or similar drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pietrzak
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wieczorek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +48-89-523-4547. (Z. Wieczorek)
| | - Alicja Stachelska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Blum CA, Tanaka T, Zhong X, Li Q, Dashwood WM, Pereira C, Xu M, Dashwood RH. Mutational analysis of Ctnnb1 and Apc in tumors from rats given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine or 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline: mutational 'hotspots' and the relative expression of beta-catenin and c-jun. Mol Carcinog 2003; 36:195-203. [PMID: 12669311 PMCID: PMC2279233 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in beta-catenin and its role in various human cancers. We recently reported that 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumors in the rat contain mutations in Ctnnb1, the gene for beta-catenin, but the mutation spectrum was influenced by postinitiation exposure to chlorophyllin (CHL) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) [Blum et al., Carcinogenesis 2001;22:315-320]. The present paper describes a follow-up study in which all of the target organs for IQ- and DMH-induced tumorigenesis were screened; Ctnnb1 mutations were found in 44 of 119 DMH-induced colon tumors, six of 13 IQ-induced colon tumors, 28 of 81 DMH-induced small intestine tumors, none of five IQ-induced small intestine tumors, four of 106 IQ-induced liver tumors, none of 14 DMH-induced Zymbal's gland tumors, none of 24 IQ-induced Zymbal's gland tumors, and none of 29 IQ-induced skin tumors. In tumors from rats given carcinogen alone, or carcinogen plus CHL or I3C, Ctnnb1 mutations frequently substituted amino acids adjacent to Ser33, a critical Ser/Thr residue in the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulatory domain of beta-catenin. However, substitution of critical Ser/Thr residues themselves was detected in only three of 24 (12.5%) of the tumors from rats given carcinogen alone, compared with 23 of 58 (40%) of the tumors from rats given carcinogen and treated postinitiation with I3C or CHL (P < 0.02). More than 50 of the colon tumors with wild-type beta-catenin were examined further for their Apc status; the overall frequency of Apc mutations was <10%, and these genetic changes occurred exclusively in the 'Mutation Cluster Region' of Apc. A subset of colon tumors also was examined for expression of beta-catenin and c-jun; these proteins were overexpressed in all tumors containing Ctnnb1 mutations, but the expression was highest in tumors with Ctnnb1 mutations affecting Thr41 and Ser45 residues in the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta region of beta-catenin. Thus, Ctnnb1 mutations occurred more frequently than Apc mutations in colon and small intestine tumors of the rat, and certain mutations upregulated beta-catenin/T-cell factor target genes more effectively than others, perhaps influencing the response to phytochemicals administered postinitiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Blum
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA
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Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are potent mutagens generated during the cooking of meat and fish, and several of these compounds produce tumors in conventional experimental animals. During the past 5 years or so, HCAs have been tested in a number of novel in vivo murine models, including the following: lacZ, lacI, cII, c-myc/lacZ, rpsL, and gptDelta. transgenics, XPA-/-, XPC-/-, Msh2+/-, Msh2-/- and p53+/- knock-outs, Apc mutant mice (ApcDelta716, Apc1638N, Apcmin), and A33DeltaNbeta-cat knock-in mice. Several of these models have provided insights into the mutation spectra induced in vivo by HCAs in target and non-target organs for tumorigenesis, as well as demonstrating enhanced susceptibility to HCA-induced tumors and preneoplastic lesions. This review describes several of the more recent reports in which novel animal models were used to examine HCA-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in vivo, including a number of studies which assessed the inhibitory activities of chemopreventive agents such as 1,2-dithiole-3-thione, conjugated linoleic acids, tea, curcumin, chlorophyllin-chitosan, and sulindac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick H Dashwood
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA.
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26
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Anzai N, Taniyama T, Nakandakari N, Sugiyama C, Negishi T, Hayatsu H, Negishi K. Inhibition of DNA adduct formation and mutagenic action of 3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole by chlorophyllin-chitosan in rpsL transgenic mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:848-53. [PMID: 11509116 PMCID: PMC5926831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the inhibitory effect of chlorophyllin-chitosan (Chl-Chi) complex, an insoluble form of chlorophyllin, on the DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis by a heterocyclic food mutagen-carcinogen, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), in mice carrying the E. coli rpsL gene as a mutagenesis reporter. Upon administration of a diet containing 0.002% or 0.01% Trp-P-2, DNA adducts were formed in various tissues in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximum level observed in the liver. Addition of 3% Chl-Chi to the diet reduced the Trp-P-2 adduct by up to 90%. The rpsL mutant frequencies increased significantly in both the liver and spleen upon administration of a 0.01% Trp-P-2 diet. Addition of Chl-Chi to the diet decreased these induced mutant frequencies to the background level. No harmful effect of Chl-Chi was detected during these experiments. The results show that Chl-Chi may be a candidate chemopreventive agent against the genotoxic action of Trp-P-2, and possibly also other aromatic carcinogens in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Anzai
- Gene Research Center, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Reddy AP, Harttig U, Barth MC, Baird WM, Schimerlik M, Hendricks JD, Bailey GS. Inhibition of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis by dietary chlorophyllin in rainbow trout. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:1919-26. [PMID: 10506105 PMCID: PMC2386994 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.10.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention by dietary chlorophyllin (CHL) was investigated in a rainbow trout multi-organ tumor model. In study 1, duplicate groups of 130 juvenile trout were treated for 2 weeks with control diet, 500 p.p.m. dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) or 500 p.p.m. DB[a,l]P + 2052 p.p.m. CHL, then returned to control diet. DB[a,l]P alone proved somewhat toxic but induced high tumor incidences in liver (61%), stomach (91%) and swimbladder (53%) 11 months after initiation. CHL co-feeding abrogated DB[a,l]P acute toxicity and reduced tumor incidences to 18% in liver, 34% in stomach and 3% in swimbladder (P = 0.01). A second tumor and DNA adduct study using a non-toxic initiation protocol (200 p.p.m. DB[a,l]P +/- 4000 p.p.m. CHL for 4 weeks) confirmed these results. Potential CHL inhibitory mechanisms were investigated. Dietary CHL inhibited hepatic DB[a, l]P-DNA adducts in the two tumor studies by 89 and 76%, respectively. CHL was shown to complex strongly with DB[a,l]P (K(d1,2) = 1.59 +/- 0.01 microM, stoichiometry 2CHL:DB[a,l]P) and strongly inhibited DB[a,l]P mutagenesis in the Salmonella assay. Significant inhibition occurred at CHL concentrations substantially less than stoichiometric with DB[a,l]P and thus not reflecting simple DB[a,l]P sequestration via complexation. These initial findings suggest that CHL chemoprevention reflects complexation that might limit DB[a,l]P uptake in vivo, antimutagenic mechanisms such as catalytic degradation of the proximate electrophile in target cells, or both. These results demonstrate that dietary CHL is a reproducibly effective chemopreventive agent for DB[a,l]P multi-organ tumorigenesis in trout and suggest that reduced DB[a,l]P-DNA adducts may be predictive biomarkers of CHL reduction of DB[a,l]P-initiated hepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Reddy
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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28
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Sugie S, Okamoto K, Makita H, Ohnishi M, Kawamori T, Watanabe T, Tanaka T, Mori H. Inhibitory effect of chlorophyllin on diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:1045-51. [PMID: 8957062 PMCID: PMC5921001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb03108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying effects of chlorophyllin (CHL) on the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-phenobarbital (PB) hepatocarcinogenesis model were examined in rats. Five-week-old male F344 rats were divided into 8 groups. Groups 1 through 5 were given i.p. injections of DEN (100 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 3 weeks beginning one week after the start of the experiment, while groups 6 through 8 received vehicle treatment. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 7 received drinking water with 500 ppm PB from one week after the end of carcinogen or vehicle treatment. CHL-containing diet (2000 ppm) was given to group 2 during the initiation phase and to groups 3 and 5 during the promotion and the post-initiation phase, respectively. Group 6 was given the experimental diet alone throughout the experiment (24 weeks). Liver neoplasms were present in DEN-treated groups and PB treatment promoted liver tumorigenesis. The incidences of adenoma in groups 2 and 3 were significantly smaller than in group 1 (P<0.05 and P<0.02), although the reductions in the incidences of liver cell cancer were not significant. The average numbers of liver neoplasms/rat in group 2 were significantly smaller than in group 1 (P<0.05-P<0.005). Glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci were also significantly decreased by CHL treatment (P<0.05 and P<0.001). DEN and PB exposure increased liver ornithine decarboxylase activity and this increase was significantly inhibited by feeding of CHL during the initiation phase (P<0.001). These results suggest that CHL is a chemopreventive agent for liver neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugie
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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29
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Sugiyama C, Shinoda A, Hayatsu H, Negishi T. Inhibition of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline-mediated DNA-adduct formation by chlorophyllin in Drosophila. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:325-8. [PMID: 8641960 PMCID: PMC5921103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of chlorophyllin on 2-amino-3,8-dimethyimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-mediated DNA-adduct formation in Drosophila was studied. Third-instar larvae of Drosophila were fed MeIQx at 1 mg/6.5 g-feed/bottle, with or without chlorophyllin (100-300 mg). After a 6 h feeding exposure to MeIQx, the larvae were divided into 2 groups. The first group was examined for covalent DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling assay. The second group was assayed for DNA damage by allowing the larvae to develop to adults and measuring the male/female ratio (males, DNA repair-deficient; females, DNA repair-proficient). The 32 P-postlabeling results indicated a significant decrease in DNA adduct levels in larvae treated with MeIQx and 300 mg chlorophyllin (1.7 +/- 0.7 adducts/10(7) nucleotides) as compared with MeIQx-treated larvae 6.5 +/- 2.1 adducts/10(7) nucleotides). The results on male/female sex ratios also indicated a chlorophyllin-induced decrease in DNA damage by exposure to MeIQx. The suppressive effect of chlorophyllin on the genotoxic actions of a polycyclic mutagen, MeIQx, may be a result of complex formation between chlorophyllin and the mutagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Japan
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