A Comparative Study on Anti-inflammatory Activity of Hydroethanolic of Leaf, Stem and Root Extracts of Tecoma stans

Background: Tecoma stans is an important medicinal plant. The major bioactive compounds like alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins had been isolated from this plant. The leaves bark and roots contain biologically active chemicals, and extracts from those tissues are in use as traditional folk medicines. Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system that can be triggered by a variety of factors, including pathogens, damaged cells and toxic compounds. The aim of the study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity of hydroethanolic leaf, stem and root extracts of Tecoma stans. Materials and methods: All chemicals and reagents were bought by sigma Chemicals Company. Anti inflammatory activity of the three different parts (leaf, stem and root) the plant were analysed by an in-vitro protein denaturation inhibition assays and inhibition calculation on protein inhibition percentage was done by the formula % inhibition=100−(A1 -A2)/A0 )*100). Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Results: After comparing the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf root stem of Tecoma stans, the results were plotted in graphs through statistical analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the stem of the plant has maximum anti-inflammatory activity compared to leaf and root. Conclusion: A comparative study of the extract or stem, leaf and root shows that the stem portion of the plant contains maximum anti-inflammatory activity.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Anti Gout Potential of Aqueous Seed Extract of Punica granatum - An in vitro Study

Background: Punica granatum belongs to the family punicaceae. Pomegranate has a reservoir of secondary metabolites which possess free radical scavenging activity. Pomegranate has high antioxidants content, which helps in the delayed progress of atherosclerosis, cancer and ageing. Gout is a chronic metabolic disease. It is caused due to increased deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints. It is caused due to increased intake of purine rich food. Xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to uric acid. Xanthine oxidase (XO) plays an important role in the regulation of production of uric acid. Many research has been done in the extract to analyse the pharmacological characteristics and its beneficial uses. Pomegranate is widely consumed and used as preventive and therapeutic agents. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anti gout activity of aqueous seed extract of Punica granatum. Methods: Aqueous seed extract of Punica granatum was prepared and analysed for its phytochemical, antioxidant and anti gout potential by using statistical methods. Results: Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids were present in aqueous extract of Punica granatum. IC50 of antioxidant activity of aqueous seed extract of Punica granatum was found to be 280µg/ml. The extract also exhibited anti gout potential with an IC50 = 310 µg/ml. P value is < 0.05 so, it is significant. Conclusion: Aqueous seed extract of punica granatum can be used to treat gout and to combat various other disorders and also have antioxidant and phytochemical activity. It will be an alternative for synthetic drugs. Herbal extracts are more preferred for its accessibility, cost effectiveness and less side effects. The combined effects of antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitors will be helpful in hyperuricemia treatment.

Novel Triterpenoids from Cassia fistula Stem Bark Depreciates STZ-Induced Detrimental Changes in IRS-1/Akt-Mediated Insulin Signaling Mechanisms in Type-1 Diabetic Rats

Here, we identified the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic activity of novel compounds isolated from Cassia fistula stem bark in STZ-diabetic animals. Novel triterpenoid compounds (C1, C2 and C3) were treated to STZ-administered diabetic animals at a concentration of 20mg/kg body weight orally for 60 days to assess their effects on plasma glucose, plasma insulin/C-peptide, serum lipid markers and the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, glucose oxidation and insulin signaling molecules. Oral administration of novel triterpenoid compounds to STZ-diabetic animals significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the plasma glucose concentration on the 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th daysin a duration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Plasma insulin (p < 0.0001)/C-peptide (p < 0.0006), tissue glycogen (p < 0.0034), glycogen phosphorylase (p < 0.005), glucose 6-phosphatase (p < 0.0001) and lipid markers were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in diabetic rats, whereas glucokinase (p < 0.0047), glycogen synthase (p < 0.003), glucose oxidation (p < 0.001), GLUT4 mRNA (p < 0.0463), GLUT4 protein (p < 0.0475) and the insulin-signaling molecules IR mRNA (p < 0.0195), IR protein (p < 0.0001), IRS-1 mRNA (p < 0.0478), p-IRS-1Tyr612 (p < 0.0185), Akt mRNA (p < 0.0394), p-AktSer473 (p < 0.0162), GLUT4 mRNA (p < 0.0463) and GLUT4 (p < 0.0475) were decreased in the gastrocnemius muscle. In silico analysis of C1-C3 with IRK and PPAR-γ protein coincided with in vivo findings. C1-C3 possessed promising antidiabetic activity by regulating insulin signaling mechanisms and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes.

Effect of Kabasura Kudineer Extract on Inflammatory Cytokines [Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α] in Lung Cancer Cell Line A549

Background: Kabasura kudineer is widely known for its anticancer efficiency. Kabasura kudineer is a customary formulation used by siddha practitioners for effectively managing common respiratory illness. Herbal medicines are acknowledged as a great approach to lung cancer therapy. Aim of the study is to know about the anticancer property of Kabasura kudineer extract on inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in lung cancer cell line (A549). Materials and Methods: Human lung cancer cell line (A549) was purchased from National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. Cell viability test was done by MTT assay. Gene expression analysis was done by Real Time-PCR. The obtained data were analysed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test with Graph Pad Prism version 5 to analyse the significance. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan’s test. Results and Discussion: Kabasura kudineer caused a marked increase in cell death in dose dependent manner. AT the end of 48 hours, maximum inhibition was at 400 and 500 μg/ml. Kabasura kudineer extract reduced the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α compared to the control cells. Conclusion: This study concluded that Kabasura kudineer extract has anticancer activity on lung cancer cell lines (A549).

Regulation of Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 1 and Caspase -3 mRNA Expression by Hydroethanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos Fruit Human Breast Cancer Cell Line-MCF-7

Introduction: Cancer is the second leading cause of death all over the world where among all types of cancer breast cancer is said to be the leading cancer followed by lung cancer. The aim of this study is to find the regulation of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 and caspase -3 mRNA expression by hydroethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit human breast cancer cell line-MCF-7. Materials and methods: MCF-7 cells were collected from NCCS Pune, India. It is stored in Dubecos Modified Eagle's Medium. The Aegle marmelos fruit was collected from the herbal department and its extract was prepared. The extract of Aegle marmelosis used in treating MCF-7 cells at different dosages in in vitro.  Isolation of total RNA from MCF-7 cells. The cells will be mixed with total RNA isolation reagent, sonicated and RNA will be isolated as per the standard method. c-DNA conversion and real time polymerase chain reaction. The c-DNA will be synthesized using reverse transcription by commercially available (RT-PCR) kit. Two microlitres of c-DNA will be used for amplification of clic-1 and caspase-3 using gene specific primers by commercially available RT-PCR kit (SyBr kit) and comparative CT method will be used to see the expression of genes. Untreated MCF-7 cells were compared with MCF-7 cells treated with various concentrations of the extract (10, 20 and 40ug). The statistical data’s were collected from the SPSS software version 21. Result: The given extract inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells therefore said to have antiproliferative activity. Different doses of extract were tested (200ug-500ug) out of which 400ug of extract were preferred. Conclusion: The given plant extract has anti proliferative properties and hence can be used as a drug to treat breast cancer.

In vitro Anti-inflammatory Properties in Various Extracts (Ethanol, Chloroform and Aqueous) of Kaempferia galanga Linn Rhizome

Introduction: Kaempferia galanga is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae: ginger family. It is treated as a folk traditional herb. Anti Inflammatory property refers to the ability of a substance to reduce inflammation or any of its 5 cardinal signs. Aim: To assess and compare in vitro the anti-inflammatory properties of various extracts (ethanol, chloroform and aqueous) of Kaempferia galanga L Rhizome. Materials and Methods: Protein Denaturation Inhibition was carried out in vitro and statistical analysis was done using ONE WAY -ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Tests. The test was done in triplicates. Results: Chloroform extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome has the best anti-inflammatory potential followed by Ethanol and Aqueous extracts of the rhizome. Conclusion: With further in vivo and clinical research, the chloroform, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Kaempferia galanga can be recommended as a novel, innovative and potent anti-inflammatory drug in the market as it’s natural and doesn’t have side effects.

Effect of Aegle Marmelos Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract on Expression of Antiapoptotic Markers in Human Melanoma Cells

Background: Aegle marmelos commonly known as Bael is a herbal plant. Itis from a family called Rutaceae. It has many medicinal uses: anti-diarrheal, anti- microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, chemo-preventive, Ulcer healing and many others. Aim: To study the effect of Aegle marmelos hydroethanolic leaf extract on expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cells. Objective: The present study investigated the effect of Aegle marmelos hydroethanolic leaf extract on expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cells. Materials and Methods: DMSO and MTT chemicals were purchased from Sigma chemical Pvt Ltd. Trypsin EDTA, FBS, RPMI 1640 medium and PBS, Real time PCR kit was purchased from Canada. Human melanoma cell line (A375) was purchased from NCCS, Pune, India. Results: The data was analysed statistically by ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test with a computer based software (Graph Pad Prism version 5). The percentage of cell viability decreases with the increase in dosage of Aegle marmelos leaf extract.  Conclusion: The study concluded that Aegle marmelos hydro ethanolic leaf extract a novel and innovative herbal drug has a significant effect on the expression of antiapoptotic markers in human melanoma cell lines.

Correlation of the Protein Expression of Salivary Cortisol, Serum Vitamin B12 and Interleukin 1 Beta in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

This study will help in determining which molecules participate in the ulceration with an integrated approach combining external and internal factors. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common condition affecting the oral mucosa. Clinically it is manifested through recurrent painful lesions. A total of 28 subjects were recruited for this systematic case-controlled study (14 Control and 14). Whole unstimulated saliva was used for measuring Cortisol and IL-1 b levels. Patients with RAS lesions exhibited an elevated salivary cortisol level as against their healthy counterparts. The mean value for salivary cortisol among RAS patients was determined to be 16.2 nM/dL as against the control group which had a mean salivary cortisol of 12 nM/dL. Overall, this study helps provide insights into the correlation of the different biomarkers and RAS patients which can eventually lead to better therapeutic options and prevent recurrence in patients.

The porin AaxA protein model from Chlamydia pneumonia

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen accountable for various acute respiratory infections. C. pneumoniae has a gene cluster which encodes a putative outer membrane porin (aaxA), arginine decarboxylase (CPn1032 or aaxB) and a putative cytoplasmic membrane transporter (CPn1031 or aaxC). Therefore, it is of interest to document a molecular protein model of porin AaxA from Chlamydia pneumonia to gain structure to functional insight on the protein.

Molecular docking analysis of COX-2 for potential inhibitors

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is liked with breast cancer. Therefore, it is of interest to design and develop new yet effective compounds against COX-2 from medicinal plants such as the natural alkaloid compounds. We document the optimal binding features of aristolochicacid with COX-2 protein for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of aspirin analogues with β-catenin

Canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation, which links by the growth of β-catenin in cell due to inactivation of glycogen synthetase kinase-3. Therefore, it is of interest to design novel candidates to bind with β-catenin. Hence, we document the molecular docking analysis data of aspirin analogues with β-catenin for further consideration.

Expression of ITG β-1, MMP9 and Vimentin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma – A Real Time PCR Based Approach

Background: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancies which accounts for 90% of oral cancer worldwide. The 5 year survival rate of OSCC is not more than 60% due to tumor metastasis and subsequent recurrence. Aim: To compare the gene expression of ITG β-1, MMP9 and Vimentin in OSCC tissue samples and normal tissue samples and to correlate the expression levels of these molecules with the pathological grading and survival in OSCC patients. This would facilitate the understanding of EMT in OSCC progression thereby targeting this pathway for treatment of OSCC patients in near future. Materials and Methods: 10 OSCC samples as well as normal healthy samples were collected and RNA isolation was done using TRIR kit, and then subjected to cDNA synthesis using ITG β-1, MMP9 and Vimentin primers. Real time PCR was performed using gene specific primers at 40 cycles. The results were retrieved, tabulated and analyzed. Results: The current research results revealed that there were up regulation of mRNA expression in ITG β-1, MMP9 and Vimentin in OSCC patients than in healthy individuals. On comparison, MMP9 showed highest mRNA expression levels than ITG β-1 and Vimentin Conclusion: Over expression of ITG B-1, MMP9, Vimentin plays a crucial role in progression of oral cancer and targeting EMT molecules could be an effective targeted approach for OSCC.

Comparative Evaluation on the Expression of Pi3 Kinase - AKT- mTOR Signalling Molecules in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Real Time PCR Based Approach

Background: Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) develops as a result of the accumulation of many genetic mutations that are influenced by genetic predisposition. Upon acquisition of genetic predisposition, the precancerous cells will transform into malignant cells culminating into carcinomas. Advances in genetic research over the past few decades have rendered early detection possible. Aim: To compare the gene expression of Pi3 Kinase, AKT and mTOR in OSCC and to correlate the expression levels of these molecules with the survival in OSCC patients. Also to understand the role of Pi3 Kinase pathway in OSCC progression thereby attempting targeted therapy in OSCC patients. Materials and Methods: 10 OSCC samples as well as normal healthy samples were collected and RNA isolation was done using RNA easy kit from Qiagen (Valencia, CA), and then subjected to cDNA synthesis using Human TGF-β1, Human GSK-3β and Human Pi3 kinase primers. Real time PCR was performed using gene specific primers at 40 cycles. The results were retrieved, tabulated and analyzed. Results: The current research results revealed that there were up regulation of mRNA expression in The PI3K/AKT/mTOR in OSCC patients than in healthy individuals. On comparison, mTOR showed highest mRNA expression levels than AKT and PI3K. Conclusion: Overexpression of Pi3 kinase, AKT, mTOR plays a crucial role in progression of oral cancer and targeting Pi3 kinase/mTOR pathways could be a novel and targeted approach for OSCC.

β-sitosterol Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Induce Cytotoxicity in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells

Background:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are commonly used metallic nanoparticles in health care systems. Colon cancer incidence is increasing worldwide. In this study, AgNP was synthesized using β-sitosterol and its cytotoxic potential was evaluated in human colon cancer (HT-29) cells.

Methods:

Characterization of AgNP was analyzed by TEM and spectrophotometry analysis. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ng/ml) of AgNPs and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptosis was analyzed by the flow cytometry. The expression of p53 protein was analyzed by western blotting.

Results:

β-sitosterol mediated AgNP are spherical in shape and induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. AgNP caused apoptosis related morphological changes as evidenced by annexin positive staining. AgNP treatments also induced the p53 expression in HT-29 cells.

Conclusion:

Our present result suggests that β-sitosterol mediated AgNP induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells and this finding may pave the way for further experimental analysis in vivo.

Molecular modeling of cornulin (CRNN) for docking with phytocompounds from Justicia adhatoda L

Cornulin (CRNN) is linked with tumour progression. Therefore, it is of interest to document data on the molecular modeling of cornulin (CRNN) for docking with phytocompounds (Pyrazinamide, Anisotine, Vasicinone, Vasicoline) from Justicia adhatoda L. Thus, we document the optimal binding features of these compounds with the cornulin model for further consideration.

Molecular docking data of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 with compounds from a medicinal plant Justicia adhatoda L

It is known that E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 is linked to oral cancer. Therefore, it is of interest to document molecular docking data of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 with compounds ((Stigmasterol, Pyrazinamide, Vasicinone and Ethambutol)) from a medicinal plant Justicia adhatoda L for further consideration.

Molecular docking of alkaloid compounds with the matrix metalloproteinase 2

Matrix metalloproteinase protein-2 (MMP-2) is linked to the human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is of interest to design new inhibitors for MMP-2 to combat the disease. Thus, we document the molecular docking features of Aristolochic acid, Cryptopleurine, Epipodophyllotoxin, and Fagaronine with MMP-2 for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of SARS-CoV-2 linked RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus

It is of interest to document the moelcular docking analysis of SARS-CoV-2 linked RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus. Hence, we report the binding features of rutin, Luteolin, Salvianolic acid A, Rosmarinic acid and p-Coumaric acid with the target protein SARS-CoV-2 linked RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for further consideration.

Molecular docking of potential inhibitors with the mTOR protein

The mTOR (mammalian or mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) is linked with oral cancer. Therefore, it is of interest to study the molecular docking-based binding of paclitaxel (a FDA approved drug for oral cancer) and its analogues with mTOR. Hence, we report the binding features of 10-Deacetyltaxol, 7-Epi-10-deacetyltaxol, 7-Epi-Taxol and 6alpha-Hydroxypaclitaxel with mTOR for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of beta-catenin with compounds derived from Lycopersicon esculentum

Beta-catenin is linked with colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, it is of interest to design and develop novel compounds to combat CRC. Hence, we document compounds (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid) from Lycopersicon esculentum with optimal binding features for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of Enterotoxin I from Staphylococcus aureus with Nafcillin analogues

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are liked with food poisoning and other related infections. Nafcillin is an antibiotic used to treat S. aureus. Therefore, it is of interest to study the molecular interactions of 25 nafcillin analogues with enterotoxin I using molecular docking analysis. The analysis shows optimal interaction features of Nafcillin analogues with Enterotoxin I from Staphylococcus aureus for further consideration.

Molecular docking analysis of Bcl-2 with phyto-compounds

The Bcl-2 protein is liked in several cancers and drug resistance to therapy is also known in this context. There are many Bcl-2 inhibitors under clinical trials. It is of further interest to design new Bcl2 inhibitors from phyto compounds such as artesunate, bruceantin, maytansin, Salvicine, indicine N-oxide, kamebanin and oxyacanthine. We report the optimal binding features of these compounds with Bcl-2 for further consideration towards in vitro and in vivo validation.

Molecular docking analysis of docetaxel analogues as duel lipocalin 2 inhibitors

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2, also called as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is a member of the lipocalin family and a known target for breast cancer. Therefore, it is of interest to use Docetaxel as a scaffold to design molecules with improved efficiency from naturally derived phytochemicals. We document 10 analogues (4Deacetyltaxol, 7Acetyltaxol, Cabazitaxel, Cephalomannine, Docetaxal, Deacetyltaxol, Docetaxeltrihydrate, Ortataxel, Paclitaxel, Taxoline) having optimal binding with Lipocalin 2 in comparison with Docetaxel. This data is highly useful for consideration in the design and development of drugs for breast cancer.

Molecular docking data of piperine with Bax, Caspase 3, Cox 2 and Caspase 9

Several apoptotic signalling proteins such as Bax, Caspase 3, Cox 2 and Caspase 9 are known to be associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). It is of interest to study the interaction of these proteins with piperine a known drug candidate. We document the binding energy, hydrogen bond interaction and hydrophobic interaction between the piperine and apoptotic proteins for further consideration.

Combination Assay for Tumor Markers in Saliva of Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Potentially malignant disorders are “the risk of malignancy being present in a lesion or condition either at the time of initial diagnosis or at a future date” include mainly leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis. Biomarkers were of immense help in diagnosis in recent years but a very few molecular biomarkers have been reported in the literature which are not significantly accurate. The current study aims at quantifying the levels of Transforming growth factor (TGF- β), Platelet derived growth factors (PDGF) and receptor of advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) in saliva of patients with potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Unstimulated saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorder patients was collected and stored in sub zero temperature. Further biochemical analysis was performed with Raybio ELISA kits. One way ANOVA was performed. The mean concentration of RAGE, PDGF and TGF- β was increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma groups and potentially malignant disorders when compared to healthy controls.p-0.000 (p<0.05).These combined assays can be used as potential biomarkers for indicating the prognosis of the disease and can be used as a diagnostic tool for screening and early detection as these combined assays give more reliable and accurate diagnosis when compared to single biomarker assays.

Molecular docking analysis of piperine with CDK2,CDK4,Cyclin D and Cyclin T proteins

Piperine is a component of Piper nigrum (Black pepper). It is well known in ayurvedic formulations. Piperine is a bioenhancer as it reduces the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rodents and thereby enhancing the plasma concentrations of several drugs, including the Pglycoprotein substrates. Therefore, it is of interest to understand the molecular docking interactions of piperine with several cell cycle proteins such as Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D and Cyclin T for further consideration in drug discovery related to oral cancer.

Molecular docking analysis of amyloid precursor protein with compounds from the Australian cowplant

Amyloid precursor protein is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Australian cowplant Gymnema sylvestre is known in Indian and Chinese medicine. Therefore, it is of interest to screen the Amyloid precursor protein with compounds from the Australian cowplant. We report five compounds (Gymnemasaponin 5, Gymnemasin D, Gymnemoside A, Gymnemoside E, Gymnemoside F) derived from the Australian cowplant as the poteinal inhibitors of Amyloid precursor protein with optimal binding features for further consideration.

Docking analysis of importin-11 homology model with the phyto compounds towards colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most familiar malignancy worldwide. Hence, searching for novel therapeutic options is of highest priority. Therefore, it is of interest to design inhibitors to the protein target importin-11, which transports β-catenin linked to colon cancer cells. However, the structure of importin-11 is not known. Hence, we use a homology model of importin-11 to dock potential interactions with five phyto compounds using molecular interaction features for further consideration.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma: An insight into molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important event in embryonic development, fibrosis and cancer invasion. During cancer progression, the activation of EMT permits cancer cells to acquire migratory, invasive and stem-like properties. Despite recent advances in treatment, there is no improvement in the 5-year overall survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Local recurrence and lymph node metastasis are considered to be mainly responsible for the low survival rate in OSCC. EMT plays a major role in local recurrence and lymph node metastasis of oral cancer. This review article addresses the clinical implications of EMT in OSCC and explains the molecular mechanisms of EMT, highlighting the cadherin switching and signaling pathways involved.

Molecular docking analysis of alkaloid compounds with beta-catenin towards the treatment of colon cancer

It is known that beta-catenin is associated with fibromatosis, sarcoma and mesenchymal tumor. Therefore, it is of interest to design an effective inhibtitor to the target protein beta-catenin. In this study, we report the molecular docking analysis of alkaloid compounds (aristolochicacid, cryptopleurine, demecolcine, fagaronine and thalicarpine) with beta-catenin for further consideration towards the design and development of potential inhintors for the treatmnet of colon cancer.

Estimation of Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx), Malondialdehyde (Mda), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (Tnf Alpha) and Alpha Feto Protein (Afp) In Saliva of Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The aim of the study was to estimate the levels of Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and Alpha feto protein (AFP) in saliva of potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma, use them as an effective biomarkers in screening and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma as it is less invasive and more economical. 30 newly diagnosed patients with oral sub mucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, who were not previously treated for the disease was selected for the study. 5ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from the patient for one minute in a sterile URICOL container and stored in sub-zero temperature before processing of the samples. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, alpha feto protein and TNF alpha was biochemically estimated and tabulated. There was increase mean concentration of glutathione, malondialdehyde, alpha feto protein and TNF alpha in carcinoma group and PMD group when compared to control group (p<0.05). Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, TNF alpha and alpha Feto protein are found to increase gradually from potentially malignant disorder to malignant condition. These factors can be used as potential biomarkers to indicate the prognosis of the disease and can be used as diagnostic tool for screening and early detection.

In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats

Adipose tissue is the primary site of storage for excess energy as triglyceride and it helps in synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Consumption of high dietary fat increases stored fat mass and is considered as a main risk factor for metabolic diseases. Beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol) is a plant sterol. It has the similar chemical structure like cholesterol. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol has anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective role. However, effect of β-sitosterol on insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation has not been explored. Hence in the present study we aimed to discover the protective role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signaling molecules in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Effect dose of β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days) was given to high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats to study its anti-diabetic activity. Results of the study showed that the treatment with β-sitosterol to diabetes-induced rats normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Our present findings indicate that β-sitosterol improves glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the adipose tissue of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Insilico analysis also coincides with invivo results. Hence it is very clear that β-sitosterol can act as potent antidiabetic agent.

Role of chrysin on expression of insulin signaling molecules

Background:

Currently available drugs are unsuccessful for the treatment of tye-2 diabetes due to their adverseside-effects. Hence, a search for novel drugs, especially ofplant origin, continues. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid, natural component of traditional medicinal herbs, present in honey, propolis and many plant extracts that hasbeen used in traditional medicine around the world to treat numerous ailments.

Objective:

The present study was aimed to identify the protective role of chrysin on the expression of insulin-signaling molecules in the skeletal muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rats.

Materials and Methods:

The oral effective dose of chrysin (100 mg/kg body weight) was given once a day until the end of the study (30 days post-induction of diabetes) to high fat diet-induced diabetic rats. At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and free radical generation, as well as the levels of insulin signaling molecules and tissue glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle were assessed.

Results:

Diabetic rats showed impaired glucose tolerance and impairment in insulin signaling molecules (IR, IRS-1, p-IRS-1Tyr⁶³², p- Akt^Thr308), glucose transporter subtype 4 [GLUT4] proteins and glycogen concentration. Serum insulin, lipid profile, LPO and free radical generation were found to be increased in diabetic control rats. The treatment with chrysin normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, LPO and insulin signaling molecules as well as GLUT4 proteins.

Conclusion:

Our present findings indicate that chrysin improves glycemic control through activation of insulin signal transduction in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic male rats.

4D radiobiological modelling of the interplay effect in conventionally and hypofractionated lung tumour IMRT

OBJECTIVE

To study the impact of the interplay between respiration-induced tumour motion and multileaf collimator leaf movements in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as a function of number of fractions, dose rate on population mean tumour control probability ([Formula: see text]) using an in-house developed dose model.

METHODS

Delivered dose was accumulated in a voxel-by-voxel basis inclusive of tumour motion over the course of treatment. The effect of interplay on dose and [Formula: see text] was studied for conventionally and hypofractionated treatments using digital imaging and communications in medicine data sets. Moreover, the effect of dose rate on interplay was also studied for single-fraction treatments. Simulations were repeated several times to obtain [Formula: see text] for each plan.

RESULTS

The average variation observed in mean dose to the target volumes were -0.76% ± 0.36% for the 20-fraction treatment and -0.26% ± 0.68% and -1.05% ± 0.98% for the three- and single-fraction treatments, respectively. For the 20-fraction treatment, the drop in [Formula: see text] was -1.05% ± 0.39%, whereas for the three- and single-fraction treatments, it was -2.80% ± 1.68% and -4.00% ± 2.84%, respectively. By reducing the dose rate from 600 to 300 MU min(-1) for the single-fraction treatments, the drop in [Formula: see text] was reduced by approximately 1.5%.

CONCLUSION

The effect of interplay on [Formula: see text] is negligible for conventionally fractionated treatments, whereas considerable drop in [Formula: see text] is observed for the three- and single-fraction treatments. Reduced dose rate could be used in hypofractionated treatments to reduce the interplay effect.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

A novel in silico dose model is presented to determine the impact of interplay effect in IMRT treatments on [Formula: see text].