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Di Giovanni E, Buonvino S, Amelio I, Melino S. Glutathione-Allylsulfur Conjugates as Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulating Agents for Potential Applications in Tissue Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1638. [PMID: 32121252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous gasotransmitter H2S plays an important role in the central nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Accordingly, slow-releasing H2S donors are powerful tools for basic studies and innovative pharmaco-therapeutic agents for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, the effects of H2S-releasing agents on the growth of stem cells have not been fully investigated. H2S preconditioning can enhance mesenchymal stem cell survival after post-ischaemic myocardial implantation; therefore, stem cell therapy combined with H2S may be relevant in cell-based therapy for regenerative medicine. Here, we studied the effects of slow-releasing H2S agents on the cell growth and differentiation of cardiac Lin− Sca1+ human mesenchymal stem cells (cMSC) and on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). In particular, we investigated the effects of water-soluble GSH–garlic conjugates (GSGa) on cMSC compared to other H2S-releasing agents, such as Na2S and GYY4137. GSGa treatment of cMSC and NHDF increased their cell proliferation and migration in a concentration dependent manner with respect to the control. GSGa treatment promoted an upregulation of the expression of proteins involved in oxidative stress protection, cell–cell adhesion and commitment to differentiation. These results highlight the effects of H2S-natural donors as biochemical factors that promote MSC homing, increasing their safety profile and efficacy after transplantation, and the value of these donors in developing functional 3D-stem cell delivery systems for cardiac muscle tissue repair and regeneration.
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52
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Sunzini F, De Stefano S, Chimenti MS, Melino S. Hydrogen Sulfide as Potential Regulatory Gasotransmitter in Arthritic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041180. [PMID: 32053981 PMCID: PMC7072783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The social and economic impact of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, explains the growing interest of the research in this field. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the endogenous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were recently demonstrated in the context of different inflammatory diseases. In particular, H2S is able to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory mediations by lymphocytes and innate immunity cells. Considering these biological effects of H2S, a potential role in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can be postulated. However, despite the growing interest in H2S, more evidence is needed to understand the pathophysiology and the potential of H2S as a therapeutic agent. Within this review, we provide an overview on H2S biological effects, on its role in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, on H2S releasing drugs, and on systems of tissue repair and regeneration that are currently under investigation for potential therapeutic applications in arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sunzini
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University, Glasgow G31 8TA, UK;
- Rheumatology, Allergology and clinical immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpelier, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Susanna De Stefano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and clinical immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpelier, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0672594410
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Fredotović Ž, Soldo B, Šprung M, Marijanović Z, Jerković I, Puizina J. Comparison of Organosulfur and Amino Acid Composition between Triploid Onion Allium cornutum Clementi ex Visiani, 1842, and Common Onion Allium cepa L., and Evidences for Antiproliferative Activity of Their Extracts. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E98. [PMID: 31941040 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Species that belong to the genus Allium have been widely used for human food and traditional medicine. Their beneficial health effects, as well as the specific aroma, are associated with their bioactive chemical compounds, such as sulfur compounds and flavonoids. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (reverse-phase HPLC) were used to identify organosulfur and amino acid content of triploid hybrid onion, Allium cornutum Clement ex Visiani, 1842, and common onion, Allium cepa L. Allium extracts were tested for their antiproliferative activity in three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HCT116, and U2OS). DNA fragmentation and DAPI staining analysis were performed on HeLa cells to evaluate the effect of extracts on DNA damage and cell morphology. The mRNA expression of p53, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes involved in apoptosis were analyzed by real-time PCR. Using GC-MS, 27 compounds were found in two Allium species headspaces. Differences were noted among the main compound abundance in the headspace (although the major thiols and disulfides were qualitatively identic in both Allium species) and dipropyl disulfide, diisopropyl trisulfide, and (Z)-prop-1-enyl propyl trisulfide were predominant sulfides. Identification of amino acids and their quantities were determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Most abundant amino acids in both onions were arginine (Arg) and glutamic acid (Glu). The results of cytotoxicity testing confirmed antiproliferative effects of both species. The DNA fragmentation assay, DAPI staining and real time PCR analysis confirmed that A. cornutum and A. cepa extracts induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. This study presents the evidence for possible therapeutic use of A. cornutum and A. cepa extracts against human cervical carcinoma cell line.
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Abstract
Garlic is used as a spice in cooking due to its unique aroma. The unique aroma of garlic has attracted considerable attention from scientists. The cloves contain large amounts of sulfur-based substances, which as a consequence of their reactive properties, are converted easily to a variety of volatile compounds during processing. The volatile profiles of processed garlic are influenced by processing conditions, such as temperature, pH and solvent. Numerous studies on these changes in volatile compounds that occur during processing have been reported, with a number of types of sulfur-containing volatile compounds being identified in fresh and processed garlic. This review summarizes the volatile components of fresh and processed garlic, particularly those produced by heating and aging. The pungent odor of fresh garlic is contributed mainly to thiosulfinates and their degradation products. During the heating process of garlic, thiosulfinates are mainly decomposed, and nitrogen-containing volatile compounds, such as pyridines and pyrazines are generated. Aldehydes are dominant compounds in black garlic, while esters and phenols are key aroma compounds in aged garlic extract. The slight variations in chemical reactions during the aging process may lead to differences in the aroma of the two types of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Abe
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan.,Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Yoji Hori
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Takao Myoda
- Laboratory of Aroma Chemistry, Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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55
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Abstract
The genus Allium, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae has been known since ancient times for their therapeutic potentials. As the number of multi-drug resistant infections has increased due to in-feed antibiotic usage in poultry, the relevance of alliums as feed additives has been critically assessed. Garlic and the other Allium species, such as onions, leek, shallot, scallion, and chives, have been characterized to contain a plethora of bioactive compounds such as organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, saponins, fructans, and fructo-oligosaccharides. Consequently, alliums have been validated to confer antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulatory, gut homeostasis, and lipid- as well as cholesterol-lowering properties in poultry. This review intends to summarize recent progress on the use of edible alliums as poultry feed additives, their beneficial effects, and the underlying mechanisms of their involvement in poultry nutrition. Perspectives for future research and limitations are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Woo-Do Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Institute of Biological Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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56
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Phan ADT, Netzel G, Chhim P, Netzel ME, Sultanbawa Y. Phytochemical Characteristics and Antimicrobial Activity of Australian Grown Garlic ( Allium Sativum L.) Cultivars. Foods 2019; 8:E358. [PMID: 31450776 PMCID: PMC6770571 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically evaluated the main bioactive compounds and associated biological properties of two Australian grown garlic cultivars and commercial non-Australian grown garlic (for comparison purposes only). Additionally, the distribution of bioactive compounds in garlic skin and clove samples was determined to obtain a better understanding of the potential biological functionality of the different garlic parts. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA-MS). A principal component analysis was applied to assess the correlation between the determined bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity as well as antimicrobial activity. The content of phenolic compounds (free and bound forms) in the garlic skin samples was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the garlic cloves, and was also higher (p < 0.05) in the Australian grown cultivars compared to the commercial non-Australian grown garlic. Anthocyanins were found in the skin samples of the Australian grown garlic cultivars. The organosulfur compounds were higher (p < 0.05) in the cloves compared to the skin samples and higher (p < 0.05) in the Australian grown cultivars compared to the studied commercial sample. As the richer source of bioactive compounds, the Australian grown garlic cultivars exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant capacity and stronger (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity than the commercial non-Australian grown garlic. The potential of garlic cultivars rich in bioactive compounds for domestic and industrial applications, e.g., condiment and natural food preservative, should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Dao Thi Phan
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Panhchapor Chhim
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael E Netzel
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
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Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Balasubramanian N, Quinn MT. Neutrophil Immunomodulatory Activity of Natural Organosulfur Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091809. [PMID: 31083328 PMCID: PMC6539273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds are bioactive components of garlic essential oil (EO), mustard oil, Ferula EOs, asafoetida, and other plant and food extracts. Traditionally, garlic (Allium sativum) is used to boost the immune system; however, the mechanisms involved in the putative immunomodulatory effects of garlic are unknown. We investigated the effects of garlic EO and 22 organosulfur compounds on human neutrophil responses. Garlic EO, allyl propyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) directly activated Ca2+ flux in neutrophils, with the most potent being AITC. Although 1,3-dithiane did not activate neutrophil Ca2+ flux, this minor constituent of garlic EO stimulated neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In contrast, a close analog (1,4-dithiane) was unable to activate neutrophil ROS production. Although 1,3-dithiane-1-oxide also stimulated neutrophil ROS production, only traces of this oxidation product were generated after a 5 h treatment of HL60 cells with 1,3-dithiane. Evaluation of several phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors with different subtype specificities (A-66, TGX 221, AS605240, and PI 3065) showed that the PI3K p110δ inhibitor PI 3065 was the most potent inhibitor of 1,3-dithiane-induced neutrophil ROS production. Furthermore, 1,3-dithiane enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK-3α/β), and cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein in differentiated neutrophil-like HL60 cells. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the reactivity of 1,3-dithiane vs. 1,4-dithiane, based on the frontier molecular orbital analysis. Our results demonstrate that certain organosulfur compounds can activate neutrophil functional activity and may serve as biological response modifiers by augmenting phagocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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58
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Hwang D, Kim M, Park H, Jeong MI, Jung W, Kim B. Natural Products and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review Highlighting Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051010. [PMID: 31058874 PMCID: PMC6567155 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have shown great potential of alternative interventions such as immunotherapy and natural products for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study aims to review the anti-AML effect of various natural compounds. Natural compounds were classified into five groups: alkaloids, carotenoids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds or phenolics based on each compound’s chemical properties. Fifty-eight studies were collected and reviewed in this article. Phenolics are the most abundant group to have an apoptotic effect over AML cells, while other groups have also shown significant apoptotic effects. Some compounds induced apoptosis by regulating unique mechanism like human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or laminin receptor (67LR), while others modified caspases, poly (adp-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and p53. Further study is required to identify side-effects of potent compounds and the synergistic effects of combination of two or more natural compounds or existing conventional anti-AML drugs to treat this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Minsun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyejin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Myung In Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Woojin Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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59
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Marrelli M, Amodeo V, Statti G, Conforti F. Biological Properties and Bioactive Components of Allium cepa L.: Focus on Potential Benefits in the Treatment of Obesity and Related Comorbidities. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010119. [PMID: 30598012 PMCID: PMC6337254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Common onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants, utilized worldwide as both vegetable and flavouring. This species is known to contain sulphur amino acids together with many vitamins and minerals. A variety of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phytosterols and saponins, have also been identified. Despite the predominant use of this plant as food, a wide range of beneficial effects have also been proved. Different biological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic, have been reported. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the studies concerning the beneficial effects of this species against obesity and its related comorbidities, such as hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes. Both in vitro and in vivo results about onion dietary supplementation have been taken into account. Furthermore, this review examines the possible role of onion bioactive components in modulating or preventing weight-gain or related diseases, as well as the possible mechanisms behind their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Valentina Amodeo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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60
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Abstract
We describe a short total synthesis of ajoene, a major biologically active constituent of garlic. The instability of allicin as the only other known alternative starting material has led to the development of a reliable procedure for the synthesis of ajoene from simple building blocks that is also suitable for upscale operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Silva
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | | | | | - Robert Saunders
- Neem BiotechRoseheyworth Business Park NorthAbertilleryNP13 1SXUK
| | | | - Michael Graz
- Neem BiotechRoseheyworth Business Park NorthAbertilleryNP13 1SXUK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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61
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Cacciotti I, Ciocci M, Di Giovanni E, Nanni F, Melino S. Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Fibrous Membranes: Potential Patches for Stimulating Human Stem Cells Proliferation and Viability under Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2368. [PMID: 30103516 PMCID: PMC6121677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of biomaterial platforms able to release bioactive molecules is mandatory in tissue repair and regenerative medicine. In this context, electrospinning is a user-friendly, versatile and low-cost technique, able to process different kinds of materials in micro- and nano-fibers with a large surface area-to-volume ratio for an optimal release of gaseous signaling molecules. Recently, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the endogenous gasotramsmitter hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), as well as its ability to stimulate relevant biochemical processes on the growth of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), have been investigated. Therefore, in this work, new poly(lactic) acid fibrous membranes (PFM), doped and functionalized with H₂S slow-releasing donors extracted from garlic, were synthetized. These innovative H₂S-releasing mats were characterized for their morphological, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties. Their antimicrobial activity and effects on the in vitro human cardiac MSC growth, either in the presence or in the absence of oxidative stress, were here assessed. On the basis of the results here presented, these new H₂S-releasing PFM could represent promising and low-cost scaffolds or patches for biomedical applications in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, University of Rome "Niccolò Cusano", via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy.
- CIMER Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ciocci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emilia Di Giovanni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Nanni
- Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy.
- Enterprise Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia Melino
- CIMER Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Blekkenhorst LC, Sim M, Bondonno CP, Bondonno NP, Ward NC, Prince RL, Devine A, Lewis JR, Hodgson JM. Cardiovascular Health Benefits of Specific Vegetable Types: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050595. [PMID: 29751617 PMCID: PMC5986475 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate vegetable consumption is one of the cornerstones of a healthy diet. The recommendation to increase vegetable intake is part of most dietary guidelines. Despite widespread and long-running public health messages to increase vegetable intake, similar to other countries worldwide, less than 1 in 10 adult Australians manage to meet target advice. Dietary guidelines are predominantly based on studies linking diets high in vegetables with lower risk of chronic diseases. Identifying vegetables with the strongest health benefits and incorporating these into dietary recommendations may enhance public health initiatives around vegetable intake. These enhanced public health initiatives would be targeted at reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Specific vegetable types contain high levels of particular nutrients and phytochemicals linked with cardiovascular health benefits. However, it is not clear if increasing intake of these specific vegetable types will result in larger benefits on risk of chronic diseases. This review presents an overview of the evidence for the relationships of specific types of vegetables, including leafy green, cruciferous, allium, yellow-orange-red and legumes, with subclinical and clinical CVD outcomes in observational epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
- School of Public Health & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Richard L Prince
- Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
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63
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Zerbs S, Korajczyk PJ, Noirot PH, Collart FR. Transport capabilities of environmental Pseudomonads for sulfur compounds. Protein Sci 2017; 26:784-795. [PMID: 28127814 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element in plant rhizospheres and microbial activity plays a key role in increasing the biological availability of sulfur in soil environments. To better understand the mechanisms facilitating the exchange of sulfur-containing molecules in soil, we profiled the binding specificities of eight previously uncharacterized ABC transporter solute-binding proteins from plant-associated Pseudomonads. A high-throughput screening procedure indicated eighteen significant organosulfur binding ligands, with at least one high-quality screening hit for each protein target. Calorimetric and spectroscopic methods were used to validate the best ligand assignments and catalog the thermodynamic properties of the protein-ligand interactions. Two novel high-affinity ligand-binding activities were identified and quantified in this set of solute-binding proteins. Bacteria were cultured in minimal media with screening library components supplied as the sole sulfur sources, demonstrating that these organosulfur compounds can be metabolized and confirming the relevance of ligand assignments. These results expand the set of experimentally validated ligands amenable to transport by this ABC transporter family and demonstrate the complex range of protein-ligand interactions that can be accomplished by solute-binding proteins. Characterizing new nutrient import pathways provides insight into Pseudomonad metabolic capabilities which can be used to further interrogate bacterial survival and participation in soil and rhizosphere communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zerbs
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, Illinois, 60439
| | - Peter J Korajczyk
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, Illinois, 60439
| | - Philippe H Noirot
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, Illinois, 60439
| | - Frank R Collart
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, Illinois, 60439
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Foroutan-Rad M, Tappeh KH, Khademvatan S. Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 22:141-155. [PMID: 26721553 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215623126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to Leishmania genus. The current drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis possess many disadvantages; therefore, researchers are continuously looking for the more effective and safer drugs. The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness, toxicities, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of different garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds isolated from garlic against Leishmania spp. in a variety of in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reports. All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Allium sativum," "Garlic," "Allicin," "Ajoene," "Leishmania," "in vitro," "in vivo," and "clinical trial," alone or in combination from 5 English databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Magiran) from 1990 to 2014. In summary, garlic with immunomodulatory effects and apoptosis induction contributes to the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Ta CA, Arnason JT. Mini Review of Phytochemicals and Plant Taxa with Activity as Microbial Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitors. Molecules 2015; 21:E29. [PMID: 26712734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms readily form on many surfaces in nature including plant surfaces. In order to coordinate the formation of these biofilms, microorganisms use a cell-to-cell communication system called quorum sensing (QS). As formation of biofilms on vascular plants may not be advantageous to the hosts, plants have developed inhibitors to interfere with these processes. In this mini review, research papers published on plant-derived molecules that have microbial biofilm or quorum sensing inhibition are reviewed with the objectives of determining the biosynthetic classes of active compounds, their biological activity in assays, and their families of occurrence and range. The main findings are the identification of plant phenolics, including benzoates, phenyl propanoids, stilbenes, flavonoids, gallotannins, proanthocyanidins and coumarins as important inhibitors with both activities. Some terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes also have anti-QS and anti-biofilm activities. Relatively few alkaloids were reported. Quinones and organosulfur compounds, especially from garlic, were also active. A common feature is the polar nature of these compounds. Phytochemicals with these activities are widespread in Angiosperms in temperate and tropical regions, but gymnosperms, bryophytes and pteridophytes were not represented.
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Ta CAK, Arnason JT. Mini Review of Phytochemicals and Plant Taxa with Activity as Microbial Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitors. Molecules 2015; 21:E29. [PMID: 26712734 PMCID: PMC6273182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms readily form on many surfaces in nature including plant surfaces. In order to coordinate the formation of these biofilms, microorganisms use a cell-to-cell communication system called quorum sensing (QS). As formation of biofilms on vascular plants may not be advantageous to the hosts, plants have developed inhibitors to interfere with these processes. In this mini review, research papers published on plant-derived molecules that have microbial biofilm or quorum sensing inhibition are reviewed with the objectives of determining the biosynthetic classes of active compounds, their biological activity in assays, and their families of occurrence and range. The main findings are the identification of plant phenolics, including benzoates, phenyl propanoids, stilbenes, flavonoids, gallotannins, proanthocyanidins and coumarins as important inhibitors with both activities. Some terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes also have anti-QS and anti-biofilm activities. Relatively few alkaloids were reported. Quinones and organosulfur compounds, especially from garlic, were also active. A common feature is the polar nature of these compounds. Phytochemicals with these activities are widespread in Angiosperms in temperate and tropical regions, but gymnosperms, bryophytes and pteridophytes were not represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieu Anh Kim Ta
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - John Thor Arnason
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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67
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Barany G, Henley MJ, Polski LA, Schroll AL, Young VG. Crystal structure of bis-(N-methyl-N-phenyl-amino)-tris-ulfane. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:836-9. [PMID: 26279880 PMCID: PMC4518933 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015011342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C14H16N2S3, crystallized with two independent mol-ecules [(1 a ) and (1 b )] in the asymmetric unit. Both mol-ecules display a pseudo-trans conformation. The two consecutive S-S bond lengths of the tris-ulfane unit of mol-ecule (1 a ) are 2.06 (3) and 2.08 (3) Å, and 2.08 (3) and 2.07 (2) Å for mol-ecule (1 b ). Torsion angles about each of the two S-S bonds are 86.6 (2) and 87.0 (2)° for (1 a ), and -84.6 (2) and -85.9 (2)° for (1 b ). The core atoms, viz. the N-S-S-S-N moiety, of the two mol-ecules superimpose well if one is inverted on the other, but the phenyl groups do not. Thus, the two units are essentially conformational enanti-omers. In mol-ecule (1 a ), the two phenyl rings are inclined to one another by 86.7 (3)°, and in mol-ecule (1 b ), by 81.1 (3)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming sheets lying parallel to (010).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew J Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren A Polski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alayne L Schroll
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Michael's College, Colchester, VT 05439, USA
| | - Victor G Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Jayathilaka L, Gupta S, Huang JS, Lee J, Lee BS. Preparation of (+)-trans-isoalliin and its isomers by chemical synthesis and RP-HPLC resolution. J Biomol Tech 2015; 25:67-76. [PMID: 25187757 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.14-2502-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring (+)-trans-isoalliin, (R(C)R(S))-(+)-trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, is a major cysteine sulfoxide in onion. The importance of producing it synthetically to support further research is very well recognized. The (+)-trans-isoalliin is prepared by chemical synthesis and reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC. First, S-2-propenyl-L-cysteine (deoxyalliin) is formed from L-cysteine and allyl bromide, which is then isomerized to S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (deoxyisoalliin) by a base-catalyzed reaction. A mixture of cis and trans forms of deoxyisoalliin is formed and separated by RP-HPLC. Oxidation of the trans form of deoxyisoalliin by H2O2 produces a mixture of (-)- and (+)-trans-isoalliin. Finally, RP-HPLC is used successfully in separating (-)- and (+)-trans-isoalliin, and hence, (+)-trans-isoalliin is synthesized for the first time in this study. In addition, the (±) diastereomers of cis-isoalliin are also separated and purified by RP-HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasanthi Jayathilaka
- Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; and
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; and
| | - Jin-Sheng Huang
- Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; and
| | - Jenny Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA; and
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Richarz AN, Schultz TW, Cronin MTD, Enoch SJ. Experimental verification of structural alerts for the protein binding of sulfur-containing compounds. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2014; 25:325-341. [PMID: 24749900 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.898693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As often noted by Dr. Gilman Veith, a major barrier to advancing any model is defining its applicability domain. Sulfur-containing industrial organic chemicals can be grouped into several chemical classes including mercaptans (RSH), sulfides (RSR'), disulfides (RSSR'), sulfoxides (RS(=O)R'), sulfones (RS(=O)(=O)R'), sulfonates (ROS(=O)(=O)R') and sulfates (ROS(=O)(=O)OR'). In silico expert systems that predict protein binding reactions from 2D structure sub-divide these chemical classes into a variety of chemical reactive mechanisms and reactions which have toxic consequences. Using the protein binding profilers in version 3.1 of the OECD QSAR Toolbox, a series of sulfur-containing chemicals were profiled for protein binding potential. From these results it was hypothesized which sulfur-containing chemicals would be reactive or non-reactive in an in chemico glutathione assay and whether if reactive they would exhibit toxicity in excess of baseline in the Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth impairment assay. Subsequently, these hypotheses were tested experimentally. The in chemico data show that the in silico profiler predictions were generally correct for all chemical categories, where testing was possible. Mercaptans could not be assessed for GSH reactivity because they react directly with the chromophore 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). With some exceptions, the major being disulfides, the in vitro toxicity data supported the in chemico findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Richarz
- a School of Pharmacy and Chemistry , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Patterson AL, May MD, Visser BJ, Kislukhin AA, Vosburg DA. Solvent-Free Synthesis and Fluorescence of a Thiol-Reactive Sensor for Undergraduate Organic Laboratories. J Chem Educ 2013; 90:10.1021/ed400445j. [PMID: 24415795 PMCID: PMC3885416 DOI: 10.1021/ed400445j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A green organic laboratory experiment was developed in which students synthesize a sensor for thiols using a microscale, solventless Diels-Alder reaction at room temperature or 37 °C. The molecular probe is easily purified by column chromatography in a Pasteur pipet and characterized by thin-layer chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. The thiol-reactive sensor becomes intensely fluorescent upon exposure to thiols from N-acetylcysteine, bovine serum albumin, or human hair (pretreated with a reducing agent to reveal cysteine thiols in α-keratin). This fluorescence is observable even with micrograms of probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia L. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Mary D. May
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Bryan J. Visser
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Alexander A. Kislukhin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David A. Vosburg
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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Abstract
Natural products with antioxidant properties have been extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industry and have also been very popular as health-promoting herbal products. This review provides a summary of the literature published around the first decade of the 21st century regarding the oral bioavailability of carotenoids, polyphenols and sulfur compounds as the three major classes of plant-derived antioxidants. The reviewed original research includes more than 40 compounds belonging to the above mentioned classes of natural antioxidants. In addition, related reviews published during the same period have been cited. A brief introduction to general bioavailability-related definitions, procedures and considerations is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Abourashed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA.
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Tsai CY, Wang CC, Lai TY, Tsu HN, Wang CH, Liang HY, Kuo WW. Antioxidant effects of diallyl trisulfide on high glucose-induced apoptosis are mediated by the PI3K/Akt-dependent activation of Nrf2 in cardiomyocytes. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1286-97. [PMID: 23453443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contributes to development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-sensing transcription factor, induces the antioxidant enzyme expressions. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is the most powerful antioxidant among the sulfur-containing compounds in garlic oil. We investigated whether DATS inhibits hyperglycemia-induced ROS production via Nrf2-mediated activation of antioxidant enzymes in cardiac cells exposed to high glucose (HG). METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of H9c2 cells with HG resulted in an increase in intracellular ROS level and caspase-3 activity, which were markedly reduced by the administration of DATS (10 μM). DATS treatment significantly increased Nrf2 protein stability and nuclear translocation, upregulated downstream gene HO-1, and suppressed its repressor Keap1. However, apoptosis was not inhibited by DATS in cells transfected with Nrf2-specific siRNA. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling by LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or PI3K-specific siRNA not only decreased the level of DATS-induced Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression, but also diminished the protective effects of DATS. Similar results were also observed in high glucose-exposed neonatal primary cardiomyocytes and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats fed DATS at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that DATS protects against hyperglycemia-induced ROS-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway, which further activates Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes in cardiomyocytes exposed to HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biological Science & Technology College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
The formation of complex organic molecules in a reactor filled with gaseous mixtures possibly reproducing the primitive terrestrial atmosphere and ocean demonstrated more than 50 years ago that inorganic synthesis of prebiotic molecules is possible, provided that some form of energy is provided to the system. After that groundbreaking experiment, gas-phase prebiotic molecules have been observed in a wide variety of extraterrestrial objects (including interstellar clouds, comets and planetary atmospheres) where the physical conditions vary widely. A thorough characterization of the chemical evolution of those objects relies on a multi-disciplinary approach: 1) observations allow us to identify the molecules and their number densities as they are nowadays; 2) the chemistry which lies behind their formation starting from atoms and simple molecules is accounted for by complex reaction networks; 3) for a realistic modeling of such networks, a number of experimental parameters are needed and, therefore, the relevant molecular processes should be fully characterized in laboratory experiments. A survey of the available literature reveals, however, that much information is still lacking if it is true that only a small percentage of the elementary reactions considered in the models have been characterized in laboratory experiments. New experimental approaches to characterize the relevant elementary reactions in laboratory are presented and the implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; E-Mail:
; Tel. +39-075-585-5513; Fax: +39-075-585-5606
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Antosiewicz J, Ziolkowski W, Kar S, Powolny AA, Singh SV. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in cellular responses to dietary cancer chemopreventive agents. Planta Med 2008; 74:1570-9. [PMID: 18671201 PMCID: PMC2574970 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies continue to support the premise that diets rich in fruits and vegetables may offer protection against cancer of various anatomic sites. This correlation is quite persuasive for vegetables including ALLIUM (e. g., garlic) and cruciferous (e. g., broccoli and watercress) vegetables. The bioactive food components responsible for the cancer chemopreventive effects of various edible plants have been identified. For instance, the anticancer effects of ALLIUM and cruciferous vegetables are attributed to organosulfur compounds (e. g., diallyl trisulfide) and isothiocyanates (e. g., sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate), respectively. Bioactive food components with anticancer activity are generally considered to be antioxidants due to their ability to modulate expression/activity of antioxidative and phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes and scavenging free radicals. At the same time, more recent studies have provided convincing evidence to indicate that certain dietary cancer chemopreventive agents cause generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger signal transduction culminating in cell cycle arrest and/or programmed cell death (apoptosis). Interestingly, the ROS generation by some dietary anticancer agents is tumor cell specific and does not occur in normal cells. This review summarizes experimental evidence supporting the involvement of ROS in cellular responses to cancer chemopreventive agents derived from common edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Ziolkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna A. Powolny
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivendra V. Singh
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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