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Haines J, Catafesta J, Cairns A, Rouquette J, Levelut C, Goodwin A, van der Lee A, Dmitriev V. Negative linear compressibility and complex high- Pstructure in Zn[Au(CN) 2] 2. Acta Crystallogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767312099060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kamposioras K, Anthoney A, Cairns A, Menon C, Smith A, Verbeke C, DelGaldo F. 486 Lack of Caveolin-1 Mimics SHH Stimulation in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Promoting EMT and Tumour Migration. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kamposioras K, Anthoney D, Cairns A, Smith A, Menon K, Ferentinos G, Verbeke C. 6623 POSTER Distal Bile Duct Adenocarcinoma – Does Location Influence Survival? Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)71934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rotimi O, Cairns A. Re: Interobserver agreement in grading of colorectal cancers--findings from a nationwide web-based survey of histopathologists. Histopathology 2008; 53:480; author reply 480-1. [PMID: 18783465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parsons JG, Cairns A, Johnson CN, Robson SKA, Shilton LA, Westcott DA. Bryophyte dispersal by flying foxes: a novel discovery. Oecologia 2007; 152:112-4. [PMID: 17216209 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This research provides the first evidence of dispersal of bryophytes and associated microorganisms through ingestion by a highly mobile vertebrate vector, the spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus). Bryophyte fragments were found in faeces collected at four P. conspicillatus' camps in the Wet Tropics bioregion, northeastern Australia. These fragments were viable when grown in culture; live invertebrates and other organisms were also present. Our study has significantly increased understanding of the role of flying foxes as dispersal vectors in tropical forests.
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Taggart A, Filippucci E, Wright G, Bell A, Cairns A, Meenagh G, Pendleton A, Rooney M, Wright S, Grey A, Grassi W. Musculoskeletal ultrasound training in rheumatology: the Belfast experience. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 45:102-5. [PMID: 16263780 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the increasing use of musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) as a clinical tool in rheumatology, there is no consensus yet regarding the standards required to achieve a basic level of competence in the use of this imaging technique. A number of sonographers worldwide are developing curricula and standardizing teaching methods in order to improve training in MSUS for rheumatologists. In the meantime, clinicians are devising informal means of training in order to acquire these new skills. Here we describe the informal team approach to MSUS training adopted by a group of rheumatologists from the Regional Rheumatology Centre in Belfast, UK. METHODS Over a 5-yr period, eight rheumatologists from Musgrave Park Hospital in Belfast used a variety of means to learn the basic skills of MSUS. RESULTS Seven of the team underwent a formal assessment of their competency in a practical examination devised by an experienced sonographer. All were judged to have attained a basic competency in MSU. CONCLUSIONS This Belfast experience shows what can be achieved despite the absence of formal MSUS training. Nevertheless, the development of recognized training programmes and international standards of competency are important goals on the way to achieving more widespread acceptance of MSUS as a useful tool in everyday clinical practice.
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Boyle KM, Petty D, Chalmers AG, Quirke P, Cairns A, Finan PJ, Sagar PM, Burke D. MRI assessment of the bony pelvis may help predict resectability of rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2005; 7:232-40. [PMID: 15859960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The outcome after surgical treatment of rectal cancer may be influenced by the technical difficulty of the operation, which is thought to be affected by pelvic size. The aim of this study was to examine the association between bony pelvic dimensions and CRM involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with primary rectal cancer between December 1999 and January 2002 were studied. Staging was performed by pelvic MRI. Nine pelvic dimensions were measured from the MR images on a workstation. Pathology reports were obtained for all patients and the mesorectal specimen was examined. Technical difficulty was assessed by circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement. RESULTS Of 126 patients with primary rectal cancer, 88 had staging MRI and rectal excision; there were significant differences between the sexes in all 9 pelvic dimensions (P < 0.05). In females, the interspinous diameter was significantly shorter in patients with CRM involvement compared with patients with a negative CRM. In female patients predicted to have a negative CRM, the anteroposterior diameter of the inlet, the anteroposterior diameter of the midplane and the transverse diameter of the midplane (interspinous distance) were significantly shorter in patients who actually had a positive CRM compared with those in whom the CRM was negative. In male patients, there was no correlation between pelvic dimensions and CRM status. CONCLUSIONS In certain patients with rectal cancer, CRM positivity may be predicted from pre-operative MRI pelvic measurements. This may influence the choice of adjuvant therapy.
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Hickey K, Cairns A, Balen AH. Rupture of a rudimentary uterine horn at 19 weeks' gestation. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2004; 18:394. [PMID: 15512124 DOI: 10.1080/01443619867272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hayat M, Cairns A, Dixon MF, O'Mahony S. Quantitation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human duodenum: what is normal? J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:393-4. [PMID: 11986350 PMCID: PMC1769642 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.5.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) is mandatory for the histological diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD). Currently, duodenal biopsies are used almost exclusively to establish the diagnosis, yet published work continues to cite an upper limit of 40 lymphocytes/100 epithelial cells, a figure derived from jejunal biopsies over 30 years ago. AIM To establish the normal range for IEL counts in distal duodenal biopsies. MATERIALS/METHODS Twenty subjects (seven men, 13 women; median age, 34 years; range, 20-65) with a normal sugar permeability test and concurrent distal duodenal biopsies were identified. The number of IELs and epithelial cell nuclei in an uninterrupted length of surface (villous) epithelium (> 500 cells) was counted. An image analysis system was used to assess villous architecture by calculating the villous height to crypt depth ratio. RESULTS The range of IEL counts in 20 subjects was 1.8-26/100 villous epithelial cells, with a mean value of 11 and SD of 6.8. The mean villous to crypt ratio was 1.82 (SD, 0.38; range, 1.22-2.46). There was no correlation between IEL counts and villous to crypt ratio (Spearman rank correlation, -0.066; p = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 25 IELs/100 epithelial cells (mean +2 SD) should be taken as the upper limit of the normal range for duodenal mucosa.
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Cairns A, Kayne S. Dispensing review. Vet Rec 2000; 147:460. [PMID: 11079445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Rotimi O, Cairns A, Gray S, Moayyedi P, Dixon MF. Histological identification of Helicobacter pylori: comparison of staining methods. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:756-9. [PMID: 11064668 PMCID: PMC1731087 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.53.10.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether two recently described staining methods (the modified McMullen's and the Helicobacter pylori silver stain HpSS methods) used for the histological identification of H pylori organisms are superior to two established techniques (the modified Giemsa and anti-H pylori antibody immunostain) in terms of availability, reproducibility, rapidity, sensitivity, and cost. METHODS Histological sections from 63 paired gastric biopsies from adult patients previously investigated for dyspepsia were stained with the four methods and these were assessed blindly and independently by two observers. Of the 63 patients, 30 were originally negative in all tests for H pylori infection, 30 were positive, and the remaining three cases had discordant results using a combination of five tests (rapid biopsy urease test, urea breath test, culture, serology, and histology). RESULTS Interobserver agreement was best with the antibody method (98%), followed by the McMullen's (90%), Giemsa (87%), and HpSS (85%). Of the 60 "gold standard" positive and negative cases, 30 were positive by the modified Giemsa stain, 29 by the McMullen's method, 29 by HpSS, and 30 by the antibody stain. However, there were two false positives with the HpSS method. The modified Giemsa is the cheapest and easiest to perform technically. CONCLUSIONS When H pylori are present, careful examination will almost always reveal them, whichever of these stains is used. However, the modified Giemsa stain is the method of choice because it is sensitive, cheap, easy to perform, and reproducible.
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Rembacken BJ, Fujii T, Cairns A, Dixon MF, Yoshida S, Chalmers DM, Axon AT. Flat and depressed colonic neoplasms: a prospective study of 1000 colonoscopies in the UK. Lancet 2000; 355:1211-4. [PMID: 10770302 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flat and depressed colorectal tumours were originally thought to be unique to the Japanese population. Recently there have been reports of flat and depressed lesions in western countries but they have been thought to be uncommon. METHODS In this prospective study, 1000 consecutive patients attending for routine colonoscopy were examined for flat or depressed lesions. The examinations were done by one European colonoscopist using methods developed in Japan. FINDINGS 321 adenomas were found: 202 (63%) were polypoid, 36% (117) were flat and 2 (0.6%) appeared depressed. Most adenomas contained areas of mild or moderate dysplasia but 10% (31) were severely dysplastic. Six Dukes' A adenocarcinomas were identified together with 25 more advanced adenocarcinomas. The likelihood of Dukes' A cancer or severe dysplasia increased from 4% (3/70) in small flat lesions, to 6% (9/154) in small polyps, 16% (8/50) in larger polyps, 29% (14/49) in large flat lesions, and 75% (3/4) in depressed lesions. 54% (20/37) lesions containing severe dysplasia or Dukes' A carcinoma were flat or depressed. INTERPRETATION The polyp-carcinoma hypothesis prompts colonoscopists to search only for polypoid lesions when screening for cancer, and many early colorectal neoplasms may therefore be missed. Colonoscopists require training in the recognition of flat and depressed lesions to detect colorectal tumours in the early stages.
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Watkinson PJ, Cairns A. Emergency medicine in Namibia. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33:477. [PMID: 10092736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Bland JM, Taylor J, Roberts I, Benbow E, Cairns A. Deaths from accidental drug poisoning in teenagers. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.316.7125.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roberts I, Benbow E, Cairns A. Deaths from accidental drug poisoning in teenagers. Many deaths in known drug misusers will not have been included in study. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1998; 316:147. [PMID: 9462330 PMCID: PMC2665372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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O'Keeffe LJ, Camilleri AE, Gillespie JE, Cairns A, Ramsden RT. Primary tumours of the vestibule and inner ear. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111:709-14. [PMID: 9327006 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100138435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven primary tumours of the vestibule and inner ear are described, six schwannomas and one traumatic fibroma. Schwannomas in this situation may occur as sporadic tumours, or may be a feature of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2). In the latter condition they may occur in isolation or in association with, but separate from, schwannomas arising in the internal meatus. Direct extension into the vestibule of an intrameatal vestibular schwannoma is well reported, but extension of an intravestibular tumour into the internal meatus is not described. Traumatic fibromas of the vestibule are rare and the trigger could be an attack of labyrinthitis. Intravestibular tumours, although rare, are likely to be diagnosed with increasing frequency with the widespread use of MR imaging.
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Benbow EW, Roberts IS, Cairns A. Fatal methadone overdose. Better understanding of body's handling of methadone is needed. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1996; 313:1479; author reply 1480. [PMID: 8973246 PMCID: PMC2352963 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jiang TX, Cairns A, Road JD, Wilcox PG. Effect of the beta-agonist clenbuterol on dexamethasone-induced diaphragm dysfunction in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1778-83. [PMID: 8970370 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.6.8970370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether clenbuterol (CLEN) could reduce dexamethasone (DEX)-induced diaphragm dysfunction. We studied four groups of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, each receiving one of the following daily injections subcutaneously for 2 wk: saline (control), DEX 3 mg/kg, DEX 3 mg/kg + CLEN 2 mg/kg, and CLEN 2 mg/kg. Diaphragm fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) were measured. Twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and tetanic Pdi were measured during bilateral phrenic stimulation both before and after 60 min of inspiratory resistive loading (IRL). DEX produced a marked atrophy of type IIa and type IIb diaphragm fibers. This diaphragm atrophy was prevented by CLEN in the DEX plus CLEN group. CLEN alone increased CSAs of all three types of diaphragm fibers. Significant reductions in twitch Pdi and tetanic Pdi at all stimulation frequencies both before and after IRL were observed similarly in the DEX group as well as in the DEX plus CLEN group compared with the control animals. We conclude that DEX produces significant diaphragm atrophy and decreases diaphragmatic contractility. CLEN produces hypertrophy of the diaphragm and minimizes diaphragm atrophy induced by DEX, but it has no demonstrable protective effect on DEX-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
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Cairns A, Roberts IS, Benbow EW. Characteristics of fatal methadone overdose in Manchester, 1985-94. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1996; 313:264-5. [PMID: 8704535 PMCID: PMC2351669 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7052.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Giant hepatocytes are commonly found in several neonatal and infantile liver diseases, but are rarely found in adult liver disease. A 42 year old white woman presented with a five month history of paraesthesia and numbness of both the upper and lower limbs and with vague abdominal pain. Abnormal liver function was noted on routine screening. Ultrasound scan of the abdomen showed gallstones; barium enema, ERCP and computed tomography scan were all normal. IgG antibodies to double stranded DNA were present at a titre of 40 units. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies, anti-mitochondrial antibodies and rheumatoid factor were not detected. Serology for hepatitis A, B, C, and paramyxoviruses was negative, as was the Paul Bunnell test. A clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with an axonal sensory polyneuropathy was made, the latter confirmed on biopsy of the sural nerve. Giant cells were noted on liver biopsy. The patient was treated with corticosteroids; liver function had improved after two years of follow up. When extensive giant cell transformation is noted on liver biopsy, particularly when neuropathy is also a feature, the possibility of an association with SLE should be considered.
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Road J, Osborne S, Cairns A. Phrenic motoneuron firing rates during brief inspiratory resistive loads. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995; 79:1540-5. [PMID: 8594011 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.5.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural activation of the diaphragm during quiet and vigorously stimulated breathing has been hypothesized to be submaximal. In this study, we measured phrenic motoneuron firing rates during brief progressively increasing inspiratory resistive loads in anesthetized rabbits. We recorded activity in 68 phrenic motoneurons in 17 rabbits. We found that 40 of these axons were active during quiet breathing. Twenty-seven axons were silent during quiet breathing but began to fire as inspiratory loading progressed. The level of drive reflected by transdiaphragmatic pressure where silent phrenic motoneurons were recruited ranged from 5 to 45 cmH2O. Silent motoneurons showed significantly higher average rates of firing and significantly greater increases in firing rate as loading progressed (P < 0.01). The firing rate of both active and silent axons tended to plateau as rates approached 70-80 Hz. All motoneurons except for one, which may have been an afferent, were activated by inspiratory resistive loading. Inspiratory resistive loading activated phrenic motoneurons at high rates, and our results did not support the presence of significant numbers of unrecruited motoneurons.
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