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Urban MW, Charsar BA, Heinsinger NM, Markandaiah SS, Sprimont L, Zhou W, Brown EV, Henderson NT, Thomas SJ, Ghosh B, Cain RE, Trotti D, Pasinelli P, Wright MC, Dalva MB, Lepore AC. EphrinB2 knockdown in cervical spinal cord preserves diaphragm innervation in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS. eLife 2024; 12:RP89298. [PMID: 38224498 PMCID: PMC10945582 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron loss. Importantly, non-neuronal cell types such as astrocytes also play significant roles in disease pathogenesis. However, mechanisms of astrocyte contribution to ALS remain incompletely understood. Astrocyte involvement suggests that transcellular signaling may play a role in disease. We examined contribution of transmembrane signaling molecule ephrinB2 to ALS pathogenesis, in particular its role in driving motor neuron damage by spinal cord astrocytes. In symptomatic SOD1G93A mice (a well-established ALS model), ephrinB2 expression was dramatically increased in ventral horn astrocytes. Reducing ephrinB2 in the cervical spinal cord ventral horn via viral-mediated shRNA delivery reduced motor neuron loss and preserved respiratory function by maintaining phrenic motor neuron innervation of diaphragm. EphrinB2 expression was also elevated in human ALS spinal cord. These findings implicate ephrinB2 upregulation as both a transcellular signaling mechanism in mutant SOD1-associated ALS and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Urban
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Brittany A Charsar
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nicolette M Heinsinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shashirekha S Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lindsay Sprimont
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Eric V Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nathan T Henderson
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Samantha J Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Biswarup Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Rachel E Cain
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia UniversityGlensideUnited States
| | - Matthew B Dalva
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane UniversityNew OrleansUnited States
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Boon AJ, Litchy WJ. Electrodiagnostic and ultrasound evaluation of respiratory weakness. Muscle Nerve 2024; 69:18-28. [PMID: 37975205 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Phrenic nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and needle electromyography (EMG) can provide important information on the underlying pathophysiology in patients presenting with unexplained shortness of breath, failure to wean from the ventilator, or consideration of phrenic nerve pacemaker implantation. However, these techniques are often technically challenging, require experience, can lack sensitivity and specificity, and, in the case of diaphragm EMG, involve some degree of risk. Diagnostic high-resolution ultrasound has been introduced in recent years as an adjuvant technique readily available at the bedside that can increase the overall sensitivity and specificity of the neurophysiologic evaluation of respiratory symptoms. Two-dimensional ultrasound in the zone of apposition can identify atrophy and evaluate contractility of the diaphragm, in addition to localizing a safe zone for needle EMG. M-mode ultrasound can identify decreased excursion or paradoxical motion of the diaphragm and can increase the reliability of phrenic NCSs. When used in combination, ultrasound, phrenic NCSs and EMG of the diaphragm can differentiate neuropathic, myopathic, and central disorders, and can offer aid in prognosis that is difficult to arrive at solely from clinical examination. This article will review techniques to successfully perform phrenic NCSs, needle EMG of the diaphragm, and ultrasound of the diaphragm. The discussion will include technical pitfalls and clinical pearls as well as future directions and clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Boon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Morris IS, Bassi T, Bellissimo CA, de Perrot M, Donahoe L, Brochard L, Mehta N, Thakkar V, Ferguson ND, Goligher EC. Proof of Concept for Continuous On-Demand Phrenic Nerve Stimulation to Prevent Diaphragm Disuse during Mechanical Ventilation (STIMULUS): A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:992-995. [PMID: 37642635 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202305-0791le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Idunn S Morris
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Physiology, and
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thiago Bassi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, and
- Lungpacer Medical USA Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Marc de Perrot
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Donahoe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Niall D Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Physiology, and
- Institute for Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, and
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ewan C Goligher
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Physiology, and
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, and
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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Mahajan A, Girman C, Subzposh FA, Vijayaraman P. Novel automated "score mapping" of diaphragmatic compound motor action potential for the early detection of phrenic nerve injury during cryoablation. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:1339-1340. [PMID: 37352947 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mahajan
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Geisinger Heart Institute, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Faiz Ali Subzposh
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Geisinger Heart Institute, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
| | - Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Geisinger Heart Institute, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
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Vagnozzi AN, Moore MT, López de Boer R, Agarwal A, Zampieri N, Landmesser LT, Philippidou P. Catenin signaling controls phrenic motor neuron development and function during a narrow temporal window. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1121049. [PMID: 36895798 PMCID: PMC9988953 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phrenic Motor Column (PMC) neurons are a specialized subset of motor neurons (MNs) that provide the only motor innervation to the diaphragm muscle and are therefore essential for survival. Despite their critical role, the mechanisms that control phrenic MN development and function are not well understood. Here, we show that catenin-mediated cadherin adhesive function is required for multiple aspects of phrenic MN development. Deletion of β- and γ-catenin from MN progenitors results in perinatal lethality and a severe reduction in phrenic MN bursting activity. In the absence of catenin signaling, phrenic MN topography is eroded, MN clustering is lost and phrenic axons and dendrites fail to grow appropriately. Despite the essential requirement for catenins in early phrenic MN development, they appear to be dispensable for phrenic MN maintenance, as catenin deletion from postmitotic MNs does not impact phrenic MN topography or function. Our data reveal a fundamental role for catenins in PMC development and suggest that distinct mechanisms are likely to control PMC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N. Vagnozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Matthew T. Moore
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raquel López de Boer
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aambar Agarwal
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lynn T. Landmesser
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Thakre PP, Rana S, Benevides ES, Fuller DD. Targeting drug or gene delivery to the phrenic motoneuron pool. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:144-158. [PMID: 36416447 PMCID: PMC9829468 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00432.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phrenic motoneurons (PhrMNs) innervate diaphragm myofibers. Located in the ventral gray matter (lamina IX), PhrMNs form a column extending from approximately the third to sixth cervical spinal segment. Phrenic motor output and diaphragm activation are impaired in many neuromuscular diseases, and targeted delivery of drugs and/or genetic material to PhrMNs may have therapeutic application. Studies of phrenic motor control and/or neuroplasticity mechanisms also typically require targeting of PhrMNs with drugs, viral vectors, or tracers. The location of the phrenic motoneuron pool, however, poses a challenge. Selective PhrMN targeting is possible with molecules that move retrogradely upon uptake into phrenic axons subsequent to diaphragm or phrenic nerve delivery. However, nonspecific approaches that use intrathecal or intravenous delivery have considerably advanced the understanding of PhrMN control. New opportunities for targeted PhrMN gene expression may be possible with intersectional genetic methods. This article provides an overview of methods for targeting the phrenic motoneuron pool for studies of PhrMNs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal P Thakre
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ethan S Benevides
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract
Neuralgic amyotrophy is an idiopathic neuropathy characterized by acute-onset pain, typically in the upper extremity or shoulder, followed by weakness of the associated muscles. Phrenic nerve involvement is rare. We report a 63-year-old man who presented with dyspnea and right shoulder pain after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. His chest radiograph showed an elevated right hemidiaphragm that was absent before vaccination. A pulmonary function test showed a restrictive pattern with a significant reduction (40%) in forced vital capacity in the supine position. Diaphragm ultrasonography revealed a reduction in both diaphragmatic excursion and a thickening fraction of the right hemidiaphragm. Electrophysiological studies suggested a right upper brachial plexopathy. Considering the temporal relationship between the vaccination and absence of other causes, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was thought to be the reason for neuralgic amyotrophy with diaphragmatic dysfunction. As there was no evidence of hypoventilation or sleep disturbance that may require noninvasive ventilation, the patient was followed with conservative treatment with analgesics. During 8 months of follow-up, his shoulder pain was relieved significantly but dyspnea improved only slightly. Neuralgic amyotrophy is an under-diagnosed etiology of diaphragmatic dysfunction and should be considered in patients with dyspnea and shoulder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
| | - Joong-Yang Cho
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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Sehgal A, Fernando S, Ditchfield M. M-Mode Imaging of the Diaphragm in Phrenic Nerve Palsy Due to Birth Trauma. J Pediatr 2022; 246:281-282. [PMID: 35364096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sehgal
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael Ditchfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Welch JF, Perim RR, Argento PJ, Sutor TW, Vose AK, Nair J, Mitchell GS, Fox EJ. Effect of acute intermittent hypoxia on cortico-diaphragmatic conduction in healthy humans. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113651. [PMID: 33607080 PMCID: PMC8678369 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is a strategy to improve motor output in humans with neuromotor impairment. A single AIH session increases the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEP) in a finger muscle (first dorsal interosseous), demonstrating enhanced corticospinal neurotransmission. Since AIH elicits phrenic/diaphragm long-term facilitation (LTF) in rodent models, we tested the hypothesis that AIH augments diaphragm MEPs in humans. Eleven healthy adults (7 males, age = 29 ± 6 years) were tested. Transcranial and cervical magnetic stimulation were used to induce diaphragm MEPs and compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) recorded by surface EMG, respectively. Stimulus-response curves were generated prior to and 30-60 min after AIH. Diaphragm LTF was assessed by measurement of integrated EMG burst amplitude and frequency during eupnoeic breathing before and after AIH. Following baseline measurements, AIH was delivered from an oxygen generator connected to a facemask under poikilocapnic conditions (15 one minute episodes of 9% inspired oxygen with one minute room air intervals). There were no detectable changes in MEP (-1.5 ± 12.1%, p = 0.96) or CMAP (+0.1 ± 7.8%, p = 0.97) amplitudes across the stimulus-response curve. At stimulation intensities approximating 50% of the difference between minimum and maximum baseline amplitudes, MEP and CMAP amplitudes were also unchanged (p > 0.05). Further, no AIH effect was observed on diaphragm EMG activity during eupnoea post-AIH (p > 0.05). We conclude that unlike hand muscles, poikilocapnic AIH does not enhance diaphragm MEPs or produce diaphragm LTF in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Welch
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Raphael R Perim
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patrick J Argento
- Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tommy W Sutor
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alicia K Vose
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jayakrishnan Nair
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily J Fox
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Centre, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Hwang UJ, Lee MS, Jung SH, Ahn SH, Kwon OY. Effect of pelvic floor electrical stimulation on diaphragm excursion and rib cage movement during tidal and forceful breathing and coughing in women with stress urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24158. [PMID: 33429797 PMCID: PMC7793445 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pelvic floor muscle (PFM) is associated with respiratory function. We investigated the effects of PFM training by pelvic floor electrical stimulation (PFES) on PFM strength, diaphragm excursion, and upper rib cage movement during tidal and forceful breathing and coughing in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS In total, 33 participants with SUI were divided into PFES and control groups. The two groups were measured pre- and post-8 weeks of training. Diaphragm excursion and upper rib cage movement during tidal and forceful breathing and coughing and PFM strength were measured using sonography, electromagnetic sensors, and perineometry. RESULTS There were significant difference of main effect between pre- and post-training and between groups in PFM strength (between groups: P = .001, between time: P < .001) and diaphragm excursion during forceful breathing (between groups: P = .015, between time: P = .026) and coughing (between groups: P = .035, between time: P = .006). There were significant differences in diaphragm excursion during tidal (P = .002) and forceful breathing (P = .005) and coughing (P < .001) between pre- and post-training in the PFES group. Elevation of the upper rib cage during tidal (P < .001) and forceful breathing (P = .001) was significantly decreased after 8 weeks of training in the PFES group. Widening in the horizontal plane in the upper rib cage during forceful breathing (P < .001) was significantly increased after 8 weeks of training in the PFES group. PFM strength (P < .001) was significantly increased after 8 weeks of training in the PFES group. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic floor muscles training by electrical stimulation can improve diaphragm excursion and breathing patterns in women with SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-jae Hwang
- 234 Maeji-ri, Heungeop-Myeon, Wonju, Kangwon-Do, 220–710, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju
| | | | - Sung-hoon Jung
- 234 Maeji-ri, Heungeop-Myeon, Wonju, Kangwon-Do, 220–710, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju
| | - Sun-hee Ahn
- 234 Maeji-ri, Heungeop-Myeon, Wonju, Kangwon-Do, 220–710, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju
| | - Oh-yun Kwon
- 234 Maeji-ri, Heungeop-Myeon, Wonju, Kangwon-Do, 220–710, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Laboratory of Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
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11
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Cheng L, Sami A, Ghosh B, Urban MW, Heinsinger NM, Liang SS, Smith GM, Wright MC, Li S, Lepore AC. LAR inhibitory peptide promotes recovery of diaphragm function and multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105153. [PMID: 33127470 PMCID: PMC7726004 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), up-regulated in and around the lesion after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), are key extracellular matrix inhibitory molecules that limit axon growth and consequent recovery of function. CSPG-mediated inhibition occurs via interactions with axonal receptors, including leukocyte common antigen- related (LAR) phosphatase. We tested the effects of a novel LAR inhibitory peptide in rats after hemisection at cervical level 2, a SCI model in which bulbospinal inspiratory neural circuitry originating in the medullary rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) becomes disconnected from phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) targets in cervical spinal cord, resulting in persistent partial-to-complete diaphragm paralysis. LAR peptide was delivered by a soaked gelfoam, which was placed directly over the injury site immediately after C2 hemisection and replaced at 1 week post-injury. Axotomized rVRG axons originating in ipsilateral medulla or spared rVRG fibers originating in contralateral medulla were separately assessed by anterograde tracing via AAV2-mCherry injection into rVRG. At 8 weeks post-hemisection, LAR peptide significantly improved ipsilateral hemidiaphragm function, as assessed in vivo with electromyography recordings. LAR peptide promoted robust regeneration of ipsilateral-originating rVRG axons into and through the lesion site and into intact caudal spinal cord to reach PhMNs located at C3-C5 levels. Furthermore, regenerating rVRG axons re-established putative monosynaptic connections with their PhMNs targets. In addition, LAR peptide stimulated robust sprouting of both modulatory serotonergic axons and contralateral-originating rVRG fibers within the PhMN pool ipsilateral/ caudal to the hemisection. Our study demonstrates that targeting LAR-based axon growth inhibition promotes multiple forms of respiratory neural circuit plasticity and provides a new peptide-based therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the devastating respiratory consequences of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Armin Sami
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Biswarup Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Mark W Urban
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Nicolette M Heinsinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Sophia S Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, United States of America
| | - Megan C Wright
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038, United States of America
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104, United States of America
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
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Durand WM, Daniels AH. C4 root compression leads to phrenic nerve palsy with shortness of breath, chest pain, and elevated hemidiaphragm. Lancet 2020; 396:1101. [PMID: 33038971 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Durand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alan H Daniels
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA.
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Leirão IP, Zoccal DB, Gargaglioni LH, da Silva GSF. Differential modulation of active expiration during hypercapnia by the medullary raphe in unanesthetized rats. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1563-1576. [PMID: 32914212 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Active expiration represents an important mechanism to improve ventilation in conditions of augmented ventilatory demand, such as hypercapnia. While a rostral ventromedullary region, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), has been identified as a conditional expiratory oscillator, little is known about how central chemosensitive sites contribute to modulate active expiration under hypercapnia. In this study, we investigated the influence of the medullary raphe in the emergence of phasic expiratory abdominal activity during hypercapnia in unanesthetized adult male rats, in a state-dependent manner. To do so, reverse microdialysis of muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist, 1 mM) or 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A agonist, 1 mM) was applied in the MR during sleep and wakefulness periods, both in normocapnic (room air) and hypercapnic conditions (7% CO2). Electromyography (EMG) of diaphragm and abdominal muscles was performed to measure inspiratory and expiratory motor outputs. We found that active expiration did not occur in room air exposure during wakefulness or sleep. However, hypercapnia did recruit active expiration, and differential effects were observed with the drug dialyses in the medullary raphe. Muscimol increased the diaphragm inspiratory motor output and also increased the amplitude and frequency of abdominal expiratory rhythmic activity during hypercapnia in wakefulness periods. On the other hand, the microdialysis of 8-OH-DPAT attenuated hypercapnia-induced active expiration in a state-dependent manner. Our data suggest that the medullary raphe can either inhibit or potentiate respiratory motor activity during hypercapnia, and the balance of these inhibitory or excitatory outputs may determine the expression of active expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Leirão
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara (FOAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara (FOAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauber S F da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics. Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, ICB/UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Borkowski LF, Craig TA, Stricklin OE, Johnson KA, Nichols NL. 5-HT2A/B receptor expression in the phrenic motor nucleus in a rat model of ALS (SOD1 G93A). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 279:103471. [PMID: 32504811 PMCID: PMC7384973 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite respiratory motor neuron death, ventilation is preserved in SOD1G93A rats. Compensatory respiratory plasticity may counterbalance the loss of these neurons. Phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF; a form of respiratory plasticity) in naïve rats is 5-HT2 and NADPH oxidase-dependent. Furthermore, 5-HT2A, not 5-HT2B, receptor-induced phrenic motor facilitation is NADPH oxidase-independent in naïve rats. pLTF is NADPH oxidase-dependent in pre-symptomatic, but not end-stage, SOD1G93A rats. Here, we hypothesized that in the putative phrenic motor nucleus (PMN) of SOD1G93A rats vs. wild-type littermates: 1) pre-symptomatic rats would have greater 5-HT2B receptor expression that decreases at end-stage; and 2) 5-HT2A receptor expression would increase from pre-symptomatic to end-stage. Putative PMN 5-HT2A receptor expression was reduced when comparing across (but not within) pre-symptomatic vs. end-stage groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, putative PMN 5-HT2B receptor expression was increased when comparing across pre-symptomatic vs. end-stage groups, and within end-stage groups (p < 0.05). These data suggest a potential role for 5-HT2 receptors in pLTF and breathing in SOD1G93A rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Borkowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Taylor A Craig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Olivia E Stricklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Jia X, Yang J, Yu C. Intercostal nerve transfer for restoration of the diaphragm muscle function after phrenic nerve transfer in total brachial plexus avulsion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 197:106085. [PMID: 32683197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To determine the possibility of innervation of the diaphragm muscle using intercostal nerve after ipsilateral phrenic nerve transfer in total brachial plexus avulsion. METHODS Bilateral phrenic nerves and the 9th intercostal nerves were observed inside the thorax. The point where the phrenic nerve entered the diaphragm muscle (point A), the point where the 9th intercostal nerve gave rise to the cutaneous branch (point B) and crossed the posterior axillary line (point C) and the point where the posterior axillary line met the insertion of the diaphragm muscle (point D) were identified. The distances between points B and C, points A and C and from points A through D to C were recorded respectively. The 9th intercostal nerve was transferred to the distal stump of the phrenic nerve in one patient after phrenic nerve transfer to avulsed brachial plexus. RESULTS The mean distances between points B and C, points A and C and from points A through D to C were 12.20 ± 1.04 cm, 10.32 ± 1.02 cm and 16.43 ± 0.91 cm on the right side respectively, 11.78 ± 1.21 cm, 7.77 ± 0.85 cm and 11.74 ± 1.00 cm on the left side respectively. The 9th intercostal nerve was used to innervate the distal stump of the phrenic nerve in one patient after the phrenic nerve transfer to the avulsed brachial plexus. The diaphragm muscle function partially recovered one year after the operation. CONCLUSION The 9th intercostal nerve can be transferred to the distal stump of the phrenic nerve to restore the diaphragm muscle function according to the anatomical study. The movement of the diaphragm muscle was partially restored in one clinical case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Jia
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, China
| | - Jianyun Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, China.
| | - Cong Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, China
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Zakyrjanova GF, Gilmutdinov AI, Tsentsevitsky AN, Petrov AM. Olesoxime, a cholesterol-like neuroprotectant restrains synaptic vesicle exocytosis in the mice motor nerve terminals: Possible role of VDACs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158739. [PMID: 32428575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olesoxime is a cholesterol-like neuroprotective compound that targets to mitochondrial voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs). VDACs were also found in the plasma membrane and highly expressed in the presynaptic compartment. Here, we studied the effects of olesoxime and VDAC inhibitors on neurotransmission in the mouse neuromuscular junction. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that olesoxime suppressed selectively evoked neurotransmitter release in response to a single stimulus and 20 Hz activity. Also olesoxime decreased the rate of FM1-43 dye loss (an indicator of synaptic vesicle exocytosis) at low frequency stimulation and 20 Hz. Furthermore, an increase in extracellular Cl- enhanced the action of olesoxime on the exocytosis and olesoxime increased intracellular Cl- levels. The effects of olesoxime on the evoked synaptic vesicle exocytosis and [Cl-]i were blocked by membrane-permeable and impermeable VDAC inhibitors. Immunofluorescent labeling pointed on the presence of VDACs on the synaptic membranes. Rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction perturbed the exocytotic release of FM1-43 and cell-permeable VDAC inhibitor (but not olesoxime or impermeable VDAC inhibitor) partially mitigated the rotenone-driven alterations in the FM1-43 unloading and mitochondrial superoxide production. Thus, olesoxime restrains neurotransmission by acting on plasmalemmal VDACs whose activation can limit synaptic vesicle exocytosis probably via increasing anion flux into the nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzalia F Zakyrjanova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia; Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - Amir I Gilmutdinov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Andrey N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia; Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, Kazan 420012, Russia.
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Edmiston TL, Elrick MJ, Kovler ML, Jelin EB, Onders RP, Sadowsky CL. Early use of an implantable diaphragm pacing stimulator for a child with severe acute flaccid myelitis-a case report. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2019; 5:67. [PMID: 31632725 PMCID: PMC6786381 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-019-0207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a recently recognized, polio-like illness of children that can be functionally devastating. Severe cases can lead to ventilatory failure. Incomplete phrenic nerve injuries in other populations has been shown to respond to diaphragmatic stimulation. We therefore proposed an early assessment for incomplete denervation by laparoscopic direct stimulation of the diaphragm and placement of a diaphragmatic pacing system to enhance diaphragm function. Case presentation A 3 year-old girl presented with AFM with clinically and electrodiagnostically severe involvement of all four limbs and muscles of respiration. Direct stimulation of the diaphragm demonstrated contraction and a diaphragmatic stimulator was placed at 3 weeks post presentation. The patient was immediately able to tolerate short bouts of reduced ventilation settings. Electromyography via the pacing wires demonstrated intact motor units consistent with partial denervation/reinnervation in the left hemidiaphragm, and no motor units in the right hemidiaphragm. At three months, she tolerated 6 h of pacing on pressure support setting. At 5 months she demonstrated larger tidal volumes with active pacing than without. Discussion In our experience, AFM patients who require chronic ventilator support are rarely able to be weaned. Despite clinical and surface electrodiagnostic evidence of complete phrenic nerve involvement, the patient's diaphragm responded to direct stimulation. The patient preferred pacing over non-pacing times and showed improved ventilatory ability with pacing as opposed to without, though remains ventilator-dependent. These findings support augmentation of diaphragm function and possible enhanced recovery of spontaneous function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Edmiston
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mathew J. Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mark L. Kovler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Eric B. Jelin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Raymond P. Onders
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Cristina L. Sadowsky
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Fogarty MJ, Gonzalez Porras MA, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure in aged rats. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:93-104. [PMID: 31042426 PMCID: PMC6689786 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00061.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In aging Fischer 344 rats, phrenic motor neuron loss, neuromuscular junction abnormalities, and diaphragm muscle (DIAm) sarcopenia are present by 24 mo of age, with larger fast-twitch fatigue-intermediate (type FInt) and fast-twitch fatigable (type FF) motor units particularly vulnerable. We hypothesize that in old rats, DIAm neuromuscular transmission deficits are specific to type FInt and/or FF units. In phrenic nerve/DIAm preparations from rats at 6 and 24 mo of age, the phrenic nerve was supramaximally stimulated at 10, 40, or 75 Hz. Every 15 s, the DIAm was directly stimulated, and the difference in forces evoked by nerve and muscle stimulation was used to estimate neuromuscular transmission failure. Neuromuscular transmission failure in the DIAm was observed at each stimulation frequency. In the initial stimulus trains, the forces evoked by phrenic nerve stimulation at 40 and 75 Hz were significantly less than those evoked by direct muscle stimulation, and this difference was markedly greater in 24-mo-old rats. During repetitive nerve stimulation, neuromuscular transmission failure at 40 and 75 Hz worsened to a greater extent in 24-mo-old rats compared with younger animals. Because type IIx and/or IIb DIAm fibers (type FInt and/or FF motor units) display greater susceptibility to neuromuscular transmission failure at higher frequencies of stimulation, these data suggest that the age-related loss of larger phrenic motor neurons impacts nerve conduction to muscle at higher frequencies and may contribute to DIAm sarcopenia in old rats. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Diaphragm muscle (DIAm) sarcopenia, phrenic motor neuron loss, and perturbations of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are well described in aged rodents and selectively affect FInt and FF motor units. Less attention has been paid to the motor unit-specific aspects of nerve-muscle conduction. In old rats, increased neuromuscular transmission failure occurred at stimulation frequencies where FInt and FF motor units exhibit conduction failures, along with decreased apposition of pre- and postsynaptic domains of DIAm NMJs of these units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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19
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Abstract
Laslie WPD. You're the flight surgeon: spontaneous diaphragmatic hemiparesis in an Air Force firefighter. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(6):581-583.
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20
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Rajapakse NS, Ellsworth K, Liesman RM, Ho ML, Henry N, Theel ES, Wallace A, Alvino ACI, Medeiros de Mello L, Meneses J. Unilateral Phrenic Nerve Palsy in Infants with Congenital Zika Syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24. [PMID: 30016248 PMCID: PMC6056128 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.180057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This case series of right unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis suggests peripheral nervous system involvement. Since the first identification of neonatal microcephaly cases associated with congenital Zika virus infection in Brazil in 2015, a distinctive constellation of clinical features of congenital Zika syndrome has been described. Fetal brain disruption sequence is hypothesized to underlie the devastating effects of the virus on the central nervous system. However, little is known about the effects of congenital Zika virus infection on the peripheral nervous system. We describe a series of 4 cases of right unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in infants with congenital Zika syndrome suggesting peripheral nervous system involvement and Zika virus as a unique congenital infectious cause of this finding. All the patients described also had arthrogryposis (including talipes equinovarus) and died from complications related to progressive respiratory failure.
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Abstract
Symmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra-abdominal (Pab ) and intrathoracic (Pth ) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pth for ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pab for venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:715-766, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory failure is common during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD). Phrenic nerve conduction (PNC), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) are of great value in identifying the feature and site of AE-COPD.PNC, TMS, and CMS were performed in 20 AE-COPD patients with respiratory failure, and re-examined after weaning. Latencies and amplitudes of the diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential (dCMAP), motor evoked potential of the diaphragm (dMEP) evoked by TMS and CMS, and central motor conduction time (CMCT) were measured. Blood gas analysis and serum electrolyte levels were also evaluated. The results were compared with those from 20 healthy subjects.AE-COPD patients showed prolonged CMCT and latencies of dCMAP and dMEP, decreased amplitudes of dCMAP and dMEP evoked by CMS, while CMCT and the latency of dMEP evoked by TMS were shortened after weaning. Significant correlation was identified between arterial blood gas analysis, serum electrolyte levels, disease duration, the duration of mechanical ventilation and the electrophysiological findings in AE-COPD patients prior to weaning.The central and peripheral respiratory pathway is involved in AE-COPD. Central respiratory pathway function is improved after weaning in AE-COPD patients with respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhecheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
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Donald S, Elliott M, Gray B, Hornby F, Lewandowska A, Marlin S, Favre-Guilmard C, Périer C, Cornet S, Kalinichev M, Krupp J, Fonfria E. A comparison of biological activity of commercially available purified native botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A1 to F1 in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00446. [PMID: 30519475 PMCID: PMC6261930 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent. Of seven native BoNT serotypes (A to G), only A and B are currently used in the clinic. Here we compared the potency of commercially available purified native serotypes A1 to F1 across in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. BoNT potency in vitro was assessed in rat primary cells (target protein cleavage and neurotransmitter release assays) in supraspinal, spinal, and sensory systems. BoNT potency ex vivo was measured in the mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm (PNHD) assay, measuring muscle contractility. In vivo, BoNT-induced muscle relaxation in mice and rats was assessed in the Digit Abduction Score (DAS) test, while effects on body weight (BW) gain were used to assess tolerability. In all assays, all BoNT serotypes were potent toxins, except serotype D1 in vivo which failed to produce significant muscle flaccidity in mice and rats. In rats, all serotypes were well-tolerated, whereas in mice, reductions in BW were detected at high doses. Serotype A1 was the most potent serotype across in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. The rank order of potency of the serotypes revealed differences among assays. For example, species-specificity was seen for serotype B1, and to a lesser extent for serotype C1. Serotypes F1 and C1, not currently in the clinic, showed preference for sensory over motor models and therefore could be considered for development in conditions involving the somatosensory system.
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Biricik E, Güleç E, Öcal I, Yılmaz MB, Karacaer F, Özcengiz D. Determining the effect of long-term dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment on
sugammadex. Turk J Med Sci 2018; 48:1024-1029. [PMID: 30384570 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1804-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim: We aimed to investigate the effect of long-term use of dexamethasone and prednisolone on the reversal effect of sugammadex. Materials and methods: TTwenty-four male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Dexamethasone (600 µg/kg) was given to group D, prednisolone (10 mg/kg) was given to group P, and an equivalent volume of saline per day was administered intraperitoneally to group S for 14 days, respectively. The left hemidiaphragm with attached phrenic nerve was maintained in Krebs solution. Sugammadex (30 µmol/L) was applied while rocuronium (10 µmol/L) was present in an organ bath and a single twitch was obtained. The right hemidiaphragm was used for both adult ( ε-subunit) and fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) ( ε-subunit) determination using polymerase chain reaction. Results: All animals lost weight, except group S. The mean baseline single-twitch tension was lower in both group D (14.4 ± 1.7 g) and group P (12.68 ± 0.05 g) than group S (16.8 ± 0.5 g) (P < 0.001). When sugammadex was added to the organ bath while rocuronium was present, the single twitch was measured to be lower in both group D (11.7 ± 0.7 g) and group P (11.5 ± 0.78 g) than group S (16.5 ± 0.24 g) (P < 0.001). Ɣ-AChR expression was higher in both dexamethasone and prednisolone than in saline. Conclusion: Long-term medication with dexamethasone and prednisolone caused muscle weakness, resistance to neuromuscular blockers, and upregulation of immature Ɣ-AChR and reduced the neuromuscular reversal effect of sugammadex.
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Kucukhuseyin O, Khalid S, Sabitaliyevich UY, Kucukhuseyin C. The role of PLC-IP3 cascade on 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) contracture in electrically-driven rat atrial and diaphragmatic strips: new evidence by neomycin and heparin. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2018; 64:26-32. [PMID: 30403592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cardiac contractures by 4-AP in Ca2+-free medium implied the involvement of SR and PLC-IP3 cascade. Thus, the role of PLC-IP3 cascade against contractile actions of 4-AP in electrically-driven rat atrial and diaphragmatic strips were studied both in the presence, and absence of Ca2+ using neomycin, a PLC inhibitor, and heparin, an IP3-R antagonist. 4-AP was applied cumulatively in logarithmically increasing concentrations in the range of 1-16µg/ml, and the preparations were treated with neomycin (400µM) or heparin (400µg/ml) for 3min prior to 4-AP injection. Post-rest potentiation in atrial strips was obtained by interruption of stimulation for 30min. 4-AP caused biphasic alteration in twitch amplitudes, as initially increased up to 16mM and then depressed due to contracture development, which were not affected significantly by neomycin and heparin. Both atrial and denervated diaphragmatic strips challenged to 4-AP in the presence and absence of Ca2+ developed dose dependent contractures which were significantly antagonized both by neomycin and heparin (p<0.05). Post-rest first contractions in controls were found to be reduced by 2min exposure to 4mM 4-AP and augmented by 3min exposure to heparin alone. 4-AP responses in the presence of neomycin and heparin were significantly higher than with those only treated with 4-AP alone and lesser than controls. Because of the fact that 4-AP inducing contracture in Ca2+-free medium, Ca2+ causing contracture should be of SR in origin. Depending on these results, it was concluded that activation of PLC-IP3 cascade by 4-AP is involved in the mediation of contracture and contractile actions of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kucukhuseyin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumbul Khalid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Cihat Kucukhuseyin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, 34098 Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Central alveolar hypoventilation is rarely encountered. This case report describes a young woman who was recently diagnosed with hypertension and ischemic heart disease. She presented to the emergency room with hypercapnic respiratory failure, for which she was mechanically ventilated. This was preceded by an acute upper respiratory tract infection. She was initially suspected to have Guillain-Barré syndrome, but further investigations ruled out neuromuscular or autoimmune disorders. Sleep-related hypoventilation was suspected after she experienced recurrent apneas at night that resulted in re-intubation. Polysomnographic studies confirmed episodes of central apnea and hypopnea during sleep, with significant carbon dioxide retention and oxygen desaturations. She required nocturnal ventilation via a tracheostomy tube until a diaphragmatic pacer could be placed. Using bi-level positive airway pressure and average volume-assured pressure support together with the diaphragmatic pacer, adequate ventilation during sleep was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil Ak AlOtair
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Spruance VM, Zholudeva LV, Hormigo KM, Randelman ML, Bezdudnaya T, Marchenko V, Lane MA. Integration of Transplanted Neural Precursors with the Injured Cervical Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1781-1799. [PMID: 29295654 PMCID: PMC6033309 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in devastating functional consequences, including respiratory dysfunction. This is largely attributed to the disruption of phrenic pathways, which control the diaphragm. Recent work has identified spinal interneurons as possible contributors to respiratory neuroplasticity. The present work investigated whether transplantation of developing spinal cord tissue, inherently rich in interneuronal progenitors, could provide a population of new neurons and growth-permissive substrate to facilitate plasticity and formation of novel relay circuits to restore input to the partially denervated phrenic motor circuit. One week after a lateralized, C3/4 contusion injury, adult Sprague-Dawley rats received allografts of dissociated, developing spinal cord tissue (from rats at gestational days 13-14). Neuroanatomical tracing and terminal electrophysiology was performed on the graft recipients 1 month later. Experiments using pseudorabies virus (a retrograde, transynaptic tracer) revealed connections from donor neurons onto host phrenic circuitry and from host, cervical interneurons onto donor neurons. Anatomical characterization of donor neurons revealed phenotypic heterogeneity, though donor-host connectivity appeared selective. Despite the consistent presence of cholinergic interneurons within donor tissue, transneuronal tracing revealed minimal connectivity with host phrenic circuitry. Phrenic nerve recordings revealed changes in burst amplitude after application of a glutamatergic, but not serotonergic antagonist to the transplant, suggesting a degree of functional connectivity between donor neurons and host phrenic circuitry that is regulated by glutamatergic input. Importantly, however, anatomical and functional results were variable across animals, and future studies will explore ways to refine donor cell populations and entrain consistent connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Spruance
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lyandysha V Zholudeva
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristiina M Hormigo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Margo L Randelman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana Bezdudnaya
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vitaliy Marchenko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Schezaro-Ramos R, Da Silva SL, Pereira BB, Santa Fé Miguel AT, Mendes B, Mogollón NGS, Hyslop S, Carregari VC, Almeida JR. In vitro effects of Crotalus atrox snake venom on chick and mouse neuromuscular preparations. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 209:37-45. [PMID: 29604435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular effect of venoms is not a major clinical manifestation shared between rattlesnakes native to the Americas, which showed two different venom phenotypes. Taking into account this dichotomy, nerve muscle preparations from mice and chicks were used to investigate the ability of Crotalus atrox venom to induce in vitro neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Unlike crotalic venoms of South America, low concentrations of C. atrox venom did not result in significant effects on mouse neuromuscular preparations. The venom was more active on avian nerve-muscle, showing reduction of twitch heights after 120 min of incubation with 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL of venom with diminished responses to agonists and KCl. Histological analysis highlighted that C. atrox was myotoxic in both species of experimental animals; as evidenced by degenerative events, including edematous cells, delta lesions, hypercontracted fibers and muscle necrosis, which can lead to neurotoxic action. These results provide key insights into the myotoxicity and low neurotoxicity of C. atrox in two animal models, corroborating with previous genomic and proteomic findings and would be useful for a deeper understanding of venom evolution in snakes belonging to the genus Crotalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schezaro-Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Da Silva
- Ikiam - Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Beatriz B Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ananda T Santa Fé Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor C Carregari
- Proteomic and Metabonomic Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - José R Almeida
- Ikiam - Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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Martirosyan M, Caliskan K, Kik C, Szili-Torok T. Left Diaphragmatic Hemiparesis: An Unexpected Complication of Transvenous Lead Extraction. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 3:1197-1199. [PMID: 29759507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihran Martirosyan
- Department of Clinical Electrophysiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kadir Caliskan
- Department of Heart Failure/Heart Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles Kik
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Szili-Torok
- Department of Clinical Electrophysiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Cregg JM, Chu KA, Hager LE, Maggard RSJ, Stoltz DR, Edmond M, Alilain WJ, Philippidou P, Landmesser LT, Silver J. A Latent Propriospinal Network Can Restore Diaphragm Function after High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Rep 2017; 21:654-665. [PMID: 29045834 PMCID: PMC5687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) above cervical level 4 disrupts descending axons from the medulla that innervate phrenic motor neurons, causing permanent paralysis of the diaphragm. Using an ex vivo preparation in neonatal mice, we have identified an excitatory spinal network that can direct phrenic motor bursting in the absence of medullary input. After complete cervical SCI, blockade of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission caused spontaneous, bilaterally coordinated phrenic bursting. Here, spinal cord glutamatergic neurons were both sufficient and necessary for the induction of phrenic bursts. Direct stimulation of phrenic motor neurons was insufficient to evoke burst activity. Transection and pharmacological manipulations showed that this spinal network acts independently of medullary circuits that normally generate inspiration, suggesting a distinct non-respiratory function. We further show that this "latent" network can be harnessed to restore diaphragm function after high cervical SCI in adult mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Cregg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin A Chu
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lydia E Hager
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rachel S J Maggard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Daimen R Stoltz
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michaela Edmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Warren J Alilain
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lynn T Landmesser
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Floh AA, Zafurallah I, MacDonald C, Honjo O, Fan CPS, Laussen PC. The advantage of early plication in children diagnosed with diaphragm paresis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1715-1721.e4. [PMID: 28712584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this single-center study, we sought to determine the frequency of phrenic nerve injury leading to diaphragm paresis (DP) in children following open cardiac surgery over the last 10 years, and to identify possible variables that predict the need for plication and associated clinical outcomes. METHODS Patients diagnosed with DP were identified from departmental databases and a review of clinical diaphragm ultrasound images. A cohort was analyzed for predictors of diaphragm plication and associations with clinical outcomes. Cumulative proportion graphs modeled the association between plication and length of stay. RESULTS DP was diagnosed in 161 of 6448 patients (2.5%) seen between January 2002 and December 2012. All diagnoses but 1 were confirmed by ultrasound. Plication of the diaphragm was performed in 30 patients (19%); compared with patients who did not undergo plication, these patients were younger (median age, 10 days vs 138 days; P < .001), more likely to have undergone deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (47% vs 18%; P = .005), had a longer duration of positive pressure ventilation (median, 15 days vs 7 days; P < .001), and had longer lengths of stay in both the intensive care unit (median, 23 days vs 8 days; P < .0001) and the hospital (median, 37 days vs 15 days; P < .0001). Early plication was associated with reduction in all intervals of care. CONCLUSIONS Early plication should be considered for patients with diaphragm paresis requiring prolonged respiratory support after cardiac bypass surgery. Longer follow-up evaluation is required to better define the long-term implications of plication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Floh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Intikhab Zafurallah
- Paediatric Intensive Care and KIDS Retrieval Service, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy MacDonald
- Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osami Honjo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Po S Fan
- Cardiovascular Data Management Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter C Laussen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Estrada L, Torres A, Sarlabous L, Jane R. Onset and Offset Estimation of the Neural Inspiratory Time in Surface Diaphragm Electromyography: A Pilot Study in Healthy Subjects. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 22:67-76. [PMID: 28237936 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2672800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the onset and offset of neural inspiratory time estimated from surface diaphragm electromyographic (EMGdi) recordings. EMGdi and airflow signals were recorded in ten healthy subjects according to two respiratory protocols based on respiratory rate (RR) increments, from 15 to 40 breaths per minute (bpm), and fractional inspiratory time (Ti/Ttot) decrements, from 0.54 to 0.18. The analysis of EMGdi signal amplitude is an alternative approach for the quantification of neural respiratory drive. The EMGdi amplitude was estimated using the fixed sample entropy computed over a 250 ms moving window of the EMGdi signal (EMGdifse). The neural onset was detected through a dynamic threshold over the EMGdifse using the kernel density estimation method, while neural offset was detected by finding when the EMGdifse had decreased to 70% of the peak value reached during inspiration. The Bland-Altman analysis between airflow and neural onsets showed a global bias of 46 ms in the RR protocol and 22 ms in the Ti /Ttot protocol. The Bland-Altman analysis between airflow and neural offsets reveals a global bias of 11 ms in the RR protocol and -2 ms in the Ti/T tot protocol. The relationship between pairs of RR values (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.99, Bland-=Altman limits of -2.39 to 2.41 bpm, and mean bias of 0.01 bpm) and between pairs of Ti/Ttot values (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.86, Bland-Altman limits of -0.11 to 0.10, and mean bias of -0.01) showed a good agreement. In conclusion, we propose a method for determining neural onset and neural offset based on noninvasive recordings of the electrical activity of the diaphragm that requires no filtering of cardiac muscle interference.
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Greising SM, Vasdev AK, Zhan WZ, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Chronic TrkB agonist treatment in old age does not mitigate diaphragm neuromuscular dysfunction. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13103. [PMID: 28082429 PMCID: PMC5256161 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through the high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB) enhances neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm muscle. However, there is an age-related loss of this effect of BDNF/TrkB signaling that may contribute to diaphragm muscle sarcopenia (atrophy and force loss). We hypothesized that chronic treatment with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a small molecule BDNF analog and TrkB agonist, will mitigate age-related diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure and sarcopenia in old mice. Adult male TrkBF616A mice (n = 32) were randomized to the following 6-month treatment groups: vehicle-control, 7,8-DHF, and 7,8-DHF and 1NMPP1 (an inhibitor of TrkB kinase activity in TrkBF616A mice) cotreatment, beginning at 18 months of age. At 24 months of age, diaphragm neuromuscular transmission failure, muscle-specific force, and fiber cross-sectional areas were compared across treatment groups. The results did not support our hypothesis in that chronic 7,8-DHF treatment did not improve diaphragm neuromuscular transmission or mitigate diaphragm muscle sarcopenia. Taken together, these results do not exclude a role for BDNF/TrkB signaling in aging-related changes in the diaphragm muscle, but they do not support the use of 7,8-DHF as a therapeutic agent to mitigate age-related neuromuscular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Greising
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amrit K Vasdev
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wen-Zhi Zhan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Wu W, Guan L, Li X, Lin L, Guo B, Yang Y, Liang Z, Wang F, Zhou L, Chen R. Correlation and compatibility between surface respiratory electromyography and transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography measurements during treadmill exercise in stable patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3273-3280. [PMID: 29158671 PMCID: PMC5683626 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s148980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the compatibility and correlation between noninvasive surface respiratory electromyography and invasive transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography measurements as facilitating indicators of neural respiratory drive (NRD) evaluation during treadmill exercise. PATIENTS AND METHODS Transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyogram activity (EMGdi,es) and surface inspiratory electromyogram (EMG) activity, including surface diaphragmatic EMG activity (EMGdi,sur), surface parasternal intercostal muscle EMG activity (EMGpara), and surface sternocleidomastoid EMG activity (EMGsc), were detected simultaneously during increasing exercise capacity in 20 stable patients with COPD. EMGdi,es, EMGdi,sur, EMGpara, and EMGsc were quantified using the root mean square (RMS) and were represented as RMSdi,es, RMSdi,sur, RMSpara, and RMSsc, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant association between EMGdi,es and EMGdi,sur (r=0.966, p<0.01), EMGpara (r=0.967, p<0.01), and EMGsc (r=0.956, p<0.01) in the COPD patients during exercise. Bland-Altman plots showed that the lowest mean bias value was between EMGdi,es and EMGpara compared with the bias values between EMGdi,es and the other two EMG parameters. In comparing the estimation of EMGdi,es, we observed the lowest bias values (-1%) and the lowest limits of agreement values (-10% to -12%). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between EMGdi,es and EMGdi,sur was 0.978 (p<0.01), between EMGdi,es and EMGpara was 0.980 (p<0.01), and between EMGdi,es and EMGsc was 0.868 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION RMSdi,sur, RMSpara, and RMSsc could provide useful physiological markers of NRD in COPD. RMSpara shows the best compatibility and correlation with transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography during treadmill exercise in stable patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Lili Guan
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Bingpeng Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Yuqiong Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Zhenyu Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Fengyan Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Luqian Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Correspondence: Luqian Zhou; Rongchang Chen, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, China, Tel +86 137 6338 3160; +86 131 6338 3160, Fax +86 208 306 2882; +86 208 306 2882, Email ;
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Correspondence: Luqian Zhou; Rongchang Chen, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, China, Tel +86 137 6338 3160; +86 131 6338 3160, Fax +86 208 306 2882; +86 208 306 2882, Email ;
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Saller MM, Huettl RE, Hanuschick P, Amend AL, Alberton P, Aszodi A, Huber AB. The role of Sema3-Npn-1 signaling during diaphragm innervation and muscle development. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3295-308. [PMID: 27466379 PMCID: PMC5047703 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct innervation of the main respiratory muscle in mammals, namely the thoracic diaphragm, is a crucial pre-requisite for the functionality of this muscle and the viability of the entire organism. Systemic impairment of Sema3A-Npn-1 (Npn-1 is also known as NRP1) signaling causes excessive branching of phrenic nerves in the diaphragm and into the central tendon region, where the majority of misguided axons innervate ectopic musculature. To elucidate whether these ectopic muscles are a result of misguidance of myoblast precursors due to the loss of Sema3A-Npn-1 signaling, we conditionally ablated Npn-1 in somatic motor neurons, which led to a similar phenotype of phrenic nerve defasciculation and, intriguingly, also formation of innervated ectopic muscles. We therefore hypothesize that ectopic myocyte fusion is caused by additional factors released by misprojecting growth cones. Slit2 and its Robo receptors are expressed by phrenic motor axons and migrating myoblasts, respectively, during innervation of the diaphragm. In vitro analyses revealed a chemoattractant effect of Slit2 on primary diaphragm myoblasts. Thus, we postulate that factors released by motor neuron growth cones have an influence on the migration properties of myoblasts during establishment of the diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Michael Saller
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nußbaumstraße 20, Munich 80336, Germany Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Rosa-Eva Huettl
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Schillerstraße 46, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Philipp Hanuschick
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Amend
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Paolo Alberton
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nußbaumstraße 20, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Nußbaumstraße 20, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Andrea B Huber
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany Bernstein Network for Computational Neuroscience, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Silva JN, Lucena EV, Silva TM, Damasceno RS, Takakura AC, Moreira TS. Inhibition of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus reduces genioglossal activity elicited by stimulation of the retrotrapezoid chemoreceptor neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 328:9-21. [PMID: 27126558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Kölliker-Fuse (KF) region, located in the dorsolateral pons, projects to several brainstem areas involved in respiratory regulation, including the chemoreceptor neurons within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). Several lines of evidence indicate that the pontine KF region plays an important role in the control of the upper airways for the maintenance of appropriate airflow to and from the lungs. Specifically, we hypothesized that the KF region is involved in mediating the response of the hypoglossal motor activity to central respiratory chemoreflex activation and to stimulation of the chemoreceptor neurons within the RTN region. To test this hypothesis, we combined immunohistochemistry and physiological experiments. We found that in the KF, the majority of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-labeled axonal varicosities contained detectable levels of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2), but few contained glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67). The majority of the RTN neurons that were FluorGold (FG)-immunoreactive (i.e., projected to the KF) contained hypercapnia-induced Fos, but did not express tyrosine hydroxylase. In urethane-anesthetized sino-aortic denervated and vagotomized male Wistar rats, hypercapnia (10% CO2) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) injection (0.1mM) in the RTN increased diaphragm (DiaEMG) and genioglossus muscle (GGEMG) activities and elicited abdominal (AbdEMG) activity. Bilateral injection of muscimol (GABA-A agonist; 2mM) into the KF region reduced the increase in DiaEMG and GGEMG produced by hypercapnia or NMDA into the RTN. Our data suggest that activation of chemoreceptor neurons in the RTN produces a significant increase in the genioglossus muscle activity and the excitatory pathway is dependent on the neurons located in the dorsolateral pontine KF region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane N Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis V Lucena
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Talita M Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Rosélia S Damasceno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Willadt S, Nash M, Slater CR. Age-related fragmentation of the motor endplate is not associated with impaired neuromuscular transmission in the mouse diaphragm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24849. [PMID: 27094316 PMCID: PMC4837408 DOI: 10.1038/srep24849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As mammals age, their neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) gradually change their form, acquiring an increasingly fragmented appearance consisting of numerous isolated regions of synaptic differentiation. It has been suggested that this remodelling is associated with impairment of neuromuscular transmission, and that this contributes to age-related muscle weakness in mammals, including humans. The underlying hypothesis, that increasing NMJ fragmentation is associated with impaired transmission, has never been directly tested. Here, by comparing the structure and function of individual NMJs, we show that neuromuscular transmission at the most highly fragmented NMJs in the diaphragms of old (26-28 months) mice is, if anything, stronger than in middle-aged (12-14 months) mice. We suggest that NMJ fragmentation per se is not a reliable indicator of impaired neuromuscular transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Willadt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Nash
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clarke R. Slater
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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38
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da Silva AJ, Trindade MAS, Santos DOC, Lima RF. Maximum-likelihood q-estimator uncovers the role of potassium at neuromuscular junctions. Biol Cybern 2016; 110:31-40. [PMID: 26721559 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-015-0673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated the existence of nonextensive behavior in neuromuscular transmission (da Silva et al. in Phys Rev E 84:041925, 2011). In this letter, we first obtain a maximum-likelihood q-estimator to calculate the scale factor ([Formula: see text]) and the q-index of q-Gaussian distributions. Next, we use the indexes to analyze spontaneous miniature end plate potentials in electrophysiological recordings from neuromuscular junctions. These calculations were performed assuming both normal and high extracellular potassium concentrations [Formula: see text]. This protocol was used to test the validity of Tsallis statistics under electrophysiological conditions closely resembling physiological stimuli. The analysis shows that q-indexes are distinct depending on the extracellular potassium concentration. Our letter provides a general way to obtain the best estimate of parameters from a q-Gaussian distribution function. It also expands the validity of Tsallis statistics in realistic physiological stimulus conditions. In addition, we discuss the physical and physiological implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
- Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 45613-204, Brazil.
| | - M A S Trindade
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Alagoinhas, Bahia, CEP 48040-210, Brazil
| | - D O C Santos
- Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Bahia, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - R F Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-270, Brazil
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Neve A, Trüb J, Saxena S, Schümperli D. Central and peripheral defects in motor units of the diaphragm of spinal muscular atrophy mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 70:30-41. [PMID: 26621405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by motoneuron loss and muscle weakness. However, the structural and functional deficits that lead to the impairment of the neuromuscular system remain poorly defined. By electron microscopy, we previously found that neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and muscle fibres of the diaphragm are among the earliest affected structures in the severe mouse SMA model. Because of certain anatomical features, i.e. its thinness and its innervation from the cervical segments of the spinal cord, the diaphragm is particularly suitable to characterize both central and peripheral events. Here we show by immunohistochemistry that, at postnatal day 3, the cervical motoneurons of SMA mice receive less stimulatory synaptic inputs. Moreover, their mitochondria become less elongated which might represent an early stage of degeneration. The NMJs of the diaphragm of SMA mice show a loss of synaptic vesicles and active zones. Moreover, the partly innervated endplates lack S100 positive perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs). We also demonstrate the feasibility of comparing the proteomic composition between diaphragm regions enriched and poor in NMJs. By this approach we have identified two proteins that are significantly upregulated only in the NMJ-specific regions of SMA mice. These are apoptosis inducing factor 1 (AIFM1), a mitochondrial flavoprotein that initiates apoptosis in a caspase-independent pathway, and four and a half Lim domain protein 1 (FHL1), a regulator of skeletal muscle mass that has been implicated in several myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Neve
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith Trüb
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schümperli
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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40
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Abstract
Phrenic nerve stimulation is a technique used to reanimate the diaphragm of patients with central nervous system etiologies of respiratory insufficiency. Current clinical indications include congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, spinal cord injury above C4, brain stem injury, and idiopathic severe sleep apnea. Presurgical evaluation ensures proper patient selection by validating the intact circuit from the phrenic nerve through alveolar oxygenation. The procedure involves placing leads around the phrenic nerves bilaterally and attaching these leads to radio receivers in a subcutaneous pocket. The rate and amplitude of the current is adjusted via an external radio transmitter. After implantation, each patient progresses through a conditioning phase that strengthens the diaphragm and progressively provides independence from the mechanical ventilator. Studies indicate that patients and families experience an improved quality of life and are satisfied with the results. Phrenic nerve stimulation provides a safe and effective means for reanimating the diaphragm for certain patients with respiratory insufficiency, providing independence from mechanical ventilation.
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41
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Niwa M, Muramatsu K, Sasaki SI. Discharge patterns of abdominal and pudendal nerves during induced defecation in anesthetized cats. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:223-31. [PMID: 25682059 PMCID: PMC10717334 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Defecation is thought to be achieved not only by contraction of the colon, but also by a rise in intra-abdominal pressure. In this study we recorded the discharges of nerves innervating the abdominal (Abd) muscles, diaphragm, external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle and pelvic floor (PF) muscles during induced defecation evoked by distention of an expellable balloon to reveal defecation-related muscle activities. The discharges of the Abd muscle and phrenic (Phr) nerves increased when rectal pressure increased. The discharges of the EAS and PF nerves usually increased in proportion to the pressure in the rectum and maintained a constant activity level, although some trials showed inhibition. The results suggest that activities of these muscles increase the intra-abdominal pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Niwa
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kyorin University, 476 Miyashita, Hatioji, Tokyo, 192-8508, Japan,
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42
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Pitts T, Rose MJ, Poliacek I, Condrey J, Davenport PW, Bolser DC. Effect of laparotomy on the swallow-breathing relationship in the cat. Lung 2015; 193:129-33. [PMID: 25331536 PMCID: PMC4320662 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-014-9662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Swallow occurs predominantly in the expiratory phase (E) of breathing. This phase preference is thought to contribute to airway protection by limiting the passage of material through the pharyngeal airway with little or no inspiratory (I) airflow. This phase preference is attributed to central interactions between the swallow and breathing pattern generators. We speculated that changes in peripheral mechanical factors would influence the respiratory phase preference for swallow initiation. We induced swallowing in anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats by injection of water into the oropharynx. In animals with intact abdomens, 83 % of swallows were initiated during E, 7 % during I, 7 % during E-I phase transition, and 3 % during I-E transition. In animals with open anterior midline laparotomy, only 38 % of swallows were initiated during E, 33 % during I, 17 % during the E-I transition, and 12 % during I-E. The results support an important role for feedback from somatic and/or visceral thoraco-abdominal mechanoreceptors for swallow-breathing coordination after laparotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pitts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0144, USA,
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43
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Garland AJ, Doshi A, Turcanu V. Neural respiratory drive measurement for COPD assessment and monitoring. Pneumologia 2015; 64:14-17. [PMID: 26016051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is an unmet need for more objective assessments that could determine COPD severity. Ideally such objective assessments could also anticipate COPD exacerbations in order to decrease the need for repeated hospital admissions. In this review we outline how patients' neural respiratory drive (NRD) may be determined using the electromyography of the diaphragm as an objective measurement of COPD severity. Respiratory muscle NRD is indeed less influenced by patients' voluntary effort limitation than for example when testing for exercise tolerance in which case the patients themselves decide when to stop. Exercise tolerance tests are better correlated with muscle weakness rather than COPD severity per se. NRD would also be less dependent upon patients' subjective perception of the severity of their breathlessness. A key further advantage is that recent studies showed that the diaphragm electromyography measurements using electrodes placed on the skin are correlated with those obtained using specific electrodes, therefore this method is non-invasive and more acceptable for routine clinical practice. Thus, NRD measurements could be used in COPD in a similar way as electrocardiography is used to evaluate and monitor ischemic heart disease. NRD measurements could therefore complement more established instruments such as lung function tests, FEV1, exercise tolerance tests, the BODE index etc. in COPD. This could lead to better COPD management and reduce the acute exacerbations which are amongst the most common causes of repeated hospital admissions and consume significant resources.
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44
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Nicholson KJ, Nosanov LB, Bowen KA, Kun SS, Perez IA, Keens TG, Shin CE. Thoracoscopic placement of phrenic nerve pacers for diaphragm pacing in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:78-81. [PMID: 25598098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), or Ondine's curse, is a rare disorder affecting central respiratory drive. Patients with this disorder fail to ventilate adequately and require lifelong ventilatory support. Diaphragm pacing is a form of ventilatory support which can improve mobility and/or remove the tracheostomy from CCHS patients. Little is known about complications and long-term outcomes of this procedure. METHODS A single-center retrospective review was performed of CCHS patients undergoing placement of phrenic nerve electrodes for diaphragm pacing between 2000 and 2012. Data abstracted from the medical record included operation duration, ventilation method, number of trocars required, and postoperative and pacing outcomes. RESULTS Charts of eighteen patients were reviewed. Mean surgical time was 3.3±0.7 hours. In all cases except one, three trocars were utilized for each hemithorax, with no conversions to open procedures. Five patients (27.8%) experienced postoperative complications. The mean ICU stay was 4.3±0.5 days, and the mean hospital stay is 5.7±0.3days. Eleven patients (61.1%) achieved their daily goal pacing times within the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Thoracoscopic placement of phrenic nerve electrodes for diaphragmatic pacing is a safe and effective treatment modality for CCHS. Observed complications were temporary, and the majority of patients were able to achieve pacing goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B Nosanov
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kanika A Bowen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sheila S Kun
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iris A Perez
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Keens
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cathy E Shin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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45
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Kramer C, Jordan D, Kretschmer A, Lehmeyer V, Kellermann K, Schaller SJ, Blobner M, Kochs EF, Fink H. Electromyographic permutation entropy quantifies diaphragmatic denervation and reinnervation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115754. [PMID: 25532023 PMCID: PMC4274091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous reinnervation after diaphragmatic paralysis due to trauma, surgery, tumors and spinal cord injuries is frequently observed. A possible explanation could be collateral reinnervation, since the diaphragm is commonly double-innervated by the (accessory) phrenic nerve. Permutation entropy (PeEn), a complexity measure for time series, may reflect a functional state of neuromuscular transmission by quantifying the complexity of interactions across neural and muscular networks. In an established rat model, electromyographic signals of the diaphragm after phrenicotomy were analyzed using PeEn quantifying denervation and reinnervation. Thirty-three anesthetized rats were unilaterally phrenicotomized. After 1, 3, 9, 27 and 81 days, diaphragmatic electromyographic PeEn was analyzed in vivo from sternal, mid-costal and crural areas of both hemidiaphragms. After euthanasia of the animals, both hemidiaphragms were dissected for fiber type evaluation. The electromyographic incidence of an accessory phrenic nerve was 76%. At day 1 after phrenicotomy, PeEn (normalized values) was significantly diminished in the sternal (median: 0.69; interquartile range: 0.66-0.75) and mid-costal area (0.68; 0.66-0.72) compared to the non-denervated side (0.84; 0.78-0.90) at threshold p<0.05. In the crural area, innervated by the accessory phrenic nerve, PeEn remained unchanged (0.79; 0.72-0.86). During reinnervation over 81 days, PeEn normalized in the mid-costal area (0.84; 0.77-0.86), whereas it remained reduced in the sternal area (0.77; 0.70-0.81). Fiber type grouping, a histological sign for reinnervation, was found in the mid-costal area in 20% after 27 days and in 80% after 81 days. Collateral reinnervation can restore diaphragm activity after phrenicotomy. Electromyographic PeEn represents a new, distinctive assessment characterizing intramuscular function following denervation and reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kramer
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Denis Jordan
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Kretschmer
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Veronika Lehmeyer
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Kristine Kellermann
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Stephan J. Schaller
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Manfred Blobner
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Eberhard F. Kochs
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Heidrun Fink
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
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46
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Kocher GJ, Schmid RA. Reply: To PMID 24035299. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:787. [PMID: 25087825 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor J Kocher
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Bern Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland 3010.
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Bern Freiburgstrasse, Bern, Switzerland 3010
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47
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Peng L, Adler M, Demogines A, Borrell A, Liu H, Tao L, Tepp WH, Zhang SC, Johnson EA, Sawyer SL, Dong M. Widespread sequence variations in VAMP1 across vertebrates suggest a potential selective pressure from botulinum neurotoxins. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004177. [PMID: 25010769 PMCID: PMC4092145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT/A-G), the most potent toxins known, act by cleaving three SNARE proteins required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Previous studies on BoNTs have generally utilized the major SNARE homologues expressed in brain (VAMP2, syntaxin 1, and SNAP-25). However, BoNTs target peripheral motor neurons and cause death by paralyzing respiratory muscles such as the diaphragm. Here we report that VAMP1, but not VAMP2, is the SNARE homologue predominantly expressed in adult rodent diaphragm motor nerve terminals and in differentiated human motor neurons. In contrast to the highly conserved VAMP2, BoNT-resistant variations in VAMP1 are widespread across vertebrates. In particular, we identified a polymorphism at position 48 of VAMP1 in rats, which renders VAMP1 either resistant (I48) or sensitive (M48) to BoNT/D. Taking advantage of this finding, we showed that rat diaphragms with I48 in VAMP1 are insensitive to BoNT/D compared to rat diaphragms with M48 in VAMP1. This unique intra-species comparison establishes VAMP1 as a physiological toxin target in diaphragm motor nerve terminals, and demonstrates that the resistance of VAMP1 to BoNTs can underlie the insensitivity of a species to members of BoNTs. Consistently, human VAMP1 contains I48, which may explain why humans are insensitive to BoNT/D. Finally, we report that residue 48 of VAMP1 varies frequently between M and I across seventeen closely related primate species, suggesting a potential selective pressure from members of BoNTs for resistance in vertebrates. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) target peripheral motor neurons and act by cleaving SNARE proteins, which are essential for neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals. SNARE proteins occur in multiple homologues and it has been difficult to determine which one is the physiologically relevant toxin target in motor nerve terminals among closely related SNARE homologues such as VAMP1 and VAMP2. Here we report that, in contrast to the highly conserved VAMP2, sequence variations in VAMP1 that confer resistance to BoNTs are widespread across vertebrates. In particular, residue 48 of VAMP1 is polymorphic between BoNT/D-sensitive residue M and BoNT/D-resistant residue I in rats. Taking advantage of this finding, we carried out an intra-species comparison, which showed that diaphragm motor nerve terminals from rats with I48 in VAMP1 were insensitive to BoNT/D as compared to those with M48. Since VAMP2 is conserved in rats, these data demonstrate that VAMP1 is the physiologically relevant toxin target in motor neurons. Interestingly, human VAMP1 encodes the BoNT/D-resistant residue I48, which may explain why humans are insensitive to BoNT/D. Finally, we found that residue 48 of VAMP1 switches frequently between M and I among 17 primate species, suggesting a potential selective pressure from BoNT/D for resistance in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Adler
- Neurobehavioral Toxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MA); (SLS); (MD)
| | - Ann Demogines
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Borrell
- Neurobehavioral Toxicology Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Waisman Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William H. Tepp
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MA); (SLS); (MD)
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MA); (SLS); (MD)
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48
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Johnson NE, Utz M, Patrick E, Rheinwald N, Downs M, Dilek N, Dogra V, Logigian EL. Visualization of the diaphragm muscle with ultrasound improves diagnostic accuracy of phrenic nerve conduction studies. Muscle Nerve 2014; 49:669-75. [PMID: 24037990 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of phrenic neuropathy (PN) with phrenic nerve conduction studies (PNCS) is associated with false negatives. Visualization of diaphragmatic muscle twitch with diaphragm ultrasound (DUS) when performing PNCS may help to solve this problem. METHODS We performed bilateral, simultaneous DUS-PNCS in 10 healthy adults and 12 patients with PN. The amplitude of the diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (on PNCS) and twitch (on DUS) was calculated. RESULTS Control subjects had <38% side-to-side asymmetry in twitch amplitude (on DUS) and 53% asymmetry in phrenic CMAP (on PCNS). In the 12 patients with PN, 12 phrenic neuropathies were detected. Three of these patients had either significant side-to-side asymmetry or absolute reduction in diaphragm movement that was not detected with PNCS. There were no cases in which the PNCS showed an abnormality but the DUS did not. CONCLUSIONS The addition of DUS to PNCS enhances diagnostic accuracy in PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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49
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Abstract
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome is a rare syndrome present from birth, and is defined as the failure of automatic control of breathing. All patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome require life-long ventilatory support during sleep, although approximately a third of patients require ventilatory support 24 h per day. Diaphragm pacers offer a modality of ventilatory support that affords congenital central hypoventilation syndrome patients with maximal mobility for full-time ventilatory patients, and they may allow for a more normal lifestyle in the appropriate patient. They may permit tracheostomy decannulation in those requiring only support during sleep. Diaphragm pacing entails surgical placement of an electrode onto the phrenic nerve, connected to a subcutaneous receiver. There is an external battery-operated transmitter and antenna placed on the skin over the receiver. The transmitter emits energy, similar to radio transmission, which is converted into an electrical current by the receiver. This stimulates the phrenic nerve resulting in a diaphragmatic contraction. Settings on the transmitter include respiratory rate and electrical voltage, and are adjusted to give enough tidal volume to allow for adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Therefore, diaphragm pacing is an attractive alternative mode of mechanically assisted ventilation for many patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Lynn Chen
- University of Southern California, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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50
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Valadão PAC, Naves LA, Gomez RS, Guatimosim C. Etomidate evokes synaptic vesicle exocytosis without increasing miniature endplate potentials frequency at the mice neuromuscular junction. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:576-82. [PMID: 24044896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Etomidate is an intravenous anesthetic used during anesthesia induction. This agent induces spontaneous movements, especially myoclonus after its administration suggesting a putative primary effect at the central nervous system or the periphery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of etomidate at the mouse neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Diaphragm nerve muscle preparations were isolated and stained with the styryl dye FM1-43, a fluorescent tool that tracks synaptic vesicles exo-endocytosis that are key steps for neurotransmission. We observed that etomidate induced synaptic vesicle exocytosis in a dose-dependent fashion, an effect that was independent of voltage-gated Na(+) channels. By contrast, etomidate-evoked exocytosis was dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) because its effect was abolished in Ca(2+)-free medium and also inhibited by omega-Agatoxin IVA (30 and 200nM) suggesting the participation of P/Q-subtype Ca(2+) channels. Interestingly, even though etomidate induced synaptic vesicle exocytosis, we did not observe any significant difference in the frequency and amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) in the presence of the anesthetic. We therefore investigated whether etomidate could act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors labeled with α-bungarotoxin-Alexa 594 and we observed less fluorescence in preparations exposed to the anesthetic. In conclusion, our results suggest that etomidate exerts a presynaptic effect at the NMJ inducing synaptic vesicle exocytosis, likely through the activation of P-subtype voltage gated Ca(2+) channels without interfering with MEPPs frequency. The present data contribute to a better understanding about the effect of etomidate at the neuromuscular synapse and may help to explain some clinical effects of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lígia Araújo Naves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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