Evaluation of the biological effect of Ti generated debris from metal implants: ions and nanoparticles

Metallic implants placed in humans exhibit wear and corrosion that result in the liberation of metal-containing by-products.

Dual role of astrocytes in perinatal asphyxia injury and neuroprotection

Perinatal asphyxia represents an important cause of severe neurological deficits including delayed mental and motor development, epilepsy, major cognitive deficits and blindness. However, at the moment, most of the therapeutic strategies were not well targeted toward the processes that induced the brain injury during perinatal asphyxia. Traditionally, experimental research focused on neurons, whereas astrocytes have been more related with the damage mechanisms of perinatal asphyxia. In this work, we propose to review possible protective as well as deleterious roles of astrocytes in the asphyctic brain with the aim to stimulate further research in this area of perinatal asphyxia still not well studied.

Prognostic factors influencing the selection of bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in routine clinical practice: Oncosur-Avalox—Observational cross-sectional study

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Background: Combining bevacizumab (BEV) with chemotherapy (CT) improves survival in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We investigated the influence of age, ECOG, hormonal status, number of sites, location of metastases and patient decision on the selection of BEV combined with CT in MBC. Methods: Observational cross-sectional multicenter study in patients with HER2- negative MBC who have received first-line CT with BEV. Results: 219 patients were included: median age 51(44-63) yr; ECOG: 0=53%; 60.4% pre-menopausic; 23.9% triple-negative (TN);76.2 % hormone receptor positive (HR+).Metastatic disease: ≥3 sites=39.2% (TN: 22%; HR+: 43.9%); location: 45.2% bone, 37.4% liver, 30.1% lung. Most frequent BEV combinations were paclitaxel/BEV(60.7%) and docetaxel/BEV(12.8%); median no. of CT cycles: 6 (5- 8). A disease-free survival (DFS) ≥12 months was achieved by 82.8%; TN: 78.9%; HR+: 83.3%. Overall response rate (ORR) was 62.7%: 53.6% partial response (PR), 9.1% complete response (CR); 25.4% stable disease (SD) and 7.2% disease progression (4.8% non evaluated). TN:ORR 54.2% (47.9% PR), clinical benefit 80% (27.1% SD); HR+:ORR 65.8% (55.7% PR), clinical benefit 89.9% (24.1% SD). 66.2% presented at least one toxicity, mainly grade 1-2; 32% BEV-related: only 3 grade 3 toxicities; no grade 4. Receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy was associated to DFS ≥12 months (p<0.05). ER+ tumors (OR:0.326;95%CI:0.16-0.65;p=0.002) and patient decision after consider doctor opinion (OR:0.026;95%CI:0.01-0.74; p=0.085) were independent factors associated with the selection of paclitaxel-BEV in the overall population (TN or HR+). Liver metastases were significantly related to paclitaxel-BEV administration (p<0.01). Conclusions: First-line CT with BEV is an effective and safe scheme for patients with TN and HR+ MBC. ER+ tumors and patient decision after consider doctor opinion were identified as independent factors for the selection of paclitaxel-BEV therapy. The presence of liver metastases was significantly associated to the administration of a paclitaxel-BEV regimen.

Influence of conjugation chemistry and B epitope orientation on the immune response of branched peptide antigens

Multimeric presentation, a well-proven way of enhancing peptide immunogenicity, has found substantial application in synthetic vaccine design. We have reported that a combination of four copies of a B-cell epitope with one of a T-cell epitope in a single branched construct results in a peptide vaccine conferring total protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, a natural host (Cubillos et al. (2008) J. Virol. 82, 7223-7230). More recently, a downsized version of this prototype with only two copies of the B epitope has proven as effective as the tetravalent one in mice. Here we evaluate three approaches to bivalent platforms of this latter type, involving different chemistries for the conjugation of two B epitope peptides to a branching T epitope. Comparison of classical thioether, "reverse" thioether (Monsó et al. (2012) Org. Biomol. Chem. 10, 3116-3121) and thiol-ene conjugation chemistries in terms of synthetic efficiency clearly singles out the latter, maleimide-based strategy as most advantageous. We also examine how minor structural differences among the conjugates--including the N- or C-terminal attachment of the B epitope to the branching T epitope--bear on the immunogenicity of these vaccine candidates, with the maleimide-based conjugate again emerging as the most successful.

Abstract P6-11-03: Site-Specific, Concomitant Delivery of Rapamycin and Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer: Consequent Synergistic Efficacy Enhancement

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PI3k/Akt/mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in certain breast cancers. Ongoing clinical trials aim to therapeutically exploit this pathway through administration of rapamycin (RAP), an mTOR inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel (PTX). However, actual drug synergy in clinical settings may not be fully realized due to disparate pharmacokinetic parameters of individual drug formulations, wherein drugs or their effects may never be present in the tumor at the same time. Our objective was to generate a nanoparticle platform capable of site-specifically delivering precise amounts of rapamycin and paclitaxel to breast tumors with hopes of increasing synergistic targeting of the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Materials and Methods: Drug-containing nanoparticles composed of amphiphilic block copolymers of pegylated poly(∈-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL, MW = 5k-5k) were fabricated and nanoparticle size and drug loading efficiency was determined. In vitro growth inhibition of nanoparticle formulations of varying ratios was evaluated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells via sulforhodamine B assays, after which median-effect plot analyses and combination index calculations were conducted. Antitumor efficacy studies were performed in female nude mice bearing MDA-MB-468 tumors, in which nanoparticles were administered intravenously twice a week for the duration of three weeks. Biodistribution of drug-containing nanoparticles in extracted tumors were examined, as well as reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis to gain insights into site-specific synergy.

Results: Nanoparticles were spherical, with an average diameter of 9 nm. Both rapamycin and paclitaxel loaded favorably, allowing for customization of different ratios within nanoparticles. Combination indices demonstrated that a 3:1 ratio of RAP:PTX had the most synergy in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells in vitro, a synergy found to be preserved in vivo. Significant tumor regression (&gt; 1.5 fold reduction from initial tumor volume) was observed in vivo upon administration of 3:1 RAP:PTX (15:5 mg/kg) nanoparticles. The precise ratio of rapamycin and paclitaxel (3:1) was found maintained in tumors 24 h after administration, an effect not achievable with free drug formulations. RPPA analysis demonstrated effective blocking of mTOR and Akt 24 h after administration of nanoparticles, key events in drug synergy.

Discussion: Site-specific delivery of synergistic agents in precisely-controlled drug ratios, possible through their incorporation into nanoparticles, was shown to be highly efficacious against breast tumors. Findings demonstrate the ability to deliver specific drug ratios to tumors, potentially precluding the need to administer maximal doses of both agents in order to achieve synergy, lessening patient side-effects. This study demonstrates the potential for prediction of in vivo therapeutic outcomes from in vitro synergistic findings. Nanoparticle delivery of drugs may also yield enhanced understanding of mechanisms of synergy between molecular-targeted drugs and traditional chemotherapeutics in vivo, resulting in novel and more efficacious treatment regimens.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-11-03.

Abstract P6-11-11: Multistage Delivery of Paclitaxel: Increased Drug Stability and Sustained Release Results in Enhanced Efficacy in Breast Cancer

Background: A significant challenge for effectively treating cancer is overcoming biological barriers that reduce circulation times and increase degradation of possible treatments. We established an innovative approach to address this issue by embedding drug-containing nanoparticles within the pores of a larger mesoporous silicon particle (MSP) in order to optimize site-specific localization and release of therapeutic agents. The objective is to develop a nanotherapeutic-based multistage platform for breast cancer treatment, wherein paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor used in the treatment of breast tumors, will be loaded into polymeric micelles, which in turn will be loaded within MSPs. We hypothesize that this nested incorporation of drugs within MSPs, combined with enhanced tumor transport, will result in a more pronounced and sustained antitumor effect.

Materials and Methods: Micelles were assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(∈-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL, MW = 5k-5k). Nanoparticle size, zeta potential, and morphology was determined, and PTX loading and release kinetics from micelles analyzed. Drug-containing micelles were incorporated into MSPs by a previously established dry-loading method, wherein nanoparticles were incorporated into pores via capillary action. Loading of fluorescent micelles was used to verify loading within MSPs via fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Sulforhodamine B assays were used to evaluate the in vitro antitumor efficacy of the platform in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in MDA-MB-468 breast tumors in female nu/nu mice.

Results: Resulting micelles had an average size of 20 nm, as confirmed through TEM, with paclitaxel loaded into micelles very effectively. Release kinetics showed that 50% of the drug was released within 4 hours and 80% released within 24 hours. Loading of micelles into MSPs depended largely on electrostatic interactions, with micelles loading better within pores of MSPs displaying increased positive charge. Micelle loading into MSPs was successful as demonstrated by flow cytometry, and release was significantly retarded (&lt; 30% of drug released over 4 d). Incubation of micelle-containing MSPs with breast cancer cells in vitro showed that MSPs could be internalized by cells, after which a sustained and delayed release of the payload was observed in cells. Breast tumors treated with MSPs demonstrated sustained tumor suppression (169 mm3 compared to initial starting volume of 200 mm3) at day 35 following a single injection. It is important to note that sustained tumor efficacy was achieved with nanoparticle and free drug formulations, however, with the caveat of repeated administrations.

Discussion: A novel multistage approach to chemotherapy effectively allows a secondary payload to be loaded and preserved within the MSPs until reaching the tumor site. This prevents premature release of the drug and allows for a sustained release which may potentially result in fewer patient side effects. Future studies will involve loading of multiple nanoparticle types into MSPs and addition of targeting and diagnostic components.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-11-11.

Observational cross-sectional study to evaluate the prognostic factors influencing the selection of bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in routine clinical practice. ONCOSUR-AVALOX study

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Background: Combining bevacizumab (BEV) with chemotherapy (CT) improves survival in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We investigated the influence of age, ECOG, hormonal status, number of sites and location of metastases and patient decision on the selection of BEV combined with CT in MBC. Methods: Observational cross-sectional multicenter study in pts with HER2-negative MBC who have received first-line CT with BEV. Results: From November 2010 to November 2011, 124 pts were included: median age 51 (45-64) yr; ECOG: 0=50%; 60% pre-menopausic; 23% triple-negative (TN); 77% hormone receptor-positive (HR+). Metastatic disease: ≥3 sites=42% (TN: 32%; HR+: 45%); location: 44% bone, 35% lung, 30% liver. Most frequent BEV-based combinations were paclitaxel/BEV (53%) and docetaxel/BEV (14.5%); median no. of CT cycles: 6 (5-8). A disease-free survival (DFS) ≥12 months was achieved by 73%; TN: 68%; HR+: 76%. Overall response rate (ORR) was 58%: 51% partial response (PR), 7% complete response (CR); 28% stable disease (SD) and 10% disease progression. TN: ORR 44% (40% PR), clinical benefit 80% (36% SD); HR+: ORR 62% (54% PR), clinical benefit 87% (25% SD). 58% presented at least one toxicity, mainly grade 1-2; 26% BEV-related: only 3 (2.4%) grade 3 toxicities; no grade 4. Receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy was associated to DFS ≥12 months (p<0.05). ER+ tumors (OR: 0.215; 95% CI: 0.08-0.56; p=0.002) and one metastatic site, vs. ≥3 sites (OR: 0.309; 95% CI: 0.12-0.83; p=0,020) were independent factors associated with the selection of paclitaxel-BEV therapy in the overall population (TN or HR+). Metastases in the liver were significantly related to paclitaxel-BEV administration (p<0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that first-line CT with BEV is an active and tolerable treatment option for pts with TN and HR+ MBC. ER+ tumors and a single metastatic site were identified as independent factors for the selection of a paclitaxel-BEV therapy. The presence of metastases in the liver was significantly associated to the administration of a paclitaxel-BEV regimen.

Postnatal Growth Patterns in a Chilean Cohort: The Role of SES and Family Environment

Objective. This study examined how family environmental characteristics served as mediators in the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and infant growth in a cohort of Chilean infants. Methods. We studied 999 infants, born between 1991 and 1996, from a longitudinal cohort which began as an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial. SES (Graffar Index), the Life Experiences Survey, and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) were assessed in infancy. Using path analysis, we assessed the relationships between the social factors, home environment, and infant growth. Results. During the first year, weight and length gain averaged 540 grams/month and 6.5 cm/month, respectively. In the path analysis model for weight gain, higher SES and a better physical environment were positively related to higher maternal warmth, which in turn was associated with higher average weight gain. Higher SES was directly related to higher average length gain. Conclusions. In our cohort, a direct relationship between SES and length gain developed during infancy. Higher SES was indirectly related to infant weight gain through the home environment and maternal warmth. As the fastest growing infants are at risk for later obesity, new strategies are needed to encourage optimal rather than maximal growth.

Chimeric calicivirus-like particles elicit specific immune responses in pigs

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have received considerable attention due to their potential application in veterinary vaccines and, in particular, VLPs from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) have successfully shown to be good platforms for inducing immune responses against an inserted foreign epitope in mice. The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of chimeric RHDV-VLPs as vaccine vectors in pigs. For this purpose, we have generated chimeric VLPs containing a well-known T epitope of 3A protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Firstly, RHDV-VLPs were able to activate immature porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (poBMDCs) in vitro. Secondly, pigs were inoculated twice in a two-week interval with chimeric RHDV-VLPs at different doses intranasally or intramuscularly. One intramuscularly treated group was also inoculated with adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 206 at the same time. Specific IgG and IgA antibodies against RHDV-VLPs were induced and such levels were higher in the adjuvanted group compared with other groups. Interestingly, anti-RHDV-VLP IgA responses were higher in groups inoculated intramuscularly than those that received the VLPs intranasally. Two weeks after the last immunisation, specific IFN-γ-secreting cells against 3A epitope and against RHDV-VLPs were detected in PBMCs by ELISPOT. The adjuvanted group exhibited the highest IFN-γ-secreting cell numbers and lymphoproliferative specific T cell responses against 3A epitope and RHDV-VLP. This is the first immunological report on the potential use of chimeric RHDV-VLPs as antigen carriers in pigs.

[Prevalence of neuropathic pain according to the NP4 test in primary care]

BACKGROUND

Primary Care Physicians are usually the first to see patients with neuropathic pain. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of neuropathic pain, its therapeutic management, and to clinically characterize these patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional study was carried out in Spanish Primary Care settings. The first 25 patients older than 18 years with any type of pain (a total of 16,115) were registered, and the first 5 with a high neuropathic pain component according to the NP4 test, and was clinically confirmed (n= 3,836) were included in the study. Pain intensity and impact on daily activities, as well as overall satisfaction with treatment were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 45.7% of patients had neuropathic pain according to NP4 test. The median age was 59 years, and 60% were women. Patients took a mean of 2.4 drugs, with NSAIDs (53%) and non-opioid analgesics (51%) being the most common. The scores for Pain intensity and interference in daily activities were both 6.2. The overall opinion of the SATMED-Q test was 47.3/100, which was 1.4 points lower than the standardised score according to Spanish population.

CONCLUSIONS

Neuropathic pain according to NP4 test is highly prevalent in Spanish Primary Care settings. The management of these patients with NSAIDs and non-opioid analgesics is not appropriate, as they are not recommended for this kind of pain. Although they were being treated with more than 2 analgesics, they still referred to high pain intensity, interference in daily activities, and a low general opinion of the treatment.

Active and passive MDMA ('ecstasy') intake induces differential transcriptional changes in the mouse brain

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a recreational drug widely used by adolescents and young adults. Although its rewarding effects are well established, there is controversy on its addictive potential. We aimed to compare the consequences of active and passive MDMA administration on gene expression in the mouse brain since all previous studies were based on passive MDMA administration. We used a yoked-control operant intravenous self-administration paradigm combined with microarray technology. Transcriptomic profiles of ventral striatum, frontal cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus were analysed in mice divided in contingent MDMA, yoked MDMA and yoked saline groups, and several changes were validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The comparison of contingent MDMA and yoked MDMA vs. yoked saline mice allowed the identification of differential expression in several genes, most of them with immunological and inflammatory functions, but others being involved in neuroadaptation. In the comparison of contingent MDMA vs. yoked MDMA administration, hippocampus and the dorsal raphe nucleus showed statistically significant changes. The altered expression of several genes involved in neuroadaptative changes and synapse function, which may be related to learning self-administration behaviour, could be validated in these two brain structures. In conclusion, our study shows a strong effect of MDMA administration on the expression of immunological and inflammatory genes in all the four brain regions studied. In addition, experiments on MDMA self-administration suggest that the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus may be involved in active MDMA-seeking behaviour, and show specific alterations on gene expression that support the addictive potential of this drug.

Distribution of diacylglycerol lipase alpha, an endocannabinoid synthesizing enzyme, in the rat forebrain

1,2-diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLα) is responsible for the biosynthesis and release of 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. Although its expression has been detected in discrete regions, we showed here an integrated description of the distribution of DAGLα mRNA and protein in the rat forebrain using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. As novelty, we described the distribution of DAGLα protein expression in the olfactory system, the rostral migratory stream, neocortex, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Similar DAGLα immunostaining pattern was also found in the brain of wild-type, but not of DAGLα knockout mice. Immunohistochemical data were correlated by the identification of DAGLα mRNA expression, for instance, in the somata of specific cells in olfactory structures, rostral migratory stream and neocortex, cells in some septal-basal-amygdaloid areas and the medial habenula, and magnocellular cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. This widespread neuronal distribution of DAGLα is consistent with multiple roles for endocannabinoids in synaptic plasticity, including presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release. We discuss our comparative analysis of the forebrain expression patterns of DAGLα and other components of the endocannabinoid signaling system, including the CB(1) receptor, monoacylglyceride lipase (MAGL), and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), providing some insight into the potential physiological and behavioral roles of this system.

Abstract P6-14-10: Treatment of Breast Cancer Using Multistage Delivery of PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors

Background: Current chemotherapeutic strategies are not without substantial shortcomings, including non-specific drug distribution and toxicity to normal cells. Breakthroughs in the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis has led to the discovery and design of several drugs capable of exerting effects on key targets essential for tumor propagation. Consider rapamycin and LY294002, drugs that target the PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a pathway found to be dysregulated in breast cancer. The objective is to generate a nanoscale platform capable of site-specifically delivering a powerful payload of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors for the synergistic treatmentof breast tumors. The novel, injectable nanocarrier consists of three components: 1) mesoporous silicon particles (MSPs) that will be injected into the bloodstream and housing; 2) nanoparticles (polymer micelles) loaded with; 3) PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. We hypothesize that this platform will provide for enhanced bioavailability and drug synergy at tumor sites.

Materials and Methods: The amphiphilic block copolymers that comprise the micelles consist of a pegylated formulation of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL, MW = 5k-1k). Drug-containing micelles were fabricated using a film sonication technique. The yield, loading efficiency, and percentage of loaded drug was calculated. Nanoparticle size and zeta potential was determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS), while size and morphology was corroborated via TEM. Release studies of drugs from micellar formulations was performed to determine the kinetics of release. Dried APTES-modified MSPs were incubated with the micellar formulations for ∼3 h. Nanoparticle loading and release was analyzed via HPLC. The in vitro antitumor efficacy of the platform was evaluated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells via a sulforhodamine B assay.

Results: Micelles produced by the film sonication technique were found to have an average zeta potential of -9.29 mV, and an average diameter of 34.4 ± 2.7 nm. This size was confirmed via TEM. Drug loading densities of paclitaxel, rapamycin, and LY294002 within polymer micelles was shown to be 4.6 ± 0.4, 4.1 ± 0.6, and 3.2 ± 0.6 %, respectively. Factoring in a theoretical loading of 5% for all drugs, the loading efficiency using this procedure is very high. The release kinetics were shown to be slow for rapamycin and paclitaxel (20% release over 4 days) while very fast for LY294002 (&gt;60%). Loading of micelles within the MSPs was shown to be approximately 40%. Upon incubation of the micelles with MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, the multistage platform was effective at suppressing tumor growth after a 4 d incubation. Discussion: We have proposed herein a novel nanotherapeutic platform that aims to effectively target the PI-3K/mTOR pathway in breast tumors, bringing about tumor eradication by delivering drugs in a site-specific fashion in order to maximize drug synergy. We believe that the long blood circulation and the site-specific delivery afforded by the nanocarrier platform will translate in vitro synergy findings to the in vivo setting. Current work is underway to examine the in vivo efficacy of the platform.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-14-10.

On the role of spectral resolution in velocity shear layer measurements by Doppler reflectometry

The signal quality of a Doppler reflectometer depends strongly on its spectral resolution, which is influenced by the microwave beam properties and the radius of curvature of the cutoff layer in the plasma. If measured close to a strong perpendicular velocity shear layer, the spectrum of the backscattered signal is influenced by different velocities. This can give rise to two Doppler shifted peaks in the spectrum as observed in TJ-II H-mode plasmas. It is shown by two-dimensional full wave simulations that the two peaks are separable provided the spectral resolution of the system is sufficient. However, if the spectral resolution is poor, the two peaks blend into one and yield an intermediate and incorrect velocity.

Doppler reflectometer system in the stellarator TJ-II

A Doppler reflectometer system has recently been installed in the stellarator TJ-II. The system is optimized for the Q-band (33-50 GHz) and the high-curvature plasmas produced in TJ-II. The launch angle of the microwave beam can be controlled by a steerable mirror to obtain angles between +/-20 degrees enabling the measurement of perpendicular wave numbers in the range of 3-15 cm(-1). The available angular range allows for comparisons between positive and negative values and additionally for calibration of the system. Localization and k(perpendicular)-estimation is done via the three-dimensional ray/beam-tracing code TRUBA. First measured spectra and radial profiles of the perpendicular velocity of plasma density fluctuations are presented.

Maghemite-silica nanocomposites: sol-gel processing enhancement of the magneto-optical response

The preparation and processing of maghemite-silica gel nanocomposites have been investigated in order to maximize their magneto-optical response for magnetic field sensing applications. In situ precipitation of maghemite nanoparticles from an iron salt precursor during the sol-gel processing of the silica matrix has been carried out while controlling the time, temperature, and environment at each step of the whole process. In this paper, the nanostructural, magnetic, and magneto-optical properties of these materials are correlated with the processing path followed, from the starting sol to the partially densified monolith. Results demonstrate that introducing a washing treatment prevents the formation of hematite phase as well as an excessive particle agglomeration. Different processing conditions of identical sols may lead to nanocomposites with a Verdet constant at low magnetic fields (0.01 T) ranging from 200 to 950 rad T(-1) m(-1), which is the typical value of commercial terbium gallium garnets used in Faraday rotators.

Saccular aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Experience and review of the literature

The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique employed and our results in the treatment of saccular aneurysms of the internal carotid artery at the extracranial level. We describe 3 cases of patients with saccular aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid who underwent surgery at our unit within the last 3 years. We report on indications for treatment, surgical technique and results in terms of morbidity-mortality and also review the pertinent literature. Surgical treatment was indicated on the grounds of the patients being symptomatic: 2 had a history of cerebral ischemia, and 1 showed local compression symptoms. The surgical approach was presternocleidomastoid cervicotomy extended distally, and in 2 patients was accompanied by nasotracheal intubation to achieve adequate exposure. In 2 cases, we performed an aneurysmectomy with end-to-end anastomosis. In the third patient, the aneurysm neck was ligated from within the sac followed by aneurysmectomy. There was no mortality or neurological morbidity (local or general). The patients remain free from neurological symptoms with a patent carotid axis. Our clinical experience suggests that, despite the anatomically unfavorable location of this type of aneurysm and the greater complexity of the surgical technique, this patient group can be effectively treated. The frequent presence of an elongated carotid axis and an aneurysmal neck means the surgeon can easily restore arterial continuity by direct procedures.

Glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in a patient with ABCC8 mutation and Fanconi-Bickel syndrome caused by maternal isodisomy of chromosome 3

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS) is a rare disorder of glucose transport caused by autosomal recessive mutations in GLUT2. Clinically, FBS results in growth failure, hepatomegaly, renal Fanconi syndrome, and abnormal glucose homeostasis. We report a 23 month old female with FBS characterized by more severe and refractory hypoglycemia than typically seen in this disorder. Although previous reports indicate that FBS patients have diminished insulin secretion, our patient showed evidence of hyperinsulinism (HI). Sequence analysis showed that the patient was homozygous for a known null mutation in GLUT2, confirming the clinical diagnosis of FBS. Parental genotyping showed that the mother was heterozygous for the GLUT2 mutation, while the father was wild type. Tandem repeat marker analysis showed that the patient inherited the GLUT2 mutation via maternal isodisomy of chromosome 3. Further molecular testing showed that the patient was heterozygous for a mutation in ABCC8, a known cause of congenital HI. We discuss the patient's biochemical responses in light of the molecular findings.

Optimization and validation of recombinant serological tests for African Swine Fever diagnosis based on detection of the p30 protein produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae

We describe the validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmatory immunoblotting assays based on a recombinant p30 protein (p30r) produced in insect larvae using a baculovirus vector. Such validation included the following: (i) the scaling up and standardization of p30r production and the associated immunoassays, (ii) a broad immunological analysis using a large number of samples (a total of 672) from Spain and different African locations, and (iii) the detection of the ASF virus (ASFV)-antibody responses at different times after experimental infection. Yields of p30r reached up to 15% of the total protein recovered from the infected larvae at 3 days postinfection. Serological analysis of samples collected in Spain revealed that the p30r-based ELISA presented similar sensitivity to and higher specificity than the conventional Office International des Epizooties-approved ASFV ELISA. Moreover, the p30r ELISA was more sensitive than the conventional ELISA test in detecting ASFV-specific antibodies in experimentally infected animals at early times postinfection. Both the recombinant and conventional ELISAs presented variable rates of sensitivity and specificity with African samples, apparently related to their geographical origin. Comparative analyses performed on the sequences, predicted structures, and antigenicities of p30 proteins from different Spanish and African isolates suggested that variability among isolates might correlate with changes in antigenicity, thus affecting detection by the p30r ELISA. Our estimations indicate that more than 40,000 ELISA determinations and 2,000 confirmatory immunoblotting tests can be performed with the p30r protein obtained from a single infected larva, making this a feasible and inexpensive strategy for production of serological tests with application in developing countries.

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) or Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare but well-defined histiocytic proliferative disorder of unknown etiology that usually presents with cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia in an otherwise healthy child. Although many patients undergo spontaneous remission, a subset of patients with systemic disease has a more serious course. For those patients with a poor outcome, steroids and chemotherapeutic agents such as etoposide or 6-mercaptopurine plus low dose methotrexate have been used. We present a child with a massive cervical lymphadenopathy treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA, cladribine) after other approaches failed.

Thermal analysis in the evaluation of sediment pollution

Characterization of organic matter in four sediments in the infuence area of wastewater discharges was carried out by both chemical and thermal analysis in order to assess their pollution level. Oxidisable organic carbon and organic matter were calculated by the standard methodology in laboratory. Thermogravimetry (TG), between 50 and 900 degrees C, was simultaneously performed in oxidizing conditions on ground sediments samples after three different pretreatments. Linear regression adjust of thermal analysis results versus chemical parameters provides the better Pearson's coefficients, leading to the best coefficients for weight loss in 250-400 degree C temperature range versus oxidisable organic carbon and organic matter at 360 degrees C, respectively. These results demonstrated the utility of thermoanalysis technique for the evaluation of the organic matter content of fresh sediments.

Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever virus studied by analysis of four variable genome regions

Variable regions of the African swine fever virus genome, which contain arrays of tandem repeats, were compared in the genomes of isolates obtained over a 40-year period. Comparison of the size of products generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from four different genome regions, within the B602L and KP86R genes and intergenic regions J286L and BtSj, placed 43 closely related isolated from Europe, the Caribbean, West and Central Africa into 17 different virus sub-groups. Sequence analysis of the most variable fragment, within the B602L gene, from 81 different isolates distinguished 31 sub-groups of virus isolates which varied in sequence and number of a tandem repeat encoding 4 amino acids. Thus, each of these analysis methods enabled isolates, which were previously grouped together by sequencing of a more conserved genome region, to be separated into multiple sub-groups. This provided additional information about strains of viruses circulating in different countries. The methods could be used in future to study the epidemiology and evolution of virus isolates and to trace the sources of disease outbreaks.

Intron retention as an alternative splice variant of the rat urocortin 1 gene

Urocortin 1, highly conserved metazoan gene of the corticotropin-releasing hormone family, is a simple gene structured in two exons and the corresponding intron. The urocortin 1 prepropeptide is entirely coded in the second exon. Preliminary non-isotopic in situ hybridization experiments with an oligonucleotide complementary to an intron sequence of the urocortin 1 gene showed a significant cytoplasmic-like staining, suggesting the occurrence of an intron-retained urocortin 1 transcript. This observation prompted us to study whether the urocortin 1 gene presents alternative splicing by intron retention event. Confocal fluorescent in situ hybridization for urocortin 1 RNA and the use of the specific DNA dye TOPRO-3 allowed us to show significant expression of the intron-retained urocortin 1 transcript that did not colocalize with TOPRO-3 staining indicating a cytoplasmic localization for the intron-retained urocortin 1 transcript. The natural occurrence of a polyadenylated intron-retained urocortin 1 RNA was further documented by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primed with oligo(dT), of total RNA extracted from three brain regions, a midbrain region containing the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. In the three brain regions studied, it was possible to amplify both intron-less as well as intron-retained urocortin 1 transcripts. The use of PCR primers that simultaneously amplify both urocortin 1 transcripts allowed us to show that the expression of both urocortin 1 transcripts differs among the brain regions analyzed, suggesting a tissue specific regulation of this alternative splicing. In silico analysis of the five known mammalian urocortin 1 genomic sequences showed high conservation of the urocortin 1 intron sequence. Further studies should investigate the regulation of this intron retention event and its consequence for the functionality of the urocortin 1 gene.

Approaches for the Simultaneous Extraction of Tetrabromobisphenol A, Tetrachlorobisphenol A, and Related Phenolic Compounds from Sewage Sludge and Sediment Samples Based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion

A procedure based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for sample preparation in the analysis of some bromophenols and halogenated bisphenols in sediments and sludges has been developed. For the first time ever, MSPD was applied for the extraction of organic contaminants from sediment and sewage sludge samples. The influence of experimental conditions on the yield of the extraction process and on the efficiency of the built-in cleanup step was thoroughly evaluated. Analysis of the extracts was performed by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled with photodiode array ultraviolet detection, using large-volume sample stacking injection based on the electroosmotic flow pump as an on-column preconcentration technique. The method was applied to the analysis of real sludges from urban sewage treatment plants, as well as river and marine sediment samples.

DRB1-TNF-alpha-TNF-beta haplotype is strongly associated with severe aortoiliac occlusive disease, a clinical form of atherosclerosis

Severe aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOD) is a clinical manifestation of peripheral arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has been associated with some human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles, stressing its relationship with autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. Additionally, in rheumatoid arthritis patients, the DRB1*0404 allele is specifically associated with endothelial dysfunction. Our objective was to assess the role of class II HLA alleles in the susceptibility to AOD; a combined study of the nearby tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus was also performed. We included 104 AOD patients and 504 healthy controls from Madrid. DRB1 typing and DRB1*04 subtyping was done by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by hybridization with specific oligonucleotides. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta microsatellites were studied by polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis. None of the markers was associated with AOD, although a trend was observed for DRB1*0404 (OR = 2.18; p = 0.05). However, among DRB1*0404 individuals, the TNFa11-b4 pair was present more frequently in patients than in controls (OR = 16.0; p = 0.007). The combined appearance of TNFa11-b4 and DRB1*0404 was much more frequent in patients than in controls (OR = 5.92; p = 0.0013), a result enhanced by haplotypic estimates (OR = 10.0; p = 0.00017). Our results show that the HLA region modulates the predisposition to AOD. More specifically, they suggest that an extended haplotype encompassing DRB1*0404 and TNFa11-b4 carries a genetic factor conferring susceptibility to AOD.

Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A and other phenolic compounds in water samples by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled to photodiode array ultraviolet detection

Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with large-volume sample stacking injection using the electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) has been developed for the determination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and other phenolic compounds in environmental matrices. Methanol has been used as run buffer solvent to reduce the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Identification and quantification of the analytes was performed by photodiode array ultraviolet detection. LVSEP-NACE improved sensitivity of the peak height by 90-300-fold. The method developed was applied to the analysis of TBBPA in river water and wastewater samples, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) as sample pretreatment process. The average recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 96-106% and 73-103% for 1 L of river water and 0.5 L of wastewater samples, respectively. When the method was based on off line SPE-LVSEP-NACE, sensitivity was improved by 3300-4500-fold and 1600-2200-fold for river water and wastewater samples, respectively.

Comparative study of aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis in the separation of halogenated phenolic and bisphenolic compounds in water samples

Capillary zone electrophoresis methods, based on either aqueous and non-aqueous solutions as running buffers and UV spectrophotometric detection, have been developed and optimized for the separation of several halogenated phenolic and bisphenolic compounds, suspected or proved to exhibit hormonal disrupting effects. Both aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) methods were suitable for the analysis of compounds under study. The separation of the analytes from other 25 potentially interfering phenolic derivatives was achieved with NACE method. Large-volume sample stacking using the electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) was assayed as on-column preconcentration technique for sensitivity enhancement. LVSEP-CE and LVSEP-NACE improved peak heights by 5-26 and 16-330 folds, respectively. To evaluate their applicability, the capillary electrophoresis methods developed were applied to the analysis of water samples, using solid-phase extraction as sample pre-treatment process.

Strategic sample composition in the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples using liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection

The screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by means of the strategic sample composition (SSC) technique is presented. SSC uses special supersaturated composition matrices to perform sample composition and analysed the results obtained in the analytical determination of these composite samples by means of evolutionary assisted regression procedures providing estimations of the concentration levels of analytes in each individual sample specimen. Here, 12 composite samples were prepared by departing from 26 water sample specimens, five of which were spiked with known amounts of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These composite samples were analysed by HPLC using fluorescence detection. Concentration levels spiked were, in some cases clearly higher than allowed limits for drinking waters, whereas in other cases are just in the limit or even down these limits. The study shows the ability of SSC to detect the really contaminated samples and guiding the analyst in taking the adequate decisions.

Expression of the mu-opioid receptor in the anterior pituitary gland is influenced by age and sex

To analyze whether opioids are able to modulate endocrine regulation by acting directly on rat pituitary cells, an immunohistochemical study of micro-opioid receptor expression in these cells was performed, with attention given to the analysis of potential age- and sex-related variations in receptor expression patterns. In both sexes, the micro-opioid receptor was detected in the pituitary pars distalis. However, significant age-related differences were observed. Both in male and female rats, the percentage of micro-opioid receptor-expressing cells decreased significantly from postnatal week one through the 24 months of our study. Interestingly, pituitary cells containing the micro-opioid receptor were significantly more numerous in male than in female, with exception of the pre-pubertal phase and old rats. According to two-way analysis of variance, the gender-related differences in micro-receptor expression were independent of age-related variations. Thus, without excluding hypothalamic actions, our results suggest that opioids may exert their endocrine function by acting directly on pituitary cells.

Operative Repair of Popliteal Aneurysms: Effect of Factors Related to the Bypass Procedure on Outcome

The objective of this study was to compare patency rates following the repair of popliteal aneurysms according to the site of inflow, material of bypass graft and quality of distal runoff. Seventy bypasses were performed over an 11-year period. Autogenous saphenous vein was used in 53 procedures (75.7%) and prosthetic material was used in 17 (24.3%). Early mortality was 2.8%. Early primary and secondary patency rates were 95.7% and 97.1%, respectively. Autogenous vein showed better 10-year patency than prosthetic material (86% vs. 57%; p = 0.02). No significant differences in patency were observed according to the inflow site (87.8% groin vs. 74.7% supragenicular). Bypasses that originated in the groin showed improved patency when a saphenous vein was used (84.8% vs. 43.7%; p = 0.01). However, no influence of the graft material was noted in supragenicular bypasses (90.4% vs. 84.8%; p = 0.6). Bypasses in extremities with good runoff showed better patency than those in limbs showing poor runoff (86% vs. 55%; p = 0.003). The use of saphenous vein for the repair of popliteal aneurysms showed better results than those with prosthetic material, although in bypasses originating from the distal superficial femoral or above-knee popliteal artery, no significant differences in patency were observed. Good distal runoff was associated with improved overall outcome.

Identification and metabolic role of the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The malate-aspartate NADH shuttle in mammalian cells requires the activity of the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier (AGC). Recently, we identified in man two AGC isoforms, aralar1 and citrin, which are regulated by calcium on the external face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have now identified Agc1p as the yeast counterpart of the human AGC. The corresponding gene was overexpressed in bacteria and yeast mitochondria, and the protein was reconstituted in liposomes where it was identified as an aspartate-glutamate transporter from its transport properties. Furthermore, yeast cells lacking Agc1p were unable to grow on acetate and oleic acid, and had reduced levels of valine, ornithine and citrulline; in contrast they grew on ethanol. Expression of the human AGC isoforms can replace the function of Agc1p. However, unlike its human orthologues, yeast Agc1p catalyses both aspartate-glutamate exchange and substrate uniport activities. We conclude that Agc1p performs two metabolic roles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the one hand, it functions as a uniporter to supply the mitochondria with glutamate for nitrogen metabolism and ornithine synthesis. On the other, the Agc1p, as an aspartate-glutamate exchanger, plays a role within the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle which is critical for the growth of yeast on acetate and fatty acids as carbon sources. These results provide strong evidence of the existence of a malate-aspartate NADH shuttle in yeast.

Postnatal differentiation of the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase P450 in the rat pituitary gland

At our laboratory, we have recently demonstrated the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase P450 in the pituitary glands of adult rats; this expression was seen to be sex-dependent. In order to determine whether the changes in the expression of the enzyme are related to changes in the gonadal sphere and whether the expression of the enzyme is related to the postnatal differentiation of hypophyseal cytology, in the present work we performed an immunohistochemical study in the rat pituitary gland from birth to old age. The immunohistochemical reaction to aromatase was evident and very generalized at 7 days after birth, with no large differences between the male and female animals. At 14 days the immunohistochemical reaction was decreased in the females, with no changes in the males. At 17 days, aromatase immunoreactivity in the pituitary glands of female rats was very weak whereas the males showed large numbers of reactive cells. These observations were further pronounced at 21 days and 2 months of life. At 24 months, the immunoreactivity found in the pituitary glands of the male rats had almost completely disappeared. Our results show that a postnatal differentiation in the immunohistochemical expression of aromatase occurs; this is tightly linked to sexual activity and is lost in old age. This suggests that hypophyseal aromatase would be related to the mechanisms of action of gonadal steroids on hypophyseal differentiation and secretion.

Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study

BACKGROUND

The role of silymarin in the treatment of liver cirrhosis is controversial.

AIM

Clinical outcome,biochemical profile and the antiperoxidative effects of silymarin MZ-80 during 6 months treatment were investigated in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

METHODS

Sixty consecutive patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were randomized to receive either silymarin MZ-80 (S) (150 mg t.i.d. per day) or placebo (P) for periods of 6 months. Erythrocyte total glutathione (GSH) content, platelet malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen Type III (PIIINP) were determined at baseline and at the end of treatment.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients completed the study (24 S and 25 P). The 2 groups were well-matched for demographic as well as baseline clinical and laboratory parameters. Silymarin increased total GSH at 6 months (4.5 +/- 3.4 to 5.8 +/- 4.0 micromol/g Hb) whereas, in the placebo group, GSH remained unchanged (4.1 +/- 3.9 to 4.4 +/- 4.1 micromol/gHb) (p < 0.001), and platelet-derived non-induced MDA decreased by 33% (p < 0.015). A parallel decrease in PIIINP values was seen with silymarin (1.82 1.03 to 1.36 +/- 0.5 U/ml, p < 0.033) but not with placebo (1.31 +/- 0.4 to 1.27 +/- 0.6 U/ml). There were no concurrent changes on laboratory indices of the pathology.

CONCLUSIONS

Silymarin is well-tolerated and produces a small increase in glutathione and a decrease in lipid peroxidation in peripheral blood cells in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Despite these effects no changes in routine liver tests were observed during the course of therapy.

Characterization of GFAP expression and cell proliferation in the rat median eminence following hypophysectomy

To analyze whether the reorganization of the rat median eminence after hypophysectomy might be related to changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- and cellular proliferation, the distribution of cells immunoreactive for GFAP and the proliferation rate of such cells were analyzed at 20, 40 and 60 days posthypophysectomy. For this study, four rostro-caudal regions of the median eminence were differentiated: the retrochiasmatic, preinfundibular, infundibular and postinfundibular regions. In each of these regions, three layers were studied: the ependymal, the internal and the external. At 20 and 40 days after hypophysectomy, significant increases in cellular proliferation affecting all three layers studied in the preinfundibular and infundibular regions were found. At the same time points, increases in GFAP expression were also observed. However, after 60 days, GFAP and proliferative cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression decreased. Although variations of PCNA and GFAP levels were evident, no colocalisation of PCNA and GFAP was found in the cells of the median eminence in untreated or hypophysectomized rats when sections were analyzed by double immunohistochemical staining. Our results suggest that reorganization of median eminence involves alterations (or modulation) of GFAP-immunoreactive cells together with a proliferation of cells that are not GFAP-immunoreactive. This study also demonstrates that this reorganization is completed within the first two months after hypophysectomy.

In vitro interferon gamma regulation of CCR-3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood leukocytes from atopic asthmatics

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) exerts major pro-inflammatory, regulatory, and anti-inflammatory actions in immune defense responses. In asthma the infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes is a critical event. Chemokines stimulate the migration of the susceptible subset of inflammatory cells. The chemokine receptors CCR-3 are mainly expressed in eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 cells. More recently it has been demonstrated that the IFN-gamma downregulates the expression of some chemokine receptors. IgE determinations were performed using an ELISA for total IgE Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients and controls were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. The cells were incubated in the absence or presence of 500 IU/ml of recombinant human IFN-gamma for different times. After incubation the cells were washed and lyzed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. RT-PCR was performed using a Perkin-Elmer kit. The amplified bands were run in 2% agarose gels and quantified. The basal levels of CCR-3 in asthmatic patients with IgE > 150 IU/ml tend to be higher than in controls. IFN-gamma down-regulates the expression of CCR-3 in peripheral blood leukocytes from asthmatics with IgE >150 IU/ml, when compared with the basal levels of expression. In conclusions, through the modification of the expression of CCR-3 in peripheral blood leukocytes from atopic asthmatics, IFN-gamma could exert a beneficial effect in patients with asthma, regulating the migration of some inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

[The CADASIL syndrome: a model of subcortical-cortical disconnection]

INTRODUCTION

CADASIL syndrome (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarts and Leukoencephalopathy) includes some neurological signs and symptoms (gait disturbances, epileptic seizures, pseudobulbar palsy, migraines, etc.), as well as neuropsychological dysfunctions (cognitive and executive impairment, emotional disorders and, frequently, dementia). This syndrome is a good model of white matter damage and potential disconnection syndromes.

CLINICAL CASE

In this article, the neuropsychological profile of a 47 year-old woman diagnosed of CADASIL is investigated and thoroughly discussed. Results show the presence of a moderate cognitive and executive impairment, specially of memory, psychomotor abilities, executive functions and verbal fluency, but not dementia, overall suggesting the presence of a temporal-frontal-subcortical disfunction.

CONCLUSION

This clinical pattern is an illuminating example of the neuropsychological consequences of the partial disconnection of prefrontal cortex from the thalamus and basal ganglia.

Identification of T-cell epitopes in nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Porcine T-cell recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP) was tested using in vitro lymphoproliferative responses. Lymphocytes were obtained from outbred pigs experimentally infected with FMDV. Of the different NSP, polypeptides 3A, 3B, and 3C gave the highest stimulations in the in vitro assays. The use of overlapping synthetic peptides allowed the identification of amino acid regions within these proteins that were efficiently recognized by the lymphocytes. The sequences of some of these antigenic peptides were highly conserved among different FMDV serotypes. They elicited major histocompatibility complex-restricted responses with lymphocytes from pigs infected with either a type C virus or reinfected with a heterologous FMDV. A tandem peptide containing the T-cell peptide 3A[21-35] and the B-cell antigenic site VP1[137-156] also efficiently stimulated lymphocytes from infected animals in vitro. Furthermore, this tandem peptide elicited significant levels of serotype-specific antiviral activity, a result consistent with the induction of anti-FMDV antibodies. Thus, inclusion in the peptide formulation of a T-cell epitope derived from the NSP 3A possessing the capacity to induce T helper activity can allow cooperative induction of anti-FMDV antibodies by B cells.