Expression and crystallization of a bacterial glycoside hydrolase family 116 β-glucosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum

The Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum gene product TxGH116, a glycoside hydrolase family 116 protein of 806 amino-acid residues sharing 37% amino-acid sequence identity over 783 residues with human glucosylceramidase 2 (GBA2), was expressed in Escherichia coli. Purification by heating, immobilized metal-affinity and size-exclusion chromatography produced >90% pure TxGH116 protein with an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The purified TxGH116 enzyme hydrolyzed the p-nitrophenyl (pNP) glycosides pNP-β-D-glucoside, pNP-β-D-galactoside and pNP-N-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, as well as cellobiose and cellotriose. The TxGH116 protein was crystallized using a precipitant consisting of 0.6 M sodium citrate tribasic, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.0 by vapour diffusion with micro-seeding to form crystals with maximum dimensions of 120×25×5 µm. The TxGH116 crystals diffracted X-rays to 3.15 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P2(1). Structure solution will allow a structural explanation of the effects of human GBA2 mutations.

Effects of active site cleft residues on oligosaccharide binding, hydrolysis, and glycosynthase activities of rice BGlu1 and its mutants

Rice BGlu1 (Os3BGlu7) is a glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-glucosidase that hydrolyzes cellooligosaccharides with increasing efficiency as the degree of polymerization (DP) increases from 2 to 6, indicating six subsites for glucosyl residue binding. Five subsites have been identified in X-ray crystal structures of cellooligosaccharide complexes with its E176Q acid-base and E386G nucleophile mutants. X-ray crystal structures indicate that cellotetraose binds in a similar mode in BGlu1 E176Q and E386G, but in a different mode in the BGlu1 E386G/Y341A variant, in which glucosyl residue 4 (Glc4) interacts with Q187 instead of the eliminated phenolic group of Y341. Here, we found that the Q187A mutation has little effect on BGlu1 cellooligosaccharide hydrolysis activity or oligosaccharide binding in BGlu1 E176Q, and only slight effects on BGlu1 E386G glycosynthase activity. X-ray crystal structures showed that cellotetraose binds in a different position in BGlu1 E176Q/Y341A, in which it interacts directly with R178 and W337, and the Q187A mutation had little effect on cellotetraose binding. Mutations of R178 and W337 to A had significant and nonadditive effects on oligosaccharide hydrolysis by BGlu1, pNPGlc cleavage and cellooligosaccharide inhibition of BGlu1 E176Q and BGlu1 E386G glycosynthase activity. Hydrolysis activity was partially rescued by Y341 for longer substrates, suggesting stacking of Glc4 on Y341 stabilizes binding of cellooligosaccharides in the optimal position for hydrolysis. This analysis indicates that complex interactions between active site cleft residues modulate substrate binding and hydrolysis.

Expression and enzymatic properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) monolignol β-glucosidases

Monolignol glucosides and their β-glucosidases are found in monocots, but their biological roles are unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) glycoside hydrolase family GH1 β-glucosidases indicated that Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 are closely related to known monolignol β-glucosidases. An optimized Os4BGlu16 cDNA and cloned Os4BGlu18 cDNA were used to express fusion proteins with His6 tags in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli, respectively. The secreted Os4BGlu16 fusion protein was purified from media by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), while Os4BGlu18 was extracted from E. coli cells and purified by anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and IMAC. Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 hydrolyzed the monolignol glucosides coniferin (kcat/KM, 21.6mM(-1)s(-1) for Os4BGlu16 and for Os4BGlu18) and syringin (kcat/KM, 22.8mM(-1)s(-1) for Os4BGlu16 and 24.0mM(-1)s(-1) for Os4BGlu18) with much higher catalytic efficiencies than other substrates. In quantitative RT-PCR, highest Os4BGlu14 mRNA levels were detected in endosperm, embryo, lemma, panicle and pollen. Os4BGlu16 was detected highest in leaf from 4 to 10 weeks, endosperm and lemma, while Os4BGlu18 mRNA was most abundant in vegetative stage from 1 week to 4 weeks, pollen and lemma. These data suggest a role for Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 monolignol β-glucosidases in both vegetative and reproductive rice tissues.

Structural analysis and insights into the glycon specificity of the rice GH1 Os7BGlu26 β-D-mannosidase

Rice Os7BGlu26 is a GH1 family glycoside hydrolase with a threefold higherkcat/Kmvalue for 4-nitrophenyl β-D-mannoside (4NPMan) compared with 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside (4NPGlc). To investigate its selectivity for β-D-mannoside and β-D-glucoside substrates, the structures of apo Os7BGlu26 at a resolution of 2.20 Å and of Os7BGlu26 with mannose at a resolution of 2.45 Å were elucidated from isomorphous crystals in space groupP212121. The (β/α)8-barrel structure is similar to other GH1 family structures, but with a narrower active-site cleft. The Os7BGlu26 structure with D-mannose corresponds to a product complex, with β-D-mannose in the1S5skew-boat conformation. Docking of the1S3,1S5,2SOand3S1pyranose-ring conformations of 4NPMan and 4NPGlc substrates into the active site of Os7BGlu26 indicated that the lowest energies were in the1S5and1S3skew-boat conformations. Comparison of these docked conformers with other rice GH1 structures revealed differences in the residues interacting with the catalytic acid/base between enzymes with and without β-D-mannosidase activity. The mutation of Tyr134 to Trp in Os7BGlu26 resulted in similarkcat/Kmvalues for 4NPMan and 4NPGlc, while mutation of Tyr134 to Phe resulted in a 37-fold higherkcat/Kmfor 4NPMan than 4NPGlc. Mutation of Cys182 to Thr decreased both the activity and the selectivity for β-D-mannoside. It was concluded that interactions with the catalytic acid/base play a significant role in glycon selection.

Enzymatic and structural characterization of hydrolysis of gibberellin A4 glucosyl ester by a rice β-D-glucosidase

In order to identify a rice gibberellin ester β-D-glucosidase, gibberellin A4 β-D-glucosyl ester (GA4-GE) was synthesized and used to screen rice β-glucosidases. Os3BGlu6 was found to have the highest hydrolysis activity to GA4-GE among five recombinantly expressed rice glycoside hydrolase family GH1 enzymes from different phylogenic clusters. The kinetic parameters of Os3BGlu6 and its mutants E178Q, E178A, E394D, E394Q and M251N for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) and GA4-GE confirmed the roles of the catalytic acid/base and nucleophile for hydrolysis of both substrates and suggested M251 contributes to binding hydrophobic aglycones. The activities of the Os3BGlu6 E178Q and E178A acid/base mutants were rescued by azide, which they transglucosylate to produce β-D-glucopyranosyl azide, in a pH-dependent manner, while acetate also rescued Os3BGlu6 E178A at low pH. High concentrations of sodium azide (200-400 mM) inhibited Os3BGlu6 E178Q but not Os3BGlu6 E178A. The structures of Os3BGlu6 E178Q crystallized with either GA4-GE or pNPGlc had a native α-D-glucosyl moiety covalently linked to the catalytic nucleophile, E394, which showed the hydrogen bonding to the 2-hydroxyl in the covalent intermediate. These data suggest that a GH1 β-glucosidase uses the same retaining catalytic mechanism to hydrolyze 1-O-acyl glucose ester and glucoside.

Rice Os9BGlu31 is a transglucosidase with the capacity to equilibrate phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and phytohormone glycoconjugates

Glycosylation is an important mechanism of controlling the reactivities and bioactivities of plant secondary metabolites and phytohormones. Rice (Oryza sativa) Os9BGlu31 is a glycoside hydrolase family GH1 transglycosidase that acts to transfer glucose between phenolic acids, phytohormones, and flavonoids. The highest activity was observed with the donors feruloyl-glucose, 4-coumaroyl-glucose, and sinapoyl-glucose, which are known to serve as donors in acyl and glucosyl transfer reactions in the vacuole, where Os9BGlu31 is localized. The free acids of these compounds also served as the best acceptors, suggesting that Os9BGlu31 may equilibrate the levels of phenolic acids and carboxylated phytohormones and their glucoconjugates. The Os9BGlu31 gene is most highly expressed in senescing flag leaf and developing seed and is induced in rice seedlings in response to drought stress and treatment with phytohormones, including abscisic acid, ethephon, methyljasmonate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and kinetin. Although site-directed mutagenesis of Os9BGlu31 indicated a function for the putative catalytic acid/base (Glu(169)), catalytic nucleophile residues (Glu(387)), and His(386), the wild type enzyme displays an unusual lack of inhibition by mechanism-based inhibitors of GH1 β-glucosidases that utilize a double displacement retaining mechanism.

Clinical and molecular findings in Thai patients with isolated methylmalonic acidemia

Isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a genetically heterogeneous organic acid disorder caused by either deficiency of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), or a defect in the biosynthesis of its cofactor, adenosyl-cobalamin (AdoCbl). Herein, we report and review the genotypes and phenotypes of 14 Thai patients with isolated MMA. Between 1997 and 2011, we identified 6 mut patients, 2 cblA patients, and 6 cblB patients. The mut and cblB patients had relatively severe phenotypes compared to relatively mild phenotypes of the cblA patients. The MUT and MMAB genotypes were also correlated to the severity of the phenotypes. Three mutations in the MUT gene: c.788G>T (p.G263V), c.809_812dupGGGC (p.D272Gfs*2), and c.1426C>T (p.Q476*); one mutation in the MMAA gene: c.292A>G (p.R98G); and three mutations in the MMAB gene: c.682delG (p.A228Pfs*2), c.435delC (p.F145Lfs*69), and c.585-1G>A, have not been previously reported. RT-PCR analysis of a common intron 6 polymorphism (c.520-159C>T) of the MMAB gene revealed that it correlates to deep intronic exonization leading to premature termination of the open reading frame. This could decrease the ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) activity resulting in abnormal phenotypes if found in a compound heterozygous state with a null mutation. We confirm the genotype-phenotype correlation of isolated MMA in the study population, and identified a new molecular basis of the cblB disorder.

The role of the oligosaccharide binding cleft of rice BGlu1 in hydrolysis of cellooligosaccharides and in their synthesis by rice BGlu1 glycosynthase

Rice BGlu1 β-glucosidase nucleophile mutant E386G is a glycosynthase that can synthesize p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-cellooligosaccharides of up to 11 residues. The X-ray crystal structures of the E386G glycosynthase with and without α-glucosyl fluoride were solved and the α-glucosyl fluoride complex was found to contain an ordered water molecule near the position of the nucleophile of the BGlu1 native structure, which is likely to stabilize the departing fluoride. The structures of E386G glycosynthase in complexes with cellotetraose and cellopentaose confirmed that the side chains of N245, S334, and Y341 interact with glucosyl residues in cellooligosaccharide binding subsites +2, +3, and +4. Mutants in which these residues were replaced in BGlu1 β-glucosidase hydrolyzed cellotetraose and cellopentaose with k(cat) /K(m) values similar to those of the wild type enzyme. However, the Y341A, Y341L, and N245V mutants of the E386G glycosynthase synthesize shorter pNP-cellooligosaccharides than do the E386G glycosynthase and its S334A mutant, suggesting that Y341 and N245 play important roles in the synthesis of long oligosaccharides. X-ray structural studies revealed that cellotetraose binds to the Y341A mutant of the glycosynthase in a very different, alternative mode not seen in complexes with the E386G glycosynthase, possibly explaining the similar hydrolysis, but poorer synthesis of longer oligosaccharides by Y341 mutants.

β-Glucosidases

β-Glucosidases (3.2.1.21) are found in all domains of living organisms, where they play essential roles in the removal of nonreducing terminal glucosyl residues from saccharides and glycosides. β-Glucosidases function in glycolipid and exogenous glycoside metabolism in animals, defense, cell wall lignification, cell wall β-glucan turnover, phytohormone activation, and release of aromatic compounds in plants, and biomass conversion in microorganisms. These functions lead to many agricultural and industrial applications. β-Glucosidases have been classified into glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH1, GH3, GH5, GH9, and GH30, based on their amino acid sequences, while other β-glucosidases remain to be classified. The GH1, GH5, and GH30 β-glucosidases fall in GH Clan A, which consists of proteins with (β/α)(8)-barrel structures. In contrast, the active site of GH3 enzymes comprises two domains, while GH9 enzymes have (α/α)(6) barrel structures. The mechanism by which GH1 enzymes recognize and hydrolyze substrates with different specificities remains an area of intense study.

Crystallisation of wild-type and variant forms of a recombinant plant enzyme β-D-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and preliminary X-ray analysis

Wild-type and variant crystals of a recombinant enzyme beta-d-glucan glucohydrolase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were obtained by macroseeding and cross-seeding with microcrystals obtained from native plant protein. Crystals grew to dimensions of up to 500 x 250 x 375 mum at 277 K in the hanging-drops by vapour-diffusion. Further, the conditions are described that yielded the wild-type crystals with dimensions of 80 x 40 x 60 mum by self-nucleation vapour-diffusion in sitting-drops at 281 K. The wild-type and recombinant crystals prepared by seeding techniques achived full size within 5-14 days, while the wild-type crystals grown by self-nucleation appeared after 30 days and reached their maximum size after another two months. Both the wild-type and recombinant variant crystals, the latter altered in the key catalytic and substrate-binding residues Glu220, Trp434 and Arg158/Glu161 belonged to the P4(3)2(1)2 tetragonal space group, i.e., the space group of the native microcrystals was retained in the newly grown recombinant crystals. The crystals diffracted beyond 1.57-1.95 A and the cell dimensions were between a = b = 99.2-100.8 A and c = 183.2-183.6 A. With one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the calculated Matthews coefficients were between 3.4-3.5 A(3).Da(-1) and the solvent contents varied between 63.4% and 64.5%. The macroseeding and cross-seeding techniques are advantageous, where a limited amount of variant proteins precludes screening of crystallisation conditions, or where variant proteins could not be crystallized.

High-level expression of barley beta-D-glucan exohydrolase HvExoI from a codon-optimized cDNA in Pichia pastoris

The native beta-d-glucan exohydrolase isoenzyme ExoI from barley seedlings, designated HvExoI, was the first GH3 glycoside hydrolase, for which a crystal structure was determined. A precise understanding of relationships between structure and function in this enzyme has been gained by structural and enzymatic studies. To allow testing of hypotheses gained from these studies, an efficient system for expression of HvExoI in Pichia pastoris was developed using a codon-optimized cDNA. Protein expression at a temperature of 20 degrees C yielded a recombinant enzyme, designated rHvExoI, which had molecular masses of 70-110 kDa due to heavy glycosylation at Asn221, Asn498 and Asn600, the three sites of N-glycosylation in native HvExoI. Most of the N-linked carbohydrate could be removed from rHvExoI, resulting in N-deglycosylated rHvExoI with a substantially decreased molecular mass of 67 kDa. rHvExoI was able to hydrolyse barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan, laminarin and lichenans. The catalytic efficiency value k(cat)/K(M) of rHvExoI with barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan was similar to that reported for native HvExoI. Further, laminaribiose, cellobiose and gentiobiose were formed through transglycosylation reactions with 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside and barley (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan. Overall, the biochemical properties of rHvExoI were similar to those reported for native HvExoI, although differences were seen in thermostabilities and hydrolytic rates of certain beta-linked glucosides.

Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Os4BGlu12 beta-glucosidase

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Os4BGlu12, a glycoside hydrolase family 1 beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), was expressed as a fusion protein with an N-terminal thioredoxin/His(6) tag in Escherichia coli strain Origami B (DE3) and purified with subsequent removal of the N-terminal tag. Native Os4BGlu12 and its complex with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DNP2FG) were crystallized using 19% polyethylene glycol (3350 or 2000, respectively) in 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 0.16 M NaCl at 288 K. Diffraction data sets for the apo and inhibitor-bound forms were collected to 2.50 and 2.45 A resolution, respectively. The space group and the unit-cell parameters of the crystal indicated the presence of two molecules per asymmetric unit, with a solvent content of 50%. The structure of Os4BGlu12 was successfully solved in space group P4(3)2(1)2 by molecular replacement using the white clover cyanogenic beta-glucosidase structure (PDB code 1cbg) as a search model.

Expression of an endo-(1,3;1,4)-beta-glucanase in response to wounding, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid and ethephon in rice seedlings

We isolated two rice endo-(1,3;1,4)-beta-glucanase genes, denoted OsEGL1 and OsEGL2, which encoded proteins that shared 64% amino acid sequence identity. Both the OsEGL1 and OsEGL2 genes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli to produce functional proteins. Purified OsEGL1 and OsEGL2 proteins hydrolyzed (1,3;1,4)-beta-glucans, but not (1,3;1,6)-beta-linked or (1,3)-beta-linked glucopolysaccharides nor carboxymethyl cellulose, similar to previously characterized grass endo-(1,3;1,4)-beta-glucanases. RNA blot analysis revealed that the OsEGL1 gene is expressed constitutively not only in young roots of rice seedlings, but also in mature roots of adult rice plants. Little or no expression of the OsEGL2 gene was observed in all tissues or treatments tested, but database and RT-PCR analysis indicated it is expressed in ripening panicle. In rice seedling leaves, OsEGL1 gene expression significantly increased in response to methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, ethephon and mechanical wounding. Mechanical wounding also increased the leaf elongation rate in rice seedlings by 16% relative to that of control seedlings at day 4 after treatment. The increase in the leaf elongation rate of rice seedlings treated under mechanical wounding was concomitant with an increase in OsEGL1 expression levels in seedling leaves.

Rice family GH1 glycoside hydrolases with beta-D-glucosidase and beta-D-mannosidase activities

Plant beta-D-mannosidases and a rice beta-D-glucosidase, Os3BGlu7, with weak beta-D-mannosidase activity, cluster together in phylogenetic analysis. To investigate the relationship between substrate specificity and amino acid sequence similarity in family GH1 glycoside hydrolases, Os3BGlu8 and Os7BGlu26, putative rice beta-D-glucosidases from this cluster, and a beta-D-mannosidase from barley (rHvBII), were expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Os3BGlu8, the amino acid sequence and molecular model of which are most similar to Os3BGlu7, hydrolysed 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4NPGlc) faster than 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside (4NPMan), while Os7BGlu26, which is most similar to rHvBII by these criteria, hydrolysed 4NPMan faster than 4NPGlc. All the enzymes hydrolyzed cellooligosaccharides with increased hydrolytic rates as the degree of polymerization increased from 3-6, but only rHvBII hydrolyzed cellobiose with a higher k(cat)/K(m) value than cellotriose. This was primarily due to strong binding of glucosyl residues at the+2 subsite for the rice enzymes, and unfavorable interactions at this subsite with rHvBII.

Molecular characterization of type 3 (neuronopathic) Gaucher disease in Thai patients

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Three clinical phenotypes, type 1, nonneuronopathic; and types 2 and 3, acute and subacute neuronopathic are recognized. The incidence of Gaucher disease in the Thai population is unknown, but likely under-diagnosed. We performed molecular analysis in four patients, from three sibships, with type 3 Gaucher disease. Four mutant glucocerebrosidase (GBA) alleles were identified including two novel splice site mutations, IVS6-1G>C and IVS9-3C>G; both are predicted to result in truncated protein products, p.F255fsX256, and p.K464fsX487 and p.S463fsX480, respectively. One patient, homozygous for the L444P point mutation, had a "Norbottnian-like" phenotype, with more severe visceral involvement, kyphosis, barreled chest, and no neurological involvement other than supranuclear gaze palsy. These molecular studies of neuronopathic Gaucher disease will provide additional genotype-phenotype correlation particularly in non-Caucasian population.

Novel Mutations Found in Two Genes of Thai Patients with Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemia

Molecular genetic analysis of three patients diagnosed with isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) revealed that one was mut (0) MMA, with a mutation in the MUT gene encoding the L: -methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), and two were cblB MMA, with mutations in the MMAB gene required for synthesizing the deoxyadenosylcobalamin cofactor of MCM. The mut (0) patient was homozygous for a novel nonsense mutation in MUT, p.R31X (c.167C --> T), and heterozygous for three previously described polymorphisms, p.K212K (c.712A --> G), p.H532R (c.1671A --> G), and p.V671I (c.2087G --> A). The new MMAB mutation, p.E152X (c.454G --> T), was found to be homozygous in one cblB patient and heterozygous in the other patient, who also had four intron polymorphisms in this gene.

Enzymatic synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides by rice BGlu1 β-glucosidase glycosynthase mutants

Rice BGlu1 beta-glucosidase is a glycosyl hydrolase family 1 enzyme that acts as an exoglucanase on beta-(1,4)- and short beta-(1,3)-linked gluco-oligosaccharides. Mutations of BGlu1 beta-glucosidase at glutamate residue 414 of its natural precursor destroyed the enzyme's catalytic activity, but the enzyme could be rescued in the presence of the anionic nucleophiles such as formate and azide, which verifies that this residue is the catalytic nucleophile. The catalytic activities of three candidate mutants, E414G, E414S, and E414A, in the presence of the nucleophiles were compared. The E414G mutant had approximately 25- and 1400-fold higher catalytic efficiency than E414A and E414S, respectively. All three mutants could catalyze the synthesis of mixed length oligosaccharides by transglucosylation, when alpha-glucosyl fluoride was used as donor and pNP-cellobioside as acceptor. The E414G mutant gave the fastest transglucosylation rate, which was approximately 3- and 19-fold faster than that of E414S and E414A, respectively, and gave yields of up to 70-80% insoluble products with a donor-acceptor ratio of 5:1. (13)C-NMR, methylation analysis, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry showed that the insoluble products were beta-(1,4)-linked oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 5 to at least 11. The BGlu1 E414G glycosynthase was found to prefer longer chain length oligosaccharides that occupy at least three sugar residue-binding subsites as acceptors for productive transglucosylation. This is the first report of a beta-glucansynthase derived from an exoglycosidase that can produce long-chain cello-oligosaccharides, which likely reflects the extended oligosaccharide-binding site of rice BGlu1 beta-glucosidase.

Hydrolysis of soybean isoflavonoid glycosides by Dalbergia beta-glucosidases

Two beta-glucosidases from the legumes Dalbergia cochinchinensis and Dalbergia nigrescens were compared for their ability to hydrolyze isoflavonoid glycosides from soybean. Both D. nigrescens and D. cochinchinensis beta-glucosidases could hydrolyze conjugated soybean glycosides, but D. nigrescens beta-glucosidase hydrolyzed both conjugated and nonconjugated glycosides in crude soybean extract more rapidly. The kinetic properties Km, kcat, and kcat/Km of the Dalbergia beta-glucosidases toward conjugated isoflavonoid glycosides, determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, confirmed the higher efficiency of the D. nigrescens beta-glucosidase in hydrolyzing these substrates. The D. nigrescens beta-glucosidase could also efficiently hydrolyze isoflavone glycosides in soy flour suspensions, suggesting its application to increase free isoflavones in soy products.

Clinical and molecular characterization of an extended family with Fabry disease

OBJECTIVE

To characterize clinical manifestations, biochemical changes, mutation of alpha-Galactosidase (alpha-Gal A) gene A (GLA), and functional capability of mutant protein.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Seventeen subjects from a family with a newly diagnosed patient with Fabry disease were enrolled in the present study. In each individual, clinical history, physical examination, leukocyte enzyme activity of alpha-Gal A, and mutation analysis were performed. Those with a mutation were further investigated by ophthalmological and audiological evaluations, electrocardiography, echocardiogram, urinalysis, and blood tests to determine renal insufficiency. Expression study of the mutant protein was performed using a Pichia pastoris expression system.

RESULTS

Four affected males and five symptomatic female carriers were identified. Clinical manifestations included severe neuropathic pain, acroparesthesia, hypo-/hyper-hidrosis, frequent syncope, ischemic stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, corneal dystrophy and cart-wheel cataract, high frequency sensorineural hearing loss, periorbital edema and subcutaneous edema over hands and interphalangeal joints. None had angiokeratoma or renal symptoms. The authors identified a novel mutation, p.L106R, in the GLA gene. Recombinant expression of the mutant protein gave little or no enzyme activity compared to the normal protein.

CONCLUSION

There were intrafamilial clinical variabilities, but consistent findings of the absence of angiokeratoma and renal symptoms, which could represent a unique feature of this particular mutation.

Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of rice BGlu1 beta-glucosidase with and without 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-glucoside

Rice (Oryza sativa) BGlu1 beta-glucosidase was expressed in Escherichia coli with N-terminal thioredoxin and hexahistidine tags and purified by immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC). After removal of the N-terminal tags, cation-exchange and S-200 gel-filtration chromatography yielded a 50 kDa BGlu1 with >95% purity. The free enzyme and a complex with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranoside inhibitor were crystallized by microbatch and hanging-drop vapour diffusion. Small tetragonal crystals of BGlu1 with and without inhibitor grew in 18%(w/v) PEG 8000 with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 6.5 and 0.2 M zinc acetate. Crystals of BGlu1 with inhibitor were streak-seeded into 23%(w/v) PEG MME 5000, 0.2 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MES pH 6.7 to yield larger crystals. Crystals with and without inhibitor diffracted to 2.15 and 2.75 angstroms resolution, respectively, and had isomorphous orthorhombic unit cells belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1).

The molecular basis of mucopolysaccharidosis type I in two Thai patients

Two Thai patients diagnosed with Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, MPS I) were found to have no detectable alpha-iduronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.76) activity in leukocytes, while normal Thai children all had significant activity, with a mean of 135 +/- 30 nmol/mg/18h. One patient was heterozygous for A75T (311G>A) and S633L (1986C>T) mutation, previously reported to cause MPS I, together with 9 other heterozygous polymorphisms also found in normal controls. The other patient had the previously described frameshift mutation 252insert C and a new nonsense mutation E299X (983G>T).

Purification of an isoflavonoid 7-O-beta-apiosyl-glucoside beta-glycosidase and its substrates from Dalbergia nigrescens Kurz

A beta-glycosidase was purified from the seeds of Dalbergia nigescens Kurz based on its ability to hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and beta-fucoside. This enzyme did not hydrolyze various glycosidic substrates efficiently, so it was used to identify its own natural substrates. Two substrates were identified, isolated and their structures determined as: compound 1, dalpatein 7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and compound 2, 6,2',4',5'-tetramethoxy-7-hydroxy-7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (dalnigrein7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside). The beta-glycosidase removes the sugar from these glycosides as a disaccharide, despite its initial identification as a beta-glucosidase and beta-fucosidase.

Beta-glucosidase, exo-beta-glucanase and pyridoxine transglucosylase activities of rice BGlu1

The bglu1 cDNA for a beta-glucosidase cloned from rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was expressed as a soluble and active protein in Escherichia coli and designated BGlu1. This enzyme hydrolysed beta-1,4-linked oligosaccharides with increasing catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) values as the DP (degree of polymerization) increased from 2 to 6. In contrast, hydrolysis of beta-1,3-linked oligosaccharides decreased from DP 2 to 3, and polymers with a DP greater than 3 were not hydrolysed. The enzyme also hydrolysed p -nitrophenyl beta-D-glycosides and some natural glucosides but with lower catalytic efficiency than beta-linked oligosaccharides. Pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-D-glucoside was the most efficiently hydrolysed natural glycoside tested. BGlu1 also had high transglucosylation activity towards pyridoxine, producing pyridoxine 5'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside in the presence of the glucose donor p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside.

Novel mutations in a Thai patient with methylmalonic acidemia

A Thai patient with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and no methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM, EC 5.4.99.2) activity in leukocytes in the presence of deoxyadenosyl cobalamin (mut(0)) was found to be heterozygous for two novel mutations: 1048delT and 1706_1707delGGinsTA (G544X), inherited from her mother and father, respectively. The proband was also heterozygous for the polymorphism, A499T, which did not affect the activity of recombinant MCM.

Cloning, expression, and characterization of an antifungal chitinase from Leucaena leucocephala de Wit

Chitinase cDNAs from Leucaena leucocephala seedlings were cloned by PCR amplification with degenerate primers based on conserved class I chitinase sequences and cDNA library screening. Two closely related chitinase cDNAs were sequenced and inferred to encode precursor proteins of 323 (KB1) and 326 (KB2) amino acids. Expression of the KB2 chitinase from a pET32a plasmid in Origami (DE3) Escherichia coli produced high chitinase activity in the cell lysate. The recombinant thioredoxin fusion protein was purified and cleaved to yield a 32-kDa chitinase. The recombinant chitinase hydrolyzed colloidal chitin with endochitinase-type activity. It also inhibited growth of 13 of the 14 fungal strains tested.