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Han E, Lee YH, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Han KH, Kim SU. Sarcopenia is associated with the risk of significant liver fibrosis in metabolically unhealthy subjects with chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:300-312. [PMID: 29920701 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is significantly associated with the degree of liver fibrosis. This study investigated the influence of sarcopenia on liver fibrosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2011 were analysed. The sarcopenia index (total appendicular skeletal muscle mass [kg]/body mass index [kg/m2 ]) was calculated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest quintile sarcopenia index value (cut-offs: 0.89 for men and 0.58 for women). The fibrotic burden was assessed using the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and fibrosis-4 index. Significant fibrosis was defined as the highest nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score quartile and a fibrosis-4 index ≥2.67. RESULTS Among the 506 respondents with chronic hepatitis B (258 men and 248 women), the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and fibrosis-4 index identified sarcopenia and significant fibrosis in 126 (24.9%) and 217 (42.9%), respectively. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with significant fibrosis, regardless of the fibrosis prediction model used (all P < 0.05). When the study population was stratified according to metabolic factors, sarcopenia was specifically associated with an increased risk of significant fibrosis among subgroups with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis (odds ratio 2.37-3.57; all P < 0.05). An independent association between sarcopenia and significant fibrosis was identified after adjusting for other confounders (odds ratio 2.67-3.62 by the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and 2.04-2.62 by the fibrosis-4 index; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia is associated with significant fibrosis in subjects with chronic hepatitis B, specifically those with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis.
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Park JY, Rha SW, Choi BG, Choi SY, Byun JK, Hong JY, Park SH, Choi CU. P1682Impact of gender difference on five-year clinical outcomes in coronary artery spasm patients using propensity matching analysis. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lee T, Park JY, Lee HY, Lim HJ, Park JS, Cho YJ, Kim TJ, Lee KW, Lee JH, Lee CT, Yoon HI. Bronchial angles are associated with nodular bronchiectatic non-tuberculous mycobacteria lung disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:1169-1175. [PMID: 28911363 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nodular bronchiectatic (NB) form of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease usually involves the right middle lobe (RML) and the left upper lobe lingular segment. However, the reason underlying this preference is not known. METHODS Fifty patients with NB NTM lung disease who had both positive NTM culture(s) and NB lesions in the RML or lingular segment on computed tomography (CT) of the chest, and 100 healthy subjects matched for sex, age, height and body weight with normal chest CT, were randomly selected. Using reconstructed curved multiplanar reformation (MPR) images, the lengths, diameters and angles of the RML and lingular bronchi were measured. RESULTS Of the 150 individuals, 64% were female; the mean age was 55 years. The angles of the bronchi were significantly more acute in patients than in healthy subjects, both in the RML (patients, mean 46.75° ± standard deviation 8.87° vs. healthy subjects, mean 51.73° ± 7.76°; P = 0.001) and in the lingular segments (patients, mean 26.94° ± 8.16° vs. healthy subjects, mean 34.65° ± 9.75°; P < 0.001). In addition, the angles of the bronchi in the involved segments were more acute than those in the non-involved segments, both in the RML and the lingular segments. There were no differences in the lengths and bronchi diameters between groups. CONCLUSIONS An acute angle (obtuse slope) of RML/lingular bronchi could be an anatomical risk factor for NB NTM lung disease.
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Chon YE, Jung KS, Kim MJ, Choi JY, An C, Park JY, Ahn SH, Kim BK, Kim SU, Park H, Hwang SK, Rim KS, Han KH, Kim DY. Predictors of failure to detect early hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B who received regular surveillance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1201-1212. [PMID: 29492988 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients are diagnosed with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) despite regular surveillance. AIMS To determine predictors for HCC detection failure in CHB patients who underwent regular surveillance. METHODS CHB patients with well-preserved liver function, who underwent ultrasonography and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) analysis every 6 months, were enrolled. Cox regression analysis was used to identify predictors for detection failure, defined as HCC initially diagnosed at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B or C. RESULTS Of the 4590 CHB patients (mean age, 52.1 years; men, 61.6%), 169 patients were diagnosed with HCC (3.68%) and 35 (20.7%) HCC patients were initially diagnosed with HCC BCLC stage B or C. The cumulative incidence of HCC detection failure was 0.2% at year 1 and 1.3% at year 5. Multivariate analyses indicated that cirrhosis (hazard ratio [HR], 3.078; 95% CI, 1.389-6.821; P = 0.006), AFP levels ≥9 ng/mL (HR, 5.235; 95% CI, 2.307-11.957; P = 0.010), and diabetes mellitus (HR, 3.336; 95% CI, 1.341-8.296; P = 0.010) were independent predictors of HCC detection failure. Another model that incorporated liver stiffness (LS) values identified LS values ≥11.7 kPa (HR, 11.045; 95% CI, 2.066-59.037; P = 0.005) and AFP levels ≥9 ng/mL (HR, 4.802; 95% CI, 1.613-14.297; P = 0.005) as predictors of detection failure. CONCLUSIONS In CHB patients undergoing regular surveillance with ultrasonography and alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) analysis every 6 months, the HCC detection failure rate was not high (0.8% per person; 0.1% per test). However, careful attention should be paid in patients with advanced liver fibrosis (clinical cirrhosis or LS value >11.7 kPa), high AFP levels, or diabetes mellitus, who are prone to surveillance failure.
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Park JY, Choi JE, Bae YK, Lee SJ. Abstract P5-22-03: Arm node preserving surgery in primary breast cancer patients : 5 year experience. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p5-22-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Lymphedema is one of the major complications of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients with breast cancer. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is the technique to find lymphatic drainage from the arm during ALND. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of arm node preserving surgery using ARM for reducing the incidence of lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients and its oncologic safety.
Methods:
From January 2009 to October 2014, 167 patients with primary breast cancer were included. In all patients, 1 mCi of 99mTc-phytate was injected at the ipsilateral subareolar plexus and for axillary reverse mapping, 2.5mL of methylene blue was injected into the subcutaneous area of the medial intermuscular groove of the ipsilateral upper arm. The injection site was massaged for at least 5 minutes with the arm lifted above the heart level. At least 15 minutes later, ALND was performed and blue-stained arm nodes were identified. Arm nodes that were enlarged, hard or looked suspicious for metastasis were removed and all other arm nodes were preserved. Arm circumference at 10cm proximal to the medial epicondyle were measured pre- and post-operatively for 2 years. Circumference difference between both upper arms (CD) was evaluated and lymphedema was defined as CD of ≥ 2cm. Follow-up studies were performed every 6 months for 5 years and then annually using mammography, ultrasonography, and/or positron emission tomography.
Results:
Among 167 patients, 125 patients (74.9%) had their arm node preserved (ANP) and 42 (25.1%) patients had their arm node removed (ANR). Statistically significant difference in the mean number of harvested nodes was observed between ANP group (17.85±6.74) and ANR group (20.17±6.08) (p=0.05). The mean number of total identified blue stained arm nodes were 1.35±0.84. The mean follow-up period for measurement of arm circumference was 16.62±8.36 months. The last measured CD between both upper arms was 0.19±0.67cm in ANP group and 0.67±0.92cm in ANP group (p=0.003). 20 patients complained subjective symptoms of lymphedema, 7 patients in ANP group and 13 patients in ANR group (5.6% vs 31%, p<0.001). Among them, one patient in ANP group and 6 patients in ANR group were diagnosed with lymphedema ( 0.8% vs 14.3%, p=0.001). The other 13 patients' CDs between both upper arms were below objective criteria of lymphedema. Follow-up studies were performed for 59.4±22.40 months. There were 16 cases of distant metastasis, 12 cases in ANP group, 4 cases in ANR group (9.6% vs 9.5%, p=1). Two patients in ANP group had distant metastasis and ipsilateral axillary recurrence simultaneously, but their TNM stages were already IIIc and IIb at the diagnosis. There's no solitary axillary recurrence.
Conclusion:
Arm node preserving surgery using axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer patients can reduce the incidence of lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection and it simultaneously has oncologic safety.
Citation Format: Park JY, Choi JE, Bae YK, Lee SJ. Arm node preserving surgery in primary breast cancer patients : 5 year experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-22-03.
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Seo Kyung H, Park JY, Kim HD, Lee Dea Y, Choi Doo J, Lee Jea W, Lee YS, Lee SE, Kim Geum S. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory Studies of mushrooms. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Evans DE, Sutton SK, Jentink KG, Lin HY, Park JY, Drobes DJ. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene variant moderates neural index of cognitive disruption during nicotine withdrawal. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 15:621-6. [PMID: 27453054 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine withdrawal-related disruption of cognitive control may contribute to the reinforcement of tobacco use. Identification of gene variants that predict this withdrawal phenotype may lead to tailored pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Variation on the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1) has been related to nicotine dependence, and CNR1 antagonists may increase attention and memory functioning. We targeted CNR1 variants as moderators of a validated neural marker of nicotine withdrawal-related cognitive disruption. CNR1 polymorphisms comprising the 'TAG' haplotype (rs806379, rs1535255 and rs2023239) were tested independently, as no participants in this sample possessed this haplotype. Nicotine withdrawal-related cognitive disruption was indexed as increased resting electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-1 power density across 17 electrodes. Seventy-three Caucasian Non-Hispanic smokers (≥15 cigarettes per day) visited the laboratory on two occasions following overnight smoking/nicotine deprivation. Either two nicotine or two placebo cigarettes were smoked prior to collecting EEG data at each session. Analyses showed that rs806379 moderated the effects of nicotine deprivation increasing slow wave EEG (P = 0.004). Smokers homozygous for the major allele exhibited greater nicotine withdrawal-related cognitive disruption. The current findings suggest potential efficacy of cannabinoid receptor antagonism as a pharmacotherapy approach for smoking cessation among individuals who exhibit greater nicotine withdrawal-related cognitive disruption.
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Park JY, Song JH, Choi JE, Lee SJ. Abstract P2-01-32: Second sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with local recurrence after breast cancer surgery. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p2-01-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) has become standard procedure for primary breast cancer patients who have no tumor metastasis in sentinel lymph node(SLN). In this study, we evaluated feasibility and pathologic outcomes of second SLNB in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer and their follow-up results.
Methods: From January 2008 to December 2015, 114 patients underwent operation for locally recurrent breast cancer. In 42 patients of them, lymphatic mapping was performed for second SLNB. When SLN was visualized in lymphangiography, SLNB was performed. In the cases where SLN metastasis was confirmed, axillary lymph node dissection(ALND) was performed. Follow-up studies were performed every 6 months for 5 years and then annually.
Results: The mean interval to local recurrence from the initial surgery of breast cancer was 64.6±53.1 months. In 38 of 42 patients(90.5%), lymphatic mapping was successfully performed. There was no significant difference of success rate of lymphatic mapping according to previous operation method of breast and axilla or history of radiation therapy.
Aberrant lymphatic pathway was observed in 15 of 38 patients(39.5%). The rate of aberrant lymphatic pathway was higher in patients who underwent ALND previously then in patients who underwent SLNB only(81.8% vs 22.2%, p=0.001). In 6 patients who previously underwent ALND followed by radiation therapy, all their lymphatic pathway was altered. There was no significant difference of the rate of aberrant lymphatic pathway according to previous operation method of breast.
Of 38 patients in whom lymphatic mapping was successfully performed, 37 patients underwent SLNB. SLNs were identified in 31 patients(83.8%). There was no significant difference of success rate of SLNB according to previous operation method of breast and axilla or history of radiation therapy.
Of 31 patients whose SLNs were identified, 4 patients(12.9%) had tumor metastasis in their SLN. Among them, 3 patients underwent ALND but SLN was the only lymph node(LN) in which tumor metastasis was confirmed. The other patient underwent no further ALND because ipsilateral internal mammary LNs were only LNs in which tumor metastasis was confirmed in frozen section biopsy and micrometastasis was additionally confirmed in only one contralateral axillary LN in permanent biopsy.
The mean follow-up period after operation for local recurrence was 33.0±24.5 months. There were 10 cases(23.8%) of loco-regional recurrence or distant metastasis at 14 months of mean follow-up. Among them, one patient had ipsilateral axillary recurrence solitary at 11 months of follow-up. The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and SLNB for primary breast cancer which stage was I. Second SLNB for local recurrence was tried at 48 months after first operation but SLN was not identified. Because there was no evidence of axillary LN metastasis in preoperative image study, no further ALND was performed.
Conclusion: Second SLNB should be considered for patients with locally recurrent breast cancer because occult LN metastasis could be identified in the ipsilateral axilla or other site through aberrant lymphatic pathway. Further studies are needed to verify accuracy of axillary staging using second SLNB and also its oncologic safety.
Citation Format: Park JY, Song JH, Choi JE, Lee SJ. Second sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with local recurrence after breast cancer surgery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-32.
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Song JH, Park JY, Choi JE, Bae YK, Lee SJ. Abstract P1-11-13: Re-excision rate in breast conservation surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p1-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background : The goal of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is to reduce tumor size and convert mastectomy to breast-conservation surgery (BCS). In response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the regression rate and pattern of breast cancer is variable. And the re-excision rate to secure negative resection margin is reported limitedly in this case. The purpose of this study was to compare the re-excision rate and BCS success rate of patients who received and who did not received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Method : In this retrospective cohort study, between January 2009 and December 2012, total 256 women were included who had clinical T2 breast cancer and were planed to receive BCS as initial operation or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Fifty-nine patients of them received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical data were collected including age, preoperative or initial clinical tumor size, mammographic microcalcifications, ultrasound multifocality and axillary nodal status, retrospectively. In the resected specimen from BCS, we reviewed the pathologic tumor size, multifocality, histologic type, hormone receptor and Her-2-neu status, ki67, DCIS and EIC component. The re-excision rate and BCS success rate were investigated. Univariate analysis and regression model were used for identify clinicopathologic factors associated with re-excision. To reduce the effect of selection bias, propensity score matching-based anaylsis was also performed.
Results : Of the 256 patients, 178 patients (90.4%, 178/197) received BCS finally in neoadjuvant group and 56 patients (94.9%, 56/59) in non-neoadjuvant group (p=0.406). There was no statistical difference in the re-excision rate between two groups (35.6% (21/59) in neoadjuvant group vs 34.0% (67/197) in non-neoadjuvant group, p=0.946). In propensity-matched cohorts (N=118), the re-excision rate was same in two groups (35.6% (21/59) in neoadjuvant group vs 35.6% (21/59) in non-neoadjuvant group, p=1.000). BCS success rate was higher in neoadjuvant group(94.9% 56/59) than non-neoadjuvant group (86.4%(51/59)), but there was no statistical difference (p=0.205). In this cohorts, clinicopathologic factors associated with re-excision were pathologic multifocality (OR=4.56, p=0.0142), high ki67 (≥50%) (OR=0.7, p=0.0243) and DCIS component (OR=2.67, p=0.0261) in logistic regression model.
Conclusion: This study showed neoadjuvant chemotherapy could increase the BCS success rate but could not decrease the re-excision rate. The re-excision rate is more associated with pathologic finding rather than effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Citation Format: Song JH, Park JY, Choi JE, Bae YK, Lee SJ. Re-excision rate in breast conservation surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-11-13.
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Lee S, Ahn SH, Jung KS, Kim DY, Kim BK, Kim SU, Baatarkhuu O, Ku HJ, Han K, Park JY. Tenofovir versus tenofovir plus entecavir for chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:141-147. [PMID: 27766731 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We compared the viral suppressive efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) mono-rescue therapy (TDF group) and TDF plus entecavir (ETV) combination-rescue therapy (TDF + ETV group) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance. One hundred and thirty-three CHB patients with lamivudine and entecavir resistance were investigated. Ninety-six patients were treated with TDF and 37 with TDF + ETV for at least 6 months. We compared the virologic response rate (HBV DNA level <20 IU/mL) between the two groups and identified the predictive factors of treatment outcome. There were no significant differences between the two groups in demographic characteristics. Up to 24 months [median: 18 (range 6-24) months], 85.4% and 89.2% of the TDF group and TDF + ETV group, respectively, achieved a virologic response (P=.068). Only the HBV DNA level at baseline was significantly associated with a virologic response in the multivariate analysis. In a subanalysis of patients with HBV DNA levels ≥4 log (IU/mL) at baseline, a higher proportion of patients in the TDF + ETV group than the TDF group achieved a virologic response (92.9% vs 68.3%; P<.001), while 90% of patients with HBV DNA (IU/mL) levels <4 log in all both TDF and TDF + ETV groups achieved a virologic response. TDF mono-rescue therapy is a reasonable option in patients with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance. However, the combination strategy should be considered in patients with high baseline HBV DNA levels.
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Park SJ, Kim AR, Hong JT, Park JY, Lee S, Ahn YH. Crystallization Kinetics of Lead Halide Perovskite Film Monitored by In Situ Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:401-406. [PMID: 28050908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational modes in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are good indicators of lead halide perovskite's crystallization phase. We performed real-time THz spectroscopy to monitor the crystallization kinetics in the perovskite films. First, THz absorptance was measured while the perovskite film was annealed at different temperatures. By analyzing the Avrami exponent, we observed an abrupt dimensionality switch (from 1D to 2D) with increasing temperature starting at approximately 90 °C. We also monitored the laser-induced crystallinity enhancement of the preannealed perovskite film. The THz absorptance increased initially, then subsequently decayed over a couple of hours, although the enhancement factor varies depending on the film crystallinity. In particular, the Avrami analysis implied that the light-induced crystallization was assisted by the 1D diffusion processes. The activation photon energy was measured at 2.3 eV, which indicated that enhanced crystallization originated from the photoinduced structural change of residual lead iodide at the grain boundary.
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Iglesia I, Huybrechts I, González-Gross M, Mouratidou T, Santabárbara J, Chajès V, González-Gil EM, Park JY, Bel-Serrat S, Cuenca-García M, Castillo M, Kersting M, Widhalm K, De Henauw S, Sjöström M, Gottrand F, Molnár D, Manios Y, Kafatos A, Ferrari M, Stehle P, Marcos A, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Moreno LA. Folate and vitamin B12 concentrations are associated with plasma DHA and EPA fatty acids in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:124-133. [PMID: 28098048 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between vitamin B6, folate and vitamin B12 biomarkers and plasma fatty acids in European adolescents. A subsample from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study with valid data on B-vitamins and fatty acid blood parameters, and all the other covariates used in the analyses such as BMI, Diet Quality Index, education of the mother and physical activity assessed by a questionnaire, was selected resulting in 674 cases (43 % males). B-vitamin biomarkers were measured by chromatography and immunoassay and fatty acids by enzymatic analyses. Linear mixed models elucidated the association between B-vitamins and fatty acid blood parameters (changes in fatty acid profiles according to change in 10 units of vitamin B biomarkers). DHA, EPA) and n-3 fatty acids showed positive associations with B-vitamin biomarkers, mainly with those corresponding to folate and vitamin B12. Contrarily, negative associations were found with n-6:n-3 ratio, trans-fatty acids and oleic:stearic ratio. With total homocysteine (tHcy), all the associations found with these parameters were opposite (for instance, an increase of 10 nmol/l in red blood cell folate or holotranscobalamin in females produces an increase of 15·85 µmol/l of EPA (P value <0·01), whereas an increase of 10 nmol/l of tHcy in males produces a decrease of 2·06 µmol/l of DHA (P value <0·05). Positive associations between B-vitamins and specific fatty acids might suggest underlying mechanisms between B-vitamins and CVD and it is worth the attention of public health policies.
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Kim JG, Park JY. Morphological characteristics of visual cells in the endemic Korean loach Kichulchoia multifasciata (Pisces; Cobitidae) by microscopy. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2016; 76:186-190. [PMID: 27813623 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2016.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The visual cell of the retina in the Korean loach Kichulchoia multifasciata, a bottom-dwelling freshwater loach in shallow water, contains double cones and large rods. With light microscopy, the cones form a row mosaic pattern in which the partners of double cones are linearly oriented with a large rod. In a double cone or twin cone, the two members are unequal such that one cone may be longer than the other. An anatomical unit is apparent which consists of 5 rod cells and 15 double cone cells per 20 × 20 μm area. We found that the cone cells of outer segments are linked to the inner segment by so-called "calyceal process" using a scanning electron microscopy, unlike rod cells. In the transmission electron microscopy, the outer membrane shows piles of membrane discs surrounded by double membranes.
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Park JY, Paik ES, Kang H, Kim MK, Kim WY, Lee YY, Kim TJ, Lee JW, Bae DS, Choi CH. Single-Site Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy: Earlier and Further Space Development with Ligaments In Situ. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim JH, Lee YS, Kim WY, Kim HJ, Chang MS, Park JY, Shin HW, Park YC. Effect of Nicardipine on Haemodynamic and Bispectral Index Changes following Endotracheal Intubation. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:52-8. [PMID: 17408055 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of IV nicardipine on haemodynamic and bispectral index responses to the induction of general anaesthesia and intubation. Forty patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 20 to receive normal saline or nicardipine 15 μg/kg IV 30 s after induction. Ninety seconds later, tracheal intubation was performed. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate and bispectral index were measured at baseline, 1 min after induction, pre-intubation, and every minute until 5 min after endotracheal intubation. Rate–pressure product values were calculated. In the nicardipine group, systolic blood pressure decreased compared with the control group, and heart rate increased compared with the control group. Bispectral index and rate–pressure product showed no differences between the two groups. In conclusion, the administration of 15 μg/kg nicardipine IV does not affect anaesthetic depth in response to the induction of general anaesthesia and intubation.
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Park JY, Park SJ, Kim JY, Shin HW, Lim HJ, Kim J. Cardiac Arrest due to a Vagal Reflex Potentiated by Thoracic Epidural Analgesia. J Int Med Res 2016; 34:433-6. [PMID: 16989501 DOI: 10.1177/147323000603400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflex bradycardia and cardiac arrest may be the result of a vagal reflex, which can occur during a variety of surgical procedures. We report a patient who developed cardiac arrest as a result of a vagal reflex that was potentiated by thoracic epidural analgesia during general anaesthesia. A 53-year-old man was scheduled for subtotal gastrectomy because of an early gastric adenocarcinoma. After an epidural catheter had been inserted, general anaesthesia was induced. During surgery, an abdominal self-retaining retractor was set up but bradycardia and cardiac arrest developed. The patient returned to a normal sinus rhythm after successful resuscitation. We conclude that bradycardia as a result of a vagal reflex is mediated by potent abdominal wall traction and is potentiated by epidural analgesia. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can allow a full recovery, even in high-risk patients.
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Choi H, Park JY, Bae JH. Initial experiences of laparoscopic intravesical detrusorraphy using the Politano-Leadbetter technique. J Pediatr Urol 2016; 12:110.e1-7. [PMID: 26750185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical procedures are increasingly being used for the management of vesicoureteral reflux. OBJECTIVE We present our experience of the laparoscopic Politano-Leadbetter technique performed under pneumovesicum conditions, which allows an orthotopic ureteral location after vesicoureteral reflux correction. Our procedure recreates the new ureteric orifice in a normal anatomical position with potential less morbidity and better cosmesis. STUDY DESIGN Our series comprises ten cases. The three 5 mm ports were introduced through bladder wall under cystoscopic vision. A 5-0 monofilament traction suture was used and dissection was carried out. After the ureteral mobilization, the location of the new hiatus was selected in a straight line superior to the original orifice. Dissection of the submucosal tunnel was started from the new hiatus and advanced to the original hiatus and the ureter was gently drawn passed through the tunnel. The ureter was rolled up and muscle fibers were incised until ureter could freely move from the base of the new hiatus. Finally, after spatulation of the terminal part of the ureter, ureterovesical anastomosis was performed with intracorporeal suturing using 5-0 monofilament sutures. RESULTS The average operative time was 125 min, with an average of 93 min for unilateral and 133 min for bilateral reimplantation. Blood loss was minimal and drains were used selectively. Removal of urethral catheter was decided empirically after hematuria stopped. Mean catheterization time was 5.1 days. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.2 days. DISCUSSION This study had limitations: the small number of cases, follow-up period is relatively short and data on the pre-operative bladder capacity, catheter-related morbidity, pain control and cosmesis are lacking. But most cases showed positive clinical results including acceptable operating time and good resolution rate with minimal complication. Our Politano-Leadbetter transvesicoscopic ureteric reimplantation is safe and useful in the resolution of VUR, even though the laparoscopic ureteric reimplantation is technically demanding even for experienced pediatric surgeons. Considering the main advantages of endoscopic surgery, our new vesicoscopic technique could be an optional treatment to the open reimplantation and has merits because whole the procedure are performed within the bladder, so there is no risk of intraperitoneal organ injury. CONCLUSION Though the role of this new technique in the treatment of VUR remains to be determined, the technique could be an optional treatment to replace other surgical methods as a less invasive and effective therapeutic method.
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Choi JE, Yeu KJ, Park JY, Kang SH, Lee SJ, Bae YK. Abstract P3-13-06: The efficacy and long term results of intraoperative frozen section analysis to access resection margin in ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p3-13-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is a standard procedure for early breast cancer and resection margin state is the most important risk factor of local recurrence. Re-operation is generally conducted in 20∼40% after initial BCS to achieve negative margins, especially in breast cancer with carcinoma in situ components. In this study, we analyzed the long-term follow up results and efficacy of BCS using intraoperative frozen section analysis to access resection margin in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients.
Methods
Between 2004 and 2006, 1016 patients were diagnosed with primary breast cancer and received breast cancer surgery. Among them, BCS was attempted as an initial operation for 523 patients. Superior, inferior, medial and lateral margin of resected specimen were evaluated according to the intraoperative frozen section analysis. If tumor cells existed less than 2mm from resected specimen margin, intraoperative further resection was done and if the further resection was impossible, initial BCS was converted to mastectomy. All medical records and pathologic reports were reviewed retrospectively.
Results
Of the 523 patients who had to undergo BCS, 13.3% (70/523) were converted to mastectomy during initial BCS. The number of the patients who had either only DCIS or invasive carcinoma c carcinoma in situ component was 372 (71.1%, 372/523) and 17.2% (64/372) were converted to mastectomy. One hundred fifty one (28.9%, 151/523) patients had only invasive carcinoma and 3.97% (6/151) were converted to mastectomy. In this study, we analyzed 94 patients who had to undergo BCS with DCIS. The rate of intraoperative conversion to mastectomy was 13.8% (13/94) and 81 patients had successful BCS with 0∼3 times of intraoperative frozen section analysis. There were no differences between patients who had BCS and final mastectomy in clinicopathologic characteristics such as physical examination of tumor, age of patients, DCIS subtypes, nuclear polymorphism, presence of necrosis, ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67. After permanent biopsy was reported, in 5 patients, resected specimen had tumor cells within less than 2mm from resected margin, not inked margin. They had no reoperations and no recurrences. Mean follow up period was 76.6 months. One locoregional and 3 local recurrences in BCS patients and 1 local recurrence in mastectomy patients were found. There was no difference in disease free survival between two groups (95.1% vs 92.3%, p=0.659). In these DCIS patients, reoperation rate was 0%.
Conclusion
Intraoperative frozen section analysis during BCS to access resection margin helps to avoid reoperations and increase intraoperative success rate of BCS in DCIS. It also shows oncological safe long term results. Further studies are needed to resolve the problem with cost-effectiveness of intraoperative frozen section analysis.
Citation Format: Choi JE, Yeu KJ, Park JY, Kang SH, Lee SJ, Bae YK. The efficacy and long term results of intraoperative frozen section analysis to access resection margin in ductal carcinoma in situ. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-06.
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Park JY, Shin MS, Kim SN, Kim HY, Kim KH, Shin KS, Kang KS. Polysaccharides from Korean Citrus hallabong peels inhibit angiogenesis and breast cancer cell migration. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:522-9. [PMID: 26778161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the peel of the hallabong (Citrus sphaerocarpa) fruit is rich in polysaccharides, which are valuable dietary ingredients for human health, it is normally wasted. The present study aimed to utilize the peel waste and identify properties it may have against breast cancer metastasis. Hallabong peel extract containing crude polysaccharides was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography to produce four different polysaccharide fractions (HBE-I, -II, -III, and -IV). The HBE polysaccharides significantly blocked tube formation of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), at a concentration of 12.5 or 25 μg/mL. Tube formation appeared to be more sensitive to HBE-II than to other HBE polysaccharides. HBE-II also inhibited breast cancer cell migration, through downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Therefore, inhibition of tube formation and MMP-9-mediated migration observed in HUVEC and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, are likely to be important therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer metastasis.
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Salauddin M, Halim MA, Park JY. A low frequency vibration energy harvester using dual Halbach array suspended in magnetic springs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/660/1/012011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lee SY, Choi JE, Park JY. Reply to the letter to the editor 'KRT81 miR-SNP rs3660 is associated with risk and survival of NSCLC' by Robles et al. Ann Oncol 2015; 27:361-3. [PMID: 26578724 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Park JY, Chang Y, Lee GH. Multi-modal imaging and cancer therapy using lanthanide oxide nanoparticles: current status and perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22:569-81. [PMID: 25439587 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666141128162843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical imaging is an essential tool for diagnosis and therapy of diseases such as cancers. It is likely true that medicine has developed with biomedical imaging methods. Sensitivity and resolution of biomedical imaging methods can be improved with imaging agents. Furthermore, it will be ideal if imaging agents could be also used as therapeutic agents. Therefore, one dose can be used for both diagnosis and therapy of diseases (i.e., theragnosis). This will simplify medical treatment of diseases, and will be also a benefit to patients. Mixed (Ln(1x)Ln(2y)O3, x + y = 2) or unmixed (Ln2O3) lanthanide (Ln) oxide nanoparticles (Ln = Eu, Gd, Dy, Tb, Ho, Er) are potential multi-modal imaging and cancer therapeutic agents. The lanthanides have a variety of magnetic and optical properties, useful for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescent imaging (FI), respectively. They also highly attenuate X-ray beam, useful for X-ray computed tomography (CT). In addition gadolinium-157 ((157)Gd) has the highest thermal neutron capture cross section among stable radionuclides, useful for gadolinium neutron capture therapy (GdNCT). Therefore, mixed or unmixed lanthanide oxide nanoparticles can be used for multi-modal imaging methods (i.e., MRI-FI, MRI-CT, CT-FI, and MRICT- FI) and cancer therapy (i.e., GdNCT). Since mixed or unmixed lanthanide oxide nanoparticles are single-phase and solid-state, they can be easily synthesized, and are compact and robust, which will be beneficial to biomedical applications. In this review physical properties of the lanthanides, synthesis, characterizations, multi-modal imagings, and cancer therapy of mixed and unmixed lanthanide oxide nanoparticles are discussed.
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Lee SY, Choi JE, Jeon HS, Hong MJ, Choi YY, Kang HG, Yoo SS, Lee EB, Jeong JY, Lee WK, Lee J, Cha SI, Kim CH, Kim YT, Jheon S, Son JW, Park JY. A genetic variation in microRNA target site of KRT81 gene is associated with survival in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1142-1148. [PMID: 25716425 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a key role in carcinogenesis through negative regulation of their target genes. Therefore, genetic variations in miRNAs or their target sites may affect miRNA-mRNA interactions, thereby result in altered expression of target genes. This study was conducted to investigate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in the miRNA target sites (poly-miRTSs) and survival of patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Using public SNP database and miRNA target sites prediction program, 354 poly-miRTSs were selected for genotyping. Among these, 154 SNPs applicable to Sequenom's MassARRAY platform were investigated in 357 patients. A replication study was carried out on an independent patient population (n = 479). Renilla luciferase assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to examine functional relevance of potentially functional poly-miRTSs. RESULTS Of the 154 SNPs analyzed in a discovery set, 14 SNPs were significantly associated with survival outcomes. Among these, KRT81 rs3660G>C was found to be associated with survival outcomes in the validation cohort. In the combined analysis, patients with the rs3660 GC + CC genotype had a significantly better overall survival compared with those with GG genotype [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for OS, 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-0.85; P = 0.001]. An increased expression of the reporter gene for the C allele of rs3660 compared with the G allele was observed by luciferase assay. Consistently, the C allele was associated with higher relative expression level of KRT81 in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION The rs3660G>C affects KRT81 expression and thus influences survival in early-stage NSCLC. The analysis of the rs3660G>C polymorphism may be useful to identify patients at high risk of a poor disease outcome.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Aged
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Computational Biology
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Keratins, Hair-Specific/genetics
- Keratins, Hair-Specific/metabolism
- Keratins, Type II/genetics
- Keratins, Type II/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proportional Hazards Models
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Kim MK, Rhee EJ, Han KA, Woo AC, Lee MK, Ku BJ, Chung CH, Kim KA, Lee HW, Park IB, Park JY, Chul Jang HC, Park KS, Jang WI, Cha BY. Efficacy and safety of teneligliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, combined with metformin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:309-12. [PMID: 25475929 PMCID: PMC6680285 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of teneligliptin in combination with metformin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy. Patients [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.0-10.0%, on stable metformin ≥1000 mg/day] were randomized 2 : 1 to receive 20 mg teneligliptin plus metformin (n = 136) or placebo plus metformin (n = 68). The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c levels from baseline to week 16. The mean baseline HbA1c was 7.9% in the teneligliptin group and 7.8% in the placebo group. The differences between the teneligliptin and placebo groups regarding changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels were -0.78 % and -1.24 mmol/l (22.42 mg/dl), respectively, at week 16. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the groups. The addition of teneligliptin once daily to metformin was effective and generally well tolerated in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Park SJ, Oh J, Kim YK, Park JH, Park JY, Hong HK, Park KH, Lee JE, Kim HM, Chung JY, Woo SJ. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor-Trap in a rabbit model. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:561-8. [PMID: 25592118 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine intraocular pharmacokinetic properties of intravitreally injected vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-Trap in a rabbit model. METHODS VEGF-Trap was intravitreally injected in 18 rabbit eyes. Eyes were enucleated 1 h and 1, 2, 5, 14, and 30 days after injections and immediately frozen at -80 °C. Concentration of VEGF-Trap in vitreous, aqueous humor, and retina/choroid was determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed to obtain pharmacokinetic properties. RESULTS Maximum concentration of VEGF-Trap was achieved at 1 h in all three tissues. A one-compartment model of distribution was selected as the final model for all tissues studied. Estimated half-life of VEGF-Trap in vitreous, aqueous humor, and retinal/choroid was 87.1, 36.8, and 35.0 h, respectively, and estimated mean residence time was 125.7, 53.1, and 50.5 h, respectively. Area under the curve from time 0 to the end point was 10009.8, 3945.1, and 1189.3, respectively. Total exposure of the aqueous humor and retina/choroid to VEGF-Trap was 39.4% and 11.9% of vitreous exposure, respectively. CONCLUSION The vitreous half-life of VEGF-Trap is 3.63 days. This is shorter than that of bevacizumab (6.99 days) and longer than that of ranibizumab (2.51 days), as shown in studies using the same experimental settings. The concentration of VEGF-Trap peaked at 1 h after injections in all eye tissues studied.
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