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Higgen F, Braaß H, Schulz R, Gerloff C. P35 A complex tactile recognition task as a marker for the aging brain. Clin Neurophysiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Guder S, Frey B, Backhaus W, Timmermann J, Gerloff C, Schulz R. P46 The influence of cortico-cerebellar structural connectivity on motor excitability in chronic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dieltjens M, Verbraecken JA, Hedner J, Vanderveken OM, Steiropoulos P, Kvamme JA, Saaresranta T, Tkacova R, Marrone O, Dogas Z, Schiza S, Grote L, Steiropoulos P, Verbraecken J, Petiet E, Trakada G, Montserrat J, Fietze I, Penzel T, Ludka O, Rodenstein D, Masa J, Bouloukaki I, Schiza S, Kent B, McNicholas W, Ryan S, Riha R, Kvamme J, Schulz R, Grote L, Hedner J, Zou D, Pépin J, Levy P, Bailly S, Lavie L, Lavie P, Hein H, Basoglu O, Tasbakan M, Varoneckas G, Joppa P, Tkacova R, Staats R, Barbé F, Lombardi C, Parati G, Drummond M, van Zeller M, Bonsignore M, Marrone O, Escourrou P, Roisman G, Pretl M, Vitols A, Dogas Z, Galic T, Pataka A, Anttalainen U, Saaresranta T, Sliwinski P, Plywaczewski R, Bielicki P, Zielinski J. Use of the Clinical Global Impression scale in sleep apnea patients – Results from the ESADA database. Sleep Med 2019; 59:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wittschieber D, Heuberger K, Schulz R, Köhler H, Varchmin-Schultheiß K. Fatal poisoning with diethylene glycol in an unusual setting. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:649-652. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schulz R, Rietfort T, Jansen H, Olujić Ž. Hydraulics and mass transfer performance of an advanced wire gauze structured packing under deep vacuum distillation conditions. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Niemann B, Li L, Knapp F, Schulz R, Rohrbach S. Modifying Epicardial PCSK9 Expression to Protect Cardiac Function? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1678923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Englert D, Herrmann B, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Waterborne and diet-related effects of inorganic and organic fungicides on the insect leaf shredder Chaetopteryx villosa (Trichoptera). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:33-42. [PMID: 30445370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that fungicides can affect crustacean leaf shredders via two effect pathways, namely waterborne exposure and their diet (i.e., via dietary uptake of fungicides adsorbed to leaf material and an altered microorganism-mediated food quality). As a consequence of different life history strategies, the relevance of these effect pathways for aquatic shredders belonging to other taxonomic classes, for instance insects, remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated waterborne and diet-related effects in larvae of the caddisfly leaf shredder Chaetopteryx villosa (Insecta: Trichoptera) and compared our observations to previous reports on effects in adults of the crustacean leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum (Malacostraca: Amphipoda). We assessed acute waterborne effects of an organic fungicide mixture (OFM) and the inorganic fungicide copper (Cu) on the leaf consumption (n = 30) of the fourth-/fifth-instar larvae of C. villosa and their food choice (n = 49) when offered leaf material, which was either conditioned in presence or in absence of the respective fungicide(s). Moreover, the larval leaf consumption (n = 50) and physiological fitness (i.e., growth as well as lipid and protein content) were examined after subjecting C. villosa for 24 days towards the combination of both effect pathways at environmentally relevant concentrations. G. fossarum and C. villosa exhibited similar sensitivities and the same effect direction when exposed to the OFM (either waterborne or dietary pathways). Both shredders also showed the same effect direction when exposed to dietary Cu, while with regards to mortality and leaf consumption C. villosa was less sensitive to waterborne Cu than G. fossarum. Finally, as observed for G. fossarum, the combined exposure to OFM over 24 days negatively affected leaf consumption and the physiology (i.e., growth and lipid reserves) of C. villosa. While no combined Cu effects were observed for larval leaf consumption, contrasting to the observations for G. fossarum, the physiology of both shredders was negatively affected, despite partly differing effect sizes and directions. Our results suggest that C. villosa and G. fossarum are of comparable sensitivity towards waterborne and diet-related organic fungicide exposure, whereas the trichopteran is less sensitive to Cu-based waterborne fungicide exposure. However, when both pathways act jointly, organic and inorganic fungicides can affect the physiology of shredder species with completely different life history strategies. As caddisflies represent a subsidy for terrestrial consumers, these observations indicate that fungicide exposure might not only affect aquatic ecosystem functioning but also the flux of energy across ecosystem boundaries.
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Schimpf U, Schulz R. Industrial by-products from white-rot fungi production. Part II: Application in anaerobic digestion for enzymatic treatment of hay and straw. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schulz R, von Hansen Y, Daldrop JO, Kappler J, Noé F, Netz RR. Collective hydrogen-bond rearrangement dynamics in liquid water. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:244504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5054267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Monin JK, Doyle M, Van Ness PH, Schulz R, Marottoli R, Birditt K, Feeney BC. SPOUSAL ASSOCIATIONS IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS OVER TIME IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH STUDY. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Stahl S, Schulz R. RELIEF AFTER THE DEATH OF A LOVED ONE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zamorano A, Cripe J, Dandulakis M, Huepenbecker S, Schulz R, McCourt C, Thaker P, Hagemann A, Fuh K, Massad L, Powell M, Mutch D, Kuroki L. Recommendations for prophylactic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor among advanced stage ovarian cancer patients: Does age over 65 really matter? Gynecol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liang B, Lange S, Mills K, Schulz R, Massad L, Thaker P, Hagemann A, Fuh K, McCourt C, Mutch D, Powell M, Kuroki L. Predictors of severely compromised renal function to aid decision-making for placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy tube(s) or ureteral stent(s) in gynecologic oncology patients. Gynecol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heger J, Lynetskiy O, Euler G, Schlueter KD, Schulz R, Doerner A. P269Hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion benefit from adenine nucleotide translocase 1 overexpression. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy060.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Euler G, Bornbaum J, Brockmann N, Heger J, Kockskaemper J, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R. P306Ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis precedes atrial fibrillation in JDP2 overexpression mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy060.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Mahmood S, Sevinc N, Troidl C, Schulz R, Schiefer B, Tanislav C, Guenduez D, Hamm CW, Aslam M. P551Effects of interferon gamma on endothelial barrier function: differential role of classical and non-classical pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy060.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vieth V, Schulz R, Heindel W, Pfeiffer H, Buerke B, Schmeling A, Ottow C. Forensic age assessment by 3.0T MRI of the knee: proposal of a new MRI classification of ossification stages. Eur Radiol 2018. [PMID: 29536244 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the possibility of determining majority via a morphology-based examination of the epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion by 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a prospective cross-sectional study developing and applying a new stage classification was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS 344 male and 350 female volunteers of German nationality between the ages of 12-24 years were scanned between May 2013 and June 2015. A 3.0 T MRI scanner was used, acquiring a T1-weighted (T1-w) turbo spin-echo sequence (TSE) and a T2-weighted (T2-w) TSE sequence with fat suppression by spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery (SPIR). The gathered information was sifted and a five-stage classification was formulated as a hypothesis. The images were then assessed using this classification. The relevant statistics were defined, the intra- and interobserver agreements were determined, and the differences between the sexes were analysed. RESULTS The application of the new classification made it possible to correctly assess majority in both sexes by the examination of the epiphyses of the knee joint. The intra- and interobserver agreement levels were very good (κ > 0.80). The Mann-Whitney-U Test implied significant sex-related differences for most stages. CONCLUSION Applying the presented MRI classification, it is possible to determine the completion of the 18th year of life in either sex by 3.0 T MRI of the knee joint. KEY POINTS • Based on prospective referential data a new MRI classification was formulated. • The setting allows assessment of the age of an individual's skeletal development. • The classification scheme allows the reliable determination of majority in both sexes. • The staging shows a high reproducibility for instructed and trained professional personnel. • The proposed classification is likely to be adaptable to other long bone epiphyses.
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Bönstrup M, Schulz R, Schön G, Cheng B, Feldheim J, Thomalla G, Gerloff C. Parietofrontal network upregulation after motor stroke. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:720-729. [PMID: 29876261 PMCID: PMC5987870 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Motor recovery after stroke shows a high inter-subject variability. The brain's potential to form new connections determines individual levels of recovery of motor function. Most of our daily activities require visuomotor integration, which engages parietal areas. Compared to the frontal motor system, less is known about the parietal motor system's reconfiguration related to stroke recovery. Here, we tested if functional connectivity among parietal and frontal motor areas undergoes plastic changes after stroke and assessed the behavioral relevance for motor function after stroke. Methods We investigated stroke lesion-induced changes in functional connectivity by measuring high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and assessing task-related changes in coherence during a visually guided grip task with the paretic hand in 30 chronic stroke patients with variable motor deficits and 19 healthy control subjects. Quantitative changes in task-related coherence in sensorimotor rhythms were compared to the residual motor deficit. Results Parietofrontal coupling was significantly stronger in patients compared to controls. Whereas motor network coupling generally increased during the task in both groups, the task-related coherence between the parietal and primary motor cortex in the stroke lesioned hemisphere showed increased connectivity across a broad range of sensorimotor rhythms. Particularly the parietofrontal task-induced coupling pattern was significantly and positively related to residual impairment in the Nine-Hole Peg Test performance and grip force. Interpretation These results demonstrate that parietofrontal motor system integration during visually guided movements is stronger in the stroke-lesioned brain. The correlation with the residual motor deficit could either indicate an unspecific marker of motor network damage or it might indicate that upregulated parietofrontal connectivity has some impact on post-stroke motor function.
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Key Words
- CTC, communication through coherence
- Coherence
- DCM, dynamic causal modelling
- EEG
- LCMV, linear constrained minimum variance
- LME, linear mixed effects
- M1, primary motor cortex
- MVC, maximum voluntary contraction
- Motor recovery
- NHP, Nine-Hole Peg Test performance
- PMv, ventral premotor
- Parietal lobe
- SMA, supplementary motor area
- Stroke
- TR-Coh, task-related coherence
- TR-Pow, task-related spectral power
- UEFM, Fugl–Meyer score upper extremity subsection
- aIPS, anterior intraparietal sulcus
- cIPS, caudal intraparietal sulcus
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Prill R, Kirschner J, Michel S, Schulz R, Hommel H. Study Protocol of a Multi-Stage Randomised Controlled Study for the Assessment of Postoperative Therapeutic Procedures after Total Knee Arthroplasty. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.15621/ijphy/2018/v5i1/167194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Dettmeyer R, Lang J, Amberg R, Zedler B, Schulz R, Birngruber C. Pregnancy-associated Death – Clarifying the Cause of Death and Medico-legal Assessments in Accusations of Malpractice. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:153-159. [PMID: 29479111 PMCID: PMC5818275 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-120446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Pregnancy-associated deaths are extremely rare in Germany. Most deaths are from natural causes, and a range of causes are possible.
Method
The deaths of 22 women who died of pregnancy-associated causes and who were autopsied in the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Justus-Liebig University Gießen between 1992 and 2016 were analyzed.
Results
The autopsy results and histological examinations for the majority of women who died of pregnancy-associated causes between 1992 and 2016 showed that they had died of natural causes, although complications of pregnancy were a leading cause of death.
Conclusion
The death of a pregnant woman should not automatically raise the suspicion of malpractice, although the question does arise in cases of bleeding complications only detected at very late stages. Experts must prove that a real mistake was made during treatment and provide evidence of the causality between malpractice and patient death. Particularly when well-known complications of pregnancy were present, this is only the case if poor monitoring resulted in the complication being detected too late or if treatment was not in accordance with accepted standards of care. The majority of pregnancy-associated deaths are from natural causes and the death of a pregnant woman does not mean that medical malpractice was involved, although this accusation is often levelled in cases where rupture was not immediately diagnosed or in cases of fatal postpartum hemorrhage.
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Guo YC, Chu G, Olze A, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Ottow C, Pfeiffer H, Chen T, Schmeling A. Application of age assessment based on the radiographic visibility of the root pulp of lower third molars in a northern Chinese population. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:825-829. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Egea J, Fabregat I, Frapart YM, Ghezzi P, Görlach A, Kietzmann T, Kubaichuk K, Knaus UG, Lopez MG, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Petry A, Schulz R, Vina J, Winyard P, Abbas K, Ademowo OS, Afonso CB, Andreadou I, Antelmann H, Antunes F, Aslan M, Bachschmid MM, Barbosa RM, Belousov V, Berndt C, Bernlohr D, Bertrán E, Bindoli A, Bottari SP, Brito PM, Carrara G, Casas AI, Chatzi A, Chondrogianni N, Conrad M, Cooke MS, Costa JG, Cuadrado A, My-Chan Dang P, De Smet B, Debelec-Butuner B, Dias IHK, Dunn JD, Edson AJ, El Assar M, El-Benna J, Ferdinandy P, Fernandes AS, Fladmark KE, Förstermann U, Giniatullin R, Giricz Z, Görbe A, Griffiths H, Hampl V, Hanf A, Herget J, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Hillion M, Huang J, Ilikay S, Jansen-Dürr P, Jaquet V, Joles JA, Kalyanaraman B, Kaminskyy D, Karbaschi M, Kleanthous M, Klotz LO, Korac B, Korkmaz KS, Koziel R, Kračun D, Krause KH, Křen V, Krieg T, Laranjinha J, Lazou A, Li H, Martínez-Ruiz A, Matsui R, McBean GJ, Meredith SP, Messens J, Miguel V, Mikhed Y, Milisav I, Milković L, Miranda-Vizuete A, Mojović M, Monsalve M, Mouthuy PA, Mulvey J, Münzel T, Muzykantov V, Nguyen ITN, Oelze M, Oliveira NG, Palmeira CM, Papaevgeniou N, Pavićević A, Pedre B, Peyrot F, Phylactides M, Pircalabioru GG, Pitt AR, Poulsen HE, Prieto I, Rigobello MP, Robledinos-Antón N, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Rolo AP, Rousset F, Ruskovska T, Saraiva N, Sasson S, Schröder K, Semen K, Seredenina T, Shakirzyanova A, Smith GL, Soldati T, Sousa BC, Spickett CM, Stancic A, Stasia MJ, Steinbrenner H, Stepanić V, Steven S, Tokatlidis K, Tuncay E, Turan B, Ursini F, Vacek J, Vajnerova O, Valentová K, Van Breusegem F, Varisli L, Veal EA, Yalçın AS, Yelisyeyeva O, Žarković N, Zatloukalová M, Zielonka J, Touyz RM, Papapetropoulos A, Grune T, Lamas S, Schmidt HHHW, Di Lisa F, Daiber A. Corrigendum to "European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS)" [Redox Biol. 13 (2017) 94-162]. Redox Biol 2017; 14:694-696. [PMID: 29107648 PMCID: PMC5975209 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Heuberger K, Karger B, Schulz R, Wittschieber D. Striae distensae. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-017-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guo YC, Li MJ, Olze A, Schmidt S, Schulz R, Zhou H, Pfeiffer H, Chen T, Schmeling A. Studies on the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in lower third molars: can the Olze method be used in the Chinese population? Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:617-622. [PMID: 28812130 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research is to study the radiographic visibility of the periodontal ligament in third molars from a northern Chinese population to determine if this methodology could be used for the 18-year threshold. A total of 1300 conventional orthopantomograms from 650 males and 650 females of northern Chinese subjects aged between 15 and 40 years were analyzed. The radiographic visibility of the periodontal membrane of fully mineralized third molars was assessed using the stages described by Olze et al. (2010). Stage 0 first appeared at the age of 17.05 years in males and at the age of 18.76 years in females. Stage 1 was first detected at 18.52 years in males and 19.59 years in females. Stage 2 was first achieved by males at the age of 22.33 years and by females at the age of 21.37 years. The earliest appearance of stage 3 was 26.85 years in males and 24.92 years in females. If stage 1 is determined, it is possible to prove that an individual has already attained the age of 18 years. Stages 2 and 3 can be used to determine that a person is over 21 years of age. However, it should also be noted that in 271 cases of tooth 38 and 255 cases of tooth 48, the visibility stage could not be reliably assessed because of fused roots or narrowed furcations. Therefore, this method seems to be of limited value for age estimation in the Chinese population.
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