[Polyacrolein latex as a solid phase carrier for radioimmunoassay. Comparison with microcrystalline cellulose and polystyrene test tube surface]

The immunosorbent obtained through a covalent immobilization of antibodies on a polyacrolein latex was studied in comparison with the sorbents based on microcrystalline cellulose and with the surface of polystyrene test tubes in a two-center radioimmunoassay for ferritin. It was shown that the polyacrolein latex provides a covalent binding of up to 75 mg protein per g dry polymer with an immobilization efficiency of 50-70% and a high effective association constant of immobilized antibodies (Ka = 4.5 x 10(9) M-1). The same parameters for the sorbent based on microcrystalline cellulose were 33 mg/g, 25-35%, and 4.3 x 10(8) M-1, respectively. In the radioimmunoassay for ferritin, the immunosorbents based on polyacrolein latex and cellulose ensured a nearly the same analytical sensitivity at the level of (0.7-0.9) x 10(-13) M ferritin and pointed to the possibility of eliminating the "hook-effect". Compared to the immunosorbent based on polystyrene test tubes, the advantages of the polyacrolein latex are the decrease in the minimum detectable concentration (increase in analytical sensitivity), the extension of the dynamical range of analysis, and the absence of the "hook-effect".

Automation of steroid radioimmunoassays using a robotics workstation

OBJECTIVE

To automate the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of steroids in a diagnostic clinical laboratory.

SETTING

The Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cornell Medical Center-New York Hospital.

PRACTICE DESCRIPTION

A tertiary-care center supporting the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients with endocrine disorders. PRODUCT COMPARISON: The Packard MultiPROBE Model 100 Automated Liquid Handling System (Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, CT 06450) was compared with the assays typically used to assist in the diagnosis of steroidogenic disorders in children: extraction of biologic fluids, celite partition chromatography, and RIA.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT

The comparative efficiency, cost-effectiveness, specificity, and sensitivity of the two methods.

RESULT

The automated RIAs correlated (r = 0.963) with the established manual assays for steroids. The specificity and sensitivity of the assays were uniformly maintained after automation.

CONCLUSION

The automation of steroid RIAs has made the method a highly efficient and cost-effective one for diagnostic clinical laboratories.

Radioimmunoassay of cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: unambiguous assay by means of an optimized protocol incorporating a trilayer column separation to obviate cross-reactivity problems

Previous assays for cytidine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic CMP) have been criticized as being ambiguous. Here a modified RIA protocol, in which the production of assay components has been optimized and a novel trilayer chromatography column separation introduced which successfully separates cyclic CMP from compounds, endogenous to living tissues, which cross-react with anti-cyclic CMP sera, is described. The assay is capable of assaying cyclic CMP between 0.1 and 5 pmol, can be increased in sensitivity by means of an additional acetylation step, and enables the separation of cyclic CMP, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP so that all three can be estimated in a single sample.

[The immunodiagnosis of melioidosis by a solid-phase variant of radioimmunological analysis (RIA)]

A variant of the solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the detection of specific immunoglobulins in laboratory animals infected with Pseudomonas pseudomallei. The proposed method has advantages over the indirect hemagglutination test and the enzyme immunoassay in its sensitivity and specificity. The newly developed RIA variant, based on group-specific antigens 6 + d, makes it possible to classify the strain causing the disease with the Asian or Australian serovar of P. pseudomallei according to the composition of detected immunoglobulins.

Determination of serum myoglobin by the reverse passive hemagglutination assay (RPHA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Serum myoglobin (Mb) is an important biological marker in the early diagnosis of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In a previous paper we showed that RPHA, which consists in the agglutination of anti-Mb antibody--coated erythrocytes by solutions containing Mb, is a simple, rapid and highly sensitive assay (approx. 1 ng/ml). 42 sera from AMI patients and 20 sera from healthy subjects were investigated by RPHA. The geometric mean (x/divided by SD) of serum Mb titers in AMI patients was 362 x/divided by 3.94, in the range of 64-8192 (the reciprocal dilutions) and in normal sera was 19 x/divided by 1.36, in the range of 16-32. The difference between the mean values was statistically significant at p < 0.001. Subsequently, serum Mb concentration was determined by RPHA and RIA in 51 AMI sera prelevated at various stages of the disease. A high degree of correlation was found between the two methods. Log Y (RPHA titers) = -0.9174 + 1.5879 log X (RIA); ESE: +/- 0.1947; r = 0.9601. In four AMI patients successive determinations were made at every 6 hours: serum Mb curves determined by RPHA and RIA had a parallel evolution and this was an additional argument for the validation of RPHA. Being quite simple and easy of execution RPHA is the most suitable method by which an early AMI diagnosis can be made.

Comparison of two kits for measuring ferritin in blood

Ferritin concentrations in blood are a good indicator of iron stores and can be measured in plasma or serum with commercial kits. We have measured plasma ferritin content in infants ranging from 3 to 15 months of age. During the first three years of a four-year study, plasma samples drawn from these infants were shipped to Abbott Laboratories in Chicago and assayed using the Ferrizyme immunoassay technique (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois). For the last year of the study, we analyzed the remaining samples in St. John's using the radioimmunoassay GammaDab125 I Kit (Baxter Travenol Diagnostics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts). Both kit manufacturers report inter- and intra-assay variability of < or = 5%. Results for samples analyzed by the second method were higher than earlier results from infants of the same age with the same intakes of iron; thus, we decided to analyze subsequent samples with both kits.

Development of radioimmunoassays on microplate: application for CA-GI and CA-Br tumor markers

By taking advantage of a newly available microplate counter for radioactivity and the organic solvent-resistant, pigmented microplates, we have successfully established radioimmunoassays (RIA) for both CA-GI and CA-BR on microplate for routine clinical use. In the process of assay development, we found that both pigmented PicoPlate, made of acrylonitrile, and polystyrene Microlite 2 can be coated with antialpha fetoprotein (AFP) and antinerve growth factor (NGF) and used for setting up immunoassays for AFP and nerve growth factors. There were no problems following a test format of either competitive binding or sandwich design. Microlites 2 is recommended over PicoPlate because Microlites 2 is made of polystyrene, which is less expensive and separable into 8-well strips or even single wells. Single-well separation allows for the use of regular gamma counters in case Topcount is unavailable. We also found that the sensitivity of these tests was not significantly affected even though Topcount counts the weaker beta emissions. Similar dose-response curves could also be generated between original Biomira tube assays and assays using PicoPlate or Microlite 2 coated with protein antigens CA-Br and CA-GI. Excellent correlations were also obtained between the microplate assays and the Biomira tube assays for CA-GI and CA-Br using groups of serum specimens from cancer patients. We recommend the development of various RIAs on the microplate: it requires less reagents and less sample handling by the technologists and it can be essentially automated.

Development of a high capacity radioimmunoassay procedure: ovine follicle stimulating hormone determination in blood plasma as a model

A sensitive, specific and accurate homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for ovine follicle stimulating hormone (oFSH) has been developed, using a [125I]oFSH tracer and a polyclonal rabbit anti-OFSH-serum at a final dilution of 1:224,000. The separation of free and antibody-bound tracer is based on the double antibody solid phase system. The assay was found to be specific for oFSH; cross-reactivity with oLH, oPrl and oGH was lower than 0.2%. The detection limit was 7 pg per tube. Inter- and intra- assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 3.7-8.5% and 6.6%, respectively. The use of a few selfmade appliances in combination with a well-considered time-schedule enabled the processing of three thousand blood plasma samples in triplicate within two weeks. The particular advantage of the method described here is the fast, easy and safe separation of free and antibody-bound tracer with minimal handling of radioactive tubes.

Urinary leukotriene E4 after exercise challenge in children with asthma

To assess the role of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced asthma (EIA), the urinary levels of leukotriene E4 (LTE4), a metabolite of LTC4 and LTD4, were measured by RIA before and after exercise in 13 children with EIA and 10 healthy children. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of LTE4 in urine and the specificity of the RIA. There was no significant difference in the urinary LTE4 levels before exercise between the children with asthma and healthy children (109 [21 to 265] versus 122 [45 to 156] pg/mg of creatinine; median and range). Urinary LTE4 levels increased significantly after exercise in the children with EIA (from 109 [21 to 265] to 196 [40 to 655] pg/mg of creatinine; median and range; p less than 0.05) but not in the healthy children. The children with asthma demonstrated no significant correlation between the LTE4 level after exercise and the degree of bronchoconstriction, as revealed by the maximal percent fall in the peak expiratory flow rate. Taken together with a recent study that pretreatment with a potent and selective LTD4 antagonist markedly attenuated EIA, our findings suggest that sulfidopeptide leukotrienes may play some role in the pathogenesis of this type of asthma with other factors also being involved in determining the overall airway response.

A radioimmune microfilter plate assay for the detection of anti-granulocyte antibodies

A radioimmune assay (RIA) for IgG anti-granulocyte antibodies (AGA) was developed which utilized 96 well microfilter plates, required less than 50 microliters plasma, and yielded reproducible autologous determinations on patients with absolute granulocyte counts as low as 300 cells/microliter. Granulocytes were isolated by a single density ficoll-hypaque gradient procedure with red blood cell (RBC) removal by lysis and washing. Anti-granulocyte IgG coating the cells was detected by the addition of 125I labeled anti-human IgG. Six patients with autoimmune granulocytopenia and three multiply transfused patients with febrile transfusion reactions believed to be secondary to allogeneic granulocyte antibodies had increased granulocyte IgG. Plasma containing anti-a and/or anti-B titers greater than or equal to 512 gave positive results when tested against ABO incompatible granulocytes. This technique was capable of detecting antibodies which were reactive in granulocyte agglutination and immunofluorescence tests as demonstrated with known anti-NA-1, anti-NB-1, and anti-Mart sera. Comparison with granulocyte agglutination test (GAT) using clinical criteria for immune granulocytopenia demonstrated concordance with 19 negative samples and 8 positive samples, 1 false negative and 3 false positives were observed using the agglutination method. The multimeric and monomeric IgG fractions of G200 purified Cohn Fraction II were nonreactive by both RIA and GAT methods. However, granulocyte activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) produced false positives in 5 out of 5 cases by GAT but 0 out of 4 by RIA. This RIA assay is not effected by nonimmune granulocyte activation and is more reproducible when compared to existing techniques.

Adsorption of hormones from serum by carbon embedded depth filters

A composite filter pad formed by embedding activated carbon powder in fibrous matrix was applied for removal of hormones from human serum. Enhanced adsorption was demonstrated through direct comparison between the stacked filter pads and the powered carbon packed in a column both having an equal weight of carbon. In addition, the composite structure offers the advantage of eliminating the carbon fines mixed in the filtrant, avoiding the flow channeling, and providing favorable rate of adsorption. The adsorption of both thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), and steroid hormone, cortisol, by the carbon filter were studied. The effect of pH on hormone adsorption by activated carbon was verified as an important environmental factor, minimum adsorption occurs at the neutral pH. It was found that T4 carrying one more iodine atom than T3 is less effectively adsorped by carbon adsorption from the serum under competitive condition due most likely to their size differences. The filter pad containing 70% activated carbon as adsorbent was fabricated in disk form and stacked in a column for processing bulk volume of biological fluid. Such a device provides an effective means for removal of hormones from biological solutions.

[Comparison of four human growth hormone (hGH) immunoassay kits and analysis of recognition of circulating forms]

Three immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) kits (Pharmacia, bioMérieux and Cis-ELISA) and one competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit (Cis-SB) designed for routine hGH quantitation were compared. Reproducibility was better with the IRMAs than with the RIA, especially when hGH levels were low (less than 3 mUI/l). This substantial advantage was responsible for a decrease in the qualitative detection threshold from 1.22 mUI/l for the RIA to approximately 0.08 mUI/l for the IRMAs. Analysis of accuracy showed that the Cis-ELSA kit overestimated recovery of added hGH (1st IRP 66/217) and demonstrated a marked influence of matrix effects with Cis-ELSA and Cis-SB. Pharmacia and bioMérieux kits were more accurate and showed less sensitivity to matrix effects. hGH concentrations obtained with the four kits were determined in 113 normal or abnormal sera. Despite the above-mentioned differences in accuracy, the three IRMAs yielded comparable results. Concentrations measured using the RIA were higher than those obtained with the other kits. Two sera were submitted to gel filtration chromatography. hGH assays in the fractions obtained showed that the immunologic systems used in the kits display different levels of immunoreactivity towards the circulating oligomeric and dimeric forms of hGH that they recognize. These data suggest that normal reference values should be established for each kit.

Assay of growth hormone levels in human plasma using commercial kits: analysis of some factors influencing the results

The reliability of growth hormone (GH) assays, performed in 39 different laboratories, using five different immunoassay kits was evaluated. It was found that the variability in GH levels measured by different commercial assay kits may be due to human factors, as well as differences between the kits. The influence of the variation in amount of circulating GH, during provocative testing and spontaneous secretory episodes, on the results of GH assay was also evaluated. It was found that large molecular weight forms of GH may be underestimated by some assay kits.

Assay-dependent results of immunoassayable spontaneous 24-hour growth hormone secretion in short children

Forty-eight children, referred for evaluation of short stature, underwent 24-hour spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion studies. The GH level in pooled sera was assessed for each child, using up to 11 commercial immunoassays. In a group of 15 children, the mean GH values obtained by nine of the assays were compared with the mean value given by a polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) from Sorin: four gave higher results (p less than 0.0001), three gave comparable results and two gave lower results (p less than 0.001). The assay yielding the highest results (Nichols: 5.9 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) gave values that were approximately triple those obtained by the assay yielding the lowest results (Hybritech: 1.8 +/- 0.8 ng/ml; p less than 0.0001); both of these are monoclonal immunoradiometric assays (IRMAs). The GH concentrations measured in 24-hour pools from 32 children using a monoclonal IRMA from Biomérieux were similar to those obtained using a polyclonal RIA from Farmos (2.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml and 2.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, respectively) but significantly lower than those measured by another polyclonal RIA from Sorin (3.5 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). Two polyclonal assays (Biomérieux and Sorin) were then used to measure the GH levels in all of the 30-minute samples and in the day, night and 24-hour pools from the secretion studies of 22 children. The ratio of the results of the two assays remained fairly constant for a given child (although the GH levels in different 30-minute samples differed considerably). However, the ratios between different children showed quite wide variation (from 2.03 to 1.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The development of a radioimmunoassay system for testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Part 2. The preparation of antisera to T

Testosterone-3-O-carboxymethyl-oxime derivative was synthetized and coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The T-3-CMO-BSA conjugate homogenized with Freund's adjuvant used as immunogen was injected multiple sites in rabbits. The antisera collected were characterized in a radioimmunological system, separation with dextran-charcoal using 125I-Testosterone as tracer. The antibody titres varied from one animal to another. The titre of anti-T serum selected for RIA was 1: 10(4)-1: 2 X 10(4) (initial dilution). All anti-T sera 100 percent crossreacted with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone but nonsignificant interference was observed with other C19, C21 and C18 steroids. The affinity constant of the selected anti-T serum was in the range 1.4-1.9 X 10(9) litres/mole. The data so far published on the antisera toward testosterone are reviewed. We conclude that the selected anti-T-3-CMO-BSA serum may provide assays for testosterone with potential for clinical applications.

Immunological assays of apolipoproteins in plasma: methods and instrumentation

A number of immunological techniques--radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion, and a variety of immunoprecipitin assays--have been used to quantify apolipoproteins in plasma. This paper outlines their technical details and discusses their major advantages and drawbacks. The most sensitive procedures, RIAs and ELISAS, are best suited to quantifying those apoproteins found in low concentration in plasma. Immunoturbidimetric assays, on the other hand, which are readily automated, are being widely used to quantify apolipoproteins A-I and B. Apolipoprotein quantification is complicated by the interaction of the proteins with lipids, which can often mask their antigenic determinants. This problem may be circumvented by pretreatment of the samples, by selection of appropriate standards, or by the use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that interact with permanently exposed epitopes on the lipoproteins' surfaces. Our proposed methods for measurement of the individual apolipoproteins give consideration to these approaches.

[A rapid and simple approach for radioimmunochemical determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals and feed using a commercial analysis kit]

In order to facilitate a practical large-scale introduction of the radioimmunochemical control of aflatoxin B1 contamination in cereals and feeds a new method of the preparation of sample extracts was verified. In comparison with the procedure used until now when water-nonmiscible chloroform must be evaporated from a chloroform extract and the solids must be dissolved in acetone, while using the tested method the sample is extracted by methyl alcohol or acetone and the extract is diluted by a buffer before the radioimmunoanalysis. This new method of sample extract preparation displays aflatoxin B1 recovery comparable to that of the older method (83-90% for concentrations of 2-20 micrograms per kg), the worse theoretical detection limit (1 microgram per kg vs. 0.2 microgram per kg) but it prevents the result distortion by interfering substances and it makes the whole analytical procedure simpler and expeditious. Radioimmunochemically aflatoxin was quantified by means of commercially produced analytical kits developed in one institute at Kosice.

Utilization of a computer-controlled laboratory workstation (Biomek 1000) in routine radioimmunoassay laboratory

The suitability and performance characteristics of a recently introduced computer-controlled laboratory workstation (Biomek 1000) for use in automating sample transfer and reagent additions in radioimmunoassay techniques were assessed. The system is based on the use of disposable tips and, therefore, reduces any possible sample carry-over and eliminates the need for priming with the subsequent reduction in cost of reagents. However, the machine lacks the useful option of liquid-level sensing facility. Acceptable technical performance in terms of precision, accuracy and throughput was obtained with the Biomek 1000 which complied with international recommendations on the safety of hospital laboratory equipment.

[A shortened method for the assay with Centocor radioimmunoassay kit]

We have conducted a series of basic studies about Centocor's CA125 RIA Kit, especially for the conditions of the incubation. The standard curve and the outcome of recovery test gained through the standard method and the shortened method are quite decent. As for the incubation time, it took longer than 20 hours and 6-18 hours inthe standard method and shortened one respectively. As our conclusion, these results suggest that the shortened method can be adopted as a practical one as well as the standard method, provided that careful attention is paid to several peripheral conditions in the assay.

[Determination of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) in subjects with gastrointestinal diseases. Preliminary data]

Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is a 6 K dalton protease inhibitor, that was isolated from urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. In our experience, mean serum level of TATI in healthy subjects (n. 120), is 13 micrograms/l (range 5.1-42 micrograms/l). The cut-off point is established in 32 micrograms/l (mean +/- 3 SD). We have examined 357 patients with gastrointestinal diseases: 98 gastric cancer, 50 colon cancers, 52 pancreatic cancers, 32 chronic pancreatitis, 38 IBD, 28 colon polyps, 40 gastric ulcers and 25 non-neoplastic biliary tree diseases. TATI may be a good tumor marker only in gastric cancer. Elevated levels of TATI also occur in obstructive hepatobiliary disease and active pancreatitis or IBD.

Antibody immobilization on swollen polystyrene tubes for the radioimmunological determination of total human serum IgE

A new technique for preparing activated polystyrene tubes was developed involving the controlled swelling of plastic. The quantity of antibodies immobilized on these tubes, and consequently the quantity of bound IgE, was considerably increased. Calibration curves were plotted and the determination of total IgE in 200 serum samples confirmed the expected increase in sensitivity compared to a standard method. The manufacturing procedure was simple and could easily be automated. Thus, swollen polystyrene tubes constitute an advantageous solid stage in the assay of total IgE, which can improve the sensitivity of various radioimmunological determinations.

[Radioimmunologic analysis of steroids. Scientific and practical aspects]

Many-year experience of using authors' own systems for steroid radioimmunoassay (RIA) is summarized. Synthesis of natural and anabolic steroid derivatives and their conjugation with bovine serum albumin are considered. Schemes of rabbits immunization with steroid-protein conjugates, and the antisera characteristics are described. Data on comparison of 3H- and 125I-ligands in steroid RIA are presented as well as the characteristics of the RIA systems. The RIA optimization and quality control problems as well as the prospects of the RIA development are discussed.