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Redecke V, Tawaratsumida K, Larragoite ET, Williams ESCP, Planelles V, Spivak AM, Hirayama L, Elgort M, Swenson S, Smith R, Worthen B, Zimmerman R, Slev P, Cahoon B, Astill M, Häcker H. A rapid and affordable point of care test for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 based on hemagglutination and artificial intelligence interpretation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24507. [PMID: 34969960 PMCID: PMC8718524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests that detect antibodies (AB) against SARS-CoV-2 for evaluation of seroprevalence and guidance of health care measures are important tools for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Current tests have certain limitations with regard to turnaround time, costs and availability, particularly in point-of-care (POC) settings. We established a hemagglutination-based AB test that is based on bi-specific proteins which contain a dromedary-derived antibody (nanobody) binding red blood cells (RBD) and a SARS-CoV-2-derived antigen, such as the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein (Spike-RBD). While the nanobody mediates swift binding to RBC, the antigen moiety directs instantaneous, visually apparent hemagglutination in the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific AB generated in COVID-19 patients or vaccinated individuals. Method comparison studies with assays cleared by emergency use authorization demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity. To further increase objectivity of test interpretation, we developed an image analysis tool based on digital image acquisition (via a cell phone) and a machine learning algorithm based on defined sample-training and -validation datasets. Preliminary data, including a small clinical study, provides proof of principle for test performance in a POC setting. Together, the data support the interpretation that this AB test format, which we refer to as 'NanoSpot.ai', is suitable for POC testing, can be manufactured at very low costs and, based on its generic mode of action, can likely be adapted to a variety of other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Redecke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kazuki Tawaratsumida
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin T Larragoite
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth S C P Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lincoln Hirayama
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marc Elgort
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Slev
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mark Astill
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hans Häcker
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Yürüyen C, Aksaray S. Is the Second Treponemal Test Necessary in the Reverse Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Syphilis? Clin Lab 2021; 66. [PMID: 32538043 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.191001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to investigate the necessity of the second treponemal test and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the first treponemal test in the reverse algorithm of syphilis diagnosis. METHODS Abbott Architect Syphilis TP assay, a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA), was used as the first step treponemal test. Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) test results of reactive samples from the first test were recorded. TPHA test result was considered as confirmatory. TPHA test results were grouped according to their Abbott Architect Syphilis TP assay results and they were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. For Abbott Architect Syphilis TP assay, a cutoff value with 100% specificity was determined via a ROC curve analysis which would render TPHA test unnecessary. RESULTS Out of 146,800 samples 2,646 were reactive in the first step. Of those, 2,002 had a TPHA test result. Of the 2,002 TPHA tests, 1,706 were positive and 296 were negative. TPHA positive and negative groups have significantly different CIA signal/cutoff values. Using a ROC curve built for evaluation of the first-step test, the maximum Youden's index value was found as 5.26. If this value would be accepted as cutoff, it would have a specificity of 85%. The specificity of 100% can be reached if a new cutoff value is set to 27.83. CONCLUSIONS Calculated cutoff value with 100% specificity is not practically applicable. It achieves saving of TPHA test in only six percent of reactive samples. Architect Syphilis TP assay is advantageous in large laboratories but is not enough to lead diagnosis without a second treponemal assay. Therefore it was decided to continue the reverse algorithm with dual treponemal assays.
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Flesiopoulou I, Pouliakis A, Politou M, Dourouki A, Damaskos C, Koutsouri T, Papakonstantinou M, Soulakis V, Tsantes A, Valsami S. Red Blood Cell Alloantibody Titration - Does the Titration Method Matter? Clin Lab 2021; 66. [PMID: 32538044 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.191021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) alloantibody titration is a quasi-quantitative method to assess antibody concentration and is considered a useful means of estimating maternal alloimmunization during pregnancy. Traditionally, titration is performed using conventional tube test (CTT). The gel microcolumn agglutination-based method (GMA) has been proven reliable for many immunohematology tests. Our study compared CTT with GMA of two different, commercially available GMA systems for RBC alloantibody titration. METHODS Serum samples with significant RBC-alloantibodies were evaluated in our study. Each sample was titrated concurrently with CTT, with ID-DiaMed-GmbH, Cressier, Switzerland (GMA1), and with DG Gel Coombs Diagnostic Grifols, Passeig Fluvial, Spain (GMA2). RESULTS One hundred thirty-seven titration tests including 50 anti-D, 25 anti-Kell, 10 anti-E, 9 anti-Jka, 8 anti-c, 5 anti-Cw, 5 anti-Fya, 7 anti-M, 6 anti-Kpa, 3 anti-Lua, 1 anti-e, 3 anti-G, and 2 anti-Cha were performed and evaluated. Samples tested by CTT versus GMA1 and GMA2 generated mostly equal or higher titers by GMAs. The results of both comparisons were in good agreement (W = 0.91, p < 0.0001, and W = 0.92, p < 0.0001, respectively). For all antibody specificities, the mean absolute difference in titers ranged from 1 - 3 for both GMA1 and GMA2 versus CTT. Samples tested by GMA1 vs. GMA2 were in almost perfect agreement (W = 0.95, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Although both GMAs were found slightly more sensitive than CTT for alloantibody titration, the differences were not significant and the agreement between all methods was very good, possibly indicating GMA as a suitable alternative to CTT in RBC antibody titration.
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Townsend A, Rijal P, Xiao J, Tan TK, Huang KYA, Schimanski L, Huo J, Gupta N, Rahikainen R, Matthews PC, Crook D, Hoosdally S, Dunachie S, Barnes E, Street T, Conlon CP, Frater J, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Rudkin J, Stoesser N, Karpe F, Neville M, Ploeg R, Oliveira M, Roberts DJ, Lamikanra AA, Tsang HP, Bown A, Vipond R, Mentzer AJ, Knight JC, Kwok AJ, Screaton GR, Mongkolsapaya J, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Klenerman P, Dold C, Baillie JK, Moore SC, Openshaw PJM, Semple MG, Turtle LCW, Ainsworth M, Allcock A, Beer S, Bibi S, Skelly D, Stafford L, Jeffrey K, O'Donnell D, Clutterbuck E, Espinosa A, Mendoza M, Georgiou D, Lockett T, Martinez J, Perez E, Gallardo Sanchez V, Scozzafava G, Sobrinodiaz A, Thraves H, Joly E. A haemagglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1951. [PMID: 33782398 PMCID: PMC8007702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for establishing rates of seroconversion in populations, and for seeking evidence for a level of antibody that may be protective against COVID-19 disease. Several high-performance commercial tests have been described, but these require centralised laboratory facilities that are comparatively expensive, and therefore not available universally. Red cell agglutination tests do not require special equipment, are read by eye, have short development times, low cost and can be applied at the Point of Care. Here we describe a quantitative Haemagglutination test (HAT) for the detection of antibodies to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The HAT has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 99% for detection of antibodies after a PCR diagnosed infection. We will supply aliquots of the test reagent sufficient for ten thousand test wells free of charge to qualified research groups anywhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Xiao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Philippa C Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick Crook
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Street
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher P Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Justine Rudkin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, USA
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rutger Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, USA
| | | | - Hoi Pat Tsang
- NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Julian C Knight
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Kwok
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter J M Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance C W Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice Allcock
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally Beer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lizzy Stafford
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Jeffrey
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Alexis Espinosa
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Mendoza
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Teresa Lockett
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose Martinez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Perez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Thraves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Etienne Joly
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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Gaber DA, Wassef RM, El-Ayat WM, El-Moazen MI, Montasser KA, Swar SA, Amin HAA. Role of a schistosoma haematobium specific microRNA as a predictive and prognostic tool for bilharzial bladder cancer in Egypt. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18844. [PMID: 33139749 PMCID: PMC7606480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy in Egypt, thus reliable methodologies are required for screening and early detection. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression of a Schistosoma hematobium specific microRNA "Sha-miR-71a" and mitogen-associated protein kinase-3 (MAPK-3) in the urine samples of 50 bladder cancer patients and 50 patients with benign bilharzial cystitis. Fifty control subjects were also tested. Indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) diagnosed 70% of studied cancer cases as bilharzial associated bladder cancer (BBC), while histopathological examination detected only 18%. Urinary Sha-miR-71a & MAPK-3 revealed enhanced expression in BBC (p-value = 0.001) compared to non-bilharzial bladder cancer (NBBC) cases. Patients with chronic bilharzial cystitis exhibited a significant increase in gene expression compared to those with acute infection (p-value = 0.001). Sha-miR-71a and MAPK-3 showed good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of BBC when analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. They were also prognostic regarding malignancy grade. Both biomarkers showed a positive correlation. Our results revealed that IHA is a reliable test in the diagnosis of bilharziasis associated with bladder cancer, and that Sha-miR-71a and MAPK-3 provide non-invasive specific biomarkers to diagnose BBC, as well as a potential role in testing bilharzial patients for risk to develop cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Gaber
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rita M Wassef
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael M El-Ayat
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Karim A Montasser
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif A Swar
- Urology Department, National Institute of Urology and Nephrology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebat Allah A Amin
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chaichana P, Jenjaroen K, Amornchai P, Chumseng S, Langla S, Rongkard P, Sumonwiriya M, Jeeyapant A, Chantratita N, Teparrukkul P, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Wuthiekanun V, Dunachie SJ. Antibodies in Melioidosis: The Role of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay in Evaluating Patients and Exposed Populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1378-1385. [PMID: 30298810 PMCID: PMC6283516 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a major neglected tropical disease with high mortality, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp). Microbiological culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but a simpler and more readily available test such as an antibody assay is highly desirable. In this study, we conducted a serological survey of blood donors (n = 1,060) and adult melioidosis patients (n = 200) in northeast Thailand to measure the antibody response to Bp using the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). We found that 38% of healthy adults (aged 17-59 years) have seropositivity (IHA titer ≥ 1:80). The seropositivity in healthy blood donors was associated with having a declared occupation of rice farmer and with residence in a nonurban area, but not with gender or age. In the melioidosis cohort, the seropositivity rate was higher in adult patients aged between 18 and 45 years (90%, 37/41) compared with those aged ≥ 45 years (68%, 108/159, P = 0.004). The seropositivity rate was significantly higher in people with diabetes (P = 0.008). Seropositivity was associated with decreased mortality on univariable analysis (P = 0.005), but not on multivariable analysis when adjusted for age, diabetes status, preexisting renal disease, and neutrophil count. This study confirms the presence of high background antibodies in an endemic region and demonstrates the limitations of using IHA during acute melioidosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjaporn Chaichana
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premjit Amornchai
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchintana Chumseng
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sayan Langla
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patpong Rongkard
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Atthanee Jeeyapant
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapit Teparrukkul
- Medical Department, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ng S, Saborio S, Kuan G, Gresh L, Sanchez N, Ojeda S, Harris E, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. Association between Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and protection against clade 6B viruses in 2013 and 2015. Vaccine 2017; 35:6202-6207. [PMID: 28986036 PMCID: PMC5685664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of the pandemic A(H1N1) virus has been changing as population immunity continues to co-evolve with the virus. The impact of genetic changes in the virus on human's susceptibility is an outstanding important question in vaccine design. In a community-based study, we aim to (1) determine the genetic characteristics of 2009-2015 pandemic H1N1 viruses, (2) assess antibody response following natural infections and (3) assess the correlation of A/California/07/09 antibody titers to protection in the 2013 and 2015 epidemics. METHODS In a household transmission study, serum specimens from 253 individuals in Managua, Nicaragua were analyzed. Combined nose and throat swabs were collected to detect RT-PCR confirmed influenza infection and virus sequencing. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed and the protective titer for circulating H1N1pdm was determined. RESULTS Clade 6B pandemic H1N1 viruses predominated in Nicaragua during the 2013 and 2015 seasons. Our household transmission study detected a household secondary attack rate of 17% in 2013 and 33% in 2015. Infected individuals, including vaccinees, showed an apparent antibody response to A/California/07/09. Baseline titers of A/California/07/09 antibodies were found to associate with protection in both seasons. A titer of ≥1:40 correlated to a 44% protection in children, a 29% protection in adults 15-49years old and a 51% protection in adults 50-85years old. CONCLUSION In 2013 and 2015, antibody titers to A/California/07/09 associated with an infection risk reduction amongst exposed household contacts. This is consistent with a detectable vaccine effectiveness reported in a number of studies. Genetic changes in clade 6B viruses might have led to a reduced immunity in some whereas others might have been less affected. The use of human serologic data is important in virus characterization and if performed in a timely manner, could assist in vaccine strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saira Saborio
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virologia, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virologia, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hausammann GJ, Bellac CL, Sänger M, Gilgen M. Evaluation of the Ph. Eur. anti-A and anti-B assay on a pipetting robot in combination with a camera guided reading mode. Biologicals 2017; 47:76-80. [PMID: 28389173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was the standardization of the direct anti-A, anti-B haemagglutination assay for immunoglobulin products in microtitre plates and gelcards by automation on a liquid handling robot. In addition, the evaluation of the pipetted microtitre plates with a computer-controlled camera was investigated and these results were related to titres from visual live reading. The titres obtained with the automated and the manual assay in microtitre plates and gelcards were compared. They were in excellent agreement: the titres of samples processed with the automated method varied maximally one titre step relative to the median titres of the same sample analysed with the manual method. The implementation of a camera guided test plate reading further increased the repeatability of the reported titres. In summary, the automated haemagglutination assay combined with a camera improved the consistency plus the traceability of the results and reduced the required hands-on time.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hausammann
- Swissmedic, Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, OMCL, Hallerstrasse 7, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
| | - C L Bellac
- Swissmedic, Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, OMCL, Hallerstrasse 7, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - M Sänger
- Swissmedic, Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, OMCL, Hallerstrasse 7, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - M Gilgen
- Swissmedic, Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products, OMCL, Hallerstrasse 7, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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9
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Lin SC, Kappes MA, Chen MC, Lin CC, Wang TT. Distinct susceptibility and applicability of MDCK derivatives for influenza virus research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172299. [PMID: 28207898 PMCID: PMC5313193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are widely utilized as a substrate for influenza virus isolation and propagation due to the high yields of virus. Here we compared the conventional MDCK cell line, MDCK-SIAT1 and MDCK-London for viral production, cell survival, and suitability in testing antivirals using six influenza strains including two H1N1 (pandemic and epidemic strains), three H3N2 and one influenza B strain. Overall our results suggest that MDCK-London cell line is superior for virus culturing and quantification, and hence an ideal platform to evaluate antiviral drug efficacy against multiple strains of influenza. Our data also suggests that while virus titers determined by the hemagglutination assay (HA) and neuraminidase activity (NA) are widely used to indicate viral load, there is a poor correlation between these measurements and the infectious titer obtained by plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chao Lin
- Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Kappes
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mei-Chun Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TTW); (CCL)
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TTW); (CCL)
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10
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Hirai H. The development of laboratory tests for cancer in Japan with special reference to carcinoembryonic proteins. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 22:67-84. [PMID: 74974 DOI: 10.1159/000401153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the present status of clinical tests for cancer in Japan. Since no cancer-specific substance has been found so far the clinical tests for cancer at present are always quantitative but not qualitative. Among these substances, alpha-fetoprotein is one of the most specific substances for cancer and its test is essential for diagnosis of hepatoma beins used worldwide. AFP is a specific product of liver cancer cells. The measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patient blood is a hopeful method for cancer diagnosis. This substance is not specifically produced by cancer cells, but the phenomenon of appearance in bloodstream appears to be cancer-specific. This may reflect the invasion of blood vessels in tissues such as colorectum, lung, etc., by infiltration of cancer cell. This is the reason for the appearance of CEA in a wide variety of cancers. There are many other clinical tests at present but these are only secondary aids for the diagnosis of cancer. This is the reason why the description concentrates mostly on AFP and CEA. The companies manufacturing the kits for these tests in Japan are also listed in this paper.
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11
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Luo W, Zhou XW, Ma K, Wang J, Gao YP, Chen SQ, Luo ZW. [Establishment of archives of Schistosoma japonicum antibody indirect hemagglutination tests]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2014; 26:339-340. [PMID: 25345170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish written and electronic archives of Schistosoma japonicum antibody indirect hemagglutination (IHA) tests. METHODS In the process of schistosomiasis screening by IHA, the written records, electronic records, and serum sample bank were combined to make comprehensive archives. RESULTS The S. japonicum antibody IHA test archives can preserve the schistosomiasis screening data in the long term and even can trace the source of experiments, and the operation was simple. CONCLUSION The archives of S. japonicum antibody IHA tests are simple and useful, and worth of popularization.
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12
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Vaccaro A, Vierucci F, Dini F, Ruggieri S, Crespin L, Matteucci L, Domenici R. Icteric leptospirosis (Weil's Syndrome) in a Danish adolescent in Tuscany for vacation. Minerva Pediatr 2014; 66:147-149. [PMID: 24835448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vaccaro
- Pediatric Unit, "Campo di Marte" Hospital, Lucca, Italy -
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13
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Abstract
The hemagglutination assay (HA) is a tool used to screen cell culture isolates or amnioallantoic fluid harvested from embryonated chicken eggs for hemagglutinating agents, such as type A influenza. The HA assay is not an identification assay, as other agents also have hemagglutinating properties. Live and inactivated viruses are detected by the HA test. Amplification by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or cell culture is typically required before HA activity can be detected from a clinical sample. The test is, to some extent, quantitative as 1 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) is equal to approximately 5-6 logs of virus. It is inexpensive and relatively simple to conduct. Several factors (quality of chicken erythrocytes, laboratory temperature, laboratory equipment, technical expertise of the user) may contribute to slight differences in the interpretation of the test each time it is run. This chapter describes the methods validated and used by the US National Veterinary Services Laboratories for screening and identification of hemagglutinating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lea Killian
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, APHIS, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA, 50010, USA,
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14
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Wang XC, Chen LZ, Yu Q, Sun AH. [Evaluation of specific antibodies of blood receiver sera to Treponema pallidum by chemiluminescence immunoassay]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2013; 27:70-72. [PMID: 23855137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA ) , in comparison with that of the following currently used treponemal tests: hemagglutination test (TPHA), and Western Blot (WB). METHODS First, a retrospective study was performed with a panel of 18 494 blood receiver sera by CLIA and TPHA, the specific antibody against T. pallidum in 177 were positive sera by CLIA and/or TPHA, 81 clinical and serologically characterized syphilitic sera, 55 sera obtained from subjects with potentially interfering diseases, and 250 healthy sera were negative were detected by CLIA, TPHA and WB. RESULTS The results of WB as the gold standard, the sensitivity of CLIA (98. 4%) was significantly higher than that of TPHA (94. 4%) (Chi2 = 5.76,P <0. 05), the specificity of CLIA (100%) was similar to that of TPHA (99.7%) (Chi2 =1. 0, P >0. 05). CONCLUSION CLIA is characterized with higher sensitivity and specificity, It is suitable for screening Syphilis in clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-chun Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Hospital of Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 314001, China
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15
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Zhang XB, Hu F, Xie SY, Tao B, Yuan M, Liu YM, Li JY, Li ZJ, Lin DD. [Field application of antibody detection in a low transmission area of Schistosoma japonicum]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2012; 30:468-473. [PMID: 23484260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the field application of IHA and ELISA for schistosomiasis japonica detection at low transmission status. METHODS 728 and 799 persons were examined by Kato-Katz's method, IHA and ELISA for schistosomiasis in an endemic village in the year of 2008 and 2010, respectively. The results of IHA and ELISA was evaluated in comparison to that of Kato-Katz (27 slides with 3 stool specimens) used as gold standard. RESULTS The positive rate of Kato-Katz's method, IHA and ELISA were 10.3% (75/728), 40.0% (291/728) and 40.1% (292/728) in 2008, and 3.8% (30/799), 31.5% (252/799) and 40.1% (320/799) in 2010 respectively, in which significant difference was observed for the result between Kato-katz's method (chi2 = 26.92, P < 0.05) and IHA (chi2 = 11.82, P < 0.05). The consistency between the result of antibody detection and that of Kato-Katz's method was poor, lower than 0.2 (P < 0.01). If routine screening diagnosis mode was adopted, namely, population screened with IHA or ELISA first and confirmed with Kato-Katz's method, correlation analysis showed that the positive rate of Kato-Katz's method increased with the number of stool specimens and slides (rIHA2008 = 0.922, rELISA2008 = 0.908, rIHA2010 = 0.749, rELISA = 0.798; P < 0.05) . Those with egg positive but missed by IHA or ELISA mainly were cases with low infection intensity. When EPG < or = 40, the rate of detection ranged from 66.1% (39/59) to 87.0% (20/23) with IHA, and 62.7% (37/59) to 100% (23/23) with ELISA. When EPG > 40, however, all cases could be detected with ELISA, but some missed with IHA. CONCLUSION In low transmission areas, the determination of target population for chemotherapy should be based on the examination of nine slides per stool specimen by Kato-Katz's method after serological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Yugan County Station of Schistosomiasis Control, Jiangxi Province, Yugan 335100, China
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16
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Oiknine-Djian E, Houri-Haddad Y, Weiss EI, Ofek I, Greenbaum E, Hartshorn K, Zakay-Rones Z. High molecular weight constituents of cranberry interfere with influenza virus neuraminidase activity in vitro. Planta Med 2012; 78:962-967. [PMID: 22588835 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cranberry juice contains high molecular weight non-dialyzable material (NDM) which was found to inhibit hemagglutination induced by the influenza virus (IV) as well as to neutralize the cytotoxicity of IV in cell cultures. Because influenza virus surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are involved in viral replication and in the infectious process, we sought in the present study to examine the effect of NDM on neuraminidases which are the target of most anti-influenza drugs today. NDM inhibited the NA enzymatic activity of influenza A and B strains as well as that of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This finding is of importance considering the emergence of influenza isolates resistant to antiviral drugs, reaching 90 % in some places. The anti-NA activity of NDM, evaluated by the MUNANA method and expressed as the concentration required for 50 % inhibition (IC₅₀), was most potent against N1 (IC₅₀, 192 µg/mL), less active against BN and N2 (IC₅₀, 509 µg/mL and 1128 µg/mL, respectively), and moderately active against Streptococcus pneumoniae NA (IC₅₀, 594 µg/mL). The in vitro findings of the present study suggest that cranberry constituents may have a therapeutic potential against both A and B influenza virus infections and might also interfere with the development of secondary bacterial complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chanock Center of Virology, IMRIC, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical and Dental Schools, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Dumre SP, Shakya G, Acharya D, Malla S, Adhikari N. Diagnostic dilemma of the single screening test used in the diagnosis of syphilis in Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13:238-240. [PMID: 23016470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Syphilis screening by the nontreponemal rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is not usually followed up by specific treponemal tests in most of the resource poor healthcare settings of Nepal. We analyzed serum specimens of 504 suspected syphilis cases at the immunology department of the national reference laboratory in Nepal during 2007-2009 using RPR test and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA). In overall, 35.7% were positive by both methods (combination) while 13.1% were RPR positive and TPHA negative, 8.7% were positive by TPHA only and 42.5% were negative by both methods. Among the RPR reactive (n = 246), 73.2% were positive by TPHA. Non-specific agglutination in RPR testing was relatively higher (26.8%) compared to TPHA (19.6%). Although TPHA was found more specific than RPR test, either of the single tests produced inaccurate diagnosis. Since the single RPR testing for syphilis may yield false positive results, specific treponemal test should be routinely used as confirmatory test to rule out false RPR positive cases. More attention needs to be paid on formulation of strict policy on the implementation of the existing guidelines throughout the country to prevent misdiagnosis in syphilis with the use of single RPR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Dumre
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand.
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18
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Chen NG, Lin DD, Xie SY, Wang QZ, Tang L, Liu YM, Zeng XJ, Liu HY, Huang MJ, Chen HG. [Diagnostic efficiency of Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Kit for antibody detection of schistosomiasis japonica]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2011; 23:377-380. [PMID: 22164845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical diagnostic efficiency of Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Kit (IHA kit) for antibody detection of schistosomiasis japonica. METHODS Schistosomiasis examinations by parasitological method were conducted in the schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jiangxi, Anhui and Hubei provinces, respectively. A total of 371 serum samples of schistosomiasis patients and 761 serum samples of non-patients without history of schistosome infection and infested water contact were collected. All the sera were detected by using IHA Kit. The diagnostic efficiency indicators of the kit, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value, negative predicted value etc. were calculated. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 95.1% (95% confidence interval was between 92.9% and 97.3%) and 97.8% (95% confidence interval was between 96.8% and 98.8%), respectively; the positive and negative predicted values were 95.4% and 97.6%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence of IHA positive detecting by the kit among the groups with different EPG levels (< or = 40, 41-100, > 100). Also, no significant difference was observed in sensitivity and specificity among the different age groups. CONCLUSIONS The IHA kit shows a relative high efficiency for diagnosis and can be used for mass screening of schistosomiasis in field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Gao Chen
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330046, China
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19
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Guerrier G, Marcon S, Garnotel L, Deltour R, Schinas S, Mathelin JP, Chouvin C, Metge O, Daronat JM. Yaws in Polynesia's Wallis and Futuna Islands: a seroprevalence survey. N Z Med J 2011; 124:29-31. [PMID: 21750592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a serological and clinical survey to determine the prevalence and clinical presentation of yaws on two twin islands in Polynesia: Wallis and Futuna. A total of 264 serum samples were tested for specific Treponema pallidum haemagglutinations assay and non-specific rapid plasma reagin: 52 were positive for one or both tests; only one young adult had skin lesion consistent with yaws; and there were no observed cases of secondary or tertiary yaws. Our results contrast with findings in neighbouring islands, such as Vanuatu, where yaws has been reported to resurge. This difference might be explained by better availability and accessibility of healthcare on Wallis and Futuna, thus allowing widespread use of antibiotics for other bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Guerrier
- Department of Medicine, Sia Hospital, Mata’Utu, Wallis and Futuna.
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20
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El-Shazly AM, Saad RM, Belal US, Sakr T, Zakae HA. Evaluation of ELISA and IHAT in serological diagnosis of proven cases of human hydatidosis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2010; 40:531-538. [PMID: 21246959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (Hydatidosis) is the most serious tape-worm infection prevalent in the cattle and sheep raising area of the world. Hydatidosis in man (as an accidental host) is caused by infection with the ova containing larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. In the last decade, different techniques have been employed for sero-diagnosis of hydatidosis; as IHA, IFA, ELISA, CCLE (Counter Current Immuno-electrophoresis). This paper evaluated the validity of ELISA and IHA. Since whole hydatid cyst fluid was used as a source of antigen for serodiagnosis. Thirty surgical and pathological hydatidosis proven patients were examined. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 96.7% & 97.5% respectively, and that of IHA were 86.7%, &95% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Shazly
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Saudi Arabia
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21
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22
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Kimura H. [Paul-Bunnell test, Davidsohn differential test, mono-spot test]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:303-305. [PMID: 20942064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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23
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Okuda M. [Cross matching test (including lymphocyte cross matching test, platelet cross matching test)]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:782-787. [PMID: 20942189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okuda
- Division of Blood Transfusion, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital
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24
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Mimori T. [Progress in detection of autoantibodies and analysis of autoantigens]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:479-484. [PMID: 20942108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
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25
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Imafuku Y. [Anti-extractable nuclear antigen antibody]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:514-516. [PMID: 20942117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Imafuku
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine
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26
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Watanabe N, Handa M. [Anti-platelet autoantibodies]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:691-693. [PMID: 20942165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Watanabe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Cell Therapy, Keio University School of Medicine
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27
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Kubo N. [Anti-immunoglobulin A antibody]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:807-808. [PMID: 20942196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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28
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Yamashita T, Osai Y, Nishizaka N, Hida T. [Varicella-zoster virus]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:310-313. [PMID: 20942066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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29
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Makioka A. [Toxoplasma]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:284-287. [PMID: 20942059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asao Makioka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine
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30
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Ushijima H. [Rotavirus]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:359-362. [PMID: 20942079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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31
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Sasaki T. [Anti-DNA antibodies]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:517-521. [PMID: 20942118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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32
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Takasaki Y. [Anti-U1 RNP and -U2 RNP antibodies]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:561-564. [PMID: 20942129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Takasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine
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Abstract
Various methods have been adapted for assessing the effects of environmental contaminants on the structure and function of the immune system in wild and captive birds. This chapter describes two integrative functional assays that have been adapted to a variety of avian species and have proven to be sensitive biomarkers for immunotoxicological effects. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test measures T cell-mediated immunity. PHA is injected intra- or sub-dermally into the wing web of the elbow joint (or interdigitary skin or wattle). The PHA stimulates T lymphocytes to release cytokines that cause an inflammatory influx of leukocytes and fluid. The thickness of the wing web is measured before and 24 h after injection. A stimulation index, which reflects T cell function, is calculated as the increase in skin thickness caused by the PHA minus the increase caused by an injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the other wing web. In addition to its sensitivity to contaminants, ecological studies have shown that the PHA skin response is positively associated with rates of survival and colonization of new areas (i.e., ability to found new local populations) in wild birds.The sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination assay measures the antibody response to immunization with SRBC antigens, integrating the functions of B lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, and macrophages. A SRBC suspension is injected i.v., and a blood sample is collected approximately 6 days later. Plasma (or serum) from the blood sample is serially diluted in a microtiter plate, and SRBCs are added. The magnitude of the antibody response is defined as the titer - the highest dilution of plasma in which the concentration of antibody is sufficient to agglutinate the SRBCs. Both IgM and IgG titers can be measured. This avian test is very similar in principle to the anti-SRBC ELISA and splenic plaque forming assays used for immunotoxicological testing in rodents. However, this avian hemagglutination assay does not require a species-specific secondary antibody (as does the ELISA), and this minimally invasive, nonlethal procedure is amenable to studies of protected species, as opposed to the splenic assay. The PHA and SRBC assays have been employed successfully in both the laboratory and field. In ecological studies birds must be recaptured 24 h or 6 days after the initial injections, limiting their use in some species. However, their sensitivity to a variety of contaminants and their ease of adaptability to a variety of species have made the PHA and SRBC tests some of the most commonly used assays for screening and monitoring immunotoxicity in birds.
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Klapper E, Zhang Y, Figueroa P, Ness P, Stubbs J, Abumuhor I, Bailey J, Epperson L, Tauscher C, Enriquez E, Hashmi G, Seul M. TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: Toward extended phenotype matching: a new operational paradigm for the transfusion service. Transfusion 2009; 50:536-46. [PMID: 19929860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Klapper
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Mizanbayeva S, Smits HL, Zhalilova K, Abdoel TH, Kozakov S, Ospanov KS, Elzer PH, Douglas JT. The evaluation of a user-friendly lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of human brucellosis in Kazakhstan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 65:14-20. [PMID: 19679230 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from all patients with culture-confirmed brucellosis including those with chronic disease from Kazakhstan tested positive in the serum agglutination test for titers > or = 1:25 and reacted in the Brucella immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G lateral flow assay (LFA) confirming the high sensitivity of these assays. The strong reactivity in the LFA observed for the majority (92.1%) of the samples from the patients with culture-confirmed brucellosis together with the user-friendliness of the assay procedure makes the LFA ideal for the confirmation of brucellosis in endemic areas in Kazakhstan. The Rose Bengal test lacked sensitivity in particular for patients with chronic brucellosis therefore limiting its value as a quick screening assay. The study emphasizes the importance of the LFA as a useful, rapid, and easy-to-perform tool in the diagnostic testing of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulushash Mizanbayeva
- Republican Sanitary Station and Epidemiological Station, Health Ministry of Kazakhstan Republic, 05008, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Shin JH, Lee JY, Kim JH, Kim HR, Lee JN. Screening and identification of unexpected red cell antibodies by simultaneous LISS/Coombs and NaCl/Enzyme gel methods. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:632-5. [PMID: 19654944 PMCID: PMC2719182 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.4.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical usefulness of simultaneous LISS/Coombs and NaCl/Enzyme testing using the gel method for screening and identification of unexpected antibodies in 15,014 samples. When unexpected antibodies were detected by either screening test, those antibodies were identified using both the LISS/Coombs and the NaCl/Enzyme gel test. The positive screening rates of the LISS/Coombs, NaCl/Enzyme, and combined tests (excluding 25 autoantibody cases) were 0.48%, 1.29%, and 1.39%, respectively. Among the 57 samples positive by both screening methods, the antibodies in 19.3% could be identified only by the NaCl/Enzyme method. Among the 137 samples positive only by NaCl/Enzyme screening, 74.5% showed positive results in antibody identification only by the NaCl/Enzyme test, although 7.3% were also positive in the LISS/Coombs test. The NaCl/Enzyme method thus showed about threefold higher detection rates than the LISS/Coombs method, especially in screening for Rh antibodies, and higher exact identification rates and discriminatory power for identifying mixed antibodies. Addition of the NaCl/Enzyme method to routine laboratory procedures may detect and identify considerable numbers of significant antibodies that might be missed if only the LISS/Coombs method is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ja Young Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hyen Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong Nyeo Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Barbara J. Manual VDRL vs Automation TPHA: a concern on quality and economics. Blood Transfus 2009; 7:237-238. [PMID: 19657488 PMCID: PMC2719276 DOI: 10.2450/2009.0088-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Barbara
- Correspondence: Professor John Barbara, Emeritus consultant to NHSBT, e-mail:
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Barsegiants LO, Badrutdinova VM, Gerasimova OP, Krupnik II, Krupoderova OG, Mel'nikova SA, Mitroshina EA, Panova OV, Sergeeva SI, Smoliakova LV, Khalizova NV, Sheverova GG. [Single-stage detection of A and B antigens in the hair by absorption-elution and mixed agglutination techniques]. Sud Med Ekspert 2009; 52:24-25. [PMID: 19769312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The proposed method is intended for single-stage detection of A and B antigens in ultrafine hair fragments by means of absorption-elution and mixed agglutination techniques with the use of a mixture of anti-A and anti-B sera.
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Lapenkov MI, Gurtovaia SV, Aleksandrova VI, Kapinos TA. [Combination of absorption-elution and gel-filtration methods for group identification of blood spot specimens]. Sud Med Ekspert 2009; 52:13-15. [PMID: 19569533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed to combine the traditional method of microscopic assessment of the results of absorption-elution reaction and the gel-filtration technique with the use of the ScanGel immunohematology system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) in blood grouping tests. The study was designed to select monoclonal antibodies suitable for the purpose and optimize conditions of gel filtration. It is concluded that the combined method allows for rapid differential grouping of the large number of blood spots, promotes objectivization of assay results, and lightens the work of the operator carrying out serial analyses.
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Smith C, Mensah A, Mal S, Worster A. Is pretest probability assessment on emergency department patients with suspected venous thromboembolism documented before SimpliRED D-dimer testing? CAN J EMERG MED 2008; 10:519-523. [PMID: 19000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SimpliRED D-dimer assay is commonly ordered by emergency physicians for suspected pulmonary embolus or deep venous thrombosis. A pretest probability (PTP) assessment is required for the results of this diagnostic test to be interpreted correctly and applied appropriately. Without this assessment, the physician may misinterpret the test results and proceed to unnecessary diagnostic imaging (DI) or inappropriate discharge. Our objectives were to measure the documentation rate of PTP for emergency department (ED) patients on whom a SimpliRED D-dimer assay was performed for suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to determine if the clinical management decisions that followed were in keeping with current recommendations. METHODS In this medical record review, we used a random number generator to select 100 charts from all 760 patients who had a SimpliRED D-dimer performed during a 3-month period at an academic tertiary care centre with 3 EDs. Trained data abstractors, blinded to the study hypothesis, abstracted explicitly defined data from each chart. An independent abstractor assessed the reliability of 15 of the charts that were randomly chosen. RESULTS Suspicion of VTE was documented in 97 of the 100 charts. There was no documentation of PTP assessment for 62 of the 97 cases. Ten had a positive D-dimer but 5 of these had no evidence of subsequent DI. Of the 97 charts reviewed, 24 documented decisions were in discordance with published clinical management recommendations for VTE. CONCLUSION In the majority of ED cases of suspected VTE, PTP assessment was not documented and approximately one-quarter of these documented decisions were in discordance with established recommendations for the given test results. This suggests that PTP assessments are not being conducted in a significant proportion of cases and the diagnostic test results are misinterpreted, applied incorrectly or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camala Smith
- Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Zhou YB, Yang MX, Tao P, Jiang QL, Zhao GM, Wei JG, Jiang QW. A longitudinal study of comparison of the Kato-Katz technique and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in China, 2001-2006. Acta Trop 2008; 107:251-4. [PMID: 18675244 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From 2001 to 2006, about one-third of the residents aged 5-65 years were selected as the subjects in a schistosome-endemic village located in Jiangxi Province, China. Every 1 year, all participants were analyzed by the Kato-Katz parasitologic examination and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Statistical analysis of the results showed the k indices ranged from 0.250 to 0.347 between the two methods. Assuming the Kato-Katz results as the gold standard reference, the specificity of the IHA was from 60% to 77%, the positive predictive value of this method was from 19% to 30%, and its sensitivity and negative predictive value were more than 97%. The IHA method is unsuitable for individual screening in endemic community with relatively high prevalence (e.g. with >10% or more prevalence). A search for a better diagnostic test that can be applied in field situations in China is essential and should be given high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Biao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China. z
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Ramasubramanian M, Anthony S, Lambert J. Simplified spectraphotometric method for the detection of red blood cell agglutination. Appl Opt 2008; 47:4094-4105. [PMID: 18670567 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.004094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human error is the most significant factor attributed to incompatible blood transfusions. A spectrophotometric approach to blood typing has been developed by examining the spectral slopes of dilute red blood cell (RBC) suspensions in saline, in the presence and absence of various antibodies, offering a technique for the quantitative determination of agglutination intensity [Transfusion39, 1051, 1999TRANAT0041-113210.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39101051.x]. We offer direct theoretical prediction of the observed change in slope in the 660-1000 nm range through the use of the T-matrix approach and Lorenz-Mie theory for light scattering by dilute RBC suspensions. Following a numerical simulation using the T-matrix code, we present a simplified sensing method for detecting agglutination. The sensor design has been prototyped, fully characterized, and evaluated through a complete set of tests with over 60 RBC samples and compared with the full spectrophotometric method. The LED and photodiode pairs are found to successfully reproduce the spectroscopic determination of red blood cell agglutination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melur Ramasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7910, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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43
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Toinov AA, Morokov VA, Rozhdestvenskaia NB. [Semiquantitative antiglobulin method for the determination of C3 and C4 complement components]. Klin Lab Diagn 2008:48-49. [PMID: 18354921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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44
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Sánchez Negrette O, Sánchez Valdéz FJ, Lacunza CD, García Bustos MF, Mora MC, Uncos AD, Basombrío MA. Serological evaluation of specific-antibody levels in patients treated for chronic Chagas' disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008; 15:297-302. [PMID: 18057184 PMCID: PMC2238061 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00106-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serological tests are the main laboratory procedures used for diagnosis during the indeterminate and chronic stages of Chagas' disease. A serological regression to negativity is the main criterion used to define parasitological cure in treated patients. The aim of this work was to monitor the individual specificities of antibody levels for 3 years posttreatment in 18 adult patients. Conventional serological techniques (hemagglutination assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) were modified by using recombinant antigens to detect early markers of treatment effectiveness. For this purpose, serum samples were taken before and during treatment and every 6 months after treatment for at least 3 years. When hemagglutination assays were used, a decrease in antibody levels was observed in only one patient. When ELISA with serum dilutions was used, antibody clearance became much more apparent: in 77.7% (14/18) of the patients, antibody titers became negative with time. This was observed at serum dilutions of 1/320 and occurred between the 6th and the 30th months posttreatment. The immune response and the interval for a serological regression to negativity were different for each patient. For some of the recombinant antigens, only 50% (9/18) of the patients reached the serological regression to negativity. Recombinant antigen 13 might be a good marker of treatment effectiveness, since 66.6% (six of nine) of the patients presented with an early regression to negativity for specific antibodies to this antigen (P = 0.002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sánchez Negrette
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, calle Buenos Aires 177, 4400 Salta, Argentina.
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Kukreja N, Arora N, Singh BP, Das HR, Sridhara S. Role of Glycoproteins Isolated from Epicoccum purpurascens in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Pathobiology 2007; 74:186-92. [PMID: 17643064 DOI: 10.1159/000103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attachment to host matrix is an important provisory step for the institution of any fungal infection. The present study investigates the role of glycoproteins of Epicoccum purpurascens in host-fungal adherence. METHODS Epicoccum spore-mycelial extract was fractionated on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column. Three glycoproteins of 12, 17 and 33 kDa (Epi p 1) were electroeluted and checked for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition. The monosaccharide content of the highly potent protein Epi p 1 was determined by high-performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. The interaction of Epi p 1 with mannose-binding lectin (MBL) leading to the activation of the complement system was studied by immunoblot, ELISA and ELISA inhibition techniques. Immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition were carried out with culture filtrate to determine the nature of Epi p 1. RESULTS 33 (Epi p 1)-, 17- and 12-kDa proteins were 58, 46 and 38 times more potent than crude extract in hemagglutination activity (HA). The HA of Epi p 1 was inhibited by N-acetyl glucosamine, glucose and laminin. Epi p 1 had a high mannose content, showed MBL binding in ion-dependent manner and caused complement activation. The protein was detected in culture filtrate and thus seems to play a significant role in fungal invasion. CONCLUSION Epi p 1, an allergenic glycoprotein of E. purpurascens, is involved in host-fungal interactions through MBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kukreja
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi University, Delhi, India
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Abstract
Fifteen commercial syphilis kits were assessed against the same moderately sized specimen panel that included 114 serum and plasma specimens from syphilis cases and 249 specimens from unselected blood donors. The 114 specimens from syphilis cases comprised 40 from cases of primary syphilis, 43 from cases of secondary syphilis, 19 from cases of early latent syphilis, and 12 from cases of late latent syphilis. Of the 15 kits, ten were enzyme immunoassays, four were Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assays, and one was a T. pallidum particle agglutination assay. Thirteen of the 15 kits gave final specificities of 100%; the other two kits were repeatedly reactive with one to two specimens. Initial sensitivities ranged from 93.9 to 99.1%. Most variation between kits was observed in results for the groups with untreated primary and treated late latent disease, although the differences were not statistically significant. The comparative data on kit performance derived from this study is useful for examining syphilis testing guidelines and for making informed purchasing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cole
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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Bart JM, Piarroux M, Sako Y, Grenouillet F, Bresson-Hadni S, Piarroux R, Ito A. Comparison of several commercial serologic kits and Em18 serology for detection of human alveolar echinococcosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 59:93-5. [PMID: 17509798 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design the best serologic strategy for diagnosing human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cases in medical laboratory routine procedures. By combining 2 screening techniques, indirect hemagglutination with Em(2plus)-ELISA and/or recEm18-ELISA, 46 of 47 AE cases were detected. The necessary confirmation of results is then obtained by using immunoblot (LDBIO-IB and/or recEm18-IB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques de Besançon, 2500 Besançon Université de Franche-Comté, France.
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Stepanova LV, Nikitina VE, Boĭko AS. [Isolation and characterization of lectin from the surface of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S.F. Gray mycelium]. Mikrobiologiia 2007; 76:488-493. [PMID: 17974205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, from the surface of the dikaryotic mycelium of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Grifola frondosa 0917 a lectin has been isolated with a molecular mass of 68 +/- 1 kDa, consisting of two subunits of 33-34 kDa each. The lectin is a hydrophilic glycoprotein with the protein : glycan ratio of 3 : 1. It exhibits high affinity to native rabbit erythrocytes and to human erythrocytes of the 0 blood group, but not to trypsin-treated ones. The hemagglutination (HA) caused by lectin was not blocked by any of the 25 tested mono-, di-, and amino sugars; it was also not blocked by some of glyco derivatives. Only 13.9 microg/ml of the homogeneous preparation of a polysaccharide, a linear D-rhamnan with the structure of the repetitive component --> 2)-beta-D-Rhap-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 2)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 2)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> blocked hemagglutination completely. The analysis of the amino acid composition of the lectin showed the greatest percentage of amino acids with positively charged R groups, arginine, lysine, and histidine, as well as the complete absence of sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine, and methionine. D-glucose and D-glucosamine were detected in the carbohydrate part.
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Zhou XN, Cai L, Zhang XP, Sheng HF, Ma XB, Jin YJ, Wu XH, Wang XH, Wang LY, Lin T, Shen WG, Lu JQ, Dai Q. [Potential risks for transmission of schistosomiasis caused by mobile population in Shanghai]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2007; 25:180-184. [PMID: 18038772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the potential risk for schistosomiasis transmission caused by introduction of infection source from mobile population in Shanghai. METHODS Field investigation was conducted in the suburb of Shanghai City by screening the mobile population living in Shanghai for more than 1 month and over 1 years old in a procedure of interviewing, serum indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and then fecal examination to detect the eggs with nylon sedimentation approach for those IHA positives. RESULTS Among 2,931 mobile people investigated, 1,575 were male (53.74%) and 1356 were female(46.26%); 138 out of 2931 were positive in IHA test (4.71%). 1938 (66.12%) out of 2 931 came from Schistosoma japonicum-endemic provinces and its positive rate in mobile population (5.99%) was significantly higher than those from the transmission-interrupted provinces (2.6%) (chi2=10.28, P<0.01), and those from non-endemic provinces (1.68%) (chi2=12.86, P<0.01). The 138 IHA positives all showed negative in fecal examination. In accordance with the serum positive rate and egg-infection rate in the national reporting system in 2004, it was estimated that there would be about 13 356 and 1 699 potential serum positive cases respectively from endemic area and transmission controlled area, and about 2,168 and 255 egg-positive cases from the two kind areas respectively, majority of the cases were from Anhui Province. CONCLUSION Schistosomiasis transmission risks potentially exist in Shanghai suburb due to the introduction of infected mobile people from other endemic provinces, and a surveillance system and quick response are needed for the possible re-emergence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Xu J, Chen NG, Feng T, Wang EM, Wu XH, Chen HG, Wang TP, Zhou XN, Zheng J. [Effectiveness of routinely used assays for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in the field]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2007; 25:175-179. [PMID: 18038771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of routinely used assays for schistosomiasis diagnosis in the field. METHODS From late November to early December 2005, 6-65 years old inhabitants from 3 endemic villages were examined by Kato-Katz technique (3 thick smears) and nylon bag sedimentation/hatching method. At the same time, dipstick dye immunoassay(DDIA), fast enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (F-ELISA), indirect haemagglutination test A (IHA-A) and B ( IHA-B) were carried out in parallel RESULTS 1864 people were examined by stool examination with an average positive rate of 9.7%. The missing rate of DDIA was relatively stable in medium and heavily endemic areas of schistosomiasis. The missing rate of nylon bag sedimentation/hatching method was 25% and relatively stable when the number of eggs per gram of feces(EPG) was larger than 100. The average positive rate of DDIA, F-ELISA, IHA-A and IHA-B was 47.8%, 50.0%, 66.3% and 40.1% respectively. Using stool examination as the gold standard, the sensitivity of DDIA, F-ELISA, IHA-A and IHA-B was 75.3%, 65.8%, 85.6% and 76.0%; and the specificity was 55.1%, 51.7%, 35.7% and 63.6%, respectively. Among the four sero-diagnostics, the specificity, Youden index, positive likelihood rate and coincidence of IHA-B were the highest. CONCLUSION Kato-Katz method is more stable and effective than nylon bag sedimentation/hatching method in medium and heavily endemic areas of schistosomiasis japonica. The sensitivity and specificity of these four diagnosis kits are lower than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China
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