A comparative analysis of micafungin and caspofungin for empirical antifungal therapy in antibiotic-unresponsive febrile patients with hematologic malignancies

This study was retrospectively carried out to compare the efficacy of echinocandins such as micafungin (MCFG) and caspofungin (CPFG) in the treatment of antibiotic-unresponsive febrile patients with hematologic malignancies. A total of 163 patients received either MCFG or CPFG. We evaluated the efficacy of echinocandin against fever decline in all patients. Fever decline, defined as a body temperature of less than 37.5 °C sustained for more than 48 h without scheduled antipyretic medication. Efficacy assessments showed that the incidence of fever decline was not significantly different between the MCFG and CPFG groups (P=0.599). The median number of days from the start of echinocandin administration to fever decline was 5 in both the MCFG and CPFG groups. Multivariate analysis showed that the use of anti-MRSA drugs (HR, 0.64; 95%CI, 0.45-0.90; P=0.011) and a change from echinocandins to voriconazole or liposomal-amphotericin B (HR, 0.50; 95%CI, 0.30-0.74; P<0.001) are significant risk factors for sustained fever. A significant difference (P=0.002) in incidence of fever decline was however associated with differences in the timing of anti-MRSA drug administration. The median number of days from the start of echinocandin administration to fever decline was 5 when administration of the anti-MRSA drug occurred "simultaneously or prior to echinocandin start" and 11 in the "next day or later of echinocandin start" group. In other words, starting anti-MRSA drug treatment after echinocandin treatment is a risk factor. In conclusion, MCFG and CPFG have similar efficacy as empirical antifungal agents in the treatment of antibioticunresponsive febrile patients with hematopoietic malignancies.

Intercellular signal communication among odontoblasts and trigeminal ganglion neurons via glutamate

Various stimuli to the exposed surface of dentin induce changes in the hydrodynamic force inside the dentinal tubules resulting in dentinal pain. Recent evidences indicate that mechano-sensor channels, such as the transient receptor potential channels, in odontoblasts receive these hydrodynamic forces and trigger the release of ATP to the pulpal neurons, to generate dentinal pain. A recent study, however, has shown that odontoblasts also express glutamate receptors (GluRs). This implies that cells in the dental pulp tissue have the ability to release glutamate, which acts as a functional intercellular mediator to establish inter-odontoblast and odontoblast-trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron signal communication. To investigate the intercellular signal communication, we applied mechanical stimulation to odontoblasts and measured the intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i). During mechanical stimulation in the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺, we observed a transient [Ca²⁺]_i increase not only in single stimulated odontoblasts, but also in adjacent odontoblasts. We could not observe these responses in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺. [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the neighboring odontoblasts during mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts were inhibited by antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) as well as glutamate-permeable anion channels. In the odontoblast-TG neuron coculture, we observed an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in the stimulated odontoblasts and TG neurons, in response to direct mechanical stimulation of single odontoblasts. These [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the neighboring TG neurons were inhibited by antagonists for mGluRs. The [Ca²⁺]_i increases in the stimulated odontoblasts were also inhibited by mGluRs antagonists. We further confirmed that the odontoblasts express group I, II, and III mGluRs. However, we could not record any currents evoked from odontoblasts near the mechanically stimulated odontoblast, with or without extracellular Mg²⁺, indicating that N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor does not contribute to inter-odontoblast signal communication. The results suggest that a mechanically stimulated odontoblast is capable of releasing glutamate into the extracellular space via glutamate-permeable anion channels. The released glutamate activates mGluRs on the odontoblasts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, forming an inter-odontoblasts communication, which drives dentin formation via odontoblast-odontoblast signal communication. Glutamate and mGluRs also mediate neurotransmission between the odontoblasts and neurons in the dental pulp to modulate sensory signal transmission for dentinal sensitivity.

Risk factors for neutropenia with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone therapy for multiple myeloma

Neutropenia may develop as an adverse event in patients with multiple myeloma receiving lenalidomide (LEN) plus dexamethasone (DEX) therapy. In the present study, we examined the risk factors associated with grade 3/4 neutropenia during the first cycle of LEN plus DEX therapy. We observed that hemoglobin level (≤ 8.5 g/dl) was a significant risk factor for grade 3/4 neutropenia during the first cycle of therapy (odds ratio: 19.40; 95% confidence interval: 2.68-141.00; p < 0.01). thus, our findings suggest that determining the hemoglobin level could be useful in the risk management for neutropenia in patients receiving LEN plus DEX therapy.

Magnetic resonance enterography for the evaluation of the deep small intestine in Crohn's disease

For the control of Crohn's disease (CD) a thorough assessment of the small intestine is essential; several modalities may be utilized, with cross-sectional imaging being important. Magnetic resonance (MR) enterography, i.e., MRE is recommended as a modality with the highest accuracy for CD lesions. MRE and MR enteroclysis are the two methods performed following distension of the small intestine. MRE has sensitivity and specificity comparable to computed tomography enterography (CTE); although images obtained using MRE are less clear compared with CTE, MRE does not expose the patient to radiation and is superior for soft-tissue contrast. Furthermore, it can assess not only static but also dynamic and functional imaging and reveals signs of CD, such as abscess, comb sign, fat edema, fistula, lymph node enhancement, less motility, mucosal lesions, stricture, and wall enhancement. Several indices of inflammatory changes and intestinal damage have been proposed for objective evaluation. Recently, diffusion-weighted imaging has been proposed, which does not need bowel preparation and contrast enhancement. Comprehension of the characteristics of MRE and other modalities is important for better management of CD.

High pH-Sensitive TRPA1 Activation in Odontoblasts Regulates Mineralization

Calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate are widely used for indirect and direct pulp capping and root canal filling. Their dissociation into Ca(2+) and OH(-) in dental pulp creates an alkaline environment, which activates reparative/reactionary dentinogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which odontoblasts detect the pH of the extracellular environment remain unclear. We examined the alkali-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) signaling pathway in rat odontoblasts. In the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+), application of alkaline solution increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, or [Ca(2+)]i Alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases depended on extracellular pH (8.5 to 10.5) in both the absence and the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) The amplitude was smaller in the absence than in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) Each increase in [Ca(2+)]i, activated by pH 7.5, 8.5, or 9.5, depended on extracellular Ca(2+) concentration; the equilibrium binding constant for extracellular Ca(2+) concentration decreased as extracellular pH increased (1.04 mM at pH 7.5 to 0.11 mM at pH 9.5). Repeated applications of alkaline solution did not have a desensitizing effect on alkali-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases and inward currents. In the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases were suppressed by application of an antagonist of transient receptor potential ankyrin subfamily member 1 (TRPA1) channels. Ca(2+) exclusion efficiency during alkaline solution-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases was reduced by a Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger antagonist. Alizarin red and von Kossa staining revealed increased mineralization levels under repeated high pH stimulation, whereas the TRPA1 antagonist strongly reduced this effect. These findings indicate that alkaline stimuli-such as the alkaline environment inside dental pulp treated with calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate-activate Ca(2+) mobilization via Ca(2+) influx mediated by TRPA1 channels and intracellular Ca(2+) release in odontoblasts. High pH-sensing mechanisms in odontoblasts are important for activating dentinogenesis induced by an alkaline environment.

Safety of an oral anticancer agent (trifluridine/tipiracil combination tablet) in patients with advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer

We retrospectively studied the safety of trifluridine/tipiracil combination tablet (TAS-102) monotherapy in patients with advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer. Adverse events to TAS-102 monotherapy were observed in 22 out of 23 cases (95.7%). The most frequent adverse events were neutropenia (69.6%), nausea (53.2%), and malaise (30.4%). Treatment was postponed in 54 (59.3%) out of 91 courses, and in 34 (66.7%) of these 54 courses, the delay in treatment was due to bone marrow suppression. Seven patients with peritoneal metastases suffered from nausea, whilst none of the patients without peritoneal metastases had nausea (p = 0.0139). Nausea and vomiting during a previous chemotherapy cycle was significantly associated with nausea after TAS-102 treatment (p = 0.0007), and the treatment cycles were significantly longer in patients with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (p = 0.0061). Our results suggest that the incidence of nausea was higher in patients treated with TAS-102. Therefore, it is important to inform patients of the risk of these toxicities and to provide enhanced supportive care. Moreover, we recommend that, for patients with repeated treatment postponement due to neutropenia, the dosage should be fixed based on therapeutic efficacy and prognosis.

Endovascular Treatment for Infra-inguinal Autologous Saphenous Vein Graft Occlusion Using Self Expanding Nitinol Stents

Introduction

For patients with infra-inguinal autologous vein bypass graft occlusion, conventional open surgical repair or endovascular treatment (EVT) for native vessel occlusion have generally been performed.

Report

A 73 year old female with non-healing ulcer and gangrene of the left lower leg was diagnosed as having infra-inguinal autologous saphenous vein graft occlusion. In this case, surgical repair such as patch angioplasty, interposition graft, or replacement graft did not seem promising because of repeated previous infection in the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular prosthesis and absence of available autologous vein due to past surgery. Moreover, there was no chance of crossing the native vessel, since the proximal superficial femoral artery (SFA) had already been resected. Thus, EVT was performed for the occluded autologous vein graft, implanting multiple self expanding bare nitinol stents throughout the vein graft achieving complete revascularization, good medium term patency, and dramatically improved wound healing.

Conclusion

Endovascular recanalization using multiple bare stents could be an alternative treatment for infra-inguinal autologous vein graft occlusion.

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This report highlights EVT for infra-inguinal autologous vein graft occlusion.

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Self-expanding nitinol bare stents were implanted throughout the vein graft.

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Just after the procedure, we confirmed sufficient expansion of the nitinol stents.

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The treated vessel had good patency without repetitive intervention for 15 months.

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The ulcer and gangrene gradually healed.

Total extraperitoneal approach for incarcerated obturator hernia repair

PURPOSE

To compare the feasibilities and efficacies of the total extraperitoneal (TEP) technique and laparotomy for incarcerated obturator hernia repair.

METHODS

All study subjects were diagnosed with incarcerated obturator hernia, preoperatively and TEP was performed as for TEP groin hernia repair. The incarcerated intestine was retracted into the peritoneal cavity with the hernia sac. The obturator foramen was then covered with a rectangular mesh (9 × 13 cm), which also covered the internal inguinal ring, Hesselbach's triangle, and the femoral ring. Non-ischemia of the incarcerated bowel was confirmed laparoscopically. In patients undergoing laparotomy, the obturator foramen was closed by continuous sutures, and no prosthesis was used. We recorded the length of hospital stay, operative time, amount of intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative complications.

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients underwent obturator hernia repair in our hospital between January 2000 and December 2012, of whom 10 were treated with laparotomy and the remaining 12 via TEP. Three patients undergoing TEP were converted to laparotomy. The operation time was significantly longer in the conversion group compared with either the laparotomy or the TEP groups. There was no difference between the laparotomy and TEP groups regarding intraoperative bleeding. Patients who underwent TEP without conversion had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those who underwent laparotomy or required conversion.

CONCLUSIONS

TEP provides a suitable approach for incarcerated obturator hernia repair, with favorable results regarding hospital stay. TEP is a feasible, minimally invasive technique for the repair of incarcerated obturator hernias.

REM sleep alteration and depression

Alterations in sleep patterns are often recognized as a premorbid symptom accompanied by affective disorders, particularly by major depression. However, the mechanism is rather complex, and differentiating its causalities from those of depression undergoes hardships. Indeed, depression is a complex disease. It has been clearly demonstrated that depressed patients display very characteristic changes in sleep architecture. Previous animal studies also demonstrated that several depression models, which had targeted elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, showed increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep while insomniac sleep phenotype did not evidently appear. However, all stress hormones seem to be elevated in those models. Therefore, it has been difficult to determine which particular hormone in the HPA axis is primarily responsible for altered sleep in depression. In recent years, we have widely analyzed sleep characteristics of conditional transgenic mouse lines focusing on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the initial mediator of the HPA system, in which the levels of peripheral stress hormones are normal. Conditional CRH-overexpressing (COE) mice, especially those overexpress CRH limitedly within the forebrain including limbic structures (CRH-COE-Cam), dis- play enhanced REM sleep. Further, the higher occurrence of REM sleep in CRH-COE-Cam mice could be due to their hyper-cholinergic activity. REM sleep disinhibition observed in depressed patients similarly appears in animals which are genetically stress-vulnerable strain or chronically stressed, possibly due to enhanced action of limbic CRH. Indeed, REM sleep is a fragile vigilance state and closely connected with emotional control. Thus, depressive episodes may affect REM sleep earlier than nonREM sleep, and such altered REM sleep can be a state marker of depression.

Discussion of "Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning"

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the paper "Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning" written by John D. Ainsworth and Iain E. Buchan [1]. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the paper of Ainsworth and Buchan. In subsequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor. With these comments on the paper "Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning", written by John D. Ainsworth and Iain E. Buchan [1], the journal seeks to stimulate a broad discussion on new ways for combining data sources for the reuse of health data in order to identify new opportunities for health system learning. An international group of experts has been invited by the editor of Methods to comment on this paper. Each of the invited commentaries forms one section of this paper.

Analysis system of submicron particle tracks in the fine-grained nuclear emulsion by a combination of hard x-ray and optical microscopy

Analyses of nuclear emulsion detectors that can detect and identify charged particles or radiation as tracks have typically utilized optical microscope systems because the targets have lengths from several μm to more than 1000 μm. For recent new nuclear emulsion detectors that can detect tracks of submicron length or less, the current readout systems are insufficient due to their poor resolution. In this study, we developed a new system and method using an optical microscope system for rough candidate selection and the hard X-ray microscope system at SPring-8 for high-precision analysis with a resolution of better than 70 nm resolution. Furthermore, we demonstrated the analysis of submicron-length tracks with a matching efficiency of more than 99% and position accuracy of better than 5 μm. This system is now running semi-automatically.

Supraspinal actions of nociceptin/orphanin FQ, morphine and substance P in regulating pain and itch in non-human primates

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide (NOP) receptor agonists display a promising analgesic profile in preclinical studies. However, supraspinal N/OFQ produced hyperalgesia in rodents and such effects have not been addressed in primates. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of centrally administered ligands on regulating pain and itch in non-human primates. In particular, nociceptive thresholds affected by intracisternal N/OFQ were compared with those of morphine and substance P, known to provide analgesia and mediate hyperalgesia, respectively, in humans.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Intrathecal catheters were installed to allow intracisternal and lumbar intrathecal administration in awake and unanaesthetized rhesus monkeys. Nociceptive responses were measured using the warm water tail-withdrawal assay. Itch scratching responses were scored from videotapes recording behavioural activities of monkeys in their home cages. Antagonist studies were conducted to validate the receptor mechanisms underlying intracisternally elicited behavioural responses.

KEY RESULTS

Intracisternal morphine (100 nmol) elicited more head scratches than those after intrathecal morphine. Distinct dermatomal scratching locations between the two routes suggest a corresponding activation of supraspinal and spinal μ receptors. Unlike intracisternal substance P, which induced hyperalgesia, intracisternal N/OFQ (100 nmol) produced antinociceptive effects mediated by NOP receptors. Neither peptide increased scratching responses.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Taken together, these results demonstrated differential actions of ligands in the primate supraspinal region in regulating pain and itch. This study not only improves scientific understanding of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system in pain processing but also supports the therapeutic potential of NOP-related ligands as analgesics.

Tacrolimus for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used for the treatment of corticosteroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Two randomized controlled trials and a number of retrospective studies have assessed the therapeutic effect of tacrolimus in UC patients. These studies showed that tacrolimus has excellent short-term efficacy in corticosteroid-refractory patients, with the rates of clinical response ranging from 61% to 96%. However, the long-term prognosis of patients treated with tacrolimus is disappointing, and almost 50% of patients eventually underwent colectomy in long-term follow-up. Tacrolimus can achieve mucosal healing in 40-50% of patients, and this is associated with a favorable long-term prognosis. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibodies are another therapeutic option in corticosteroid-refractory patients. A prospective head-to-head comparative study of tacrolimus and infliximab is currently being performed to determine which treatment is more effective in corticosteroid-refractory patients. Several retrospective studies have demonstrated that switching between tacrolimus and anti-TNF-α antibody therapy was effective in patients who were refractory to one of the treatments. Most adverse events of tacrolimus are mild; however, opportunistic infections, especially pneumocystis pneumonia, are the most important adverse events, and these should be carefully considered during treatment. Several issues on tacrolimus treatment in UC patients remain unsolved (e.g., use of tacrolimus as remission maintenance therapy). Further controlled studies are needed to optimize the use of tacrolimus for the treatment of UC.

Radiation protection issues on preparedness and response for a severe nuclear accident: experiences of the Fukushima accident

Radiation protection issues on preparedness and response for a severe nuclear accident are discussed in this paper based on the experiences following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The criteria for use in nuclear emergencies in the Japanese emergency preparedness guide were based on the recommendations of International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publications 60 and 63. Although the decision-making process for implementing protective actions relied heavily on computer-based predictive models prior to the accident, urgent protective actions, such as evacuation and sheltering, were implemented effectively based on the plant conditions. As there were no recommendations and criteria for long-term protective actions in the emergency preparedness guide, the recommendations of ICRP Publications 103, 109, and 111 were taken into consideration in determining the temporary relocation of inhabitants of heavily contaminated areas. These recommendations were very useful in deciding the emergency protective actions to take in the early stages of the Fukushima accident. However, some suggestions have been made for improving emergency preparedness and response in the early stages of a severe nuclear accident.

[A New Teaching Model for Practicing Ultrasound-guided Regional Anesthesia Techniques]

We developed a simulator using "slime" composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and borax to evaluate this new ultrasound-guided nerve block training model. Seventeen subjects used the training model in the present study. They had no previous experience in performing ultrasound-guided nerve block. A plastic case measuring 25 x 18 x 12 cm was filled with 8 cm of slime. Three pieces of gauze were placed between the slime layers at 2 cm intervals. An in-plane approach was used to visualize the needle for the nerve block, and the amount of time required to stop the needle on the second gauze was measured 5 times for each subject. Significant differences were observed between the times for the first experiment and those for the third experiment to the fifth experiment In the fourth and fifth experiments, all subjects visualized the nerve block needle clearly above the target layer and were able to stop the needle at the target layer. The present simulation using our proposed ultrasound-guided nerve block training model was useful in terms of the amount of time required to perform the procedure and as well as in terms of its safety.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated enhancement of noradrenergic descending inhibition in the locus coeruleus exerts prolonged analgesia in neuropathic pain

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal nucleus containing the noradrenergic neurons and is a major endogenous source of pain modulation in the brain. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a well-established neurotrophic factor for noradrenergic neurons, is a major pain modulator in the spinal cord and primary sensory neurons. However, it is unknown whether GDNF is involved in pain modulation in the LC.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve were used as a model of neuropathic pain. GDNF was injected into the left LC of rats with CCI for 3 consecutive days and changes in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed. The α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was injected intrathecally to assess the involvement of descending inhibition in GDNF-mediated analgesia. The MEK inhibitor U0126 was used to investigate whether the ERK signalling pathway plays a role in the analgesic effects of GDNF.

KEY RESULTS

Both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were attenuated 24 h after the first GDNF injection. GDNF increased the noradrenaline content in the dorsal spinal cord. The analgesic effects continued for at least 3 days after the last injection. Yohimbine abolished these effects of GDNF. The analgesic effects of GDNF were partly, but significantly, inhibited by prior injection of U0126 into the LC.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

GDNF injection into the LC exerts prolonged analgesic effects on neuropathic pain in rats by enhancing descending noradrenergic inhibition.

A Supramolecular Substance, [2] Rotaxane, Induces Apoptosis in Human Molt-3 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells

The antitumor effects of a supramolecular substance, the [2] rotaxane (TRO-A0001), and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. TRO-A0001 suppressed the proliferation of cultured human Molt-3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells for 12-72 h in a dose-dependent manner. Based on flow cytometry, TRO-A0001 clearly induced apoptosis after 24 h. The mitochondrial membrane potential disappeared after treatment with 1.0 µM of TRO-A0001. Expression of the cleaved forms of capase-9 and caspase-3 was significantly increased in cells exposed to TRO-A0001, whereas the expression of XIAP, a type of inhibitor of apoptosis family, was decreased. These results suggest that [2] rotaxane TRO-A0001 may be a highly promising new antitumor medicine.

Proton radii of (12-17)B define a thick neutron surface in ¹⁷B

The first determination of radii of point proton distribution (proton radii) of (12-17)B from charge-changing cross sections (σ(CC)) measurements at the FRS, GSI, Darmstadt is reported. The proton radii are deduced from a finite-range Glauber model analysis of the σ(CC). The radii show an increase from ¹³B to ¹⁷B and are consistent with predictions from the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model for the neutron-rich nuclei. The measurements show the existence of a thick neutron surface with neutron-proton radius difference of 0.51(0.11) fm in ¹⁷B.

Genetic epidemiology of tooth agenesis in Japan: a population- and family-based study

Tooth agenesis is one of the most common congenital anomalies in humans. However, the etiology of tooth agenesis remains largely unclear, as well as evidence base useful for genetic counseling. Therefore, we estimated the prevalence and sibling recurrence risk, and investigated agenetic patterns systematically. Tooth agenesis was classified into two subtypes: hypodontia (one to five missing teeth) and oligodontia (six or more missing teeth). The prevalence of these two subtypes were 6.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.1-7.7%] and 0.1% (95% CI: 0.04-0.3%), respectively, and sibling recurrence risk of these were 24.5% (95% CI: 13.8-38.3%) and 43.8% (95% CI: 26.4-62.3%), respectively. This result suggests that the severe phenotype, oligodontia, might be mostly transmitted in a dominant fashion. Using a simple statistical modeling approach, our data were found to be consistent with a bilateral symmetry model, meaning that there was equal probability of missing teeth from the right and left sides.

Fasudil, a rho kinase inhibitor, limits motor neuron loss in experimental models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment. Fasudil hydrochloride (fasudil), a potent rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, is useful for the treatment of ischaemic diseases. In previous reports, fasudil improved pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and spinal muscular atrophy, but there is no evidence in that it can affect ALS. We therefore investigated its effects on experimental models of ALS.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

In mice motor neuron (NSC34) cells, the neuroprotective effect of hydroxyfasudil (M3), an active metabolite of fasudil, and its mechanism were evaluated. Moreover, the effects of fasudil, 30 and 100 mg·kg(-1), administered via drinking water to mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1(G93A)) mice were tested by measuring motor performance, survival time and histological changes, and its mechanism investigated.

KEY RESULTS

M3 prevented motor neuron cell death induced by SOD1(G93A). Furthermore, M3 suppressed both the increase in ROCK activity and phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and the reduction in phosphorylated Akt induced by SOD1(G93A). These effects of M3 were attenuated by treatment with a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Moreover, fasudil slowed disease progression, increased survival time and reduced motor neuron loss, in SOD1(G93A) mice. Fasudil also attenuated the increase in ROCK activity and PTEN, and the reduction in Akt in SOD1(G93A) mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These findings indicate that fasudil may be effective at suppressing motor neuron degeneration and symptom progression in ALS. Hence, fasudil may have potential as a therapeutic agent for ALS treatment.