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Sadakov S, Baross T, Biel W, Borsuk V, Hawkes N, von Hellermann M, Gille P, Kiss G, Koning J, Knaup M, Klinkhamer F, Krasikov Y, Litnovsky A, Neubauer O, Panin A. Conceptual design of the ITER upper port plug for charge exchange diagnostic. Fusion Engineering and Design 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2008.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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102
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Hawkes N. Come back community health councils, all is forgiven. West J Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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103
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Hawkes N. A tale of blind faith. West J Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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104
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Hawkes N. Promoting hand washing, stroke prevention, and tobacco control are recognised at BMJ Group award ceremony. West J Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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105
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Hawkes N. Shoehorning three into one. West J Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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106
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Hawkes N. Shaky foundations: compromising the NHS. West J Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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107
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108
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Hawkes N. New Labour shows its true colours over the blues. West J Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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109
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Liang Y, Koslowski HR, Thomas PR, Nardon E, Alper B, Andrew P, Andrew Y, Arnoux G, Baranov Y, Bécoulet M, Beurskens M, Biewer T, Bigi M, Crombe K, De La Luna E, de Vries P, Fundamenski W, Gerasimov S, Giroud C, Gryaznevich MP, Hawkes N, Hotchin S, Howell D, Jachmich S, Kiptily V, Moreira L, Parail V, Pinches SD, Rachlew E, Zimmermann O. Active control of type-I edge-localized modes with n=1 perturbation fields in the JET tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:265004. [PMID: 17678097 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.265004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Type-I edge-localized modes (ELMs) have been mitigated at the JET tokamak using a static external n=1 perturbation field generated by four error field correction coils located far from the plasma. During the application of the n=1 field the ELM frequency increased by a factor of 4 and the amplitude of the D(alpha) signal decreased. The energy loss per ELM normalized to the total stored energy, DeltaW/W, dropped to values below 2%. Transport analyses shows no or only a moderate (up to 20%) degradation of energy confinement time during the ELM mitigation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Association EURATOM-FZ Jülich, Institut für Plasmaphysik, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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110
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Mantica P, Van Eester D, Garbet X, Imbeaux F, Laborde L, Mantsinen M, Marinoni A, Mazon D, Moreau D, Hawkes N, Joffrin E, Kiptily V, Pinches S, Salmi A, Sharapov S, Thyagaraja A, Voitsekhovitch I, de Vries P, Zastrow KD. Probing internal transport barriers with heat pulses in JET. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:095002. [PMID: 16606270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.095002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The first electron temperature modulation experiments in plasmas characterized by strong and long-lasting electron and ion internal transport barriers (ITB) have been performed in JET using ion cyclotron resonance heating in mode conversion scheme. The ITB is shown to be a well localized narrow layer with low heat diffusivity, characterized by subcritical transport and loss of stiffness. In addition, results from cold pulse propagation experiments suggest a second order transition process for ITB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mantica
- Istituto di Fisica del Plasma P.Caldirola, Associazione Euratom-ENEA-CNR, Milano, Italy
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111
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Felton R, Joffrin E, Murari A, Zabeo L, Sartori F, Piccolo F, Farthing J, Budd T, Dorling S, McCullen P, Harling J, Dalley S, Goodyear A, Stephen A, Card P, Bright M, Lucock R, Jones E, Griph S, Hogben C, Beldishevski M, Buckley M, Davis J, Young I, Hemming O, Wheatley M, Heesterman P, Lloyd G, Walters M, Bridge R, Leggate H, Howell D, Zastrow KD, Giroud C, Coffey I, Hawkes N, Stamp M, Barnsley R, Edlington T, Guenther K, Gowers C, Popovichef S, Huber A, Ingesson C, Mazon D, Moreau D, Alves D, Sousa J, Riva M, Barana O, Bolzonella T, Valisa M, Innocente P, Zerbini M, Bosak K, Blum J, Vitale E, Crisanti F, de la Luna E, Sanchez J. Real-time measurement and control at JET experiment control. Fusion Engineering and Design 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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112
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Alves D, Stephen A, Hawkes N, Dalley S, Goodyear A, Felton R, Joffrin E, Fernandes H. Real-time motional Stark effect in jet. Fusion Engineering and Design 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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113
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Eriksson LG, Fourment C, Fuchs V, Litaudon X, Challis CD, Crisanti F, Esposito B, Garbet X, Giroud C, Hawkes N, Maget P, Mazon D, Tresset G. Discharges in the JET tokamak where the safety factor profile is identified as the critical factor for triggering internal transport barriers. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:145001. [PMID: 11955153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2000] [Revised: 11/28/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Joint European Torus discharges which demonstrate the critical role the safety factor profile, q, can play in the formation of internal transport barriers (ITB) are examined. In these discharges, the target parameters, including the E x B flows, were kept virtually the same, except for the q profile. In a discharge with a nonmonotonic q, an ITB was triggered whereas a discharge with monotone q made no such transition. Thus, there is strong evidence that the q profile was the critical factor for the triggering of an ITB. Possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-G Eriksson
- Association EURATOM-CEA sur la Fusion Contrôlée, CEA Cadarache, F-13108 St. Paul lez Durance, France
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114
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Crisanti F, Litaudon X, Mailloux J, Mazon D, Barbato E, Baranov Y, Bécoulet A, Bécoulet M, Challis CD, Conway GD, Dux R, Eriksson LG, Esposito B, Frigione D, Hennequin P, Giroud C, Hawkes N, Huysmans G, Imbeaux F, Joffrin E, Lomas P, Lotte P, Maget P, Mantsinen M, Moreau D, Rimini F, Riva M, Sarazin Y, Tresset G, Tuccillo AA, Zastrow KD. JET quasistationary internal-transport-barrier operation with active control of the pressure profile. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:145004. [PMID: 11955156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.145004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quasistationary operation has been achieved on the Joint European Torus tokamak in internal-transport-barrier (ITB) scenarios, with the discharge time limited only by plant constraints. Full current drive was obtained over all the high performance phase by using lower hybrid current drive. For the first time feedback control on the total pressure and on the electron temperature profile was implemented by using, respectively, the neutral beams and the ion-cyclotron waves. Although impurity accumulation could be a problem in steady state ITBs, these experiments bring some elements to answer to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crisanti
- Associazione EURATOM-ENEA sulla Fusione, Centro Ricerche Frascati, C.P. 65, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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115
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Hawkes N. Painkillers "may need to be sex specific". BMJ 2000; 320:536. [PMID: 10688557 PMCID: PMC1117599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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116
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Hemingway J, Hawkes N, Prapanthadara L, Jayawardenal KG, Ranson H. The role of gene splicing, gene amplification and regulation in mosquito insecticide resistance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:1695-9. [PMID: 10021769 PMCID: PMC1692393 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary routes of insecticide resistance in all insects are alterations in the insecticide target sites or changes in the rate at which the insecticide is detoxified. Three enzyme systems, glutathione S-transferases, esterases and monooxygenases, are involved in the detoxification of the four major insecticide classes. These enzymes act by rapidly metabolizing the insecticide to non-toxic products, or by rapidly binding and very slowly turning over the insecticide (sequestration). In Culex mosquitoes, the most common organophosphate insecticide resistance mechanism is caused by co-amplification of two esterases. The amplified esterases are differentially regulated, with three times more Est beta 2(1) being produced than Est alpha 2(1). Cis-acting regulatory sequences associated with these esterases are under investigation. All the amplified esterases in different Culex species act through sequestration. The rates at which they bind with insecticides are more rapid than those for their non-amplified counterparts in the insecticide-susceptible insects. In contrast, esterase-based organophosphate resistance in Anopheles is invariably based on changes in substrate specificities and increased turnover rates of a small subset of insecticides. The up-regulation of both glutathione S-transferases and monooxygenases in resistant mosquitoes is due to the effects of a single major gene in each case. The products of these major genes up-regulate a broad range of enzymes. The diversity of glutathione S-transferases produced by Anopheles mosquitoes is increased by the splicing of different 5' ends of genes, with a single 3' end, within one class of this enzyme family. The trans-acting regulatory factors responsible for the up-regulation of both the monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferases still need to be identified, but the recent development of molecular tools for positional cloning in Anopheles gambiae now makes this possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hemingway
- School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Vaughan A, Hawkes N, Hemingway J. Co-amplification explains linkage disequilibrium of two mosquito esterase genes in insecticide-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Biochem J 1997; 325 ( Pt 2):359-65. [PMID: 9230114 PMCID: PMC1218568 DOI: 10.1042/bj3250359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) is a vector of human disease and a world-wide biting nuisance. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been widely used to control C. quinquefasciatus populations and this has led to the emergence of OP-resistance. Predominantly, resistance is caused by increased production of two non-specific carboxylesterases, Estalpha2(1) and Estbeta2(1). Increased abundance of these esterases is associated with the amplification of their respective genes. The estalpha21 and estbeta21 genes were cloned and sequenced from OP-resistant Sri Lankan C. quinquefasciatus; the two adjacent genes are in a head to head configuration, within a single amplification unit (amplicon). The homology between the two genes suggests that they arose from an ancient duplication event. The two genes have different numbers of exons (estalpha21 has seven and estbeta21 has four); however, the intron/exon boundaries in estbeta21 are all conserved in estalpha21. The two genes are co-amplified in three other mosquito strains with the elevated Estalpha2(1)/Estbeta2(1) phenotype. Their complete linkage disequilibrium is explained by the location of the two genes involved in resistance within a single amplicon. In insecticide-susceptible C. quinquefasciatus, the non-amplified estalpha and estbeta gene loci are also found in a similar head to head configuration, but the size of the intergenic non-coding region is approx. 1 kb less than in the amplicon. The smaller intergenic spacer is also found in a strain with amplified estbeta11, which suggests that extensive laboratory selection for this amplified esterase has not eliminated the non-amplified genes. The intergenic spacer regions have been subcloned and sequenced. They contain numerous possible TATA boxes, promoters and a number of possible regulatory elements with high homology to the consensus sequence of the Barbie box. These latter putative regulatory elements are more numerous in the larger intergenic spacer, which differs from the non-amplified spacer by two large (>>420 bp) and one small (5 bp) insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaughan
- School of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF1 3TL, U.K
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119
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Leeson SC, Maresh MJ, Martindale EA, Mahmood T, Muotune A, Hawkes N, Baldwin KJ. Detection of fetal fibronectin as a predictor of preterm delivery in high risk asymptomatic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103:48-53. [PMID: 8608098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to determine whether fetal fibronectin would predict delivery before 37 weeks in women at high risk of preterm delivery. STUDY METHODS Forty-three women considered at risk of preterm delivery were recruited antenatally into a blind longitudinal study. Quantitative assays of fetal fibronectin were obtained from sequential high vaginal swabs taken fortnightly from 24 to 34 weeks of gestation. Fibronectin concentrations of 0.05 microgram/ml or more were considered as positive. RESULTS Results were calculated by swab and by subject. The sensitivity of an individual fibronectin swab in predicting preterm delivery within 14 days of testing was 71% and the specificity was 93%. The overall positive predictive value was 31% and the negative predictive value was 99%. The sensitivity of the fibronectin swab in predicting delivery before 37 weeks was 17% and the specificity was 93%. The positive predictive value was 50% and the negative predictive value was 73%. For a woman who has had a positive swab the sensitivity in predicting preterm delivery within 14 days of testing was 80% and the specificity was 83%; a woman was counted as positive only if the final swab was positive and preceded delivery by not more than 14 days. The positive predictive value was 36% and the negative predictive value was 97%. For a woman who has had a positive swab the sensitivity in predicting delivery before 37 weeks was 54%. The specificity, the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 85%, 64% and 79%, respectively. Women were counted as positive if any swab in the sampling sequence was positive. Fibronectin swabbing when calculated by patient did predict preterm delivery within 14 days of testing (P=0.01) and before 37 weeks (P=0.01). Analysis of the accuracy of predicting delivery from 7 to 28 days after sampling revealed that the best prediction for delivery was within the following 14 days. CONCLUSION Serial fetal fibronectin assessment from 24 to 34 weeks of gestation anticipated preterm delivery within 14 days of testing and before 37 weeks for high risk asymptomatic women. Such testing should be performed every two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Leeson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Professors' Pay Strike May Lead to Free Degrees. Science 1978; 200:745-8. [PMID: 17743226 DOI: 10.1126/science.200.4343.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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125
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Attack on Marxists Stirs Controversy. Science 1977; 198:1230-1. [PMID: 17741689 DOI: 10.1126/science.198.4323.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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126
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Mr. Justice Parker and Plutonium. Science 1977; 197:141-3. [PMID: 17834073 DOI: 10.1126/science.197.4299.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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127
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Carter Nuclear Policy Finds Few Friends. Science 1977; 196:1067-8. [PMID: 17778526 DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4294.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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128
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Low Marks for High Technology. Science 1977; 196:636-7. [PMID: 17760046 DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4290.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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129
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Benn and British Rethink Energy Policy. Science 1977; 196:146-7. [PMID: 17757556 DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4286.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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130
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Hawkes N. Science in Europe
/Nuclear Wastes Stymie West Germans. Science 1977; 195:962-3. [PMID: 17735657 DOI: 10.1126/science.195.4282.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hawkes N. Energy in Britain: Shopping for a New Reactor. Science 1974; 183:57-9. [PMID: 17743141 DOI: 10.1126/science.183.4120.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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135
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136
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137
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Hawkes N. Chile: Trying to Cultivate Small Base of Technical Excellence. Science 1971; 174:1311-3. [PMID: 17801889 DOI: 10.1126/science.174.4016.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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140
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Hawkes N. Chile: Planning for Science Faces Obstacles Old and New. Science 1971; 174:1217-9. [PMID: 17806927 DOI: 10.1126/science.174.4015.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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141
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Hawkes N. Britain: Nuclear Power Industry Faces Critical Choice on Reactor. Science 1971; 174:681-2. [PMID: 17777332 DOI: 10.1126/science.174.4010.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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142
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Hawkes N. Britain: Successor to "Mintech" Loses Jurisdiction over Research. Science 1971; 173:34-6. [PMID: 17747308 DOI: 10.1126/science.173.3991.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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143
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Hawkes N. CERN: Final Planning Begins for Europe's Big Machine. Science 1971; 172:653. [PMID: 17780959 DOI: 10.1126/science.172.3984.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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