Fertilization and connectivity in the Garrucha Canyon (SE-Spain) implications for Marine Spatial Planning

Marine Spatial Planning is usually based on benthic georeferenced information or GPS tracked human activities, whereas the pelagic ecosystem is often ignored because of scarce and limited surface information. However, the 3-D pelagic ecosystem plays a key role connecting all the other ecosystems by physical (currents) and biological (migration) processes. According to remote sensing the Garrucha Canyon is oligotrophic, but 3-D sampling reveals subsurface upwelling, and converts it into the richest area around the Cape of Gata. Vertical connectivity by means of zooplankton migration, measured at two sampling stations, is 40 and 220 times faster than microphytoplankton settling and vertical water velocities respectively. Thus coupled physical-biological connectivity models are necessary to estimate the ecosystem connection and the fate of carbon, but also other substances (e.g. radioactivity), that might accumulate throughout the food-web. This is especially important in the Garrucha Canyon and the Coastal Areas Management Programme Levante de Almería where natural heritage and extractive fishery are important for the local economy.

Hepatoma-derived growth factor: Protein quantification in uterine fluid, gene expression in endometrial-cell culture and effects on in vitro embryo development, pregnancy and birth

Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is present in the endometrium of cows and other mammals. Recombinant HDGF (rHDGF) improves bovine blastocyst development in vitro. However, specific culture conditions and essential aspects of HDGF uterine physiology are yet unknown. In this work we quantified total HDGF protein in uterine fluid (UF) by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and analyzed effects of rHDGF on specific embryonic stages with Day-6 bovine embryos cultured in vitro with and without BSA, and on pregnancy viability and calf phenotypes after embryo transfer to recipients. In addition, mRNA abundance of HDGF in endometrial cells co-cultured with one male or one female embryo was quantified. In the presence of BSA, rHDGF had no effect on blastocyst development; however, in BSA-free culture rHDGF mainly promoted development of early blastocysts in contrast with morulae. As the presence of HDGF contained in commercial BSA replacements was suspected, western blot confirmed HDGF identification in BSA both with and without fatty acids. Total HDGF quantified by MRM tended to increase in UF without vs. UF with embryos (P = 0.083). Pregnancy and birth rates, birth weight and calf measurements did not differ between embryos cultured with rHDGF and controls without rHDGF. However, HDGF abundance in cultured epithelial, endometrial cells tended to increase (P < 0.08) in culture with one male embryo. rHDGF acts selectively on specific embryonic stages, but care should be taken with specific macromolecular supplements in culture. The endometrial expression of HDGF can be regulated by the embryonic sex. The use of rHDGF is compatible with pregnancy and birth of normal calves.

The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter (BeLA) power converter module (PCM): Concept and characterisation

This paper presents the principal considerations when designing DC-DC converters for space instruments, in particular for the power converter module as part of the first European space laser altimeter: "BepiColombo Laser Altimeter" on board the European Space Agency-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission BepiColombo. The main factors which determine the design of the DC-DC modules in space applications are printed circuit board occupation, mass, DC-DC converter efficiency, and environmental-survivability constraints. Topics included in the appropriated DC-DC converter design flow are hereby described. The topology and technology for the primary and secondary stages, input filters, transformer design, and peripheral components are discussed. Component selection and design trade-offs are described. Grounding, load and line regulation, and secondary protection circuitry (under-voltage, over-voltage, and over-current) are then introduced. Lastly, test results and characterization of the final flight design are also presented. Testing of the inrush current, the regulated output start-up, and the switching function of the power supply indicate that these performances are fully compliant with the requirements.

Abstract P4-21-05: Neoadjuvant non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus paclitaxel, trastuzumab and pertuzumab in patients with HER2+ breast cancer – Final results of the SOLTI OPTI-HER HEART study

INTRODUCTION

Targeting HER2 by dual blockade with trastuzumab (T) and pertuzumab (P) in a taxane-based regimen is an active neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) of HER2+ early breast cancer (EBC). Addition of an anthracycline could further enhance this response, but potential cardiac toxicity is a concern. The Opti-HER HEART trial (NCT01669239) aims to optimize neoadjuvant treatment while minimizing cardiac risk, by combining T+P with a taxane and non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Phase II open-label, single-arm study of six 21-day cycles of NPLD (50mg/m2 D1), paclitaxel (80mg/m2 D1,8,15), T (4mg/kg C1D1, followed by 2mg/kg weekly), and P (840mg C1D1, followed by 420mg C2-6D1) as NAT for patients (pts) with stage II-IIIB HER2+ BC. Primary objective was to evaluate cardiac safety of the combination, measured by the incidence of type A (symptomatic congestive heart failure ) or type B [asymptomatic reduction of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) value: ≥10% absolute decrease and LVEF&lt;50%, LVEF&lt;40% or any absolute decrease ≥20%] events, during NAT. Eighty-three pts were required to reject with 80% confidence the null hypothesis that the combination increases the incidence of cardiac events above the historical control of 18% (3% type A; 15% type B).

RESULTS

Between June 2013 and January 2015, 83 pts with HER2+ EBC (stage II 78%, stage III 22%) and adequate cardiac function (LVEF≥55%) were enrolled. Mean age was 50 years, N+ 47%, hormone receptor (HR) positive 71% and median baseline LVEF 66%. Eighty-five percent of pts completed 6 cycles of NAT, whereas 15% discontinued NAT due to toxicity. Adverse events (AEs) leading to dose adjustments/temporary interruptions and discontinuation of at least 1 drug occurred in 70% and 21% of pts, respectively. Primary objective was met with an incidence of cardiac events during NAT of 4% (95%CI 1-10, 3pts, all type B). Cardiac events until study completion (1 year) were 8% (all type B). All (but 2 cases with no follow-up data) were reversible and only 1 pt presented an asymptomatic LVEF&lt;40%. Neutropenia (45%) was the most frequent hematological toxicity (G3/4 34%; febrile neutropenia 6%), less frequent in the 71% of pts that received primary G-CSF prophylaxis (G3/4 25% vs. 67%). Common non-hematological toxicities were diarrhea (74%; G3 7%), asthenia (78%; G3 11%) and neurotoxicity (52%; G3/4 10%). Pathological complete response (pCR) in breast+axilla (ypT0/is ypN0) was 60% (87% in HR-) and 69% in breast (91% in HR-).

 TOTALHR-HR+% ypT0/is (95% CI)69 (58-79)91 (72-99)61 (47-74)% ypT0/is ypN0 (95% CI)60 (46-71)87 (66-97)50 (36-64)

CONCLUSIONS

The neoadjuvant combination of T+P, paclitaxel and NPLD does not increase the risk for cardiac events in HER2+ BC pts. Since cardiac toxicities may present later, long-term cardiac monitoring is essential. Efficacy in terms of pCR was remarkable, being higher to historical values of combinations with dual anti-HER2 blockade and one of the highest reported among HR-HER2+ BC. This regimen administered with primary G-CSF prophylaxis and cardiac function monitoring may be an effective and secure option for early and locally advanced HER2+ pts with good cardiac function.

Citation Format: Gavilá J, Perez-Garcia J, Calvo I, Ciruelos E, Muñoz M, Virizuela JA, Ruiz I, Andrés R, Morales S, Perelló A, Sánchez P, Garcia-Saenz JA, Quero Guillen JC, González-Santiago S, Garau Llinas I, González-Martín A, Cantos Sánchez de Ibargüen B, Zaragoza K, de la Peña L, Llombart-Cussac A, Oliveira M. Neoadjuvant non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus paclitaxel, trastuzumab and pertuzumab in patients with HER2+ breast cancer – Final results of the SOLTI OPTI-HER HEART study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-21-05.

Abstract S3-03: PAM50 intrinsic subtype as a predictor of pathological complete response following neoadjuvant dual HER2 blockade without chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: First results of the PAMELA clinical trial

Background: Prior neoadjuvant studies in HER2+ breast cancer have shown that dual HER2 blockade without chemotherapy achieves pathological complete responses (pCR) rates of 6-36% (TBCRC006/TBCRC023/NeoSphere). However, a major challenge today is how to select prospectively patients who will derive the maximum benefit from dual anti-HER2 therapies without chemotherapy. In this context, we and others have previously shown that HER2+ disease is biologically heterogeneous and composed of all the intrinsic molecular subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched [HER2-E] and Basal-like). Among them, the HER2-E subtype shows the highest activation of the EGFR/HER2 pathway.

Methods: PAMELA (NCT01973660) is a non-randomized, open-label, multicentric, prospective translational research study in stage I-IIIA HER2+ breast cancer designed to evaluate the ability of the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes to predict pCR in the breast (pCRB; in situ allowed) following 18 weeks of neoadjuvant lapatinib and trastuzumab). Patients with HR+ disease received letrozole (if postmenopausal) or tamoxifen (if pre-menopausal). The primary objective was to compare the pCRB rates of the HER2-E versus the non-HER2-E subtypes in the intent-to-treat population. The study was planned with a power of 95% at a significance level of 0.05 to detect an absolute relative difference in pCRB rates between the two groups of 27% (i.e. 35% in HER2E and 8% in non-HER2-E). Day-15 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were prospectively collected and gene expression profiled using the nCounter platform. The intrinsic subtypes were identified using the research-based PAM50 predictor (Parker JCO 2009).

Results: A total of 151 patients were recruited (n=77 HR+ and n=74 HR-). Patient characteristics were: mean age (55 years), mean tumor size (2.84 cm), negative axilla (63.5%) and postmenopausal (60.2%). At baseline, intrinsic subtype distribution was: HER2-E (n=101, 66.9%), Luminal A (n=22; 14.6%), Luminal B (n=16; 10.6%), Basal-like (n=9; 6%) and Normal-Like (n=3; 2%). The overall pCRB was 30.5% (46/151), 18.2% in HR+ disease and 43.2% in HR- disease. Five patients (3.3%) presented progressive disease. Rates of pCRB in HER2-E and non-HER2-E subtypes were 40.6% and 10.0% (p&lt;0.0001), respectively. HER2-E subtype predicted pCRB independently of HR status. Within HR+ disease, pCRB rates were 31.6% in HER2-E subtype and 5.3% in non-HER2-E subtype (p=0.006). Within HR- disease, pCRB rates were 46.0% in HER2-E subtype and 27.3% in non-HER2-E subtypes (p=0.331). At Day-15, the majority of tumors became Normal-like (48.9%) or Luminal A (27.5%). Rates of pCRB were 46.9% in Normal-like tumors and 11.9% in non-Normal-like tumors when evaluated at day-15 (p&lt;0.0001).

Conclusions: The PAMELA trial met its primary endpoint. PAM50 HER2-E subtype identifies patients with HER2+ disease likely to derive a large benefit from dual anti-HER2 therapies +/- endocrine therapy, especially in HER2+/HR+ disease. In addition, early changes in gene expression indicative of a reduction of tumor cellularity are predictive of pathological complete response at surgery.

Citation Format: Prat Aparicio A, Cortes Castan J, Pare L, Galvan P, Bermejo B, Martínez N, Vidal M, Pernas S, López R, Muñoz M, Nuciforo P, Fasani R, Morales S, Oliveira M, de La Peña L, Peláez A, Llombart A. PAM50 intrinsic subtype as a predictor of pathological complete response following neoadjuvant dual HER2 blockade without chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: First results of the PAMELA clinical trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S3-03.

Localisation of stem cell factor, stanniocalcin-1, connective tissue growth factor and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor in the bovine uterus at the time of blastocyst formation

Early embryonic losses before implantation account for the highest rates of reproductive failure in mammals, in particular when in vitro-produced embryos are transferred. In the present study, we used molecular biology techniques (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction), classical immunohistochemical staining coupled with confocal microscopy and proteomic analysis (multiple reaction monitoring and western blot analysis) to investigate the role of four growth factors in embryo–uterine interactions during blastocyst development. Supported by a validated embryo transfer model, the study investigated: (1) the expression of stem cell factor (SCF), stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in bovine uterine fluid; (2) the presence of SCF, STC1, CTGF and HB-EGF mRNA and protein in the bovine endometrium and embryos; and (3) the existence of reciprocal regulation between endometrial and embryonic expression of SCF, STC1, CTGF and HB-EGF. The results suggest that these growth factors most likely play an important role during preimplantation embryo development in cattle. The information obtained from the present study can contribute to improving the performance of in vitro culture technology in cattle and other species.

International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency

Despite current recommendations on the management of pre-operative anaemia, there is no pragmatic guidance for the diagnosis and management of anaemia and iron deficiency in surgical patients. A number of experienced researchers and clinicians took part in an expert workshop and developed the following consensus statement. After presentation of our own research data and local policies and procedures, appropriate relevant literature was reviewed and discussed. We developed a series of best-practice and evidence-based statements to advise on patient care with respect to anaemia and iron deficiency in the peri-operative period. These statements include: a diagnostic approach for anaemia and iron deficiency in surgical patients; identification of patients appropriate for treatment; and advice on practical management and follow-up. We urge anaesthetists and peri-operative physicians to embrace these recommendations, and hospital administrators to enable implementation of these concepts by allocating adequate resources.

Expression and localization of ARTEMIN in the bovine uterus and embryos

Artemin a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family is present in mice and human preimplantation embryos, and reproductive tract, during early pregnancy promoting embryo development in vitro. The presence of artemin in cattle embryos and reproductive tract, however, is unknown. In the present work we identified for first time artemin in bovine uterine fluid (UF) (Western blot), endometrium (RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry) and embryos (RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry) during early preimplantation development. In addition, GFRalpha3, a component of the artemin receptor was localized in blastocysts produced in vitro. Individually developing embryos released ARTEMIN in culture medium and triggered ARTEMIN mRNA down-regulation in epithelial cells from endometrial cell cultures. Our results suggest that ARTEMIN derived from early embryos and maternal reproductive tract may exert important roles during early development in cattle.

Synthesis of high surface area carbon adsorbents prepared from pine sawdust-Onopordum acanthium L. for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs adsorption

Chemically activated carbon materials prepared from pine sawdust-Onopordum acanthium L. were studied for the removal of diclofenac and naproxen from aqueous solution. Several carbons, using different proportions of precursors were obtained (carbon C1 to carbon C5) and the chemical modification by liquid acid and basic treatments of C1 were carried out. The textural properties of the carbons, evaluated by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, revealed that the treatments with nitric acid and potassium hydroxide dramatically reduced the specific surface area and the pore volume of the carbon samples. The surface chemistry characterization, made by thermal programmed decomposition studies, determination of isoelectric point and Boehm's titration, showed the major presence of lactone and phenol groups on the activated carbons surface, being higher the content when the acidic strength of the carbon increased. Diclofenac and naproxen kinetic data onto C1 carbon followed pseudo-second order model. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms of C1 and the modified carbons were well described by both Sips and GAB isotherm equations. The highest adsorption capacity was found for naproxen onto C1 activated carbon, 325 mg g(-1), since the liquid acid and basic functionalization of the carbon led to a severe decreasing in the adsorption removal of the target compounds.

SEOM Clinical Guideline of fertility preservation and reproduction in cancer patients (2016)

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy often result in reduced fertility in cancer patients. With increasing survival rates, fertility is an important quality-of-life concern for many young cancer patients. Around 70–75% of young cancer survivors are interested in parenthood but the numbers of patients who access fertility preservation techniques prior to treatment are significantly lower. Moreover, despite existing guidelines, healthcare professionals do not address fertility preservation issues adequately. There is a critical need for improvements in clinical care to ensure patients are well informed about infertility risks and fertility preservation options and to support them in their reproductive decision-making prior to cancer treatment.

Non-invasive metabolomics for improved determination of embryonic sex markers in chemically defined culture medium

Metabolic differences between early male and female embryos can be reflected in culture medium (CM). We used a single bovine embryo culture step (24h) supporting improved birth rates under chemically defined conditions (CDC) to investigate biomarker detection of embryonic sex in contrast to classical BSA-containing medium. In vitro matured slaughterhouse oocytes were fertilized in vitro with a single bull. Embryos were initially cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid with BSA. On day-6, morulae were cultured individually in droplets with (BSA) or without protein (CDC). On day-7, expanded blastocysts were sexed (amelogenin gene amplification) and CM was stored at -145°C until metabolomic analysis by UHPLC-TOF MS. N=10 embryos per group (i.e. male-protein; female-protein; male-non-protein; female-non-protein) were produced. Statistical analysis revealed N=6 metabolites with different concentrations in CM, N=5 in male embryos (methionine, tryptophan, N-stearoyl-valine, biotin and pipecolic acid), N=1 in female embryos (threonine) (P<0.05 in BSA; P<10^-7 in CDC). Only the clear threshold between males and females in CDC allowed correct classification of 100% males and 91% females within 5 out of 6 biomarkers (one female outlier showing the male biomarker profile). The use of CDC represents a critical aspect in the efficient detection of embryonic sex biomarkers by metabolomics.

Implementation of a management protocol for massive bleeding reduces mortality in non-trauma patients: Results from a single centre audit

OBJECTIVE

To audit the impact upon mortality of a massive bleeding management protocol (MBP) implemented in our center since 2007.

DESIGN

A retrospective, single-center study was carried out. Patients transfused after MBP implementation (2007-2012, Group 2) were compared with a historical cohort (2005-2006, Group 1).

BACKGROUND

Massive bleeding is associated to high mortality rates. Available MBPs are designed for trauma patients, whereas specific recommendations in the medical/surgical settings are scarce.

PATIENTS

After excluding patients who died shortly (<6h) after MBP activation (n=20), a total of 304 were included in the data analysis (68% males, 87% surgical).

INTERVENTIONS

Our MBP featured goal-directed transfusion with early use of adjuvant hemostatic medications.

VARIABLES OF INTEREST

Primary endpoints were 24-h and 30-day mortality. Fresh frozen plasma-to-red blood cells (FFP:RBC) and platelet-to-RBC (PLT:RBC) transfusion ratios, time to first FFP unit and the proactive MBP triggering rate were secondary endpoints.

RESULTS

After MBP implementation (Group 2; n=222), RBC use remained stable, whereas FFP and hemostatic agents increased, when compared with Group 1 (n=82). Increased FFP:RBC ratio (p=0.053) and earlier administration of FFP (p=0.001) were also observed, especially with proactive MBP triggering. Group 2 patients presented lower rates of 24-h (0.5% vs. 7.3%; p=0.002) and 30-day mortality (15.9% vs. 30.2%; p=0.018) - the greatest reduction corresponding to non-surgical patients. Logistic regression showed an independent protective effect of MBP implementation upon 30-day mortality (OR=0.3; 95% CI 0.15-0.61).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that the implementation of a goal-directed MBP for prompt and aggressive management of non-trauma, massive bleeding patients is associated to reduced 24-h and 30-day mortality rates.

Macrophage Subsets Within Granulomatous Intestinal Lesions in Bovine Paratuberculosis

Animals infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis show a variety of granulomatous lesions that range from focal forms, seen in the subclinical stages, to diffuse lesions associated with clinical signs. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize the macrophages present in the different lesion types using immunohistochemical methods. Lesions from a total of 23 animals with bovine paratuberculosis, natural and experimental, were examined by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CD163, interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp-1), calprotectin, Ki-67, CD68, lysozyme, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) molecules were employed. Samples were scored semiquantitatively using a complete histological score (H-score), reflecting the staining intensity and the percentage of immunolabeled macrophages. Differences in the H-score were seen depending on the lesion type. In focal lesions, with none or few acid-fast bacilli (AFB), macrophages were polarized toward M1 phenotype, with high H-scores for iNOS and TNF-α. Diffuse multibacillary lesions showed M2 differentiation, with high expression of CD163, IL-10, and TGF-β as well as Nramp-1 and MHC class II antigens. Macrophages in diffuse paucibacillary forms showed high H-scores for iNOS but low ones for TNF-α. Diffuse lesions, either multibacillary or paucibacillary, showed high calprotectin and low Ki-67 expression, suggesting a progressive character, while focal forms, with low H-scores for these antigens, would be consistent with latency. Lysozyme and CD68 expression were related to the amount of AFB. H-score for Iba-1 antibody was similar among all types. The findings of this study provide insights into the polarization status of macrophages and lesion development in bovine paratuberculosis.

Abstract P3-07-42: Predicting outcome and benefit to first-line bevacizumab in advanced/metastatic hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) treated with endocrine therapy: A correlative science study from the LEA phase III clinical trial (GEICAM/2006-11_GBG 051)

Introduction: The role of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic BC is controversial, and no biomarker exists as of today that predicts benefit to this agent. In the LEA clinical trial, a numerical, statistically non-significant benefit from the addition of bevacizumab to endocrine therapy (ET) was observed in the first-line metastatic setting (18.4 vs. 13.8 months of Progression-Free Survival (PFS), p=0.14). Here, we explored various gene expression-based predictors of outcome and benefit to bevacizumab.

Methods and materials: LEA trial randomized 380 patients with HR+/HER2- advanced disease to bevacizumab in combination with ET (ET+B) vs. ET alone. Primary endpoint was PFS. Expression of BC selected genes was evaluated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) primary tumors using the nCounter platform from patients randomized in Spain that consent for biomarker analyses. The following variables were evaluated: 1) research-based PAM50 intrinsic subtypes (categorical variable; Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, Basal-like and Normal-like); 2) research-based PAM50 signatures (continuous variable; scores showing the distant of the gene expression values of an individual sample compared to the centroid gene values for each PAM50 intrinsic subtype); 3) risk of recurrence (ROR) groups (low, medium and high); 4) the 13-gene hypoxia/VEGF signature (continuous); and 5) Ki67 by immunohistochemistry (continuous). Uni- and multivariable Cox models for PFS were used to test the prognostic significance of each variable. To determine whether each variable is predictive of bevacizumab benefit, we tested the interaction term of each variable by treatment arm in a Cox model.

Results: Tumor samples from 103 patients were analyzed: 55 (53%) in ET+B arm and 49 (47%) in ET arm. Subtype distribution was as follows: 57 (55.3%) Luminal A, 32 (31.1%) Luminal B, 5 (4.9%) HER2-enriched, 1 (1.0%) Basal-like, and 8 (7.8%) normal-like. In a univariate analysis, Luminal B tumors had a poorer outcome using Luminal A as reference (13.8 vs. 21.3 months, respectively; (hazard ratio, HR=1.80, 95% CI 1.10-2.95, p=0.019). Concordant with this finding, Luminal A signature was associated with a better outcome. Similarly, ROR-P high group showed a poorer outcome than ROR-P low group (8.5 vs. 19.4 months; HR=2.88, 95% CI 1.30-6.35, p=0.009). Neither VEGF-13 signature nor Ki67 were found to be associated with PFS. Similar findings were obtained after adjustment for treatment, age, previous ET, ECOG, visceral disease and number of metastatic sites. In terms of treatment benefit, the HER2-enriched signature was the only variable found predictive of bevacizumab PFS benefit in univariate (p=0.010) and multivariate (p=0.015) analyses.

Conclusions: In advanced HR+/HER2- disease, intrinsic subtype (i.e. Luminal A vs. B) independently predicts PFS following first-line ET. In addition, HR+/HER2-negative tumors with high expression of the HER2-enriched signature, a biomarker of estrogen-independence, benefit the most from bevacizumab. Further validation of these prognostic and predictive biomarkers is warranted.

Citation Format: Prat A, de la Haba-Rodriguez J, Guerrero Á, García-Sáenz JA, Morales S, Antón A, Muñoz M, Ramos M, Martínez-Jáñez N, Margelí M, Servitja S, Rojo F, Galván P, González S, Cruz J, Sánchez-Rovira P, Perelló A, Rodríguez-Martin C, Casas M, Carrasco E, Caballero R, Martín M. Predicting outcome and benefit to first-line bevacizumab in advanced/metastatic hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2-negative breast cancer (BC) treated with endocrine therapy: A correlative science study from the LEA phase III clinical trial (GEICAM/2006-11_GBG 051). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-42.

Abstract P6-05-02: Intrinsic subtype and gene expression changes between primary and metastatic breast cancer

Background: A better understanding of the biological changes occurring during metastatic progression of breast cancer is needed to identify new biomarkers, targets and novel treatment strategies. Here, we compared the intrinsic subtype and the expression of a gene panel across a large dataset of paired primary and metastatic tissues.

Methods: Expression profiling of 105 breast cancer-related genes was performed on 254 (127 pairs) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues using the nCounter platform. Tumor samples were obtained from 3 independent sources (ConvertHER trial [BCRT 2014] and two in-house datasets). Tumors were classified into each intrinsic subtype using the research-based PAM50 classifier (Parker et al. J Clin Oncol 2009). Chi-square tests were performed to determine the differences in the distribution of variables. Paired two-class Significance of Microarrays (SAM) was performed to determine the genes differentially expressed between paired primary and metastatic tissues. In vitro stable transfection of FGFR4-GFP was performed on Luminal B MCF7 cell line. RNA was purified on control vs. transfected cell lines. 7-AAD cell viability was performed following estrogen deprivation for 6 days.

Results: Subtype distribution in primary vs. metastatic disease was 39.0% vs. 26.8% for Luminal A (p=0.012), 26.0% vs. 35.0% for Luminal B (p=0.322), 11.4% vs. 20.3% for HER2-enriched (p=0.115) and 10.6% vs. 13.0% for Basal-like tumors (p=0.843). The rate of subtype conversion was 7.7% in Basal-like, 23.1% in HER2-enriched, 30.0% in Luminal B and 54.3% in Luminal A disease. The majority of subtype conversions in Luminal A disease were to Luminal B (72.0%) and HER2-enriched (24.0%). Overall, 13.2% of primary Luminal A/B tumors progressed to a HER2-E subtype despite 70% of them being clinically HER2-negative. In a paired analysis using all samples, 10- and 12- genes were found up- and down- regulated in metastatic tissues (False Discovery Rate [FDR] &lt;5%). The up-regulated gene list in metastatic disease was composed of FGFR4 (top gene) and proliferation genes (CDC6, CCNB1, CEP55). The down-regulated gene list in metastatic disease was enriched for luminal-related genes (ESR1, PGR, NAT1 and MAPT). A similar paired analysis within Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and Basal-like disease revealed 22, 8, 7 and 0 differentially expressed genes (FDR&lt;5%), respectively. Finally, MCF7 cell line transfected with FGFR4 showed a relative increase in the HER2-enriched profile compared with transfected control. In vitro, MCF7-FGFR4 cells showed estrogen independent growth compared to transfected controls.

Conclusions: Metastatic tissues are relatively more proliferative and less luminal compared to primary tumors. This is especially relevant in primary Luminal A disease. In contrast, metastatic tissues from Basal-like primary disease remain largely unchanged. In luminal disease, a significant increase in the HER2-enriched profile is observed in metastatic disease despite most tumors being clinically HER2-negative. A potential driver of the HER2-enriched profile and estrogen independence in clinically HER2-negative metastatic tissues might be FGFR4.

Citation Format: Prat A, Martínez de Dueñas E, Galván P, Garcia S, Burgués O, Paré L, Antolín S, Martinello R, Blancas I, Adamo B, Guerrero Á, Muñoz M, Nuciforo P, Vidal M, Pérez RM, Chacón JI, Caballero R, Gascón P, Carrasco E, Rojo F, Perou CM, Cortés J, Adamo V, Albanell J, Lluch A. Intrinsic subtype and gene expression changes between primary and metastatic breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-05-02.

Generation of coherent spin-wave modes in yttrium iron garnet microdiscs by spin-orbit torque

In recent years, spin–orbit effects have been widely used to produce and detect spin currents in spintronic devices. The peculiar symmetry of the spin Hall effect allows creation of a spin accumulation at the interface between a metal with strong spin–orbit interaction and a magnetic insulator, which can lead to a net pure spin current flowing from the metal into the insulator. This spin current applies a torque on the magnetization, which can eventually be driven into steady motion. Tailoring this experiment on extended films has proven to be elusive, probably due to mode competition. This requires the reduction of both the thickness and lateral size to reach full damping compensation. Here we show clear evidence of coherent spin–orbit torque-induced auto-oscillation in micron-sized yttrium iron garnet discs of thickness 20 nm. Our results emphasize the key role of quasi-degenerate spin-wave modes, which increase the threshold current.

Spin-orbit interactions allow for pure spin current to be injected into a ferromagnetic insulator from a current-carrying heavy metal, generating torque on the magnetization. Here, the authors evidence magnetic auto-oscillations driven by spin-orbit torque in thin film microdiscs of yttrium iron garnet.

Chemical and electrochemical characterization of Nafion containing silver nanoparticles in a stripe-like distribution

Study of the effect of Ag-NPs stripes in Nafion: evaluation of chemical, electrochemical and mechanical properties.

75 EXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTOR GENES IN IN VITRO-PRODUCED BLASTOCYST CHANGES AFTER UTERINE PASSAGE, BUT ENDOMETRIAL EXPRESSION IS UNAFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF EMBRYOS

Growth factors (GFs) exert recognised roles in mammalian reproduction. However, little is known about the role of GFs in very early development. We examined here endometrial and embryonic transcription of genes coding for GF proteins identified in bovine uterine fluid (UF): artemin, stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1); heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF); connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); and stem cell factor (SCF). Embryos were in vitro produced (IVP) including culture in SOF+BSA. On Day 6, embryos (n = 50) were transferred into the uteri of oestrus-synchronized heifers (n = 10). On Day 8, embryos were flushed, and groups (n = 6) of expanded blastocysts (n = 10) were snap frozen in LN2 and stored at –145°C. Day 8 embryos cultured in vitro from Day 6 were used as controls (n = 6 × 10 embryos). Transcript levels were also analysed in endometrial tissue collected from Day 8 slaughtered females that were embryo (n = 4) or sham transferred (n = 4). Samples were incubated overnight at 4°C in RNAlater and stored at –145°C in an ultrafreezer. Samples analysed (n = 3 caruncle; n = 3 intercaruncle) were taken from ipsilateral middle horn region. Embryonic and endometrial samples were analysed in duplicate for RT-qPCR analysis. Data were analysed by Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. In embryos, uterine passage compared with IVP down-regulated artemin (P < 0.01) and STC1 (P < 0.05) expression (0.61 ± 0.04 and 0.81 ± 0.06 v. 1.54 ± 0.10 and 1.25 ± 0.17, respectively). Conversely, abundance of CTGF (P < 0.05) and HBEGF (P < 0.01) decreased in IVP v. uterus-exposed embryos (0.79 ± 0.04 and 0.81 ± 0.03 v. 1.38 ± 0.18 and 1.37 ± 0.23, respectively). No changes were observed for SCF (0.96 ± 0.16 v. 1.09 ± 0.05 in IVP embryos). Endometrial gene expression for each GF did not change in response to embryos v. sham transfer (P > 0.10). Caruncular expression was higher (P < 0.05) for SCF compared with intercaruncles (1.32 ± 0.13 v. 0.88 ± 0.13). However, strong positive correlations (P < 0.006 to P < 0.0001) were seen for HBEGF with STC-1 (r = 0.67) and SCF (r = 0.72); for SCF with STC-1 (r = 0.61); and for CTGF with STC-1 (r = 0.59) and SCF (r = 0.50), suggesting a common transcription regulation among some GFs. Changes in embryonic gene expression reflect a regulatory response to the cognate GFs in the UF, which suggests a relevant role for GFs in early embryo-maternal interactions. Within the endometrium, our observations are consistent with studies postulating faster, non-transcriptional responses to early embryos (Gómez and Muñoz, Reproduction 2015 150, R35–R43). Alternatively, it is possible that very local endometrial responses for the analysed GFs were not detected despite the presence of multiple embryos. Research was supported by MICINN, project AGL2012–37772, and FEDER. The authors are members of the COST Action FA1201 (Epigenetics and Periconception environment).

97 ONE-DAY PROTEIN-FREE CULTURE SELECTS FOR BOVINE BLASTOCYSTS WITH IMPROVED LONG-TERM VIABILITY AFTER VITRIFICATION

Single embryo culture in SOF with BSA allows efficient noninvasive analysis of culture medium (CM). Defined protein-free CM avoids contaminants present in commercial BSA. In this work we studied the performance of a single culture step with and without protein. In vitro-matured and -fertilized oocytes were cultured in SOF+6 mg mL–1 BSA. From Day-6 onwards, n = 1351 morulae and early blastocysts were singly cultured in 12 µL SOF+6 mg mL–1 BSA or 0.5 mg mL–1 polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA; 20 replicates). Development was recorded as % Day-6 cultured embryos. Day-7 and Day-8 expanded blastocysts were vitrified and cultured upon warming in SOF+10% FCS for 48 h. Expression of genes of stress, metabolism, and imprinting was measured by RT-qPCR in Day-7 fresh expanded and in vitrified/warmed hatched blastocysts. Day-7 vitrified blastocysts were allowed to re-expand for 2 h before embryo transfer (recipients used once or twice). Day 40 pregnancy, miscarriage and birth rates, and morphometry and weight of calves, were recorded. Data were analysed by GLM and REGWQ test. Protein removal reduced Day 7 blastocyst rate (71.3 ± 2.7 v. 51.6 ± 2.7; P < 0.0001) and tended to reduce expansion rate (46.6 ± 3.1 v. 38.4 ± 3.0; P = 0.054). Survival rates of all vitrified embryos cultured with PVA tended to increase over BSA at 2 h and 24 h after warming (97.2 ± 1.7 v. 93.6 ± 1.6; P = 0.09, and 96.4 ± 1.9 v. 91.8 ± 1.8; P = 0.07, respectively). Interestingly, almost all vitrified Day-7 embryos cultured without protein reexpanded 2 h after warming (138/139 v. 137/144 with BSA). This allows suppressing the culture period before embryo transfer. Fresh embryos cultured without protein showed higher expression of IGF2R and the ER stress genes ATF4 and DDIT3 (P < 0.03), and DNMT3A tended to increase (P = 0.062). After warming, only G6PD was overexpressed in protein-free embryos (P < 0.01). Day 40 pregnancy rates did not differ, but birth rates were higher in PVA [58% (11/19)] than in BSA [31% (14/45); P = 0.039]. Pregnancy losses from Day 40 increased with [30% (6/20)] v. without protein [8% (1/12); P = 0.034]. Calf weight, size, thorax circumference, and gestation length did not vary (P > 0.41; not shown). Protein starvation limits blastocyst development but selects for improved viability. Such a profile agrees with the quiet embryo hypothesis (Leese et al. 2008 Mol. Hum. Reprod. 14, 667–672), by which the most viable embryos use endogenous nutrients efficiently and cope with stress successfully. Differences in gene expression seen before vitrification are abolished after warming, with G6PDH perhaps reflecting superior ability of protein-free cultured embryos to counteract stress induced by cryopreservation. Without protein, more embryos reach birth as morphologically normal calves. Research was supported by MICINN (AGL2012–37772) and FEDER; AM: SENESCYT-Ecuador-II Fase 2013. The authors are members of the COST Action FA1201 (Epiconcept).

SEOM clinical guidelines in metastatic breast cancer 2015

Metastatic breast cancer is essentially an incurable disease. However, recent advances have resulted in a significant improvement of overall survival. The SEOM guidelines are intended to make evidence-based recommendations on how to manage patients with metastatic breast cancer to achieve the best patient outcomes based on a rational use of the currently available therapies. To assign a level of certainty and a grade of recommendation the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines methodology was selected as reference.

Miscibility and Langmuir Studies of the Interaction of E2 (279-298) Peptide Sequence of Hepatitis G Virus/GB Virus-C with Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl Choline and Dimiristoylphosphatidyl Choline Phospholipids

Mixed monolayers of E2(279-298), a synthetic peptide belonging to the structural protein E2 of the GB virus C (GBV-C), formerly know as hepatitis G virus (HGV), and the phospholipids dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and dimiristoylphosphatidyl choline (DMPC),which differ in acyl chains length, were obtained at the A/W interface (monolayers of extension) in order to provide new insights on E2/phospholipids interaction. Analysis of the surface pressure-area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy images, relative thickness, and mean areas per molecule has allowed us to establish the conditions under which the mixed components of the monolayer are miscible or immiscible and know how the level of the E2/phospholipid interaction varies with the composition of the mixed films, the surface pressure, and the hydrocarbon chains length of the phospholipids. The steric hindrance caused by the penetration of the polymer strands into the more or less ordered hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipids was suggested to explain the differences in the peptide interaction with the phospholipids studied. Therefore, the novelty of results obtained with the Langmuir film balance technique, supplemented with BAM images allow us to achieve a deeper understanding of the interaction.

Electrical Stimulation in the Bone Repair of Defects Created in Rabbit Skulls

Electrical stimulation has been used in different conditions for tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to analyze the tissue response of defects created in rabbit skulls to electrical stimulation. Two groups were formed, each with 9 New Zealand rabbits; two 5 mm defects were made, one in each parietal, with one being randomly filled with autogenous bone extracted as particles and the other maintained only with blood clotting. The rabbits were euthanized at 8 weeks and 15 weeks to then study the samples collected histologically. In the 8-week analysis bone formation was observed in the defects in the test and control filled with bone graft, whereas the defects with clotting presented a very early stage of bone formation with abundant connective tissue. At 15 weeks an advanced stage of bone regeneration was identified in the defects with bone graft, whereas no significant differences were found in the electrically stimulated defects. In conclusion, electrical stimulus does not alter the sequence of bone formation; new studies could help establish patterns and influences of the stimulus on bone regeneration.

Endothelin-1 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction through augmented superoxide production in penile arteries from insulin-resistant obese rats: role of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We assessed whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) inhibits NO and contributes to endothelial dysfunction in penile arteries in a model of insulin resistance-associated erectile dysfunction (ED).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Vascular function was assessed in penile arteries, from obese (OZR) and lean (LZR) Zucker rats, mounted in microvascular myographs. Changes in basal and stimulated levels of superoxide (O2 (-) ) were detected by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and ET receptor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry.

KEY RESULTS

ET-1 stimulated acute O2 (-) production that was blunted by tempol and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, but markedly enhanced in obese animals. ET-1 inhibited the vasorelaxant effects of ACh and of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine in arteries from both LZR and OZR. Selective ETA (BQ123) or ETB receptor (BQ788) antagonists reduced both basal and ET-1-stimulated superoxide generation and reversed ET-1-induced inhibition of NO-mediated relaxations in OZR, while only BQ-123 antagonized ET-1 actions in LZR. ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was markedly enhanced by NO synthase blockade and reduced by endothelium removal and apocynin. In endothelium-denuded penile arteries, apocynin blunted augmented ET-1-induced contractions in OZR. Both ETA and ETB receptors were expressed in smooth muscle and the endothelial layer and up-regulated in arteries from OZR.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

ET-1 stimulates ETA -mediated NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation, which inhibits endothelial NO bioavailability and contributes to ET-1-induced contraction in healthy penile arteries. Enhanced vascular expression of ETB receptors contributes to augmented ROS production, endothelial dysfunction and increased vasoconstriction in erectile tissue from insulin-resistant obese rats. Hence, antagonism of ETB receptors might improve the ED associated with insulin-resistant states.