p16 gene expression in pancreatic cancer tissue and its importance in diagnosis

The aim of this study was to assess the importance of p16 gene expressions in pancreatic cancer tissue for early diagnosis and treatment. Two groups were included in the study: an experimental group of 35 pancreatic cancer tissue specimens and a control group of 35 pancreatic cancer adjacent tissues collected during surgery. The expression of p16 gene in the two groups was observed using the immunohistochemical streptavidin peroxidase conjugated (S-P) method. The results were statistically interpreted using SPSS22.0 software. The positive expression rate of p16 in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (p less than 0.05). Comparing the intensity of p16 gene expression, differentiation degree, clinical stage and metastases of nearby lymph nodes the differences had statistical significance (p less than 0.05). The intensity of p16 gene expression in high and medium differentiated pancreatic cancer group was higher than that of the low differentiated group. p16 gene expression in stages III and IV groups was lower than that in stages I and II groups. Differentiation degree, clinical stage, metastases of nearby lymph nodes and distant metastasss were negatively related with p16 gene expression (p less than 0.05). There was no correlation between age or gender and p16 gene expression. The decreased expression of p16 gene in pancreatic cancer tissue was negatively correlated with differentiation degree and clinical stage. Our results indicated that p16 can be used as a cue signal for diagnosing advanced pancreatic cancer.

HBV/HCV co-infection is associated with a high level of HCV spontaneous clearance among drug users and blood donors in China

Understanding the biology of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could lead to improved strategies to prevent the sequelae associated with chronic HCV infection. Chronic infections with hepatitis virus are very common in China, but the factors associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV have not been adequately studied. We evaluated the spontaneous clearance of HCV among 1918 drug users and 1526 HCV-seropositive blood donors in Guangzhou, China. Among participants who were co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 41.38% of drug users and 39.47% of blood donors had cleared their HCV infection without antiviral therapy compared to 9.41% of drug users and 16.73% of blood donors who were mono-infected with a single virus (P<.01). The proportion of subjects who had cleared their HCV infection was significantly greater in the co-infected subjects whose serum HBV DNA was greater than 2000IU/mL than those with lower levels. A multiple logistic regression analysis found female gender, IL28B rs8099917 TT genotype, HBV co-infection and blood donors (vs drug users) associated with increased spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. Although acute HCV infections are common in China, the incidence of chronic HCV may be reduced among the high prevalence of chronic HBV and IL28B genotypes associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in Chinese populations.

[Clinical characteristics and therapeutic effect of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children]

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in children and to study the effectiveness of second-line anti-TB therapy for children and to examine the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Method: Retrospective research was conducted. The clinical records of children in West China Second Hospital diagnosed as drug-resistant TB from January 2010 to June 2014 were investigated.The clinical characteristics and risk factors were analyzed retrospectively. Treatment effect at discharge was examined as a short-term outcome indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of second-line anti-TB therapy and the incidence of adverse drug reactions. χ(2) test was used. Result: Forty-six patients were diagnosed as drug-resistant TB in 443 children infected with TB, with a 10.4% resistance rate. The 46 children included 26 male and 20 female patients, aged from one month and 28 days to 17 years and 5 months, with the average age (8.4±4.5) years, >7 to 14 years old patients as the biggest part(25 patients, 54.3%). Among the 46 children, 20 patients(43.5%)had close contact with TB patients, of whom 12 patients (60.0%) contacted with family members (including parents, brothers and sisters and grandparents living together) and 8 patients(40.0%) contacted with patients from outside family (such as relatives or neighbors). Moreover, 11 cases (23.9%) were under initial treatment and 35 cases (76.1%) were retreated.From 2010 to 2014, the number of cases of initial and retreated patients had no significant difference(0 and 1, 1 and 13, 4 and 7, 4 and 11, 2 and 3 cases, χ(2)=3.255, P=0.196). Among retreated patients, 31.4% (11/35) had irregular treatment before.Until discharge, the effective rate was 87.0% (40/46), while the incidence rate of adverse drug reaction was 10.9%(5/46). Conclusion: The therapy for drug-resistant TB is effective and the incidence of adverse drug reaction is relatively low.

[Estimation on the HIV-1 incidence in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, under BED-capture enzyme immunoassay, from 2011 to 2013]

OBJECTIVE

This paper aimed to analyze the situation of HIV infection in Liangshan Yi Autonomous, including HIV recent rate of infection and the ongoing strategies on prevention of the disease in this prefecture.

METHODS

Surveillance data on population size, medical institutions, from 2011 to 2013 in Liangshan prefecture was collected. The total numbers of people living in the areas appeared as 412 608, 393 699 and 443 025 from the above mentioned three years. The overall numbers of people living with HIV/AIDS were 4 480, 3 999 and 4 719 respectively in the three years of observation, using the ELISA and WB blot. We also used the ELISA, and Western blotting methods to find out the HIV-positive individuals. We then applied the ' BED HIV-1 incidence capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA)' on these HIV-positive individuals to locate those who were recently infected, to estimate the annual recent infection rates.

RESULTS

The HIV-positive rates in Liangshan Prefecture appeared as 1.09%, 1.02% and 1.07% respectively, from 2011 to 2013, with the recent infection rates as 0.34% (95%CI: 0.32-0.37), 0.62% (95%CI: 0.58-0.66) and 0.61% (95%CI: 0.57-0.65) respectively. The newly infections mainly involved with males, with Yi ethnicity, married, being illiterate or received primary school education. In males, the rates of infection appeared as 64.24% (433/674), 59.22% (504/851) and 58.37% (495/848) respectively, in the three years of observation among people with Yi ethnicity, the recent infection rates were 84.72% (571/674) in 2011, 94.59% (805/851) in 2012 and 84.20% (714/848) in 2013. The rates seen in married people were 61.57% (415/674), 61.45% (523/851) and 60.50% (513/848) respectively. Among the illiterates or people only received primary school education, the rates appeared as 60.24% (406/674) in 2011, 61.57% (524/851) in 2012, and 60.03% (509/848) in 2013.

CONCLUSION

Using the HIV recent infection rate to describe the situation of AIDS in Liangshan prefecture, figures seemed to be more reliable than under the regular HIV-positive rate.

Splenic preservation in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy

Background

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSPDP) is designed principally for the removal of benign and low-grade malignant lesions in the left pancreas. The aims of this study were to compare LSPDP with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (LDPS), compare two splenic preservation techniques (splenic vessel preservation and Warshaw technique) and investigate factors that influence splenic preservation.

Methods

Information from patients who underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy between December 2004 and January 2016 at a single institution was reviewed. Data were extracted from a prospectively developed database. Intention-to-treat and propensity score matching analyses were employed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to investigate factors affecting splenic preservation.

Results

There were 206 patients in total (126 planned LSPDP and 80 planned LDPS procedures), of whom 108 underwent LSPDP and 98 LDPS. In intention-to-treat analysis, the duration of surgery was significantly shorter in the LSPDP group than in the LDPS group (mean 191·0 versus 220·5 min respectively; P &lt; 0·001). Tumour size was an independent risk factor for splenic vessel resection in planned splenic vessel preservation operations, and a cut-off value of 3 cm provided optimal diagnostic accuracy. After a median follow-up of 35·9 months, there were no clinically significant splenic infarctions and no patient developed gastrointestinal bleeding after LSPDP.

Conclusion

Planned LSPDP had a high splenic preservation rate and was associated with significantly shorter operating time than LDPS. Splenic vessel preservation could be predicted using a tumour cut-off size of 3 cm.

Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea during 2015: Risk-related perceptions and quarantine attitudes

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Korean public had low trust in the government for controlling the MERS outbreak.

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Korean public perceived low risk from contracting MERS during the MERS outbreak.

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Most Korean public believed that quarantine was ineffective to control MERS.

A telephone survey involving 200 household members in and around Seoul, South Korea, was completed during the maturity stage of the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in Korea during June 2015. The study found that respondents perceived low risk from contracting MERS, had low trust in government in controlling MERS, and generally held unfavorable attitudes toward quarantine.

Propensity score-matched analysis of robotic versus open surgical enucleation for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

BACKGROUND

Enucleation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) via robotic surgery has rarely been described. This study sought to assess the safety and efficiency of robotic surgery for the enucleation of small pNETs.

METHODS

A comparison was conducted of enucleation of pNETs smaller than 2 cm by robotic or open surgery between January 2000 and May 2015. Propensity score matching was used to balance sex, age, BMI, tumour location and tumour diameter. Pathological results, safety-related outcomes (postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rate, estimated blood loss, and short-term mortality and morbidity) and efficiency-related outcomes (duration of surgery and postoperative length of hospital stay) were compared between the groups.

RESULTS

A cohort of 120 patients with pNET were enrolled in the study (1 : 1 matched for open or robotic surgery, 60 per group). Ninety-three patients (77·5 per cent) had a grade 1 tumour and 114 (95·0 per cent) had an insulinoma. Robotic surgery had a conversion rate of 5 per cent (3 of 60), and was not associated with an increased POPF rate (10 per cent versus 17 per cent after open surgery; P = 0·283) or grade III-V surgical complications according to the Dindo-Clavien classification (3 versus 10 per cent respectively; P = 0·272). Estimated blood loss was reduced with the robotic approach (32·5 versus 80·0 ml in the open group; P = 0·008), as was duration of surgery (117 versus 150 min; P < 0·001). Length of hospital stay after surgery was similar in the two groups (12·0 versus 13·5 days respectively; P = 0·071).

CONCLUSION

Robotic surgery for enucleation of pNETs smaller than 2 cm did not increase POPF or major complication rates, and reduced the duration of surgery and estimated blood loss, compared with open surgery.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02125929 ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/).

Altered Immunogenicity of Donor Lungs via Removal of Passenger Leukocytes Using Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion

Passenger leukocyte transfer from the donor lung to the recipient is intrinsically involved in acute rejection. Direct presentation of alloantigen expressed on donor leukocytes is recognized by recipient T cells, promoting acute cellular rejection. We utilized ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to study passenger leukocyte migration from donor lungs into the recipient and to evaluate the effects of donor leukocyte depletion prior to transplantation. For this purpose, female pigs received male left lungs either following 3 h of EVLP or retrieved using standard protocols. Recipients were monitored for 24 h and sequential samples were collected. EVLP-reduced donor leukocyte transfer into the recipient and migration to recipient lymph nodes was markedly reduced. Recipient T cell infiltration of the donor lung was significantly diminished via EVLP. Donor leukocyte removal during EVLP reduces direct allorecognition and T cell priming, diminishing recipient T cell infiltration, the hallmark of acute rejection.

Circulation stabilizing therapy and pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography in a porcine brain-dead model

BACKGROUND

Currently 80% of donor lungs are not accepted for transplantation, often due to fluid overload. Our aim was to investigate if forced fluid infusion may be replaced by a new pharmacological therapy to stabilize circulation after brain death in an animal model, and to assess therapy effects on lung function and morphology trough blood gas parameters and state-of-the-art High-resolution CT (HRCT).

METHODS

Brain death was caused by surgical decapitation. To maintain mean aortic pressure > 60 mmHg, pigs were treated with forced electrolyte solution infusion (GI; n = 6) or the pharmacological therapy (GII; n = 11). GIII (n = 11) were non-decapitated controls. Lung function was investigated with blood gases and lung morphology with HRCT.

RESULTS

GI pigs became circulatory instable 4-6 h after brain death in spite of forced fluid infusion, five pigs showed moderate to severe pulmonary edema on HRCT and median final PaO2 /FiO2 was 29 kPa (Q1; Q3; range 26; 40; 17-76). GII and GIII were circulatory stable (mean aortic pressure > 80 mmHg) and median final PaO2 /FiO2 after 24 h was 72 kPa (Q1; Q3; range 64; 76; 53-91) (GII) and 66 kPa (55; 78; 43-90) (GIII). On HRCT, only two pigs in GII had mild pulmonary edema and none in GIII. More than 50% of HRCT exams revealed unexpected lung disease even in spite of PaO2 /FiO2 > 40 kPa.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacological therapy but not forced fluid infusion prevented circulatory collapse and extensive HRCT verified pulmonary edema after acute brain death. HRCT was useful to evaluate lung morphology and revealed substantial occult parenchymal changes justifying efforts toward a more intense use of HRCT in the pre-transplant evaluation.

The crystallization and structure features of barium-iron phosphate glasses

The crystallization and structure features of xBaO·(90-x)(60P2O5-40Fe2O3)·10CaF2 glasses, where x=0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol%, are investigated in details by using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. It is found that the major crystalline phase of barium iron phosphate glasses annealed between 650 °C and 850 °C is FePO4, and the crystallization is restrained by barium. The predominant infrared absorption band is attributed to the antisymmetric stretching vibrations of (PO3)(2-) in Q(1) units. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra reveal that the glasses' main structural networks are Q(1) and Q(0) tetrahedrons connected by P-O-P linkages. Moreover, the glass transition temperature increases with BaO content, which suggests that barium can strengthen the thermal stability of the iron phosphate glass.

MTHFR C677T variant reduces risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in ethnic Chinese

BACKGROUND

Genetic variability of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) may be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Its role in ethnic Chinese population is still unclear. Our study aimed to investigate whether MTHFR C677T variation was linked to PD risk in a Han Chinese population from mainland China.

METHODS

To investigate the association with the risk of PD, we analyzed the single-nucleotide polymorphism C677T in MTHFR gene using a case-control methodology. A total of 1482 subjects included 765 patients with idiopathic PD, and 717 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited in this study.

RESULTS

The T allele of MTHFR C677T was associated with a decreased risk of PD (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.688-0.926, P = 0.003). Patients with CT + TT genotypes have a decreased risk of PD compared with those with CC genotypes (OR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.532-0.813, P = 0.000). CT + TT subjects cannot be differentiated from CC subjects based on their clinical features.

CONCLUSION

We showed that the C677T polymorphism in MTHFR gene was associated with decreased PD susceptibility in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. Efforts to fully elucidate the pathophysiologic role of the variant in PD should be necessary.

Molecular analysis of the relationship between specific vaginal bacteria and bacterial vaginosis metronidazole therapy failure

Bacterial vaginosis frequently persists, even after treatment. The role of some strains of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis treatment failure remains poorly defined. The aim of our study was to define the risk of bacterial vaginosis treatment failure, including pre-treatment detection of specific vaginal bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is present when the Nugent score is ≥7 and the modified Amsel criteria is positive. Women with bacterial vaginosis were treated with intravaginal metronidazole gel nightly for 5 nights. The 454 pyrosequencing method was used to detect bacteria in vaginal fluid. By univariate analysis, a history of bacterial vaginosis, intrauterine device use and the presence of Facklamia, Corynebacterium and Veillonella were significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis treatment failure. Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus pentosus and Megasphaera were significantly associated with curing bacterial vaginosis. After logistic regression analysis and detection of these bacteria for test-of-cure, we found that women who had a history of bacterial vaginosis had a higher incidence of bacterial vaginosis treatment failure, whereas women with L. crispatus had a lower incidence of treatment failure. Post-treatment sexual activity was not associated with the treatment effect. Our data suggested that treatment failure may be not caused by drug resistance. Rather, it has a closer relationship with the failed restoration of lactobacilli.

Attosecond time-resolved photoelectron dispersion and photoemission time delays

We compute spectrograms and relative time delays for laser-assisted photoemission by single attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses from valence band (VB) and 2p core levels (CLs) of a Mg(0001) surface within a quantum-mechanical model. Comparing the time-dependent dispersion of photoelectron (PE) wave packets for VB and CL emission, we find striking differences in their dependence on the (i) electron mean free path (MFP) in the solid, (ii) screening of the streaking laser field, and (iii) chirp of the attosecond pulse. The relative photoemission delay between VB and 2p PEs is shown to be sensitive to the electron MFP and screening of the streaking laser field inside the solid. Our model is able to reproduce a recent attosecond-streaking experiment [S. Neppl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 087401 (2012)], which reveals no relative streaking time delay between VB and 2p PEs.

Exploring the potential mechanism and screening small molecule drugs for glaucoma by using bioinformatics approach

BACKGROUND

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease which is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide.

AIM

To investigate the mechanism of glaucoma and identify small molecule drugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gene expression profiles of GSE2378 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database which included 15 astrocytes from 8 and 7 donors with and without glaucoma, respectively. Then the raw data were normalized by Robust Multichip Averaging and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with limma package in R. Moreover, the Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed by GOEAST and Gene Set Analysis Toolkit V2, respectively. In addition, the potential target sites of transcription factors were detected using MSigDB. Finally, small molecule drugs were screened for glaucoma treatment by Connectivity Map.

RESULTS

A total of 961 DEGs between glaucoma and normal cells were identified. These DEGs were discovered mainly involved in cell surface, molecule binding, changes in protein activity and signal transduction. Additionally, the most significant pathway was pathway in cancer (FDR = 0.0051). Some DEGs shared target sites of the transcription factor, such as NFκB. (FDR = 0.0132) and PBX1 (FDR = 0.0158). Luteolin (enrichment = 0.87) can simulate the state of normal cells, while vancomycin (enrichment = -0.883) and Prestwick-1082 (enrichment = -0.882) might be potential pathogenic substances.

CONCLUSIONS

We hypothesize that glaucoma cells may be not only caused by the optic nerve cells themselves, but also caused by infections due to resistance decline. All these results may facilitate glaucoma treatment with a new breakthrough.

MCCC1/LAMP3 reduces risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in Han Chinese

BACKGROUND

A recent large-scale replication and heterogeneity study reported the new described GWAS locus (MCCC1/LAMP3 rs11711441) was associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in Asian and Caucasian populations. Its role is still unknown in a Han Chinese population from mainland China. We genotyped the rs11711441 variant to investigate the association with risk of PD.

METHODS

Using a case-control methodology, a total of 1428 Han Chinese study subjects were genotyped. We also conducted further stratified analysis according to age at onset and compared the clinical characteristics of GA + AA subjects with GG subjects.

RESULTS

In this study, we confirmed that the A allele of MCCC1/LAMP3 (rs11711441) polymorphism reduces the risk to develop sporadic PD (P = 0.043). Additionally, subjects with GA + AA genotypes have a reduced risk compared to those with GG genotype (P = 0.022). The association was seen among the older age group (P = 0.014), but was not significant among the younger age group (P = 0.641). No significant differences were observed in gender, age at onset, and onset symptoms between GA + AA subjects and GG subjects.

CONCLUSION

Our study, the first from Mainland China demonstrates that MCCC1/LAMP3 (rs11711441) is associated with a lower risk of PD. Further studies in additional Chinese populations and other cohorts will be useful.

A spheroid-based 3-D culture model for pancreatic cancer drug testing, using the acid phosphatase assay

Current therapy for pancreatic cancer is multimodal, involving surgery and chemotherapy. However, development of pancreatic cancer therapies requires a thorough evaluation of drug efficacy in vitro before animal testing and subsequent clinical trials. Compared to two-dimensional culture of cell monolayer, three-dimensional (3-D) models more closely mimic native tissues, since the tumor microenvironment established in 3-D models often plays a significant role in cancer progression and cellular responses to the drugs. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the benefits of 3-D in vitro models of various cancers. In the present study, we have developed a spheroid-based, 3-D culture of pancreatic cancer cell lines MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1 for pancreatic drug testing, using the acid phosphatase assay. Drug efficacy testing showed that spheroids had much higher drug resistance than monolayers. This model, which is characteristically reproducible and easy and offers rapid handling, is the preferred choice for filling the gap between monolayer cell cultures and in vivo models in the process of drug development and testing for pancreatic cancer.

How do anticipated worry and regret predict seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among Chinese adults?

OBJECTIVES

To test two hypothesized models of how anticipated affect, cognitive risk estimate and vaccination intention might influence vaccination uptake against seasonal influenza.

METHODS

The study collected baseline and follow-up data during the main influenza seasons (January-March) of 2009 and 2010, respectively, among 507 university students and staff of a university in Hong Kong. Following logistic regression to determine eligible variables, two mediation models of cognitive risk estimate, anticipated affect, vaccination intention and vaccination uptake against seasonal influenza were tested using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS

Mediation analyses found that anticipated worry if not vaccinated influenced seasonal influenza vaccination uptake through its effects on either perceived probability of influenza infection (β=0.45) or intention (β=0.45) while anticipated regret if not vaccinated influenced vaccination uptake through its effect on intention (β=0.45) only; anticipated regret if vaccinated impeded vaccination uptake indirectly through its effect on vaccination intention (β=-0.26) or directly (β=-0.20); perceived probability of influenza infection influenced vaccination uptake through its effect on intention (β=0.20) or directly (β=0.22); and finally, intention influenced vaccination uptake directly (β=0.58).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that anticipated affect seems to drive risk estimates related to seasonal influenza vaccination rather than vice versa and intention remains an important mediator of the associations of anticipated affect and cognitive risk estimate with vaccination uptake against seasonal influenza.

Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenza A(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenza A(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013

Between 31 March and 21 April 2013, 102 laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H7N9) infections have been reported in six provinces of China. Using survey data on age-specific rates of exposure to live poultry in China, we estimated that risk of serious illness after infection is 5.1 times higher in persons 65 years and older versus younger ages. Our results suggest that many unidentified mild influenza A(H7N9) infections may have occurred, with a lower bound of 210–550 infections to date.

Exome sequencing-driven discovery of coding polymorphisms associated with common metabolic phenotypes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Human complex metabolic traits are in part regulated by genetic determinants. Here we applied exome sequencing to identify novel associations of coding polymorphisms at minor allele frequencies (MAFs) >1% with common metabolic phenotypes.

METHODS

The study comprised three stages. We performed medium-depth (8×) whole exome sequencing in 1,000 cases with type 2 diabetes, BMI >27.5 kg/m(2) and hypertension and in 1,000 controls (stage 1). We selected 16,192 polymorphisms nominally associated (p < 0.05) with case-control status, from four selected annotation categories or from loci reported to associate with metabolic traits. These variants were genotyped in 15,989 Danes to search for association with 12 metabolic phenotypes (stage 2). In stage 3, polymorphisms showing potential associations were genotyped in a further 63,896 Europeans.

RESULTS

Exome sequencing identified 70,182 polymorphisms with MAF >1%. In stage 2 we identified 51 potential associations with one or more of eight metabolic phenotypes covered by 45 unique polymorphisms. In meta-analyses of stage 2 and stage 3 results, we demonstrated robust associations for coding polymorphisms in CD300LG (fasting HDL-cholesterol: MAF 3.5%, p = 8.5 × 10(-14)), COBLL1 (type 2 diabetes: MAF 12.5%, OR 0.88, p = 1.2 × 10(-11)) and MACF1 (type 2 diabetes: MAF 23.4%, OR 1.10, p = 8.2 × 10(-10)).

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

We applied exome sequencing as a basis for finding genetic determinants of metabolic traits and show the existence of low-frequency and common coding polymorphisms with impact on common metabolic traits. Based on our study, coding polymorphisms with MAF above 1% do not seem to have particularly high effect sizes on the measured metabolic traits.