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Brilhante RSN, Oliveira JSD, Evangelista AJDJ, Serpa R, Silva ALD, Aguiar FRMD, Pereira VS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Pereira-Neto WA, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Candida tropicalis from veterinary and human sources shows similar in vitro hemolytic activity, antifungal biofilm susceptibility and pathogenesis against Caenorhabditis elegans. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:213-219. [PMID: 27527785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro hemolytic activity and biofilm antifungal susceptibility of veterinary and human Candida tropicalis strains, as well as their pathogenesis against Caenorhabditis elegans. Twenty veterinary isolates and 20 human clinical isolates of C. tropicalis were used. The strains were evaluated for their hemolytic activity and biofilm production. Biofilm susceptibility to itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was assessed using broth microdilution assay. The in vivo evaluation of strain pathogenicity was investigated using the nematode C. elegans. Hemolytic factor was observed in 95% of the strains and 97.5% of the isolates showed ability to form biofilm. Caspofungin and amphotericin B showed better results than azole antifungals against mature biofilms. Paradoxical effect on mature biofilm metabolic activity was observed at elevated concentrations of caspofungin (8-64μg/mL). Azole antifungals were not able to inhibit mature C. tropicalis biofilms, even at the higher tested concentrations. High mortality rates of C. elegans were observed when the worms were exposed to with C. tropicalis strains, reaching up to 96%, 96h after exposure of the worms to C. tropicalis strains. These results reinforce the high pathogenicity of C. tropicalis from veterinary and human sources and show the effectiveness of caspofungin and amphotericin B against mature biofilms of this species.
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Brilhante RSN, Caetano ÉP, Lima RACD, Marques FJDF, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Melo CVSD, Guedes GMDM, Oliveira JSD, Camargo ZPD, Moreira JLB, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TDJPG, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone as potential antifungals against dimorphic fungi. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:917-924. [PMID: 27520529 PMCID: PMC5052391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, tyrosol, and β-lapachone against strains of Coccidioides posadasii in filamentous phase (n=22) and Histoplasma capsulatum in both filamentous (n=40) and yeast phases (n=13), using the broth dilution methods as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of these compounds. The mechanisms of action of these compounds were also investigated by analyzing their effect on cell membrane permeability and ergosterol synthesis. The MIC and MFCf these compounds against C. posadasii, mycelial H. capsulatum, and yeast-like H. capsulatum, were in the following ranges: 350-5720μg/mL, 20-2860μg/mL, and 40-1420μg/mL, respectively for terpinen-4-ol; 250-4000μg/mL, 30-2000μg/mL, and 10-1000μg/mL, respectively, for tyrosol; and 0.48-7.8μg/mL, 0.25-16μg/mL, and 0.125-4μg/mL, respectively for β-lapachone. These compounds showed a decrease in MIC when the samples were subjected to osmotic stress, suggesting that the compounds acted on the fungal membrane. All the compounds were able to reduce the ergosterol content of the fungal strains. Finally, tyrosol was able to cause a leakage of intracellular molecules.
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Cordeiro RDA, de Melo CVS, Marques FJDF, Serpa R, Evangelista AJDJ, Caetano EP, Mafezoli J, de Oliveira MDCF, da Silva MR, Bandeira TDJPG, Moreira JLB, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of isoniazid-derived hydrazones against Coccidioides posadasii. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:1-5. [PMID: 27334293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a potentially severe infection caused by dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Although guidelines are well established, refractory disease is a matter of concern in the clinical management of coccidioidomycosis. In the present study three isoniazid-derived hydrazones N'-[(E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, and N'-[(E)-1-(phenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide were synthesized and evaluated for antifungal activity against C. posadasii. Susceptibility assays were performed by macrodilution testing. Interactions between the hydrazones and amphotericin B or itraconazole were evaluated by the checkerboard method. We also investigated the impairment of such compounds on cell ergosterol and membrane integrity. The synthesized molecules were able to inhibit C. posadasii in vitro with MIC values that ranged from 25 to 400 μg/mL. Drug interactions between synthesized molecules and amphotericin B proved synergistic for the majority of tested isolates; regarding itraconazole, synergism was observed only when strains were tested against N'-[(E)-1-(phenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide. Reduction of cellular ergosterol was observed when strains were challenged with the hydrazones alone or combined with antifungals. Only N'-[(E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide altered membrane permeability of C. posadasii cells. Isoniazid-derived hydrazones were able to inhibit C. posadasii cells causing reduction of ergosterol content and alterations in the permeability of cell membrane. This study confirms the antifungal potential of hydrazones against pathogenic fungi.
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Sidrim JJC, Carvalho VL, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco D, Brilhante RSN, de Melo Guedes GM, Barbosa GR, Lazzarini SM, Oliveira DCR, de Meirelles ACO, Attademo FLN, da Bôaviagem Freire AC, de Aquino Pereira-Neto W, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Moreira JLB, Rocha MFG. Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Among Candida spp. from Captive Amazonian manatees and West Indian Manatees: Potential Impacts on Animal and Environmental Health. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:328-338. [PMID: 26813966 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors by Candida spp. isolated from sirenians in Brazil. The isolates (n = 105) were recovered from the natural cavities of Amazonian and West Indian manatees and were tested for the susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole and for the production of phospholipases, proteases, and biofilm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B ranged from 0.03 to 1 µg/mL, and no resistant isolates were detected. Itraconazole and fluconazole MICs ranged from 0.03 to 16 µg/mL and from 0.125 to 64 µg/mL, respectively, and 35.2% (37/105) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of these azole drugs. Concerning the production of virulence factors, phospholipase activity was observed in 67.6% (71/105) of the isolates, while protease activity and biofilm production were detected in 50.5% (53/105) and 32.4% (34/105) of the isolates, respectively. Since the natural cavities of manatees are colonized by resistant and virulent strains of Candida spp., these animals can act as sources of resistance and virulence genes for the environment, conspecifics and other animal species, demonstrating the potential environmental impacts associated with their release back into their natural habitat.
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Brilhante RSN, Bittencourt PV, Lima RAC, Castelo-Branco D, Oliveira JS, Pinheiro A, Cordeiro R, Camargo ZP, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis in Equines: An Overview to Support the Accurate Diagnosis. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rocha MFG, Alencar LP, Paiva MAN, Melo LM, Bandeira SP, Ponte YB, Sales JA, Guedes GMM, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Bandeira TJ.PG, Cordeiro RA, Pereira-Neto WA, Brandine GS, Moreira JLB, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN. Cross-resistance to fluconazole induced by exposure to the agricultural azole tetraconazole: an environmental resistance school? Mycoses 2016; 59:281-90. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Sales JA, Brilhante RSN, Guedes GMDM, Ponte YBD, Sampaio CMDS, Bandeira TDJPG, Moreira JLB, Alencar LPD, Paiva MDAN, Cordeiro RDA, Monteiro AJ, Pereira-Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Enterobacteria and Vibrio from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:27-31. [PMID: 26851782 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolation of enterobacteria associated with Macrobrachium amazonicum (M. amazonicum) farming and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio strains. METHODS Strains were isolated from female M. amazonicum prawns and environmental and hatchery water. Biochemical assays were used to identify bacterial genera and those belonging to the genus Vibrio were submitted to further analyses for species identification, through Vitek 2 automated system and serotyping. Susceptibility test was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS The following genera of enterobacteria were recovered: Enterobacter (n = 11), Citrobacter (n = 10), Proteus (n = 2), Serratia (n = 2), Kluyvera (n = 2), Providencia (n = 2), Cedecea (n = 1), Escherichia (n = 1), Edwardsiella (n = 1) and Buttiauxella (n = 1). As for Vibrio, three species were identified: Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (n = 4), Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) (n = 1) and Vibrio mimicus (n = 1). Vibrio spp. showed minimum inhibitory concentrations values within the susceptibility range established by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute for almost all antibiotics, except for V. vulnificus, which presented intermediate profile to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS Enterobacteria do not seem to be the most important pathogens associated with M. amazonicum farming, whereas the recovery of Vibrio spp. from larviculture, with emphasis on Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus, deserves special attention due to their role as potentially zoonotic aquaculture-associated pathogens. Furthermore, the intermediate susceptibility of V. vulnificus to ampicillin reflects the importance of monitoring drug use in prawn farming.
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Cordeiro RDA, Evangelista AJDJ, Serpa R, Marques FJDF, Melo CVSD, Oliveira JSD, Franco JDS, Alencar LPD, Bandeira TDJPG, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 enhances the susceptibility to antifungals and reduces the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:309-317. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Cordeiro RDA, Duarte NFH, Rolim BN, Soares Júnior FA, Franco ICF, Ferrer LL, Almeida CP, Duarte BH, de Araújo DB, Rocha MFG, Brilhante RSN, Favoretto SR, Sidrim JJC. The Importance of Wild Canids in the Epidemiology of Rabies in Northeast Brazil: A Retrospective Study. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:486-93. [PMID: 26815766 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an endemic disease in Brazil, where it is considered a serious public health problem. Although the number of human and dog-transmitted cases has declined in recent decades, rabies in wildlife has emerged considerably. Among the sylvatic animals, wild canids have been considered important hosts of the rabies virus. We performed a retrospective study of reported cases of rabies in wild canids and human victims in Ceará state (Northeast Brazil) during 2003 to 2013. Information was provided by governmental laboratories involved in rabies detection and by the Ministry of Health. From January 2003 to December 2013, a total of 11 931 animal samples were examined for rabies. Positivity were detected in 438 samples (3.67%), of which 229 (52.28%) were domestic animals, 105 (23.97%) wild canids and 104 (23.74%) other wild animals (bats, marmosets and raccoons). Approximately 33% of wild canids surveyed (n = 317) were positive for rabies. During the studied period, a total of 1923 attacks on humans by wild canids were registered. Males (n = 1405) were more affected than females (n = 520; 72.98% versus 27.01%), and the median age of all cases was 36.5 years. Injuries to individuals up to 19 years old corresponded to approximately 30% (n = 565) of all cases. Most of the victims lived in rural areas (72.46%; n = 1395), and the majority showed bites (81.13%; n = 1677) or scratches (12.23%; n = 253). Injuries were considered profound (52.1%; n = 1003), superficial (40.91; n = 788) or multiple with severe laceration (6.98%; n = 134). Only 1300 (67.53%) victims were enrolled for the complete rabies post-exposure prophylaxis scheme. Data from the present study confirm that wild canids are important hosts of rabies virus in northeastern Brazil and jeopardize rabies control in this area. Local authorities should focus their efforts in education of health professionals. In addition, strategies should be formulated to preserve wildlife.
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Brilhante RSN, Caetano ÉP, Riello GB, Guedes GMDM, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Fechine MAB, Oliveira JSD, Camargo ZPD, Mesquita JRLD, Monteiro AJ, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Antiretroviral drugs saquinavir and ritonavir reduce inhibitory concentration values of itraconazole against Histoplasma capsulatum strains in vitro. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 20:155-9. [PMID: 26748233 PMCID: PMC9427650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some drugs that are not routinely used to treat fungal infections have antifungal activity, such as protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs. This study investigated the in vitro susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum to saquinavir and ritonavir, and its combination with the antifungal itraconazole. The susceptibility assay was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All strains were inhibited by the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs. Saquinavir showed minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 1μgmL(-1) for both phases, and ritonavir presented minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.0312 to 4μgmL(-1)and from 0.0625 to 1μgmL(-1) for filamentous and yeast phase, respectively. Concerning the antifungal itraconazole, the minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 0.0019 to 0.125μgmL(-1) and from 0.0039 to 0.0312μgmL(-1) for the filamentous and yeast phase, respectively. The combination of saquinavir or ritonavir with itraconazole was synergistic against H. capsulatum, with a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both drugs against the strains (p<0.05). These data show an important in vitro synergy between protease inhibitors and itraconazole against the fungus H. capsulatum.
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Brilhante RSN, Rodrigues AM, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG, Pereira SA, Gremião IDF, Schubach TMP, de Camargo ZP. In vitro susceptibility of antifungal drugs against Sporothrix brasiliensis recovered from cats with sporotrichosis in Brazil. Med Mycol 2015; 54:275-9. [PMID: 26591009 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis of humans and animals. Classically, the disease is acquired upon traumatic inoculation of Sporothrix propagules from contaminated soil and plant debris. In addition, the direct horizontal transmission of Sporothrix among animals and the resulting zoonotic infection in humans highlight an alternative and efficient rout of transmission through biting and scratching. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex and is responsible for the long-lasting outbreak of feline sporotrichosis in Brazil. However, antifungal susceptibility data of animal-borne isolates is scarce. Therefore, this study evaluated the in vitro activity of amphotericin B, caspofungin, itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole against animal-borne isolates of S. brasiliensis. The susceptibility tests were performed through broth microdilution (M38-A2). The results show the relevant activity of itraconazole, amphotericin B, and ketoconazole against S. brasiliensis, with the following MIC ranges: 0.125-2, 0.125-4 and 0.0312-2 μg/ml, respectively. Caspofungin was moderately effective, displaying higher variation in MIC values (0.25-64 μg/ml). Voriconazole (2-64 μg/ml) and fluconazole (62.5-500 μg/ml) showed low activity against S. brasiliensis strains. This study contributed to the characterization of the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of strains of S. brasiliensis recovered from cats with sporotrichosis, which have recently been considered the main source of human infections.
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Cordeiro RDA, Serpa R, Marques FJDF, de Melo CVS, Evangelista AJDJ, Mota VF, Brilhante RSN, Bandeira TDJPG, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Inhibitory activity of isoniazid and ethionamide against Cryptococcus biofilms. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:827-36. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the search for drugs to treat systemic and opportunistic mycoses has attracted great interest from the scientific community. This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory effect of the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid and ethionamide alone and combined with itraconazole and fluconazole against biofilms of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Antimicrobials were tested at defined concentrations after susceptibility assays with Cryptococcus planktonic cells. In addition, we investigated the synergistic interaction of antituberculosis drugs and azole derivatives against Cryptococcus planktonic cells, as well as the influence of isoniazid and ethionamide on ergosterol content and cell membrane permeability. Isoniazid and ethionamide inhibited both biofilm formation and viability of mature biofilms. Combinations formed by antituberculosis drugs and azoles proved synergic against both planktonic and sessile cells, showing an ability to reduce Cryptococcus biofilms by approximately 50%. Furthermore, isoniazid and ethionamide reduced the content of ergosterol in Cryptococcus spp. planktonic cells and destabilized or permeabilized the fungal cell membrane, leading to leakage of macromolecules. Owing to the paucity of drugs able to inhibit Cryptococcus biofilms, we believe that the results presented here might be of interest in the designing of new antifungal compounds.
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Brilhante RSN, Bittencourt PV, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, de Oliveira JS, Alencar LPD, Cordeiro RDA, Pinheiro M, Nogueira-Filho EF, Pereira-Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Trends in antifungal susceptibility and virulence ofCandidaspp. from the nasolacrimal duct of horses. Med Mycol 2015; 54:147-54. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sidrim JJC, Carvalho VL, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Brilhante RSN, Bandeira TDJPG, Cordeiro RDA, Guedes GMDM, Barbosa GR, Lazzarini SM, Oliveira DCR, de Meirelles ACO, Attademo FLN, Freire ACDB, Moreira JLB, Monteiro AJ, Rocha MFG. Yeast microbiota of natural cavities of manatees (Trichechus inunguis and Trichechus manatus) in Brazil and its relevance for animal health and management in captivity. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:763-9. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the yeast microbiota of natural cavities of manatees kept in captivity in Brazil. Sterile swabs from the oral cavity, nostrils, genital opening, and rectum of 50 Trichechus inunguis and 26 Trichechus manatus were collected. The samples were plated on Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 °C for 5 days. The yeasts isolated were phenotypically identified by biochemical and micromorphological tests. Overall, 141 strains were isolated, of which 112 were from T. inunguis (Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida metapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida pelliculosa, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida famata, Candida krusei, Candida norvegensis, Candida ciferri, Trichosporon sp., Rhodotorula sp., Cryptococcus laurentii) and 29 were from T. manatus (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, Rhodotorula sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula minuta, Trichosporon sp.). This was the first systematic study to investigate the importance of yeasts as components of the microbiota of sirenians, demonstrating the presence of potentially pathogenic species, which highlights the importance of maintaining adequate artificial conditions for the health of captive manatees.
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Brilhante RSN, Rodrigues PHDA, de Alencar LP, Riello GB, Ribeiro JF, de Oliveira JS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Bandeira TDJPG, Monteiro AJ, Rocha MFG, Cordeiro RDA, Moreira JLB, Sidrim JJC. Evidence of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Species in Tortoises and Sea Turtles. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:421-6. [PMID: 26363919 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. recovered from tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) and sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Eretmochelys imbricata). For this purpose, material from the oral cavity and cloaca of 77 animals (60 tortoises and 17 sea turtles) was collected. The collected specimens were seeded on 2% Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and the identification was carried out by morphological and biochemical methods. Sixty-six isolates were recovered from tortoises, out of which 27 were C. tropicalis, 27 C. famata, 7 C. albicans, 4 C. guilliermondii and 1 C. intermedia, whereas 12 strains were obtained from sea turtles, which were identified as Candida parapsilosis (n = 4), Candida guilliermondii (n = 4), Candida tropicalis (n = 2), Candida albicans (n = 1) and Candida intermedia (n = 1). The minimum inhibitory concentrations for amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole ranged from 0.03125 to 0.5, 0.03125 to >16 and 0.125 to >64, respectively. Overall, 19 azole-resistant strains (14 C. tropicalis and 5 C. albicans) were found. Thus, this study shows that Testudines carry azole-resistant Candida spp.
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Brilhante RSN, Caetano EP, Lima RAC, Castelo Branco DSCM, Serpa R, Oliveira JS, Monteiro AJ, Rocha MFG, Cordeiro RA, Sidrim JJC. In vitro antifungal activity of miltefosine and levamisole: their impact on ergosterol biosynthesis and cell permeability of dimorphic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:962-9. [PMID: 26178247 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of miltefosine and levamisole against strains of Coccidioides posadasii in the filamentous phase and strains of Histoplasma capsulatum in filamentous and yeast phases. METHODS AND RESULTS Strains of C. posadasii in the filamentous phase (n = 22) and strains of H. capsulatum in filamentous (n = 40) and yeast phases (n = 13) were, respectively, submitted to broth macrodilution and broth microdilution methods, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of miltefosine and levamisole. The effect of the drugs on cell membrane permeability under osmotic stress conditions and total ergosterol production were also assessed, along with quantification of extravasated molecules. The results show the inhibitory effect of levamisole and miltefosine against C. posadasii and H. capsulatum and the effect of these drugs on ergosterol synthesis and the permeability of the plasma membrane using subinhibitory concentrations against strains subjected to osmotic stress. Levamisole was also able to cause the release of nucleic acids. CONCLUSIONS Miltefosine and levamisole are capable of inhibiting the in vitro growth of C. posadasii and H. capsulatum, probably by altering the permeability of the cellular membrane. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work presents alternatives for the treatment of histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, raising the possibility of the use of miltefosine and levamisole as adjuvants in antifungal therapy, providing perspectives for the design of in vivo studies.
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Brilhante RSN, Caetano EPD, Oliveira JS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Souza ERY, Alencar LPD, Cordeiro RDA, Bandeira TDJPG, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida and Cryptococcus species. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:459-65. [PMID: 26119850 PMCID: PMC9427464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of some statins against different fungal species has been reported. Thus, at the first moment, the in vitro antifungal activity of simvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin was tested against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Then, in a second approach, considering that the best results were obtained for simvastatin, this drug was evaluated in combination with antifungal drugs against planktonic growth and tested against biofilms of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution broth method, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The interaction between simvastatin and antifungals against planktonic cells was analyzed by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Regarding biofilm susceptibility, simvastatin was tested against growing biofilm and mature biofilm of one strain of each tested yeast species. Simvastatin showed inhibitory effect against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 15.6 to 1000 mg L−1 and from 62.5 to 1000 mg L−1, respectively. The combination of simvastatin with itraconazole and fluconazole showed synergism against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp., while the combination of simvastatin with amphotericin B was synergistic only against Cryptococcus spp. Concerning the biofilm assays, simvastatin was able to inhibit both growing biofilm and mature biofilm of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The present study showed that simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida and Cryptococcus species.
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Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Guedes GMDM, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Moreira JLB, Cordeiro RDA, Sales JA, Riello GB, de Alencar LP, Paiva MDAN, Vasconcelos DC, de Menezes ISB, de Ponte YB, Sampaio CMDS, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TDJPG. Virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical and environmental strains of Aeromonas spp. from northeastern Brazil. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:597-601. [PMID: 26103449 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to isolate and identify clinical and environmental strains of Aeromonas spp. by means of biochemical tests and the automated method VITEK 2 and to investigate the presence of the virulence genes cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), hemolysin (asa-1), and type III secretion system (ascV), and also the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains. From the clinical isolates, 19 Aeromonas hydrophila, 3 Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria, and 1 Aeromonas caviae were identified, while from the environmental strains, 11 A. hydrophila, 22 A. veronii bv. sobria, 1 A. veronii bv. veronii, and 1 A. caviae were recovered. The gene act was detected in 69.5% of clinical isolates, asa-1 in 8.6%, and ascV in 34.7%. In the environmental strains, the detection rates were 51.4%, 45.7%, and 54.2% for the genes act, asa-1, and ascV, respectively. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam was observed in 15 and 3 clinical strains, respectively, and resistance to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was observed in 1 strain for each drug. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam was detected in 17 and 1 environmental strain, respectively. Higher resistance percentages were observed in clinical strains, but environmental strains also showed this phenomenon and presented a higher detection rate of virulence genes. Thus, it is important to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility and pathogenic potential of the environmental isolates.
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Brilhante RSN, Silva STC, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Teixeira CEC, Borges LC, Bittencourt PV, de Oliveira JS, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TJPG, Cordeiro RA, Moreira JLB, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Emergence of azole-resistant Candida albicans in small ruminants. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:277-80. [PMID: 25898770 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant production is a common agricultural activity worldwide. However, studies on the fungal microbiota of these animals are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed at isolating yeasts from goats and sheep and evaluating the antifungal susceptibility of the recovered Candida albicans. A total of 120 animals from farms in Ceará State, Brazil, were assessed in this study. The samples were collected from nasal, oral and rectal cavities with sterile swabs. Candida spp., Trichosporon spp. and Rhodotorula spp. were isolated from small ruminants. Resistance to three azole drugs was observed in C. albicans. In summary, Candida spp. were predominantly observed as part of the microbiota of the nasal, oral and rectal cavities of small ruminants, including azole-resistant strains of C. albicans.
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Brilhante RSN, de Lima RAC, Marques FJDF, Silva NF, Caetano ÉP, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Bandeira TDJPG, Moreira JLB, Cordeiro RDA, Monteiro AJ, Camargo ZPD, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Histoplasma capsulatum in planktonic and biofilm forms: in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole and farnesol. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:394-399. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Brilhante RSN, Silva NF, de Lima RAC, Caetano ÉP, de Alencar LP, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Bran D, Moreira JLB, Bandeira SP, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira T, Monteiro AJ, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Easy Storage Strategies forSporothrixspp. Strains. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 13:131-4. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2014.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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72
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Costa Sidrim JJ, Carvalho VL, Branco de Souza Collares Maia DC, Nogueira Brilhante RS, de Meirelles ACO, Negrão Silva CP, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Bezerra Moreira JL, de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira T, Gadelha Rocha MF. Bipolaris hawaiiensis as an emerging cause of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in an Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:69-73. [PMID: 25667338 DOI: 10.3354/dao02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycoses are emerging and opportunistic diseases caused by dematiaceous fungi that infect many animal species. This paper describes a case of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in an Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Blackish skin lesions were observed in an Antillean manatee calf held captive in Brazil. Direct examination of skin scraping from the affected areas revealed the presence of dematious hyphae. Culture of skin fragments led to the isolation and subsequent identification of B. hawaiiensis as the etiologic agent. Treatment with itraconazole for 14 d was effective. Infections by Bipolaris spp. are rare in animals, and this is the first report of B. hawaiiensis in veterinary medicine.
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Brilhante RSN, Silva NF, Marques FJDF, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, de Lima RAC, Malaquias ADM, Caetano EP, Barbosa GR, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, Monteiro AJ, Bandeira TDJPG, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Moreira JLB, Rocha MFG. In vitro inhibitory activity of terpenic derivatives against clinical and environmental strains of the Sporothrix schenkii complex. Med Mycol 2014; 53:93-8. [PMID: 25541558 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic subcutaneous infection, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenkii complex, occurring in human and animal tissues. Potassium iodide and itraconazole have been used as effective therapy for first-choice treatment, while amphotericin B may be indicated for disseminated infection. However, the adverse effects of potassium iodide and amphotericin B or the long duration of therapy with itraconazole often weigh against their use, leading to the search for alternatives for the treatment of severe infections. Terpinen-4-ol and farnesol are components of essential oils present in many plant species and have been described to have antifungal activity against microorganisms. In this study, 40 strains of Sporothrix spp. were tested for the susceptibility to terpinen-4-ol and farnesol. Changes in cytoplasmic membrane permeability were also investigated. Terpenes inhibited all Sporothrix strains with MIC values ranging from 87.9 to 1,429.8 μg/ml for terpinen-4-ol and from 0.003 to 0.222 μg/ml for farnesol. The MFC values ranged from 177.8 to 5,722.6 μg/ml and from 0.027 to 0.88 μg/ml, respectively, for terpinen-4-ol and farnesol. Farnesol was the most active compound for the Sporothrix strains. Significant loss of 260 and 280 nm-absorbing material did not occur after treatment with concentrations equivalent to the MIC and sub-MIC of the tested terpenes, when compared to corresponding untreated samples. The failure of terpenes to lyse Sporothrix cells suggests that their primary mechanism of action is not by causing irreversible cell membrane damage. Thus, new studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the antifungal activity.
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de Aguiar Cordeiro R, de Farias Marques FJ, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, da Silva MR, Donato Maia Malaquias A, Silva de Melo CV, Mafezoli J, Ferreira de Oliveira MDC, Nogueira Brilhante RS, Gadelha Rocha MF, Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira TDJ, Costa Sidrim JJ. Synthesis and antifungal activity in vitro of isoniazid derivatives against histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2504-11. [PMID: 24514090 PMCID: PMC3993233 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01654-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a severe infection that affects millions of patients worldwide and is endemic in the Americas. Amphotericin B (AMB) and itraconazole are highly effective for the treatment of severe and milder forms of the disease, but AMB is toxic, and the bioavailability of itraconazole is erratic. Therefore, it is important to investigate new classes of drugs for histoplasmosis treatment. In this study, a series of nine isoniazid hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal activities in vitro against the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. The drugs were tested by microdilution in accordance with CLSI guidelines. The compound N'-(1-phenylethylidene)isonicotinohydrazide had the lowest MIC range of all the compounds for the yeast and filamentous forms of H. capsulatum. The in vitro synergy of this compound with AMB against the planktonic and biofilm forms of H. capsulatum cells was assessed by the checkerboard method. The effects of this hydrazone on cellular ergosterol content and membrane integrity were also investigated. The study showed that the compound alone is able to reduce the ergosterol content of planktonic cells and can alter the membrane permeability of the fungus. Furthermore, the compound alone or in combination with AMB showed inhibitory effects against mature biofilms of H. capsulatum. N'-(1-Phenylethylidene)isonicotinohydrazide alone or combined with AMB might be of interest in the management of histoplasmosis.
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Cordeiro RDA, Macedo RDB, Teixeira CEC, Marques FJDF, Bandeira TDJPG, Moreira JLB, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A exhibits synergism with antifungals against Candida parapsilosis species complex. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:936-944. [PMID: 24722799 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.073478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis complex comprises three closely related species, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis. In the last decade, antifungal resistance to azoles and caspofungin among C. parapsilosis sensu lato strains has been considered a matter of concern worldwide. In the present study, we evaluated the synergistic potential of antifungals and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A (Cys) against planktonic and biofilms of C. parapsilosis complex from clinical sources. Susceptibility assays with amphotericin, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin and Cys were performed by microdilution in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Synergy testing against planktonic cells of C. parapsilosis sensu lato strains was assessed by the chequerboard method. Combinations formed by antifungals with Cys were evaluated against mature biofilms in microtitre plates. No differences in the antifungal susceptibility pattern among species were observed, but C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were more susceptible to Cys than C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. Synergism between antifungals and Cys was observed in C. parapsilosis sensu lato strains. Combinations formed by antifungals and Cys were able to prevent biofilm formation and showed an inhibitory effect against mature biofilms of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis. These results strengthen the potential of calcineurin inhibition as a promising approach to enhance the efficiency of antifungal drugs.
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