51
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Wu Z, Zhang F. [Anticomplement treatment of PNH in the era of Eculizumab: problems and outlook]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2014; 35:266-268. [PMID: 24666503 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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52
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Derer S, Glorius P, Schlaeth M, Lohse S, Klausz K, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Humpe A, Valerius T, Peipp M. Increasing FcγRIIa affinity of an FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody restores neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2014; 6:409-21. [PMID: 24492248 PMCID: PMC3984330 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been suggested as an essential mechanism for the in vivo activity of cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting therapeutic antibody. Thus, enhancing the affinity of human IgG1 antibodies to natural killer (NK) cell-expressed FcγRIIIa by glyco- or protein-engineering of their Fc portion has been demonstrated to improve NK cell-mediated ADCC and to represent a promising strategy to improve antibody therapy. However, human polymorphonuclear (PMN) effector cells express the highly homologous FcγRIIIb isoform, which is described to be ineffective in triggering ADCC. Here, non-fucosylated or protein-engineered anti-EGFR antibodies with optimized FcγRIIIa affinities demonstrated the expected benefit in NK cell-mediated ADCC, but did not mediate ADCC by PMN, which could be restored by FcγRIIIb blockade. Furthermore, eosinophils and PMN from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients that expressed no or low levels of FcγRIIIb mediated effective ADCC with FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody. Additional experiments with double FcγRIIa/FcγRIII-optimized constructs demonstrated enhanced PMN-mediated ADCC compared with single FcγRIII-optimized antibody. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that FcγRIIIb engagement impairs PMN-mediated ADCC activity of FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibodies, while further optimization of FcγRIIa binding significantly restores PMN recruitment.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cetuximab
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Eosinophils/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Glycosylation
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/immunology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/therapy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
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53
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Green H, Eliakim-Raz N, Zimra Y, Gafter-Gvili A. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria diagnosed after influenza vaccine: coincidence or consequence? THE ISRAEL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL : IMAJ 2014; 16:122-124. [PMID: 24645235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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54
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Trayanov I, Pehlivanov B, Malinova M, Ivancheva H, Georgiev B. [A rare case of successfully pregnancyand delivery in a woman with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. AKUSHERSTVO I GINEKOLOGIIA 2014; 53:27-29. [PMID: 25672087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of a pregnant woman with PNH. She was at 31 w.g. During the pregnancy our patient was hypertransfused and used anticoagulation treatment. The patient developed Preeclampsia, Intra-uterine growth retardation and Oligohydramnion. An induced vaginal delivery was done. A healthy child was delivered. There were no other postpartum complications. She was discharged from hospital in satisfactory condition.
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55
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Nishimura JI. [Current therapeutic strategy for hemolytic anemia: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 2014; 55:22-28. [PMID: 24492033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/physiopathology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/therapy
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Autoimmunity
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Drug Design
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/immunology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/physiopathology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/therapy
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Rituximab
- Splenectomy
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56
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Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis may be elucidated for inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). The study and presentation of the details of their molecular biology and biochemistry is warranted for appropriate diagnosis and management of afflicted patients and to identify the physiology of the normal hematopoiesis and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Several themes have emerged within each subsection of IBMFS, including the ribosomopathies, which include ribosome assembly and ribosomal RNA processing. The Fanconi anemia pathway has become interdigitated with the familial breast cancer syndromes. In this article, the diseases that account for most IBMFS diagnoses are analyzed.
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57
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Varela JC, Brodsky RA. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and the age of therapeutic complement inhibition. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:1113-24. [PMID: 24168416 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.842896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare disease of hematopoietic stem cells due to a mutation in the PIG-A gene leading to a deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins. Lack of two specific GPI-anchored proteins, CD55 and CD59, leads to uncontrolled complement activation that result in both intravascular and extravascular hemolysis. Free hemoglobin leads to nitric oxide depletion that mediates the pathophysiology of some of the common clinical signs of PNH. Clinical symptoms of PNH include evidence of hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, smooth muscle dystonias and thromboses. Treatment options for patients with PNH include bone marrow transplantation, a therapy associated with high morbidity and mortality, or treatment with the complement inhibitor eculizumab. Eculizumab is a first-in-class anti-complement drug that in PNH has been shown to block complement-mediated hemolysis, reduce transfusion dependency, reduce thromboembolic complications and improve the quality of life (QoL) of patients.
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58
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Krishnan SK, Hill A, Hillmen P, Arnold LM, Brooksbank GL, Wood A, Scarsbrook A, Davies MH, Kelly RJ. Improving cytopenia with splenic artery embolization in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria on eculizumab. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:716-8. [PMID: 24318160 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare acquired stem cell disorder characterized by intravascular hemolysis, aplasia and an increased risk of thrombosis. We describe a patient under treatment with the anti-complement antibody eculizumab who developed pancytopenia, requiring blood transfusions, due to massive splenomegaly. The patient underwent two separate splenic embolizations, which reduced the size of the spleen and improved his blood count to the point that blood transfusions were no longer necessary. Splenic embolization was chosen over splenectomy due to the potential postoperative complications of splenectomy, especially that of thrombosis.
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59
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Xiao J, Wu YJ, Han B, Dong HY, Chen SP. [Ex vivo expansion and clonal variation of CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from bone marrow in children with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2013; 15:627-632. [PMID: 23965874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the isolation, purification and ex vivo expansion of CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from the bone marrow of children with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), to evaluate the capability of long-term hematopoietic reconstruction of the expanded CD34(+)CD59(+) cells, and to provide a laboratory basis for novel treatment of PNH. METHODS CD34(+)CD59(+) cells were isolated from the bone marrow mononuclear cells of children with PNH using immunomagnetic beads and flow cytometer in sequence. The isolated cells were subjected to ex vivo expansion in the presence of different combinations of hematopoietic growth factors for two weeks. The colony-forming cells and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) were cultured and counted. RESULTS The optimal combination of hematopoietic growth factors for ex vivo expansion was stem cell factor+interleukin (IL)-3+IL-6+FLT3 ligand+thrombopoietin+ery-thropoietin, and maximum expansion (30.4 ± 6.7 folds) was seen on day 7 of days 4 to 14 of ex vivo expansion. After ex vivo expansion, CD34(+)CD59(+) cells remained CD59-positive, retained strong capability of forming colony-forming units, and could still form LTC-ICs. There was no significant difference in capability of forming LTC-ICs between CD34(+)CD59(+) cells before and after expansion. The expansion capability of CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from children with PNH was significantly lower than that of CD34(+) cells from normal controls (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from children with PNH can be expanded in vitro. Post-expansion CD34(+)CD59(+) cells retain capability of long-term hematopoietic reconstruction. CD34(+)CD59(+) cells showed no trend towards PNH clone during culture. Ex vivo expansion of CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from children with PNH might be practical in performing autologous transplantation clinically for these children.
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60
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Fu R, Li LY. [Interpretations for expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. ZHONGHUA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2013; 93:1521-1523. [PMID: 24028715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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61
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Khalimov IS, Grebeniuk AN, Legeza VI, Karamullin MA, Salukhov VV. [Modern condition and prospects of improvement of the specialized medical care for acute bone marrow syndrome of radiation etiology]. VOENNO-MEDITSINSKII ZHURNAL 2013; 334:25-32. [PMID: 23805625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is shown, that tactics of treatment of acute marrow failure of radiant etiology is based, first of all, on measures of supporting, replaceable and stimulating therapy. The modern means, used for prophylactic and treatment of infectious complications, are resulted. Opportunities and restrictions of transfusion of donor thrombocytes and granulocytes, erythrocytes and chilled plasma are described. Therapeutic efficiency of transplantation of a bone marrow, cells of embryonic liver and stem cells of peripheral or umbilical cord blood is analyzed. It is shown, that the greatest prospects in perfection of the specialized medical aid at acute radiation syndrome are connected to complex application of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-3, granulocyte or granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulated factor, thrombopoietin and others cytokines.
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62
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Szer J, Hill A, Weitz IC. Clinical roundtable monograph: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a case-based discussion. CLINICAL ADVANCES IN HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY : H&O 2012; 10:1-16. [PMID: 23271156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired disorder characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis as the primary clinical manifestation and morbidities that include anemia, thrombosis, renal impairment, pulmonary hypertension, and bone marrow failure. The prevalence of the PNH clone (from <1-100% PNH granulocytes) is approximately 16 per million, and careful monitoring is required. The average age of onset of the clinical disease is the early 30s, although it can present at all ages. PNH is caused by the acquisition of a somatic mutation of the gene phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor (PIG-A) in a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), with clonal expansion of the mutated HSC. The mutation causes a deficiency in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). In cells derived from normal HSCs, the complement regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59 are anchored to the hematopoietic cell membrane surface via GPI, protecting the cells from complement-mediated lysis. However, in patients with PNH, these 2 proteins, along with numerous other GPI-linked proteins, are absent from the cell surface of red cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets, resulting in complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis and other complications. Lysis of red blood cells is the most obvious manifestation, but as other cell lineages are also affected, this complement-mediated attack contributes to additional complications, such as thrombosis. Eculizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the C5 complement protein, is the only effective drug therapy for PNH patients. The antibody prevents cleavage of the C5 protein by C5 convertase, in turn preventing generation of C5b-9 and release of C5a, thereby protecting from hemolysis of cells lacking the CD59 surface protein and other complications associated with complement activation. Drs. Ilene C. Weitz, Anita Hill, and Jeff Szer discuss 3 recent cases of patients with PNH.
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63
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Nakakuma H. [Pathophysiology and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 2012; 53:1516-1527. [PMID: 23037724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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64
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Sun YX, He GS. [Advancements in diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - review]. ZHONGGUO SHI YAN XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI 2012; 20:1267-1271. [PMID: 23114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a hemolytic disease of abnormally activated complement. FLAER diagnosis is a higher sensitive and specific method, which makes PNH patients to be early discovered and treated. Non-typical symptoms including thrombosis, pulmonary hypertension and chronic kidney disease in PNH have been caused increasing attention. Eculizumab monoclonal antibody has greatly improved the current treatment status of PNH. PNH can be cured thoroughly by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this article, the FLAER diagnosis, clinic symptoms and progress of treatment in patients with PNH are reviewed.
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65
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Takenaka K, Akashi K. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: III. Diagnosis and treatments; 6. Management of myelofibrosis]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1969-1976. [PMID: 22897001 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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66
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Suzuki T, Ozawa K. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: III. Diagnosis and treatments; 8. Iron overload by blood transfusion]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1986-1993. [PMID: 22897003 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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67
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Sawada K. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Recent topics in bone marrow failure syndrome]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1879-1881. [PMID: 22896989 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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68
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Nakakuma H. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: IV. recent topics of hematopoiesis; 3. Immune-associated bone marrow failure syndromes and target molecules]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:2010-2015. [PMID: 22897006 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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69
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Kamesaki T, Kajii E. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: III. diagnosis and treatments; 5. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1960-1968. [PMID: 22897000 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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70
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Ichikawa M, Kurokawa M. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: III. Diagnosis and treatments; 3. Myelodysplastic syndrome]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1945-1952. [PMID: 22896998 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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71
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Harigae H. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: II. Approach to diagnosis; 1. Differential diagnosis of anemia and anemia that should be referred to hematologists]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1913-1918. [PMID: 22896994 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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72
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Ozawa K, Hangaishi A, Yamazaki H, Okutomi K, Sugimoto M. [Discussion meeting on the treatment of intractable anemia (bone marrow failure syndromes)]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:2016-2033. [PMID: 22897007 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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73
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Kitanaka A, Shimoda K. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: I. pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bone-marrow failure; 4. The molecular pathogenesis of myelofibrosis]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1906-1912. [PMID: 22896993 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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74
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Nishimura JI, Kanakura Y. [Bone marrow failure syndrome (idiopathic hematopoietic disorders): progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: III. Diagnosis and treatments; 4. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 101:1953-1959. [PMID: 22896999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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75
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Bharadwaj V, Chakravorty S, Bain BJ. The cause of sudden anemia revealed by the blood film. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:520. [PMID: 21953885 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/diagnosis
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/therapy
- Anemia, Myelophthisic/etiology
- Autoantibodies/analysis
- Blood Transfusion
- Child, Preschool
- Coombs Test
- Cytophagocytosis
- Erythrocyte Aggregation
- Erythrocyte Indices
- Female
- Fever/etiology
- Hematuria/etiology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/blood
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/diagnosis
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/therapy
- Humans
- Hyperbilirubinemia/etiology
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Spherocytes/pathology
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