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Zhuang X, Chen S, Pan L. Structure-Guided and Phage-Assisted Evolution of Therapeutic Antibodies to Reverse On-Target Point Mutation-Mediated Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2793:41-54. [PMID: 38526722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3798-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to therapeutic antibodies caused by on-target point mutations is a major obstacle in anticancer therapy, creating an "unmet clinical need." To tackle this problem, researchers are developing new generations of antibody drugs that can overcome the resistance mechanisms of existing agents. We have previously reported a structure-guided and phage-assisted evolution (SGAPAE) approach to evolve cetuximab, a therapeutic antibody, to effectively reverse the resistance driven by EGFRS492R or EGFRG465R mutations, without changing the binding epitope or compromising the antibody efficacy. In this protocol, we provide detailed instructions on how to use the SGAPAE approach to evolve cetuximab, which can also be applied to other therapeutic antibodies for reversing on-target point mutation-mediated resistance. The protocol consists of four steps: structure preparation, computational prediction, phage display library construction, and antibody candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Zhuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqiang Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Lu J, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhong X, Gong Y, Ding Y, Yu N, Shi Y. Based on Gene Expression Analysis: Low-Density Neutrophil Expression Is a Characteristic of the Fast Responders Treated With Guselkumab for Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865875. [PMID: 35693833 PMCID: PMC9177995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a worldwide chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment of disease is usually designed according to its severity. In this research, RNA-seq was performed on 37 patients with psoriasis treated with guselkumab before and after treatment, and the patients were divided into fast responder and slow responder according to PASI score to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between them. Moreover, The biological mechanism of psoriasis was explored by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis. And then, this protein-protein interaction network was constructed and 17 DEGs including IL-1β, CXCL8, S100A12 and MMP9 were analyzed by GSVA. DEGs were detected by GO and KEGG analysis of target genes, which were primarily associated with immune response, neutrophil activation, neutrophil degranulation. GSEA reminded that fast responders were mainly involved in low-density neutrophils and abundant NK cells. And the GSVA showed that the DEGs were down-regulated after the early stage of the fast responder and the reverse in the slow responder by GSVA analysis. On the whole, these results indicated that these DEGs may serve as a psoriasis potential diagnostic and predictive biomarkers after been treated by guselkumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Shi, ; Ning Yu,
| | - Yuling Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Shi, ; Ning Yu,
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3
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Dakhel S, Lizak C, Matasci M, Mock J, Villa A, Neri D, Cazzamalli S. An Attenuated Targeted-TNF Localizes to Tumors In Vivo and Regains Activity at the Site of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10020. [PMID: 34576184 PMCID: PMC8469155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) are gaining importance for cancer therapy, but those products are often limited by systemic toxicity related to the activity of the cytokine payload in circulation and in secondary lymphoid organs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is used as a pro-inflammatory payload to trigger haemorrhagic necrosis and boost anti-cancer immunity at the tumor site. Here we describe a depotentiated version of TNF (carrying the single point mutation I97A), which displayed reduced binding affinity to its cognate receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) and lower biocidal activity. The fusion of the TNF(I97A) mutant to the L19 antibody promoted restoration of anti-tumor activity upon accumulation on the cognate antigen, the alternatively spliced EDB domain of fibronectin. In vivo administration of high doses (375 μg/Kg) of the fusion protein showed a potent anti-tumor effect without apparent toxicity compared with the wild type protein. L19-TNFI97A holds promise for the targeted delivery of TNF activity to neoplastic lesions, helping spare normal tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Cricetulus
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunotherapy
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Dakhel
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Christian Lizak
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Mattia Matasci
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Mock
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Alessandra Villa
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
- Philogen S.p.A., Piazza La Lizza, 7, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Samuele Cazzamalli
- Philochem AG, CH-8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland; (S.D.); (C.L.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.V.); (D.N.)
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4
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Rosini E, Volpi NA, Ziffels B, Grimaldi A, Sacchi S, Neri D, Pollegioni L. An antibody-based enzymatic therapy for cancer treatment: The selective localization of D-amino acid oxidase to EDA fibronectin. Nanomedicine 2021; 36:102424. [PMID: 34174417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to generate an antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy, here we designed a chimeric protein by fusing the F8 antibody that recognizes the EDA of fibronectin (expressed on the tumor neovasculature) and an evolved variant of the ROS-generating enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). The F8(scFv)-DAAO-Q144R recombinant protein is expressed by both CHO-S and E. coli cells. The F8(scFv)-DAAO-Q144R from E. coli cells is fully soluble, shows a high specific activity, is more thermostable in blood than the native DAAO, possesses a binding affinity for EDA well suited for efficient tumor accumulation, and localizes in tumor tissues. Notably, the F8(scFv)-DAAO-Q144R conjugate generates a stronger cytotoxicity to tumor cells than the native enzyme, especially when an inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is used, making it a promising candidate for a selective antitumor oxidative therapy controlled by the substrate addition, in the so called "activity on demand", thus sparing normal tissue from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Noemi Antonella Volpi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Ziffels
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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5
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Marcus L, Fashoyin-Aje LA, Donoghue M, Yuan M, Rodriguez L, Gallagher PS, Philip R, Ghosh S, Theoret MR, Beaver JA, Pazdur R, Lemery SJ. FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Tumor Mutational Burden-High Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4685-4689. [PMID: 34083238 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The FDA approved pembrolizumab on June 16, 2020, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic tumor mutational burden-high [TMB-H; ≥10 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb)] solid tumors, as determined by an FDA-approved test, that have progressed following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options. FDA granted the approval based on a clinically important overall response rate (29%; 95% confidence interval, 21-39) and duration of response (57% of responses lasting ≥ 12 months) in the subset of patients with TMB-H solid tumors (n = 102) spanning nine different tumor types enrolled in a multicenter single-arm trial (KEYNOTE-158). The efficacy of pembrolizumab was supported by the results of whole-exome sequencing (WES) analyses of TMB in additional patients enrolled across multiple pembrolizumab clinical trials, and a scientific understanding of the effects of PD-1 inhibition. Overall, the adverse event profile of pembrolizumab was similar to the adverse event profile observed in prior trials that supported the approval of pembrolizumab in other indications. This approval of pembrolizumab is the first time that the FDA has approved a cancer treatment for an indication based on TMB, and the fourth based on the presence of a biomarker rather than the primary site of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Marcus
- Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Lola A Fashoyin-Aje
- Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Martha Donoghue
- Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mengdie Yuan
- Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lisa Rodriguez
- Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Pamela S Gallagher
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Reena Philip
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Marc R Theoret
- Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Julia A Beaver
- Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Oncology Center of Excellence, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Steven J Lemery
- Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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6
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Stringhini M, Mock J, Fontana V, Murer P, Neri D. Antibody-mediated delivery of LIGHT to the tumor boosts natural killer cells and delays tumor progression. MAbs 2021; 13:1868066. [PMID: 33404287 PMCID: PMC7808322 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1868066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
LIGHT is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, which has been claimed to mediate anti-tumor activity on the basis of cancer cures observed in immunocompetent mice bearing transgenic LIGHT-expressing tumors. The preclinical development of a LIGHT-based therapeutic has been hindered by the lack of functional stability exhibited by this protein. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and characterization of five antibody-LIGHT fusion proteins, directed against the alternatively spliced extra domain A of fibronectin, a conserved tumor-associated antigen. Among the five tested formats, only the sequential fusion of the F8 antibody in single-chain diabody format, followed by the LIGHT homotrimer expressed as a single polypeptide, yielded a protein (termed "F8-LIGHT") that was not prone to aggregation. A quantitative biodistribution analysis in tumor-bearing mice, using radio-iodinated protein preparations, confirmed that F8-LIGHT was able to preferentially accumulate at the tumor site, with a tumor-to-blood ratio of ca. five to one 24 hours after intravenous administration. Tumor therapy experiments, performed in two murine tumor models (CT26 and WEHI-164), featuring different levels of lymphocyte infiltration into the neoplastic mass, revealed that F8-LIGHT could significantly reduce tumor-cell growth and was more potent than a similar fusion protein (KSF-LIGHT), directed against hen egg lysozyme and serving as negative control of irrelevant specificity in the mouse. At a mechanistic level, the activity of F8-LIGHT was mainly due to an intratumoral expansion of natural killer cells, whereas there was no evidence of expansion of CD8 + T cells, neither in the tumor, nor in draining lymph nodes. Abbreviations: CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HVEM: Herpesvirus entry mediator; IFNγ: Interferon-gamma; LIGHT: Lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for binding to herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes; LTβR: Lymphotoxin beta receptor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B cells; NK: Natural killer cells; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stringhini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Murer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Ling WL, Su CTT, Lua WH, Poh JJ, Ng YL, Wipat A, Gan SKE. Essentially Leading Antibody Production: An Investigation of Amino Acids, Myeloma, and Natural V-Region Signal Peptides in Producing Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab Variants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604318. [PMID: 33365032 PMCID: PMC7750424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Boosting the production of recombinant therapeutic antibodies is crucial in both academic and industry settings. In this work, we investigated the usage of varying signal peptides by antibody V-genes and their roles in recombinant transient production, systematically comparing myeloma and the native signal peptides of both heavy and light chains in 168 antibody permutation variants. We found that amino acids count and types (essential or non-essential) were important factors in a logistic regression equation model for predicting transient co-transfection protein production rates. Deeper analysis revealed that the culture media were often incomplete and that the supplementation of essential amino acids can improve the recombinant protein yield. While these findings are derived from transient HEK293 expression, they also provide insights to the usage of the large repertoire of antibody signal peptides, where by varying the number of specific amino acids in the signal peptides attached to the variable regions, bottlenecks in amino acid availability can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Ling
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinh Tran-To Su
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai-Heng Lua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuen-Ling Ng
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Matsuoka T, Miyauchi R, Nagaoka N, Hasegawa J. Mitigation of liquid-liquid phase separation of a monoclonal antibody by mutations of negative charges on the Fab surface. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240673. [PMID: 33125371 PMCID: PMC7598502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Some monoclonal antibodies undergo liquid-liquid phase separation owing to self-attractive associations involving electrostatic and other soft interactions, thereby rendering monoclonal antibodies unsuitable as therapeutics. To mitigate the phase separation, formulation optimization is often performed. However, this is sometimes unsuccessful because of the limited time for the development of therapeutic antibodies. Thus, protein mutations with appropriate design are required. In this report, we describe a case study involving the design of mutants of negatively charged surface residues to reduce liquid-liquid phase separation propensity. Physicochemical analysis of the resulting mutants demonstrated the mutual correlation between the sign of second virial coefficient B2, the Fab dipole moment, and the reduction of liquid-liquid phase separation propensity. Moreover, both the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment appeared to be essential for liquid-liquid phase separation propensity, where electrostatic interaction was the dominant mechanism. These findings could contribute to a better design of mutants with reduced liquid-liquid phase separation propensity and improved drug-like biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Matsuoka
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuki Miyauchi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumi Nagaoka
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Cha S, Lee WS, Choi J, Jeong JG, Nam JR, Kim J, Kim HN, Lee JH, Yoo JS, Ryu KS. NMR mapping of the highly flexible regions of 13C/ 15N-labeled antibody TTAC-0001-Fab. J Biomol NMR 2020; 74:311-319. [PMID: 32415582 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs are clinically important for the treatment of various diseases. TTAC-0001 is under development as a new anti-cancer antibody drug targeting VEGFR-2. As the less severe toxicity of TTAC-0001 compared to Bevacizumab, likely due to the decreased in vivo half-life, seems to be related to its structural flexibility, it is important to map the exact flexible regions. Although the 13C/15N-labeled protein is required for NMR analyses, it is difficult to obtain antibody fragments (Fab and scFv) containing disulfide bonds through general cytosolic expression in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here, we notably increased the periplasmic expression of the 13C/15N-labeled TTAC-0001-Fab (13C/15N-TTAC-Fab) through simple isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-induction at an increased optical density (1.5 OD600nm). Through NMR triple resonance experiments, two loop insertions (LI-1 between the VH and CH1; LI-2 between the VL and CL) were confirmed to be highly flexible. The additional LIs could be another way to engineer the antibody by changing the pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Cha
- Protein Structure Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Weon Sup Lee
- PharmAbcine, 2F, Research Building 2, 70, Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34047, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Joonhyeok Choi
- Protein Structure Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, South Korea
| | - Jong Geun Jeong
- PharmAbcine, 2F, Research Building 2, 70, Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34047, South Korea
| | - Ju Ryoung Nam
- PharmAbcine, 2F, Research Building 2, 70, Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34047, South Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123 Osongsaengmyeong-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28160, South Korea
| | - Hak-Nam Kim
- Protein Structure Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin-San Yoo
- PharmAbcine, 2F, Research Building 2, 70, Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34047, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seok Ryu
- Protein Structure Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, South Korea.
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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10
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Defante AP, Kalonia CK, Keegan E, Bishop SM, Satish HA, Hudson SD, Santacroce PV. The Impact of the Metal Interface on the Stability and Quality of a Therapeutic Fusion Protein. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:569-578. [PMID: 31917583 PMCID: PMC11025017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subvisible particle formation, which occurs after the sterile filtration step of the fill/finish process, is a challenge that may occur during the development of biotherapeutics with complex molecular structures. Here, we show that a stainless steel pump head from a rotary piston pump produces more protein aggregates, past the limit of the acceptable quality range for subvisible particle counts, in comparison to a ceramic pump head. The quartz crystal microbalance was used to quantify the primary layer, proteins irreversibly adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface, and the secondary diffuse gel-like layer interacting on top of the primary layer. The results showed that the mass of protein irreversibly adsorbed onto stainless steel sensors is greater than on an aluminum oxide surface (ceramic pump mimic). This suggests that the amount of adsorbed protein plays a role in surface-induced protein aggregation at the solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Defante
- Material Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Cavan K Kalonia
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Emma Keegan
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Steven M Bishop
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Hasige A Satish
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
| | - Steven D Hudson
- Material Measurement Laboratory , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Paul V Santacroce
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20878 , United States
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11
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Jin N, Lee JW, Heo W, Ryu MY, So MK, Ko BJ, Kim HY, Yoon SM, Lee J, Kim JY, Kim WT. Low binding affinity and reduced complement-dependent cell death efficacy of ofatumumab produced using a plant system (Nicotiana benthamiana L.). Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:34-41. [PMID: 30880170 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant protein production system is a platform that can not only reduce production costs but also produce monoclonal antibodies that do not have the risk of residual proteins from the host. However, due to the difference between post-translational processes in plants and animals, there may be a modification in the Fab region of the monoclonal antibody produced in the plant; thus, it is necessary to compare the antigen affinity of this antibody with that of the prototype. In this study, ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 IgG1κ monoclonal antibody used for its non-cross resistance to rituximab, was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and its affinities and efficacies were compared with those of native ofatumumab produced from CHO cells. Two forms of plant ofatumumab (with or without HDEL-tag) were generated and their production yields were compared. The HDEL-tagged ofatumumab was more expressed in plants than the form without HDEL-tag. The specificity of the target recognition of plant-derived ofatumumab was confirmed by mCherry-CD20-expressing HEK cells via immuno-staining, and the capping of CD20 after ofatumumab binding was also confirmed using Ramos B cells. In the functional equivalence tests, the binding affinities and complement-dependent cell cytotoxicity efficacy of plant-ofatumumab-HDEL and plant-ofatumumab without HDEL were significantly reduced compared to those of CHO-derived ofatumumab. Therefore, we suggest that although ofatumumab is not a good candidate as a template for plant-derived monoclonal antibodies because of its decreased affinity when produced in plants, it is an interesting target to study the differences between post-translational modifications in mammals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Won Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Young Ryu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kyung So
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei Mee Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Hatano R, Yamada T, Madokoro H, Otsuka H, Komiya E, Itoh T, Narita Y, Iwata S, Yamazaki H, Matsuoka S, Dang NH, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C. Development of novel monoclonal antibodies with specific binding affinity for denatured human CD26 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and decalcified specimens. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218330. [PMID: 31194830 PMCID: PMC6564021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 110-kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity in its extracellular region, CD26 has a multitude of biological functions and plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory responses and tumor biology. Our work has focused on CD26 as a novel therapeutic target for various tumors and immune disorders, and we have recently developed a humanized anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody (mAb), YS110, which has promising safety profile and clinical activity in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. The development of an anti-human CD26 mAb that can clearly and reliably detect the denatured CD26 molecule in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in the clinical setting is therefore of the utmost importance. To develop novel anti-CD26 mAbs capable of binding to denatured CD26, we immunized mice with urea-treated CD26 protein. Hybridoma supernatants were screened for specific reactivity with human CD26 by immunostaining through the use of a set of FFPE human CD26-positive or negative tumor cell lines. This screening method enables us to develop novel anti-human CD26 mAbs suitable for immunohistochemical staining of CD26 in FFPE non-tumor and tumor tissue sections with reliable clarity and intensity. Specifically, these mAbs display strong binding affinity to denatured human CD26 rather than undenatured human CD26, and are capable of detecting denatured human CD26 in decalcified specimens. These novel anti-CD26 mAbs are potentially useful for the analysis of CD26 expression in cancer patients with bony metastasis, and may help decide the appropriateness of YS110 therapy for future cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketo Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Madokoro
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Otsuka
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Komiya
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Itoh
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Narita
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamazaki
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsuoka
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam H. Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
During the last 20 years in vitro technologies opened powerful routes to combine the generation of large libraries together with fast selection and screening procedures to identify lead candidates. One of the most successful methods is based on the use of filamentous phages. Functional Antibodies (Abs) fragments can be displayed on the surface of phages by fusing the coding sequence of the antibody variable (V) regions to the phage minor coat protein pIII. By creating large libraries, antibodies with affinities comparable to those obtained using traditional hybridoma technology can be isolated by a series of cycles of selection on the antigen of interest. In this system, antibody genes can be recovered simultaneously with selection and can be easily further engineered, for example by increasing their affinity to levels unobtainable in the immune system, or by modulating their specificity and their effector functions (by recloning into a full-length immunoglobulin scaffold). This chapter describes the basic protocols for antibody library construction and selection of binder with desired specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dal Ferro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Rizzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rizzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Marano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Immacolata Luisi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Olga Tarasiuk
- Department of Health Sciences and IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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14
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Dickgiesser S, Kellner R, Kolmar H, Rasche N. Site-Specific Conjugation of Thiol-Reactive Cytotoxic Agents to Nonnative Cysteines of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2033:1-14. [PMID: 31332743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been proven to be a successful therapeutic concept, allowing targeted delivery of highly potent active pharmaceutical ingredients (HPAPIs) selectively to tumor tissue. So far, HPAPIs have been mainly attached to the antibody via a chemical reaction of the payload with lysine or cysteine side chains of the antibody backbone. However, these conventional conjugation technologies result in formation of rather heterogeneous products with undesired properties. To overcome the limitations of heterogeneous ADC mixtures, several site-specific conjugation technologies have been developed over the last years. Originally pioneered by scientist from Genentech with their work on THIOMABs, several engineered cysteine mAb ADCs (ECM-ADCs) are now investigated in clinical trials. Here, we describe in detail how to engineer additional cysteines into antibodies and efficiently use them as highly site-specific conjugation sites for HPAPIs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Cysteine/genetics
- Cytotoxins/chemistry
- Cytotoxins/genetics
- Cytotoxins/immunology
- Cytotoxins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Engineering
- Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry
- Trastuzumab/chemistry
- Trastuzumab/genetics
- Trastuzumab/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Kellner
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Finlay WJ, Coleman JE, Edwards JS, Johnson KS. Anti-PD1 'SHR-1210' aberrantly targets pro-angiogenic receptors and this polyspecificity can be ablated by paratope refinement. MAbs 2019; 11:26-44. [PMID: 30541416 PMCID: PMC6343799 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1550321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibodies are successful cancer therapeutics, but it is not well understood why individual antibodies should have idiosyncratic side-effects. As the humanized antibody SHR-1210 causes capillary hemangioma in patients, a unique toxicity amongst anti-PD1 antibodies, we performed human receptor proteome screening to identify nonspecific interactions that might drive angiogenesis. This screen identified that SHR-1210 mediated aberrant, but highly selective, low affinity binding to human receptors such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), frizzled class receptor 5 and UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2). SHR-1210 was found to be a potent agonist of human VEGFR2, which may thereby drive hemangioma development via vascular endothelial cell activation. The v-domains of SHR-1210's progenitor murine monoclonal antibody 'Mab005' also exhibited off-target binding and agonism of VEGFR2, proving that the polyspecificity was mediated by the original mouse complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), and had survived the humanization process. Molecular remodelling of SHR-1210 by combinatorial CDR mutagenesis led to deimmunization, normalization of binding affinity to human and cynomolgus PD1, and increased potency in PD1/PD-L1 blockade. Importantly, CDR optimization also ablated all off-target binding, rendering the resulting antibodies fully PD1-specific. As the majority of changes to the paratope were found in the light chain CDRs, the germlining of this domain drove the ablation of off-target binding. The combination of receptor proteome screening and optimization of the antibody binding interface therefore succeeded in generating novel, higher-potency, specificity-enhanced therapeutic IgGs from a single, clinically sub-optimal progenitor. This study showed that highly-specific off-target binding events might be an under-appreciated phenomenon in therapeutic antibody development, but that these unwanted properties can be fully ameliorated by paratope refinement.
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16
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Jiang H, Gao H, Kong J, Song B, Wang P, Shi B, Wang H, Li Z. Selective Targeting of Glioblastoma with EGFRvIII/EGFR Bitargeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1314-1326. [PMID: 30201736 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Glioblastoma/therapy
- Humans
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Song
- CARsgen Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CARsgen Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Bizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- CARsgen Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
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17
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Domachowske JB, Khan AA, Esser MT, Jensen K, Takas T, Villafana T, Dubovsky F, Griffin MP. Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of MEDI8897, an Extended Half-life Single-dose Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F-targeting Monoclonal Antibody Administered as a Single Dose to Healthy Preterm Infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:886-892. [PMID: 29373476 PMCID: PMC6133204 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MEDI8897 is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody being developed for prophylaxis of serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in all infants. METHODS In this phase 1b/2a dose-escalation study, healthy preterm infants with a gestational age of 32-35 weeks were randomized to receive a single intramuscular injection of MEDI8897 (10, 25 or 50 mg) or placebo. Safety, pharmacokinetics, RSV-neutralizing antibody and antidrug antibody (ADA) assessments were performed during the 360-day follow-up period. Infants who experienced medically attended lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) were tested for RSV. RESULTS MEDI8897 serum half-life ranged from 62.5-72.9 days. On day 151, 87% of infants in the 50 mg group had serum concentrations above the 90% effective concentration target level of 6.8 µg/mL, and 90% showed a ≥4-fold rise from baseline in serum RSV-neutralizing antibody levels. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 17 of 18 (94.4%) placebo and 66 of 71 (93.0%) MEDI8897 recipients. Three MEDI8897 recipients experienced 5 serious AEs (3 LRTIs, 2 febrile seizures). ADA was detected at any time postbaseline in 28.2% of MEDI8897 recipients and at day 361 only in 26.5% of subjects. ADA response was not associated with AEs. Five (7%) MEDI8897 recipients experienced medically attended LRTIs through day 150; 1 tested positive for RSV (10 mg group). CONCLUSIONS MEDI8897 had a favorable safety profile in healthy preterm infants. The extended half-life of MEDI8897 and demonstrated RSV-neutralizing activity support protection from RSV for the duration of a typical 5-month season after a single 50 mg intramuscular (IM) dose.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Premature
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Domachowske
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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18
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Schwaigerlehner L, Pechlaner M, Mayrhofer P, Oostenbrink C, Kunert R. Lessons learned from merging wet lab experiments with molecular simulation to improve mAb humanization. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:257-265. [PMID: 29757445 PMCID: PMC6277173 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the most promising modern therapeutics, but defined engineering strategies are still not available. Antibody humanization often leads to a loss of affinity, as it is the case for our model antibody Ab2/3H6 (PDB entry 3BQU). Identifying appropriate back-to-mouse mutations is needed to restore binding affinity, but highly challenging. In order to get more insight, we have applied molecular dynamics simulations and correlated them to antibody binding and expression in wet lab experiments. In this study, we discuss six mAb variants and investigate a tyrosine conglomeration, an isopolar substitution and the improvement of antibody binding towards wildtype affinity. In the 3D structure of the mouse wildtype, residue R94h is surrounded by three tyrosines which form a so-called 'tyrosine cage'. We demonstrate that the tyrosine cage has a supporting function for the CDRh3 loop conformation. The isopolar substitution is not able to mimic the function appropriately. Finally, we show that additional light chain mutations can restore binding to wildtype-comparable level, and also improve the expression of the mAb significantly. We conclude that the variable light chain of Ab2/3H6 is of underestimated importance for the interaction with its antigen mAb 2F5.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Pechlaner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Jacobino SR, Nederend M, Reijneveld JF, Augustijn D, Jansen JHM, Meeldijk J, Reiding KR, Wuhrer M, Coenjaerts FEJ, Hack CE, Bont LJ, Leusen JHW. Reformatting palivizumab and motavizumab from IgG to human IgA impairs their efficacy against RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. MAbs 2018; 10:453-462. [PMID: 29553863 PMCID: PMC5939987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1433974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in young children. Protective therapy options are limited. Currently, palivizumab, a monoclonal IgG1 antibody, is the only licensed drug for RSV prophylaxis, although other IgG antibody candidates are being evaluated. However, at the respiratory mucosa, IgA antibodies are most abundant and act as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Therefore, it would be logical to explore the potential of recombinant human IgA antibodies to protect against viral respiratory infection, but very little research on the topic has been published. Moreover, it is unknown whether human antibodies of the IgA isotype are better suited than those of the IgG isotype as antiviral drugs to combat respiratory infections. To address this, we generated various human IgA antibody formats of palivizumab and motavizumab, two well-characterized human IgG1 anti-RSV antibodies. We evaluated their efficacy to prevent RSV infection in vitro and in vivo and found similar, but somewhat decreased efficacy for different IgA subclasses and formats. Thus, reformatting palivizumab or motavizumab into IgA reduces the antiviral potency of either antibody. Moreover, our results indicate that the efficacy of intranasal IgA prophylaxis against RSV infection in human FcαRI transgenic mice is independent of Fc receptor expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Palivizumab/genetics
- Palivizumab/immunology
- Palivizumab/pharmacology
- Protein Engineering
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamir R. Jacobino
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan Augustijn
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Marco Jansen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Meeldijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - C. Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis J. Bont
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Montero-Morales L, Maresch D, Castilho A, Turupcu A, Ilieva KM, Crescioli S, Karagiannis SN, Lupinek C, Oostenbrink C, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Recombinant plant-derived human IgE glycoproteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 161:81-87. [PMID: 28400175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing biotechnological interest in human IgE antibodies demands advanced systems which allow their proper expression. However, this is still a challenge due to the complexity of the molecule, particularly regarding the diverse N-glycosylation pattern. Here, we present the expression of recombinant IgE in wild type and glycan-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in-depth N-glycosylation analyses. Mass spectrometric profiling revealed that plant IgE has a site occupancy rate that ranges from non-occupied at glycosite 6 (GS6) to 100% occupancy at GS1 and 2. Similarly to human cell-derived IgE, plant versions carry complex N-glycans at GS1-5 and oligomannosidic structures at GS7. Computational modelling suggests that spatial position (or orientation) of glycans can impair processing or site occupancy on adjacent glycosites. IgE expressed in glycoengineered and wild type plants carry, respectively, GnGn and plant-typical GnGnXF structures at large homogeneity. This contrasts with the glycan diversity of HEK cell-derived IgE, carrying at least 20 different glycoforms. Importantly, IgE glycoengineering allows the control of its glycosylation, a so far unmet need when using well-established expression systems. This enables the elucidation of possible carbohydrate-dependent IgE functions. SIGNIFICANCE Targeted glycosylation of recombinant proteins may provide an advantage in therapeutic applications. Despite increasing biotechnological interest in IgE antibodies, knowledge and impact of glycosylation on this antibody class are scarce. With the ability to glyco-engineer recombinant IgE, we provide an important step towards the generation of IgE with other targeted N-glycans. This will facilitate detailed structure-function studies and may lead to the production of IgE with optimized activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montero-Morales
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegül Turupcu
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Dept. of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Chien MH, Chang WM, Lee WJ, Chang YC, Lai TC, Chan DV, Sharma R, Lin YF, Hsiao M. A Fas Ligand (FasL)-Fused Humanized Antibody Against Tumor-Associated Glycoprotein 72 Selectively Exhibits the Cytotoxic Effect Against Oral Cancer Cells with a Low FasL/Fas Ratio. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1102-1113. [PMID: 28292939 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of the Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas ratio exhibits a direct impact on the prognosis of cancer patients, and its impairment in cancer cells may lead to apoptosis resistance. Thus, the development of effective therapies targeting the FasL/Fas system may play an important role in the fight against cancer. In this study, we evaluated whether a fusion protein (hcc49scFv-FasL) comprising of the cytotoxicity domain of the FasL fused to a humanized antibody (CC49) against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, which is expressed on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), can selectively kill OSCC cells with different FasL/Fas ratios. In clinical samples, the significantly low FasL and high Fas transcripts were observed in tumors compared with normal tissues. A lower FasL/Fas ratio was correlated with a worse prognosis of OSCC patients and higher proliferative and invasive abilities of OSCC cells. The hcc49scFv-FasL showed a selective cytotoxic effect on OSCC cells (Cal-27 and SAS) but not on normal oral keratinocytes cells (HOK) through apoptosis induction. Moreover, SAS cells harboring a lower FasL/Fas ratio than Cal-27 were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of hcc49scFv-FasL. Unlike wild-type FasL, hcc49scFv-FasL was not cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases and did not induce nonapoptotic signaling in SAS cells. In vivo, we found that hcc49scFv-FasL drastically reduced the formation of lymph node metastasis and decreased primary tumor growth in SAS orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft tumor models. Collectively, our data indicate that a tumor-targeting antibody fused to the FasL can be a powerful tool for OSCC treatment, especially in populations with a low FasL/Fas ratio. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1102-13. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/immunology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ching Lai
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Derek V Chan
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yuan-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Rukkawattanakul T, Sookrung N, Seesuay W, Onlamoon N, Diraphat P, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Human scFvs That Counteract Bioactivities of Staphylococcus aureus TSST-1. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020050. [PMID: 28218671 PMCID: PMC5331430 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Staphylococcus aureus isolates produced toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) which is a pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg). The toxin activates a large fraction of peripheral blood T lymphocytes causing the cells to proliferate and release massive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to a life-threatening multisystem disorder: toxic shock syndrome (TSS). PTSAg-mediated-T cell stimulation circumvents the conventional antigenic peptide presentation to T cell receptor (TCR) by the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Instead, intact PTSAg binds directly to MHC-II molecule outside peptide binding cleft and simultaneously cross-links TCR-Vβ region. Currently, there is neither specific TSS treatment nor drug that directly inactivates TSST-1. In this study, human single chain antibodies (HuscFvs) that bound to and neutralized bioactivities of the TSST-1 were generated using phage display technology. Three E. coli clones transfected with TSST-1-bound phages fished-out from the human scFv library using recombinant TSST-1 as bait expressed TSST-1-bound-HuscFvs that inhibited the TSST-1-mediated T cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions and productions.Computerized simulation, verified by mutations of the residues of HuscFv complementarity determining regions (CDRs),predicted to involve in target binding indicated that the HuscFvs formed interface contact with the toxin residues important for immunopathogenesis. The HuscFvs have high potential for future therapeutic application.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/microbiology
- Shock, Septic/prevention & control
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/metabolism
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunchanok Rukkawattanakul
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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23
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Braid LR, Hu WG, Davies JE, Nagata LP. Engineered Mesenchymal Cells Improve Passive Immune Protection Against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Exposure. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1026-35. [PMID: 27334491 PMCID: PMC4954456 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being exploited as gene delivery vectors for various disease and injury therapies. We provide proof-of-concept that engineered MSCs can provide a useful, effective platform for protection against infectious disease. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen affecting humans and equines and can be used in bio-warfare. No licensed vaccine or antiviral agent currently exists to combat VEEV infection in humans. Direct antibody administration (passive immunity) is an effective, but short-lived, method of providing immediate protection against a pathogen. We compared the protective efficacy of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs; a rich source of MSCs), engineered with a transgene encoding a humanized VEEV-neutralizing antibody (anti-VEEV), to the purified antibody. In athymic mice, the anti-VEEV antibody had a half-life of 3.7 days, limiting protection to 2 or 3 days after administration. In contrast, engineered HUCPVCs generated protective anti-VEEV serum titers for 21-38 days after a single intramuscular injection. At 109 days after transplantation, 10% of the mice still had circulating anti-VEEV antibody. The mice were protected against exposure to a lethal dose of VEEV by an intramuscular pretreatment injection with engineered HUCPVCs 24 hours or 10 days before exposure, demonstrating both rapid and prolonged immune protection. The present study is the first to describe engineered MSCs as gene delivery vehicles for passive immunity and supports their utility as antibody delivery vehicles for improved, single-dose prophylaxis against endemic and intentionally disseminated pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE Direct injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important strategy to immediately protect the recipient from a pathogen. This strategy is critical during natural outbreaks or after the intentional release of bio-weapons. Vaccines require weeks to become effective, which is not practical for first responders immediately deployed to an infected region. However, mAb recipients often require booster shots to maintain protection, which is expensive and impractical once the first responders have been deployed. The present study has shown, for the first time, that mesenchymal stromal cells are effective gene delivery vehicles that can significantly improve mAb-mediated immune protection in a single, intramuscular dose of engineered cells. Such a cell-based delivery system can provide extended life-saving protection in the event of exposure to biological threats using a more practical, single-dose regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genotype
- Half-Life
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Phenotype
- Protein Stability
- Transfection
- Umbilical Cord/cytology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Aurora BioSolutions Inc., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wei-Gang Hu
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Tissue Regeneration Therapeutics, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Les P Nagata
- Bio-Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Glab-Ampai K, Malik AA, Chulanetra M, Thanongsaksrikul J, Thueng-In K, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Chaicumpa W. Inhibition of HCV replication by humanized-single domain transbodies to NS4B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:654-664. [PMID: 27240954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NS4B of hepatitis C virus (HCV) initiates membrane web formation, binds RNA and other HCV proteins for viral replication complex (RC) formation, hydrolyses NTP, and inhibits innate anti-viral immunity. Thus, NS4B is an attractive target of a novel anti-HCV agent. In this study, humanized-nanobodies (VHs/VHHs) that bound to recombinant NS4B were produced by means of phage display technology. The nanobodies were linked molecularly to a cell penetrating peptide, penetratin (PEN), for making them cell penetrable (become transbodies). Human hepatic (Huh7) cells transfected with HCV JFH1-RNA that were treated with transbodies from four Escherichia coli clones (PEN-VHH7, PEN-VHH9, PEN-VH33, and PEN-VH43) had significant reduction of HCV RNA amounts in their culture fluids and intracellularly when compared to the transfected cells treated with control transbody and medium alone. The results were supported by the HCV foci assay. The transbody treated-transfected cells also had upregulation of the studied innate cytokine genes, IRF3, IFNβ and IL-28b. The transbodies have high potential for testing further as a novel anti-HCV agent, either alone, adjunct of existing anti-HCV agents/remedies, or in combination with their cognates specific to other HCV enzymes/proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/administration & dosage
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/administration & dosage
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/chemistry
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/genetics
- Computer Simulation
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Transfection
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/physiology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Virus Replication/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittirat Glab-Ampai
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-In
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchaseema Province 30000, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsri Tongtawe
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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25
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Lindner R, Moosmann A, Dietrich A, Böttinger H, Kontermann R, Siemann-Herzberg M. Process development of periplasmatically produced single chain fragment variable against epidermal growth factor receptor in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2015; 192 Pt A:136-45. [PMID: 25450642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotic production systems have been widely used to manufacture recombinant therapeutic proteins. Economically, the prokaryotic production – especially of small therapeutic molecules – is advantageous compared to eukaryotic production strategies. However, due to the potential endotoxin and host cell protein contamination, the requirements for the purification process are disproportionately higher and therefore more expensive and elaborate to circumvent. For this reason, the goal of this work was to develop and establish a rapid, simple, inexpensive and ‘up-scalable’ production and purification process, using the therapeutic relevant protein anti-EGFR scFv hu225 as model molecule. Configuring high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli – using the rha-BAD expression system as production platform – a specific product concentration up to 20 mgscFv/gCDW was obtained. By combining freeze-and-thaw, osmotic shock and pH induced host cell protein precipitation, almost 70% of the product was extracted from the biomass. In a novel approach a mixed mode chromatography was implemented as a capturing and desalting step, which allowed the direct application of further ion exchange chromatography steps for purification up to pharmaceutical grade. Thereby, 50% of the produced scFv could be purified within 10 h while maintaining the biological activity.
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26
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Choi Y, Hua C, Sentman CL, Ackerman ME, Bailey-Kellogg C. Antibody humanization by structure-based computational protein design. MAbs 2015; 7:1045-57. [PMID: 26252731 PMCID: PMC5045135 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1076600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies derived from non-human sources must be modified for therapeutic use so as to mitigate undesirable immune responses. While complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting-based humanization techniques have been successfully applied in many cases, it remains challenging to maintain the desired stability and antigen binding affinity upon grafting. We developed an alternative humanization approach called CoDAH ("Computationally-Driven Antibody Humanization") in which computational protein design methods directly select sets of amino acids to incorporate from human germline sequences to increase humanness while maintaining structural stability. Retrospective studies show that CoDAH is able to identify variants deemed beneficial according to both humanness and structural stability criteria, even for targets lacking crystal structures. Prospective application to TZ47, a murine anti-human B7H6 antibody, demonstrates the approach. Four diverse humanized variants were designed, and all possible unique VH/VL combinations were produced as full-length IgG1 antibodies. Soluble and cell surface expressed antigen binding assays showed that 75% (6 of 8) of the computationally designed VH/VL variants were successfully expressed and competed with the murine TZ47 for binding to B7H6 antigen. Furthermore, 4 of the 6 bound with an estimated KD within an order of magnitude of the original TZ47 antibody. In contrast, a traditional CDR-grafted variant could not be expressed. These results suggest that the computational protein design approach described here can be used to efficiently generate functional humanized antibodies and provide humanized templates for further affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjoo Choi
- Department of Computer Science; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Casey Hua
- Thayer School of Engineering; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Lebanon, NH USA
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27
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Matsushita H, Sano A, Wu H, Wang Z, Jiao JA, Kasinathan P, Sullivan EJ, Kuroiwa Y. Species-Specific Chromosome Engineering Greatly Improves Fully Human Polyclonal Antibody Production Profile in Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130699. [PMID: 26107496 PMCID: PMC4479556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of fully human IgG (hIgG) or human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs) by transgenic animals could be useful for human therapy. However, production level of hpAbs in transgenic animals is generally very low, probably due to the fact that evolutionarily unique interspecies-incompatible genomic sequences between human and non-human host species may impede high production of fully hIgG in the non-human environment. To address this issue, we performed species-specific human artificial chromosome (HAC) engineering and tested these engineered HAC in cattle. Our previous study has demonstrated that site-specific genomic chimerization of pre-B cell receptor/B cell receptor (pre-BCR/BCR) components on HAC vectors significantly improves human IgG expression in cattle where the endogenous bovine immunoglobulin genes were knocked out. In this report, hIgG1 class switch regulatory elements were subjected to site-specific genomic chimerization on HAC vectors to further enhance hIgG expression and improve hIgG subclass distribution in cattle. These species-specific modifications in a chromosome scale resulted in much higher production levels of fully hIgG of up to 15 g/L in sera or plasma, the highest ever reported for a transgenic animal system. Transchromosomic (Tc) cattle containing engineered HAC vectors generated hpAbs with high titers against human-origin antigens following immunization. This study clearly demonstrates that species-specific sequence differences in pre-BCR/BCR components and IgG1 class switch regulatory elements between human and bovine are indeed functionally distinct across the two species, and therefore, are responsible for low production of fully hIgG in our early versions of Tc cattle. The high production levels of fully hIgG with hIgG1 subclass dominancy in a large farm animal species achieved here is an important milestone towards broad therapeutic applications of hpAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Cattle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Human/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Human/immunology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/genetics
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/immunology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsushita
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Akiko Sano
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jin-an Jiao
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Poothappillai Kasinathan
- Trans Ova Genetics, Sioux Center, Iowa, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Eddie J. Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshimi Kuroiwa
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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Hu D, Hu S, Wan W, Xu M, Du R, Zhao W, Gao X, Liu J, Liu H, Hong J. Effective Optimization of Antibody Affinity by Phage Display Integrated with High-Throughput DNA Synthesis and Sequencing Technologies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129125. [PMID: 26046845 PMCID: PMC4457833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology has been widely used for antibody affinity maturation for decades. The limited library sequence diversity together with excessive redundancy and labour-consuming procedure for candidate identification are two major obstacles to widespread adoption of this technology. We hereby describe a novel library generation and screening approach to address the problems. The approach started with the targeted diversification of multiple complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of a humanized anti-ErbB2 antibody, HuA21, with a small perturbation mutagenesis strategy. A combination of three degenerate codons, NWG, NWC, and NSG, were chosen for amino acid saturation mutagenesis without introducing cysteine and stop residues. In total, 7,749 degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized on two microchips and released to construct five single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) gene libraries with 4 x 106 DNA sequences. Deep sequencing of the unselected and selected phage libraries using the Illumina platform allowed for an in-depth evaluation of the enrichment landscapes in CDR sequences and amino acid substitutions. Potent candidates were identified according to their high frequencies using NGS analysis, by-passing the need for the primary screening of target-binding clones. Furthermore, a subsequent library by recombination of the 10 most abundant variants from four CDRs was constructed and screened, and a mutant with 158-fold increased affinity (Kd = 25.5 pM) was obtained. These results suggest the potential application of the developed methodology for optimizing the binding properties of other antibodies and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siyi Hu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Wan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Man Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruikai Du
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolian Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (HYL)
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (HYL)
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Abstract
IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (CNRS and Montpellier University) is the global reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics. By its creation in 1989, IMGT® marked the advent of immunoinformatics, which emerged at the interface between immunogenetics and bioinformatics. IMGT® is specialized in the immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, T cell receptors (TR), major histocompatibility (MH), and IgSF and MhSF superfamilies. IMGT® has been built on the IMGT-ONTOLOGY axioms and concepts, which bridged the gap between genes, sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures. The concepts include the IMGT® standardized keywords (identification), IMGT® standardized labels (description), IMGT® standardized nomenclature (classification), IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Colliers de Perles (numerotation). IMGT® comprises seven databases, 15,000 pages of web resources and 17 tools. IMGT® tools and databases provide a high-quality analysis of the IG from fish to humans, for basic, veterinary and medical research, and for antibody engineering and humanization. They include, as examples: IMGT/V-QUEST and IMGT/JunctionAnalysis for nucleotide sequence analysis and their high-throughput version IMGT/HighV-QUEST for next generation sequencing, IMGT/DomainGapAlign for amino acid sequence analysis of IG domains, IMGT/3Dstructure-DB for 3D structures, contact analysis and paratope/epitope interactions of IG/antigen complexes, and the IMGT/mAb-DB interface for therapeutic antibodies and fusion proteins for immunological applications (FPIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, Montpellier University, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Brüggemann M, Osborn MJ, Ma B, Hayre J, Avis S, Lundstrom B, Buelow R. Human antibody production in transgenic animals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:101-8. [PMID: 25467949 PMCID: PMC4359279 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fully human antibodies from transgenic animals account for an increasing number of new therapeutics. After immunization, diverse human monoclonal antibodies of high affinity can be obtained from transgenic rodents, while large animals, such as transchromosomic cattle, have produced respectable amounts of specific human immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum. Several strategies to derive animals expressing human antibody repertoires have been successful. In rodents, gene loci on bacterial artificial chromosomes or yeast artificial chromosomes were integrated by oocyte microinjection or transfection of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while ruminants were derived from manipulated fibroblasts with integrated human chromosome fragments or human artificial chromosomes. In all strains, the endogenous Ig loci have been silenced by gene targeting, either in ES or fibroblast cells, or by zinc finger technology via DNA microinjection; this was essential for optimal production. However, comparisons showed that fully human antibodies were not as efficiently produced as wild-type Ig. This suboptimal performance, with respect to immune response and antibody yield, was attributed to imperfect interaction of the human constant region with endogenous signaling components such as the Igα/β in mouse, rat or cattle. Significant improvements were obtained when the human V-region genes were linked to the endogenous CH-region, either on large constructs or, separately, by site-specific integration, which could also silence the endogenous Ig locus by gene replacement or inversion. In animals with knocked-out endogenous Ig loci and integrated large IgH loci, containing many human Vs, all D and all J segments linked to endogenous C genes, highly diverse human antibody production similar to normal animals was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Brüggemann
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Michael J. Osborn
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Biao Ma
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Jasvinder Hayre
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Suzanne Avis
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | | | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
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31
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Kim YP, Park D, Kim JJ, Choi WJ, Lee SH, Lee SY, Kim S, Chung JM, Jeon J, Lee BD, Shin JH, Lee YI, Cho H, Lee JM, Kang HC. Effective therapeutic approach for head and neck cancer by an engineered minibody targeting the EGFR receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113442. [PMID: 25438047 PMCID: PMC4249956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody developed for targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), has been intensively used to treat cancer patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Intact immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody like cetuximab, however, has some limitations such as high production cost and low penetration rate from vasculature into solid tumor mass due to its large size. In attempt to overcome these limitations, we engineered cetuximab to create single chain variable fragments (scFv-CH3; Minibody) that were expressed in bacterial system. Among three engineered minibodies, we found that MI061 minibody, which is composed of the variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) region joined by an 18-residue peptide linker, displays higher solubility and better extraction properties from bacterial lysate. In addition, we validated that purified MI061 significantly interferes ligand binding to EGFR and blocks EGFR's phosphorylation. By using a protein microarray composed of 16,368 unique human proteins covering around 2,400 plasma membrane associated proteins such as receptors and channels, we also demonstrated that MI061 only recognizes the EGFR but not other proteins as compared with cetuximab. These results indicated that engineered MI061 retains both binding specificity and affinity of cetuximab for EGFR. Although it had relatively short half-life in serum, it was shown to be highly significant anti-tumor effect by inhibiting ERK pathway in A431 xenograft model. Taken together, our present study provides compelling evidence that engineered minibody is more effective and promising agent for in vivo targeting of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Pil Kim
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Life Science RD Center, Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Won-Jae Choi
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Life Science RD Center, Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Life Science RD Center, Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seo Yun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jee Min Chung
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jinseon Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, SungKyunKwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yun-il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HC); (JL); (HCK)
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Life Science RD Center, Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Seongnam, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HC); (JL); (HCK)
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (HC); (JL); (HCK)
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Backen A, Renehan AG, Clamp AR, Berzuini C, Zhou C, Oza A, Bannoo S, Scherer SJ, Banks RE, Dive C, Jayson GC. The combination of circulating Ang1 and Tie2 levels predicts progression-free survival advantage in bevacizumab-treated patients with ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4549-4558. [PMID: 24947924 PMCID: PMC4154862 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Randomized ovarian cancer trials, including ICON7, have reported improved progression-free survival (PFS) when bevacizumab was added to conventional cytotoxic therapy. The improvement was modest prompting the search for predictive biomarkers for bevacizumab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pretreatment training (n=91) and validation (n=114) blood samples were provided by ICON7 patients. Plasma concentrations of 15 angio-associated factors were determined using validated multiplex ELISAs. Our statistical approach adopted PFS as the primary outcome measure and involved (i) searching for biomarkers with prognostic relevance or which related to between-individual variation in bevacizumab effect; (ii) unbiased determination of cutoffs for putative biomarker values; (iii) investigation of biologically meaningfully predictive combinations of putative biomarkers; and (iv) replicating the analysis on candidate biomarkers in the validation dataset. RESULTS The combined values of circulating Ang1 (angiopoietin 1) and Tie2 (Tunica internal endothelial cell kinase 2) concentrations predicted improved PFS in bevacizumab-treated patients in the training set. Using median concentrations as cutoffs, high Ang1/low Tie2 values were associated with significantly improved PFS for bevacizumab-treated patients in both datasets (median, 23.0 months vs. 16.2; P=0.003) for the interaction of Ang1-Tie2 treatment in Cox regression analysis. The prognostic indices derived from the training set also distinguished high and low probability for progression in the validation set (P=0.008), generating similar values for HR (0.21 vs. 0.27) between treatment and control arms for patients with high Ang1 and low Tie2 values. CONCLUSIONS The combined values of Ang1 and Tie2 are predictive biomarkers for improved PFS in bevacizumab-treated patients with ovarian cancer. These findings need to be validated in larger trials due to the limitation of sample size in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Backen
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Renehan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Andrew R Clamp
- Dept Medical Oncology, University of Manchester and Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Carlo Berzuini
- Center for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cong Zhou
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Oza
- Bras Family Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 2M9
| | - Selina Bannoo
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH
| | - Stefan J Scherer
- Biocartis SA, EPFL-Quartier de l'Innovation, Bâtimont G, CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Translational Angiogenesis Group, University of Manchester and Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Backen A, Renehan AG, Clamp AR, Berzuini C, Zhou C, Oza A, Bannoo S, Scherer SJ, Banks RE, Dive C, Jayson GC. The combination of circulating Ang1 and Tie2 levels predicts progression-free survival advantage in bevacizumab-treated patients with ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014. [PMID: 24947924 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3248] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Randomized ovarian cancer trials, including ICON7, have reported improved progression-free survival (PFS) when bevacizumab was added to conventional cytotoxic therapy. The improvement was modest prompting the search for predictive biomarkers for bevacizumab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pretreatment training (n=91) and validation (n=114) blood samples were provided by ICON7 patients. Plasma concentrations of 15 angio-associated factors were determined using validated multiplex ELISAs. Our statistical approach adopted PFS as the primary outcome measure and involved (i) searching for biomarkers with prognostic relevance or which related to between-individual variation in bevacizumab effect; (ii) unbiased determination of cutoffs for putative biomarker values; (iii) investigation of biologically meaningfully predictive combinations of putative biomarkers; and (iv) replicating the analysis on candidate biomarkers in the validation dataset. RESULTS The combined values of circulating Ang1 (angiopoietin 1) and Tie2 (Tunica internal endothelial cell kinase 2) concentrations predicted improved PFS in bevacizumab-treated patients in the training set. Using median concentrations as cutoffs, high Ang1/low Tie2 values were associated with significantly improved PFS for bevacizumab-treated patients in both datasets (median, 23.0 months vs. 16.2; P=0.003) for the interaction of Ang1-Tie2 treatment in Cox regression analysis. The prognostic indices derived from the training set also distinguished high and low probability for progression in the validation set (P=0.008), generating similar values for HR (0.21 vs. 0.27) between treatment and control arms for patients with high Ang1 and low Tie2 values. CONCLUSIONS The combined values of Ang1 and Tie2 are predictive biomarkers for improved PFS in bevacizumab-treated patients with ovarian cancer. These findings need to be validated in larger trials due to the limitation of sample size in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Backen
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Renehan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Andrew R Clamp
- Dept Medical Oncology, University of Manchester and Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Carlo Berzuini
- Center for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cong Zhou
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Oza
- Bras Family Drug Development Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 2M9
| | - Selina Bannoo
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH
| | - Stefan J Scherer
- Biocartis SA, EPFL-Quartier de l'Innovation, Bâtimont G, CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Translational Angiogenesis Group, University of Manchester and Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Fu W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xiong L, Takeda H, Ding L, Xu Q, He L, Tan W, Bethune AN, Zhou L. Insights into HER2 signaling from step-by-step optimization of anti-HER2 antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:978-90. [PMID: 24838231 PMCID: PMC4171031 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2, a ligand-free tyrosine kinase receptor of the HER family, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has shown significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer; however, resistance to trastuzumab is common. The development of monoclonal antibodies that have complementary mechanisms of action results in a more comprehensive blockade of ErbB2 signaling, especially HER2/HER3 signaling. Use of such antibodies may have clinical benefits if these antibodies can become widely accepted. Here, we describe a novel anti-HER2 antibody, hHERmAb-F0178C1, which was isolated from a screen of a phage display library. A step-by-step optimization method was employed to maximize the inhibitory effect of this anti-HER2 antibody. Crystallographic analysis was used to determine the three-dimensional structure to 3.5 Å resolution, confirming that the epitope of this antibody is in domain III of HER2. Moreover, this novel anti-HER2 antibody exhibits superior efficacy in blocking HER2/HER3 heterodimerization and signaling, and its use in combination with pertuzumab has a synergistic effect. Characterization of this antibody revealed the important role of a ligand binding site within domain III of HER2. The results of this study clearly indicate the unique potential of hHERmAb-F0178C1, and its complementary inhibition effect on HER2/HER3 signaling warrants its consideration as a promising clinical treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Fu
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
- Cancer Center; PLA General Hospital; PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xiong
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Biochemistry; Norman Institute for Cancer Research; Toronto, ON CA
| | - Li Ding
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Qunfang Xu
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine; State Grid Beijing Electric Power Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Lidong He
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenlong Tan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Augus N. Bethune
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Norman Institute for Cancer Research; Toronto, ON CA
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
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Patterson KG, Dixon Pittaro JL, Bastedo PS, Hess DA, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Control of established colon cancer xenografts using a novel humanized single chain antibody-streptococcal superantigen fusion protein targeting the 5T4 oncofetal antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95200. [PMID: 24736661 PMCID: PMC3988171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins that cross-link T cell receptors with major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules leading to the activation of large numbers of T cells. Herein, we describe the development and preclinical testing of a novel tumor-targeted SAg (TTS) therapeutic built using the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) SAg and targeting cancer cells expressing the 5T4 tumor-associated antigen (TAA). To inhibit potentially harmful widespread immune cell activation, a SpeC mutation within the high-affinity MHC-II binding interface was generated (SpeCD203A) that demonstrated a pronounced reduction in mitogenic activity, yet this mutant could still induce immune cell-mediated cancer cell death in vitro. To target 5T4+ cancer cells, we engineered a humanized single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody to recognize 5T4 (scFv5T4). Specific targeting of scFv5T4 was verified. SpeCD203A fused to scFv5T4 maintained the ability to activate and induce immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity of colorectal cancer cells. Using a xenograft model of established human colon cancer, we demonstrated that the SpeC-based TTS was able to control the growth and spread of large tumors in vivo. This required both TAA targeting by scFv5T4 and functional SAg activity. These studies lay the foundation for the development of streptococcal SAgs as ‘next-generation’ TTSs for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter S. Bastedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London Ontario, Canada
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ishii Y, Murakami J, Sasaki K, Tsukahara M, Wakamatsu K. Efficient folding/assembly in Chinese hamster ovary cells is critical for high quality (low aggregate content) of secreted trastuzumab as well as for high production: stepwise multivariate regression analyses. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:223-30. [PMID: 24635945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When developing cell culture processes for therapeutic antibodies, the low content of aggregated proteins is the most critical because administering aggregated antibody molecules might result in adverse effects such as immunogenicity. To characterize cells with high productivity and quality, we determined factors that are closely related to antibody titer, which is a productivity indicator, and the area percentage of high molecular weight species in cultivated media, which is equivalent to aggregate content and is used as a quality indicator. We examined the factors influencing antibody titer and aggregate content using various data from 28 cell lines throughout their culture periods from growth to death phases. Our study using correlation analysis revealed that statistically significant correlations between factors and indicators changes with sampling points, hence we thought that various factors would influence each indicator simultaneously. To understand the relationship between these factors and titer/aggregates contents, we performed stepwise multiple linear regression analyses and deduced a multiple linear model for each indicator. The titer was found to positively associate with specific growth rate and specific production rate and negatively with intracellular heavy chain content. The aggregate content was found to positively associate with protein disulfide isomerase mRNA level and negatively with light chain secreted into culture media, specific production rate, intracellular light chain content, and specific growth rate. Our observations suggest that correct and efficient assembling and/or folding of an antibody molecule in an endoplasmic reticulum are important for high titer and low aggregates contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishii
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Junko Murakami
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Kazue Sasaki
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsukahara
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Ohte-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Derer S, Glorius P, Schlaeth M, Lohse S, Klausz K, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Humpe A, Valerius T, Peipp M. Increasing FcγRIIa affinity of an FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody restores neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2014; 6:409-21. [PMID: 24492248 PMCID: PMC3984330 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been suggested as an essential mechanism for the in vivo activity of cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting therapeutic antibody. Thus, enhancing the affinity of human IgG1 antibodies to natural killer (NK) cell-expressed FcγRIIIa by glyco- or protein-engineering of their Fc portion has been demonstrated to improve NK cell-mediated ADCC and to represent a promising strategy to improve antibody therapy. However, human polymorphonuclear (PMN) effector cells express the highly homologous FcγRIIIb isoform, which is described to be ineffective in triggering ADCC. Here, non-fucosylated or protein-engineered anti-EGFR antibodies with optimized FcγRIIIa affinities demonstrated the expected benefit in NK cell-mediated ADCC, but did not mediate ADCC by PMN, which could be restored by FcγRIIIb blockade. Furthermore, eosinophils and PMN from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients that expressed no or low levels of FcγRIIIb mediated effective ADCC with FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibody. Additional experiments with double FcγRIIa/FcγRIII-optimized constructs demonstrated enhanced PMN-mediated ADCC compared with single FcγRIII-optimized antibody. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that FcγRIIIb engagement impairs PMN-mediated ADCC activity of FcγRIII-optimized anti-EGFR antibodies, while further optimization of FcγRIIa binding significantly restores PMN recruitment.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cetuximab
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Eosinophils/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Glycosylation
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/immunology
- Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/therapy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Pia Glorius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schlaeth
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Humpe
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy; 2nd Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Due to the difficulties found when generating fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the traditional method, several efforts have attempted to overcome these problems, with varying levels of success. One approach has been the development of transgenic mice carrying immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in germ line configuration. The engineered mouse genome can undergo productive rearrangement in the B cell population, with the generation of mouse B lymphocytes expressing human Ig (hIg) chains. To avoid the expression of mouse heavy or light chains, the endogenous mouse Ig (mIg) loci must be silenced by gene-targeting techniques. Subsequently, to obtain antigen-specific mAbs, conventional immunization protocols can be followed and the mAb technique used (fusion of activated B cells with mouse myeloma cells, screening, cloning, freezing, and testing) with these animals expressing human Ig genes. This chapter describes the type of transgenic knockout mice generated for various research groups, provides examples of human mAbs developed by research groups and companies, and includes protocols of immunization, generation, production, and purification of human mAbs from such mice. In addition, it also addresses the problems detected, and includes some of the methods that can be used to analyze functional activities with human mAbs.
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Abstract
During the last 15 years in vitro technologies opened powerful routes to combine the generation of large libraries together with fast selection procedures to identify lead candidates. One of the commonest methods is based on the use filamentous phages. Antibodies (Abs) can be displayed successfully on the surface of phage by fusing the coding sequence of the antibody variable (V) regions to the phage minor coat protein pIII. By creating large libraries, antibodies with affinities comparable to those obtained using traditional hybridomas technology can be selected by a series of cycles of selection on antigen. As in this system antibody genes are cloned simultaneously with selection they can be easily further engineered for example by increasing their affinity (to levels unobtainable in the immune system), modulating their specificity or their effector function (by recloning into a full-length immunoglobulin scaffold). This chapter describes the basic protocols for antibody library construction, handling, and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Deantonio
- Department of Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Abstract
Antibody phage display is the most commonly used in vitro selection technology and has yielded thousands of useful antibodies for research, diagnostics, and therapy.The prerequisite for successful generation and development of human recombinant antibodies using phage display is the construction of a high-quality antibody gene library. Here, we describe the methods for the construction of human immune and naive scFv gene libraries.The success also depends on the panning strategy for the selection of binders from these libraries. In this article, we describe a panning strategy that is high-throughput compatible and allows parallel selection in microtiter plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
In order to comprehensively manipulate the human proteome we require a vast repertoire of pharmacological reagents. To address these needs we have developed repertoires of synthetic antibodies by phage display, where diversified oligonucleotides are used to modify the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of a human antigen-binding fragment (Fab) scaffold. As diversity is produced outside the confines of the mammalian immune system, synthetic antibody libraries allow us to bypass several limitations of hybridoma technology while improving the experimental parameters under which pharmacological reagents are produced. Here we describe the methodologies used to produce synthetic antibody libraries from a single human framework with diversity restricted to four CDRs. These synthetic repertoires can be extremely functional as they produce highly selective, high affinity Fabs to the majority of soluble human antigens. Finally we describe selection methodologies that allow us to overcome immuno-dominance in our selections to target a variety of epitopes per antigen. Together these methodologies allow us to produce human monoclonal antibodies to manipulate the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett J Adams
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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dos Santos ML, Yeda FP, Tsuruta LR, Horta BB, Pimenta AA, Degaki TL, Soares IC, Tuma MC, Okamoto OK, Alves VAF, Old LJ, Ritter G, Moro AM. Rebmab200, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the sodium phosphate transporter NaPi2b displays strong immune mediated cytotoxicity against cancer: a novel reagent for targeted antibody therapy of cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70332. [PMID: 23936189 PMCID: PMC3729455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NaPi2b, a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, is highly expressed in ovarian carcinomas and is recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody MX35. The antibody had shown excellent targeting to ovarian cancer in several early phase clinical trials but being murine the antibody's full therapeutic potential could not be explored. To overcome this impediment we developed a humanized antibody version named Rebmab200, expressed in human PER.C6® cells and cloned by limiting dilution. In order to select a clone with high therapeutic potential clones were characterized using a series of physicochemical assays, flow cytometry, real-time surface plasmon resonance, glycosylation analyses, immunohistochemistry, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent-cytotoxicity assays and quantitative PCR. Comparative analyses of Rebmab200 and MX35 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that the two antibodies had similar specificity for NaPi2b by flow cytometry with a panel of 30 cell lines and maintained similar kinetic parameters. Robust and high producer cell clones potentially suitable for use in manufacturing were obtained. Rebmab200 antibodies were assessed by immunohistochemistry using a large panel of tissues including human carcinomas of ovarian, lung, kidney and breast origin. An assessment of its binding towards 33 normal human organs was performed as well. Rebmab200 showed selected strong reactivity with the tested tumor types but little or no reactivity with the normal tissues tested confirming its potential for targeted therapeutics strategies. The remarkable cytotoxicity shown by Rebmab200 in OVCAR-3 cells is a significant addition to the traits of stability and productivity displayed by the top clones of Rebmab200. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated toxicity functionality was confirmed in repeated assays using cancer cell lines derived from ovary, kidney and lung as targets. To explore use of this antibody in clinical trials, GMP production of Rebmab200 has been initiated. As the next step of development, Phase I clinical trials are now planned for translation of Rebmab200 into the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type IIb/immunology
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lopes dos Santos
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Perez Yeda
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rumi Tsuruta
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Brasil Horta
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alécio A. Pimenta
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theri Leica Degaki
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ibere C. Soares
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
- LIM14-Depto. de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Oswaldo Keith Okamoto
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
- Depto. de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Venancio A. F. Alves
- Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, Brazil
- LIM14-Depto. de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana Maria Moro
- Lab. de Biofármacos em Células Animais, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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McLean MD, Chen R, Yu D, Mah KZ, Teat J, Wang H, Zaplachinski S, Boothe J, Hall JC. Purification of the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab from genetically modified plants using safflower Protein A-oleosin oilbody technology. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1291-301. [PMID: 22382463 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using genetically modified plants may provide low cost, high scalability and product safety; however, antibody purification from plants presents a challenge due to the large quantities of biomass that need to be processed. Protein A column chromatography is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for antibody purification, but its application is limited by cost, scalability and column fouling problems when purifying plant-derived antibodies. Protein A-oleosin oilbodies (Protein A-OB), expressed in transgenic safflower seeds, are relatively inexpensive to produce and provide a new approach for the capture of monoclonal antibodies from plants. When Protein A-OB is mixed with crude extracts from plants engineered to express therapeutic antibodies, the Protein A-OB captures the antibody in the oilbody phase while impurities remain in the aqueous phase. This is followed by repeated partitioning of oilbody phase against an aqueous phase via centrifugation to remove impurities before purified antibody is eluted from the oilbodies. We have developed this purification process to recover trastuzumab, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody used for therapy against specific breast-cancers that over express HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), from transiently infected Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein A-OB overcomes the fouling problem associated with traditional Protein A chromatography, allowing for the development of an inexpensive, scalable and novel high-resolution method for the capture of antibodies based on simple mixing and phase separation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Arabidopsis Proteins/immunology
- Carthamus tinctorius/chemistry
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organelles/metabolism
- Plantibodies/genetics
- Plantibodies/isolation & purification
- Plantibodies/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Staphylococcal Protein A/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D McLean
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Hu WG, Yin J, Chau D, Negrych LM, Cherwonogrodzky JW. Humanization and characterization of an anti-ricin neutralization monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45595. [PMID: 23049820 PMCID: PMC3458913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin is regarded as a high terrorist risk for the public due to its high toxicity and ease of production. Currently, there is no therapeutic or vaccine available against ricin. D9, a murine monoclonal antibody developed previously in our laboratory, can strongly neutralize ricin and is therefore a good candidate for humanization. Humanization of D9 variable regions was achieved by a complementarity-determining region grafting approach. The humanized D9 (hD9) variable regions were further grafted onto human heavy and light chain constant regions to assemble the complete antibody gene. A foot-and-mouth-disease virus-derived 2A self-processing sequence was introduced between heavy and light chain DNA sequences to cleave the recombinant protein into a functional full-length antibody molecule from a single open reading frame driven by a single promoter in an adenoviral vector. After expression in mammalian cells and purification, the hD9 was demonstrated to have equimolar expression of the full-length antibody heavy and light chains. More importantly, the hD9 exhibited high affinity to ricin with KD of 1.63 nM, comparable to its parental murine D9 (2.55 nM). In a mouse model, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of hD9, at a low dose of 5 µg per mouse, 4 hours after the i.p. challenge with 5×LD50 ricin was found to rescue 100% of the mice. In addition, administered 6 hours post-challenge, hD9 could still rescue 50% of the mice. The hD9 has the potential to be used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes against ricin poisoning.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antitoxins/genetics
- Antitoxins/immunology
- Antitoxins/therapeutic use
- Chemical Warfare Agents/poisoning
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Female
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Poisoning/immunology
- Plant Poisoning/mortality
- Plant Poisoning/prevention & control
- Protein Engineering
- Ricin/poisoning
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Gang Hu
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
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Cui L, Peng H, Zhang R, Chen Y, Zhao L, Tang K. Recombinant hHscFv-RC-RNase protein derived from transgenic tobacco acts as a bifunctional molecular complex against hepatocellular carcinoma. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:323-9. [PMID: 23586908 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common clinical primary malignant tumor; however, efficient drugs for the treatment of HCC are still lacking at the present time. To develop a new approach for liver cancer therapy, we designed a chimeric gene (his-HR) encoding a single-chain variable fragment of human HAb25 (hHscFv) fused to a cytotoxic ribonuclease from Rana catesbeiana (RC-RNase) and expressed the corresponding fusion protein in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Eleven positive transgenic plant lines were identified from 204 regenerated tobacco plants by PCR and Southern blot analysis, and the immunocompetence of the recombinant his-HR protein was confirmed by Western blotting. The expression levels of his-HR protein ranged from 0.75 to 1.99 µg/g in the fresh tobacco leaves. To characterize the bifunction of the expressed his-HR protein in tobacco, binding specificity and cell toxicity to several cell lines were examined by the indirect immunocytochemical streptavidin-biotin complex method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Data indicated that the his-HR protein had stronger specific binding affinity to HepG2 (human liver HCC cell line) than to the other tumor cell lines and normal liver cell line, and the capacity to kill the HCC cell lines SMMC7721 and HepG2 with an half maximal inhibiting concentration of 2.0 and 2.4 nM, respectively. The results suggest that recombinant bifunctional his-HR protein derived from transgenic plants may provide a novel strategy to treat HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Ippolito GC, Hoi KH, Reddy ST, Carroll SM, Ge X, Rogosch T, Zemlin M, Shultz LD, Ellington AD, VanDenBerg CL, Georgiou G. Antibody repertoires in humanized NOD-scid-IL2Rγ(null) mice and human B cells reveals human-like diversification and tolerance checkpoints in the mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35497. [PMID: 22558161 PMCID: PMC3338711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells enable the in vivo study of human hematopoiesis. In particular, NOD-scid-IL2Rγnull engrafted mice have been shown to have reasonable levels of T and B cell repopulation and can mount T-cell dependent responses; however, antigen-specific B-cell responses in this model are generally poor. We explored whether developmental defects in the immunoglobulin gene repertoire might be partly responsible for the low level of antibody responses in this model. Roche 454 sequencing was used to obtain over 685,000 reads from cDNA encoding immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) and light (IGK and IGL) genes isolated from immature, naïve, or total splenic B cells in engrafted NOD-scid-IL2Rγnull mice, and compared with over 940,000 reads from peripheral B cells of two healthy volunteers. We find that while naïve B-cell repertoires in humanized mice are chiefly indistinguishable from those in human blood B cells, and display highly correlated patterns of immunoglobulin gene segment use, the complementarity-determining region H3 (CDR-H3) repertoires are nevertheless extremely diverse and are specific for each individual. Despite this diversity, preferential DH-JH pairings repeatedly occur within the CDR-H3 interval that are strikingly similar across all repertoires examined, implying a genetic constraint imposed on repertoire generation. Moreover, CDR-H3 length, charged amino-acid content, and hydropathy are indistinguishable between humans and humanized mice, with no evidence of global autoimmune signatures. Importantly, however, a statistically greater usage of the inherently autoreactive IGHV4-34 and IGKV4-1 genes was observed in the newly formed immature B cells relative to naïve B or total splenic B cells in the humanized mice, a finding consistent with the deletion of autoreactive B cells in humans. Overall, our results provide evidence that key features of the primary repertoire are shaped by genetic factors intrinsic to human B cells and are principally unaltered by differences between mouse and human stromal microenvironments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Computational Biology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Genetic Variation
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Subunits/genetics
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD/genetics
- Mice, Inbred NOD/immunology
- Mice, SCID/genetics
- Mice, SCID/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Ippolito
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kam Hon Hoi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sai T. Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sean M. Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xin Ge
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philips-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Philips-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carla L. VanDenBerg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - George Georgiou
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Ru Z, Xiao W, Pajot A, Kou Z, Sun S, Maillere B, Zhao G, Ojcius DM, Lone YC, Zhou Y. Development of a humanized HLA-A2.1/DP4 transgenic mouse model and the use of this model to map HLA-DP4-restricted epitopes of HBV envelope protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32247. [PMID: 22403638 PMCID: PMC3293898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new homozygous humanized transgenic mouse strain, HLA-A2.1(+/+)HLA-DP4(+/+) hCD4(+/+)mCD4(-/-)IAβ(-/-)β2m(-/-) (HLA-A2/DP4), was obtained by crossing the previously characterized HLA-A2(+/+)β2m(-/-) (A2) mouse and our previously created HLA-DP4(+/+) hCD4(+/+)mCD4(-/-)IAβ(-/-) (DP4) mouse. We confirmed that the transgenes (HLA-A2, HLA-DP4, hCD4) inherited from the parental A2 and DP4 mice are functional in the HLA-A2/DP4 mice. After immunizing HLA-A2/DP4 mice with a hepatitis B DNA vaccine, hepatitis B virus-specific antibodies, HLA-A2-restricted and HLA-DP4-restricted responses were observed to be similar to those in naturally infected humans. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that HLA-A2/DP4 transgenic mice can faithfully mimic human cellular responses. Furthermore, we reported four new HLA-DP4-restricted epitopes derived from HBsAg that were identified in both vaccinated HLA-A2/DP4 mice and HLA-DP4-positive human individuals. The HLA-A2/DP4 mouse model is a promising preclinical animal model carrying alleles present to more than a quarter of the human population. This model should facilitate the identification of novel HLA-A2- and HLA-DP4-restricted epitopes and vaccine development as well as the characterization of HLA-DP4-restricted responses against infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- INSERM U1014 (ex U542), Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony Pajot
- INSERM U1014 (ex U542), Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Zhihua Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bernard Maillere
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Saclay, Institut de Biologie et Technologies, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Yu-chun Lone
- INSERM U1014 (ex U542), Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail: (YL); (YZ)
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (YZ)
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48
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Wong H, Yau T. Targeted therapy in the management of advanced gastric cancer: are we making progress in the era of personalized medicine? Oncologist 2012; 17:346-58. [PMID: 22334453 PMCID: PMC3316920 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. With greater understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis, targeted agents have led to a modest improvement in the outcome of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted an overview of the published evidence regarding the use of targeted therapy in AGC patients. Thus far, the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) pathway, angiogenic pathway, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway have emerged as potential avenues for targeted therapy in AGC patients. The promising efficacy results of the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trial led to the approved use of trastuzumab-based therapy as first-line treatment for patients with HER-2+ AGC. On the other hand, the Avastin® in Gastric Cancer trial evaluating bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy did not meet its primary endpoint of a longer overall survival duration despite a significantly higher response rate and longer progression-free survival time in patients in the bevacizumab arm. Phase III data are awaited for other targeted agents, including cetuximab, panitumumab, lapatinib, and everolimus. CONCLUSION Recent progress in targeted therapy development for AGC has been modest. Further improvement in the outcome of AGC patients will depend on the identification of biomarkers in different patient populations to facilitate the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis, combining different targeted agents with chemotherapy, and unraveling new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Wong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Thomas Yau
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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49
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O‘Hara JM, Whaley K, Pauly M, Zeitlin L, Mantis NJ. Plant-based expression of a partially humanized neutralizing monoclonal IgG directed against an immunodominant epitope on the ricin toxin A subunit. Vaccine 2012; 30:1239-43. [PMID: 22197964 PMCID: PMC3274600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
GD12 is a murine monoclonal IgG(1) (mAb) that recognizes an immunodominant linear neutralizing epitope (163-TLARSFIICIQM-174) on the A subunit (RTA) of ricin toxin. With the long-term goal of using GD12 as a potential countermeasure against ricin intoxication, we have produced a chimeric derivative of GD12 (cGD12) in which the murine heavy and light chain variable regions were fused to a human IgG(1) framework. The chimeric mAb, expressed and purified using a Nicotiana-based system demonstrated epitope specificity and ricin neutralizing activity similar to the parental murine mAb. Passive administration of cGD12 (10μg) to mice by intraperitoneal injection protected the animals against a systemic ricin challenge. In a post-exposure setting, the murine and chimeric mAbs administered as much as 6h after toxin challenge were each capable of rescuing mice from toxin-induced death, revealing the potential of GD12 to serve as both a prophylactic and therapeutic for ricin intoxication.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Epitopes
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Poisoning/prevention & control
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Ricin/immunology
- Ricin/toxicity
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M. O‘Hara
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany , Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin Whaley
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | | | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany , Albany, NY 12201
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50
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Abstract
Mice are widely available laboratory animals that can easily be used for the production of antibodies against a broad range of antigens, using well-defined immunization protocols. Such an approach allows optimal in vivo affinity maturation of the humoral response. In addition, high-affinity antibodies arising in this context can readily be further characterized and produced as monoclonals after immortalizing and selecting specific antibody-producing cells through hybridoma derivation. Using such conventional strategies combined with mice that are either genetically engineered to carry humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) genes or engrafted with a human immune system, it is thus easy to obtain and immortalize clones that produce either fully human Ig or antibodies associating variable (V) domains with selected antigen specificities to customized human-like constant regions, with defined effector functions. In some instances, where there is a need for in vivo functional assays of a single antibody with a known specificity, it might be of interest to transiently express that gene in mice by in vivo gene transfer. This approach allows a rapid functional assay. More commonly, mice are used to obtain a diversified repertoire of antibody specificities after immunization by producing antibody molecules in the mouse B cell lineage from mouse strains with transgene Ig genes which are of human, humanized, or chimeric origin. After in vivo maturation of the immune response, this will lead to the secretion of antibodies with optimized antigen binding sites, associated to the desired human constant domains. This chapter focuses on two simple methods: (1) to obtain such humanized Ig mice and (2) to transiently express a human Ig gene in mice using hydrodynamics-based transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- CNRS UMR6101, Contrôle des Réponses Immunes B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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