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Coratella G, Longo S, Cè E, Limonta E, Rampichini S, Bisconti AV, Schena F, Esposito F. Sex-Related Responses to Eccentric-Only Resistance Training in Knee-Extensors Muscle Strength and Architecture. Res Q Exerc Sport 2018; 89:347-353. [PMID: 29889610 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1472734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate whether or not eccentric-only training induced different sex-related adaptations in vastus lateralis muscle architecture and knee extensors strength. METHODS Thirteen healthy women and 13 healthy men were recruited. Vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length, and muscle thickness, as well as knee extensors eccentric, isometric, and concentric peak torque and one-repetition maximum (1RM) were measured. Both women and men underwent a unilateral iso-load knee-extension eccentric-only training with 120% of the concentric 1RM, consisting of 4 sets × 10 repetitions twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. RESULTS Pennation angle increased in women (+ 14%, 95% CI [10, 17], effect size [ES] = 1.54) but not in men (+ 5%, 95% CI [-1, 11], ES = 0.28), while fascicle length increased in both women (+ 7%, 95% CI [4, 10], ES = 1.02) and men (+ 12%, 95% CI [8, 16], ES = 1.82) and muscle thickness increased in women (+ 13%, 95% CI [8, 18], ES = 1.11) and men (+ 11%, 95% CI [7, 15], ES = 0.89). In both women and men, eccentric (18%, 95% CI [11, 25], ES = 0.96, and 16%, 95% CI [9, 22], ES = 0.82, respectively), isometric (17%, 95% CI [11, 23], ES = 0.53, and 17%, 95% CI [10, 24], ES = 0.62), concentric (12%, 95% CI [7, 16], ES = 0.49, and 9%, 95% CI [5, 13], ES = 0.42) peak torque and 1RM (10%, 95% CI [6, 14], ES = 0.53, and 10%, 95% CI [5, 15], ES = 0.50) similarly increased after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the adaptations in strength are not sex-dependent, but the increases in pennation angle only in women suggest that the changes in muscle architecture may depend on sex.
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152
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Coratella G, Beato M, Milanese C, Longo S, Limonta E, Rampichini S, Cè E, Bisconti AV, Schena F, Esposito F. Specific Adaptations in Performance and Muscle Architecture After Weighted Jump-Squat vs. Body Mass Squat Jump Training in Recreational Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:921-929. [PMID: 29420390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coratella, G, Beato, M, Milanese, C, Longo, S, Limonta, E, Rampichini, S, Cè, E, Bisconti, AV, Schena, F, and Esposito, F. Specific adaptations in performance and muscle architecture after weighted jump-squat vs. body mass squat jump training in recreational soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 921-929, 2018-The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of weighted jump-squat training (WJST) vs. body mass squat jump training (BMSJT) on quadriceps' muscle architecture, lower-limb lean-mass (LM) and muscle strength, performance in change of direction (COD), and sprint and jump in recreational soccer players. Forty-eight healthy soccer players participated in an offseason randomized controlled trial. Before and after an 8-week training intervention, vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length, muscle thickness, LM, squat 1RM, quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak torque, agility T-test, 10-and 30-m sprints, and squat-jump (SJ) were measured. Although similar increases were observed in muscle thickness, fascicle length increased more in WJST (Effect size [ES] = 1.18, 0.82-1.54) than in BMSJT (ES = 0.54, 0.40-0.68), and pennation angle increased only in BMSJT (ES = 1.03, 0.78-1.29). Greater increases in LM were observed in WJST (ES = 0.44, 0.29-0.59) than in BMSJT (ES = 0.21, 0.07-0.37). The agility T-test (ES = 2.95, 2.72-3.18), 10-m (ES = 0.52, 0.22-0.82), and 30-m sprints (ES = 0.52, 0.23-0.81) improved only in WJST, whereas SJ improved in BMSJT (ES = 0.89, 0.43-1.35) more than in WJST (ES = 0.30, 0.03-0.58). Similar increases in squat 1RM and peak torque occurred in both groups. The greater inertia accumulated within the landing phase in WJST vs. BMSJT has increased the eccentric workload, leading to specific eccentric-like adaptations in muscle architecture. The selective improvements in COD in WJST may be related to the increased braking ability generated by the enhanced eccentric workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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153
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Boccia G, Brustio PR, Moisè P, Franceschi A, La Torre A, Schena F, Rainoldi A, Cardinale M. Elite national athletes reach their peak performance later than non-elite in sprints and throwing events. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:342-347. [PMID: 30172614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the performance career trajectories for Italian athletes that participated in sprint, hurdles, discus throw, and shot-put athletics events. DESIGN Retrospective study, data collected between 1994 and 2014. METHODS A total of 5929 athletes (female: n=2977, 50.2%) were included in the study. The age of entering competition and personal best performance was identified in the official competition records. Personal best performances were ranked in percentiles and top-level athletes were considered those in the highest 4% of the performance distribution. RESULTS Overall, when controlling for the age of entering competition, top-level athletes reached their personal best later (i.e., around 23-25 years old) for all events compared to the rest of the athletes. Moreover, regression analysis showed that entering competitions later was linked to better performances during adulthood. Also, only 17%-26% [90% CI] of the top-level adult athletes were considered as such when they were 14-17 years old. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that early sport success is not a strong predictor of top-level performance at senior level. Entering sport-specific competitions later and lengthening the sports career at beyond 23-25 years of age may be important factors to reach top-level performance in sprint and throwing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction
- Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; CeRiSM Research Center "Sport, Mountain, and Health", University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- NeuroMuscularFunction
- Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Moisè
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM Research Center "Sport, Mountain, and Health", University of Verona, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- NeuroMuscularFunction
- Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Aspire Academy, Qatar; University College London, Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, UK; University of St Mark & St. John, UK
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154
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Venturelli M, Richardson RS, Reggiani C, Schena F. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle function: the sum of the parts could be greater than the whole. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 121:1234. [PMID: 27881625 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy;
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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155
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Salvagno G, Tarperi C, Gelati M, Montagnana M, Danese E, Festa L, Sanchis-Gomar F, Favaloro E, Schena F, Lippi G. Prothrombotic State Induced by Middle-Distance Endurance Exercise in Middle-Aged Athletes. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018; 44:747-755. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSince the impact of possible prothrombotic factors on blood coagulation resulting from exercise remains elusive, this study investigated the acute effects of middle-distance endurance running on blood coagulation parameters in middle-aged athletes. The study population consisted of 33 male endurance runners who were engaged in a 21.1 km run under competitive conditions. Blood samples were collected before the run, immediately after the run, and 3 hours after run completion. Samples were assessed for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag), endogenous thrombin potential (area under the curve of thrombin generation [TGA-AUC]), and peak thrombin generation (TGA-PK). Post-run variations were expressed as delta (Δ). At baseline, APTT was found to be significantly associated with ABO blood group, VWF:Ag, and FVIII; fibrinogen with age; VWF:Ag with BMI, training regimen, and ABO blood group; APTT with FVIII; FVIII with VWF:Ag and ABO blood group; APTT with VWF:Ag; and TGA-PK with ABO blood group, PT, and TGA-AUC. Immediately after the run, statistically significant increases were observed for PT, D-dimer, VWF:Ag, and FVIII, while statistically significant reductions could be observed for APTT, TGA-AUC, and TGA-PK. Fibrinogen values remained unchanged. Significant correlations were observed between Δ VWF:Ag and Δ FVIII, Δ APTT and Δ VWF:Ag, Δ APTT and Δ FVIII, Δ TGA-AUC and Δ TGA-PK, and between Δ D-dimer and Δ TGA-AUC and Δ TGA-PK. No Δ variation was associated with running time. The results of this study seemingly suggest that middle-distance competitive running may evoke several prothrombotic changes in blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Gelati
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Festa
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Emmanuel Favaloro
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences; University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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156
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Stella F, Bortolan L, Boccia G, Zignoli A, Schena F, Mourot L, Pellegrini B. Delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2189-2201. [PMID: 30051338 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). METHODS Thirteen healthy men performed CPET and recovery in normoxia (N) and normobaric hypoxia (H) (FiO2 = 13.4%, ≈ 3500 m). Post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed during recovery (300 s) through the analysis of fast-phase and slow-phase heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. RESULTS Both short-term, T30 (mean difference (MD) 60.0 s, 95% CI 18.2-101.8, p = 0.009, ES 1.01), and long-term, HRRt (MD 21.7 s, 95% CI 4.1-39.3, p = 0.020, ES 0.64), time constants of HRR were higher in H. Fast-phase (30 and 60 s) and slow-phase (300 s) HRR indices were reduced in H either when expressed in bpm or in percentage of HRpeak (p < 0.05). Chronotropic reserve recovery was lower in H than in N at 30 s (MD - 3.77%, 95% CI - 7.06 to - 0.49, p = 0.028, ES - 0.80) and at 60 s (MD - 7.23%, 95% CI - 11.45 to - 3.01, p = 0.003, ES - 0.81), but not at 300 s (p = 0.436). Concurrently, Ln-RMSSD was reduced in H at 60 and 90 s (p < 0.01) but not at other time points during recovery (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Affected fast-phase, slow-phase HRR and HRV indices suggested delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after maximal exercise in hypoxia. However, a similar cardiac autonomic recovery was re-established within 5 min after exercise cessation. These findings have several implications in cardiac autonomic recovery interpretation and in HR assessment in response to high-intensity hypoxic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy. .,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Spyros Skafidas
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Laboratory of Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform (EA 3920), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, via Matteo del Ben, 5/b, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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157
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Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Stella F, Boccia G, Holmberg HC, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Following a Long-Distance Classical Race the Whole-Body Kinematics of Double Poling by Elite Cross-Country Skiers Are Altered. Front Physiol 2018; 9:978. [PMID: 30090070 PMCID: PMC6069450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although short-term (approximately 10-min) fatiguing DP has been reported not to alter the joint kinematics or displacement of the centre of mass (COM) of high-level skiers, we hypothesize that prolonged DP does change these kinematics, since muscular strength is impaired following endurance events lasting longer than 2 h. Methods: During the 58-km Marcialonga race in 2017, the fastest 15 male skiers were videofilmed (100 fps, FHD resolution in the sagittal plane) on two 20-m sections (inclines: 0.7 ± 0.1°) 48 km apart (i.e., 7 and 55 km from the start), approximating 50- km Olympic races. The cameras were positioned perpendicular to and about 40 m from the middle of each section and spatial dimensions adjusted for each individual track skied. Pole and joint kinematics, as well as displacement of the COM during two DP cycles were assessed. Results: The 10 skiers who fulfilled our inclusion criteria finished the race in 2 h 09 min 19 s ± 28 s. Displacements of the joints and COM were comparable to previous observations on skiers roller skiing on a flat treadmill at similar speeds in the laboratory. 55 km after the start, cycle velocity and length were lower (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and the angular range of elbow joint flexion during the initial part of the poling phase reduced, while shoulder angle was greater during the first 35% of the DP cycle (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the ankle angle was increased and forward displacement of the COM reduced during the first 80% of the cycle. Conclusion: Prolonged DP reduced the forward displacement of the COM and altered arm kinematics during the early poling phase. The inefficient utilization of COM observed after 2 h of competition together with potential impairment of the stretch-shortening of arm extensor muscles probably attenuated generation of poling force. To minimize these effects of fatigue, elite skiers should focus on maintaining optimal elbow and ankle kinematics and an effective forward lean during the propulsive phase of DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain and Health), Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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158
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Abstract
Although skeletal muscle function is diminished with advanced age, single muscle fiber function seems to be preserved. Therefore, this review examines the hypothesis that the skeletal muscle fiber, per se, is not the predominant factor responsible for the reduction in force-generating capacity in the oldest-old, but, rather, is attributable to a combination of factors external to the muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences. University of Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Russell S. Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences. University of Verona, Italy
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159
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Fiorenza M, Gunnarsson TP, Hostrup M, Iaia FM, Schena F, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J. Metabolic stress-dependent regulation of the mitochondrial biogenic molecular response to high-intensity exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2018; 596:2823-2840. [PMID: 29727016 DOI: 10.1113/jp275972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Low-volume high-intensity exercise training promotes muscle mitochondrial adaptations that resemble those associated with high-volume moderate-intensity exercise training. These training-induced mitochondrial adaptations stem from the cumulative effects of transient transcriptional responses to each acute exercise bout. However, whether metabolic stress is a key mediator of the acute molecular responses to high-intensity exercise is still incompletely understood. Here we show that, by comparing different work-matched low-volume high-intensity exercise protocols, more marked metabolic perturbations were associated with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis-related muscle mRNA responses. Furthermore, when compared with high-volume moderate-intensity exercise, only the low-volume high-intensity exercise eliciting severe metabolic stress compensated for reduced exercise volume in the induction of mitochondrial biogenic mRNA responses. The present results, besides improving our understanding of the mechanisms mediating exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, may have implications for applied and clinical research that adopts exercise as a means to increase muscle mitochondrial content and function in healthy or diseased individuals. ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of exercise-induced metabolic stress on regulation of the molecular responses promoting skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Twelve endurance-trained men performed three cycling exercise protocols characterized by different metabolic profiles in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Specifically, two work-matched low-volume supramaximal-intensity intermittent regimes, consisting of repeated-sprint (RS) and speed endurance (SE) exercise, were employed and compared with a high-volume continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CM) protocol. Vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise. SE produced the most marked metabolic perturbations as evidenced by the greatest changes in muscle lactate and pH, concomitantly with higher post-exercise plasma adrenaline levels in comparison with RS and CM. Exercise-induced phosphorylation of CaMKII and p38 MAPK was greater in SE than in RS and CM. The exercise-induced PGC-1α mRNA response was higher in SE and CM than in RS, with no difference between SE and CM. Muscle NRF-2, TFAM, MFN2, DRP1 and SOD2 mRNA content was elevated to the same extent by SE and CM, while RS had no effect on these mRNAs. The exercise-induced HSP72 mRNA response was larger in SE than in RS and CM. Thus, the present results suggest that, for a given exercise volume, the initial events associated with mitochondrial biogenesis are modulated by metabolic stress. In addition, high-intensity exercise seems to compensate for reduced exercise volume in the induction of mitochondrial biogenic molecular responses only when the intense exercise elicits marked metabolic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiorenza
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - T P Gunnarsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F M Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - H Pilegaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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160
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Cano A, Dargent G, Carriazo A, López-Samaniego L, Apostolo J, Campos E, Holland C, Varela-Nieto I, Luz Sánchez-Sánchez M, Illario M, Iaccarino G, Roller RE, Goossens E, Vollenbroek-Hutten M, Pais S, Schena F, Musian D, Alvino S, Maggio M, Liotta G, Ussai S, Orfila F, O'Caoimh R, Paul C, Pazzi S, Romano V, Obbia P. Tackling frailty and functional decline: Background of the action group A3 of the European innovation partnership for active and healthy ageing. Maturitas 2018; 115:69-73. [PMID: 30049350 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ageing populations represent a challenge to the sustainability of current healthcare systems. The need to balance these demographic changes with gains in healthy life years and quality of life (QoL) constitutes an additional challenge. Aware of this, the European Commission (EC) launched the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIPonAHA) in 2012. The EIPonAHA is an interdisciplinary and cross-sector initiative involving more than 3000 partners with two specific objectives: to increase the healthy life expectancy of Europeans by two years by 2020, while increasing their QoL. The initiatives of the EIPonAHA have been organized according to six thematic action groups (AGs), with the A3 group targeting areas relating to the prevention of functional decline and frailty. In addition to the good practices of partners, there are several on-going collaborative works. The involvement of the EC includes support through an elaborated research programme in which the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) and the Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) are the main funding bodies. Screening approaches and preventive interventions constitute most of the initiatives within the A3 AG. Partners are distributed across five sub-groups according to good practices: i) cognitive decline, ii) food and nutrition, iii) physical activity, iv) caregivers, and v) frailty and functional decline. Regular updates of the progression of both good practices and collaborative works are presented in A3 AG meetings. The 2017 meeting in Valencia, Spain, showcased in this paper, provides an up-to-date overview of the current status of A3 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Spain; Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Guy Dargent
- European Commission Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA) Health Unit, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Ana Carriazo
- Unit for External Action, Regional Ministry of Health of Andalucia, Seville, Spain.
| | - Luz López-Samaniego
- Unit for External Action, Regional Ministry of Health of Andalucia, Seville, Spain.
| | - Joao Apostolo
- Portugal Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Elzbieta Campos
- Portugal Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ-CIBERER, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | | | - Maddalena Illario
- Department of Translational and Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marcello Maggio
- Geriatric and Rehabilitation Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Liotta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ussai
- Welfare Directorate General, Lombardy Region and SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Ronan O'Caoimh
- Centre for Gerontology and Rehabiliation, University College Cork, Ireland.
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161
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Lippi G, Tarperi C, Montagnana M, Danese E, Salvagno GL, Schena F. Challenges of diagnosing diabetes in endurance athletes. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:945-946. [PMID: 29884709 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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162
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Giuriato G, Pedrinolla A, Schena F, Venturelli M. Muscle cramps: A comparison of the two-leading hypothesis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:89-95. [PMID: 29857264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) are a common painful condition of muscle spasms. Despite scientists tried to understand the physiological mechanism that underlies these common phenomena, the etiology is still unclear. From 1900 to nowadays, the scientific world retracted several times the original hypothesis of heat cramps. However, recent literature seems to focus on two potential mechanisms: the dehydration or electrolyte depletion mechanism, and the neuromuscular mechanism. The aim of this review is to examine the recent literature, in terms of physiological mechanisms of EAMC. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar. The following terminology was applied: muscle cramps, neuromuscular hypothesis (or thesis), dehydration hypothesis, Exercise-Associated muscle cramps, nocturnal cramps, muscle spasm, muscle fatigue. From the initial literature of 424 manuscripts, sixty-nine manuscripts were included, analyzed, compared and summarized. Literature analysis indicates that neuromuscular hypothesis may prevails over the initial hypothesis of the dehydration as the trigger event of muscle cramps. New evidence suggests that the action potentials during a muscle cramp are generated in the motoneuron soma, likely accompanied by an imbalance between the rising excitatory drive from the muscle spindles (Ia) and the decreasing inhibitory drive from the Golgi tendon organs. In conclusion, from the latest investigations there seem to be a spinal involvement rather than a peripheral excitation of the motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, USA.
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163
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Venturelli M, Pedrinolla A, Pogliaghi S, Colosio A, Muti E, Ce E, Longo S, Esposito F, Schena F. Passive Mobilization-induced Vascular Function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535865.36555.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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164
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Pellegrini B, Boccia G, Zoppirolli C, Rosa R, Stella F, Bortolan L, Rainoldi A, Schena F. Muscular and metabolic responses to different Nordic walking techniques, when style matters. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195438. [PMID: 29621317 PMCID: PMC5886538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to poling action and upper body engagement, Nordic walking (NW) has additional health benefits with respect to conventional walking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in muscle activation and metabolic responses between NW, performed with the technique suggested by NW instructors, and with some modifications in the way to move upper limb and poles. Ten NW instructors volunteered to walk on a treadmill at 5.5 km•h-1 in five conditions: walking (W), Nordic walking (NW), NW with a weak poling action (NWweak), with straight-upper limbs moving the shoulders (NWshoulder) and with elbow flexion-extension pattern and shoulder freezed (NWelbow). Poling forces, body segments and poles movement, upper and lower body muscle activation, as well as metabolic parameters were measured.All modified NW techniques elicited lower muscular activation and metabolic responses with respect to the suggested NW technique (P < 0.05). All NW techniques elicited higher muscular activation and metabolic responses than W. All parameters observed with the NWweak were lower than NW. A decreased activation of shoulder extensor muscles and increased activation of anterior deltoid muscle were the main features of NWshoulder. Lower triceps brachii muscle activation and reduced propulsive poling action with respect to NW were seen for NWelbow, resulting also in shorter steps.Nordic walking instructors, sport technicians and practitioners should be aware that any deviation from the technique usually suggested might lead to lower benefits. However it is worth to note that any walking technique with poles elicits higher metabolic responses and muscular activation than walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- NeuroMuscularFunction | Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Raffaela Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- NeuroMuscularFunction | Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
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165
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Coratella G, Rinaldo N, Schena F. Quadriceps concentric-eccentric force and muscle architecture in COPD patients vs healthy men. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:88-95. [PMID: 29625361 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare quadriceps concentric and eccentric strength and muscle architecture in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients vs healthy men. Thirty-five COPD patients (age = 65 ± 4 yrs, forced expiratory volume (FEV1) = 63 ± 10%; FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC)=57 ± 13% of predicted) and 25 age-matched healthy men (age = 65 ± 4 yrs, FEV1=114 ± 17%; FEV1/FVC = 101 ± 6% of predicted) (CON) participated in the present cross-sectional study. Concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak-torque was measured at low and high angular-velocity. Vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length and muscle thickness were recorded using ultrasound device. Similar eccentric peak-torque was found in COPD and CON at low (2.57 ± 0.55 and 2.80 ± 0.60 N⋅m⋅kg-1, p = 0.128 respectively) and high (2.44 ± 0.51 and 2.58 ± 0.46 N⋅m⋅kg-1, p = 0.259) angular-velocity. Lower concentric peak-torque was found in COPD than in CON (p < 0.05). Smaller pennation angle (13.8 ± 3.4 vs 16.2 ± 3.9°) and muscle thickness (17.1 ± 2.8 vs 20.3 ± 3.0 mm) were found in COPD patients vs healthy men, with no difference in fascicle length. In COPD patients only, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were negatively correlated with the eccentric-to-concentric peak-torque ratio (r = -0.465 and r = -0.414, respectively); irrespective of the testing-modality, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were moderately correlated with peak-torque (p < 0.05). The preserved eccentric strength in COPD patients could be accounted for both mechanical and neural adaptations caused by the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Italy; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Rinaldo
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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166
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Coratella G, Beato M, Schena F. Correlation between quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry with change of direction and sprint in U21 elite soccer-players. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:81-87. [PMID: 29625360 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between in quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry and change of direction, sprinting and jumping abilities in U21 elite soccer players. Twenty-seven soccer players volunteered for this study. Isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque was measured at high and low angular velocities, both in concentric and eccentric modalities. Performance in agility T-test, 20 + 20 m shuttle-test, 10 m and 30 m sprint, squat jump (SJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ), were measured. Overall, time on agility T-test and 20 + 20 m shuttle-test was moderately and positively correlated with the quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb eccentric peak torque asymmetry, both at high and low angular velocities. In addition, time on 10 m and 30 m sprints was moderately and positively correlated with the hamstrings inter-limb high-velocity concentric peak torque asymmetry. SJ and CMJ showed trivial to small correlations with hamstrings and quadriceps inter-limb peak torque asymmetry. The present results provide further information insight the role of lower-limb muscle strength balance in COD, sprinting and jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Italy; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Beato
- Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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167
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Pedrinolla A, Pogliaghi S, Colosio A, Muti E, Cè E, Longo S, Espositio F, Schena F, Venturelli M. Passive mobilization‐induced vascular function adaptations in bedridden oldest‐old. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.722.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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168
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Coratella G, Limonta E, Cé E, Longo S, Bisconti AV, Montaruli A, Schena F, Esposito F. Running fatiguing protocol affects peak torque joint angle and peak torque differently in hamstrings vs. quadriceps. Sport Sci Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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169
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Pedrinolla A, Savoldelli A, Scafidas S, Giuriato G, Fornasiero A, Pellegrini B, Bortolan L, Schena F, Venturelli M. Indispensably evil! The role of oxygen in nitric‐oxide dependent endothelial function. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.909.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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170
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Venturelli M, Pedrinolla A, Boscolo Galazzo I, Fonte C, Smania N, Tamburin S, Muti E, Crispoltoni L, Stabile A, Pistilli A, Rende M, Pizzini FB, Schena F. Impact of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability on the Progressive Cerebral and Peripheral Circulatory Impairments During Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9:169. [PMID: 29593548 PMCID: PMC5861210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced aging, vascular dysfunction, and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are recognized risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of AD, per se, to this putative pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. To better answer this point, we quantified cortical perfusion with arterial spin labeling (PVC-CBF), measured ultrasound internal carotid (ICA), and femoral (FA) artery blood flow in a group of patients with similar age (~78 years) but different cognitive impairment (i.e., mild cognitive impairment MCI, mild AD-AD1, moderate AD-AD2, and severe AD-AD3) and compared them to young and healthy old (aged-matched) controls. NO-metabolites and passive leg-movement (PLM) induced hyperemia were used to assess systemic vascular function. Ninety-eight individuals were recruited for this study. PVC-CBF, ICA, and FA blood flow were markedly (range of 9–17%) and significantly (all p < 0.05) reduced across the spectrum from YG to OLD, MCI, AD1, AD2, AD3 subjects. Similarly, plasma level of nitrates and the values of PLM were significantly reduced (range of 8–26%; p < 0.05) among the six groups. Significant correlations were retrieved between plasma nitrates, PLM and PVC-CBF, CA, and FA blood flow. This integrative and comprehensive approach to vascular changes in aging and AD showed progressive changes in NO bioavailability and cortical, extracranial, and peripheral circulation in patients with AD and suggested that they are directly associated with AD and not to aging. Moreover, these results suggest that AD-related impairments of circulation are progressive and not confined to the brain. The link between cardiovascular and the central nervous systems degenerative processes in patients at different severity of AD is likely related to the depletion of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Fonte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Crispoltoni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Stabile
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca B Pizzini
- Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostics and Pathology, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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171
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Boccia G, Dardanello D, Tarperi C, Festa L, La Torre A, Pellegrini B, Schena F, Rainoldi A. Women show similar central and peripheral fatigue to men after half-marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:695-704. [PMID: 29490592 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1442500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Women are known to be less fatigable than men in single-joint exercises, but fatigue induced by running has not been well understood. Here we investigated sex differences in central and peripheral fatigue and in rate of force development (RFD) in the knee extensors after a half-marathon run. Ten male and eight female amateur runners (aged 25-50 years) were evaluated before and immediately after a half-marathon race. Knee extensors forces were obtained under voluntary and electrically evoked isometric contractions. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) force and peak RFD were recorded. Electrically doublet stimuli were delivered during the MVC and at rest to calculate the level of voluntary activation and the resting doublet twitch. After the race, decreases in MVC force (males: -11%, effect size [ES] 0.52; females: -11% ES 0.33), voluntary activation (males: -6%, ES 0.87; females: -4%, ES 0.72), and resting doublet twitch (males: -6%, ES 0.34; females: -8%, ES 0.30) were found to be similar between males and females. The decrease in peak RFD was found to be similar between males and females (males: -14%, ES 0.43; females: -15%, ES 0.14). Half-marathon run induced both central and peripheral fatigue, without any difference between men and women. The maximal and explosive strength loss was found similar between sexes. Together, these findings do not support the need of sex-specific training interventions to increase the tolerance to neuromuscular fatigue in half-marathoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- a NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences,Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b CeRiSM Research Center for Sport, Mountain, and Health , Rovereto , Italy
| | - Davide Dardanello
- a NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences,Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Luca Festa
- c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- d Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- b CeRiSM Research Center for Sport, Mountain, and Health , Rovereto , Italy.,c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- b CeRiSM Research Center for Sport, Mountain, and Health , Rovereto , Italy.,c Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- a NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences,Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
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172
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Crispoltoni L, Stabile AM, Pistilli A, Venturelli M, Cerulli G, Fonte C, Smania N, Schena F, Rende M. Changes in Plasma β-NGF and Its Receptors Expression on Peripheral Blood Monocytes During Alzheimer's Disease Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1005-1017. [PMID: 27802234 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and by neuroinflammation. During the pathogenesis of AD, monocyte-macrophage lineage cells become increasingly ineffective in clearing Aβ deposits, less able to differentiate, and shift toward pro-inflammatory processes. Beta-nerve growth factor (β-NGF) and its receptors, TrKA and p75NTR, produce several biological responses, including cell apoptosis and survival, and inflammation. In the central nervous system, the involvement of these receptors in several critical hallmarks of AD is well known, but their role in circulating monocytes during the progression of dementia is unclear. We investigated the relationship between plasma β-NGF concentration and TrkA/p75NTR receptor expression in monocytes of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD, and severe AD. We observed that plasma β-NGF concentration was increased with a higher expression of TrKA, but not of p75NTR, in monocytes from patients with MCI and mild AD, whereas β-NGF concentration and TrKA expression were decreased and p75NTR expression was increased, associated with caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, in patients with severe AD. In our study, we show evidence of variation in plasmatic β-NGF and monocytic TrkA/p75NTR receptor expression during the progression of dementia. These novel findings add evidence to support the hypothesis for the involvement of β-NGF and its receptors on monocytes during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Crispoltoni
- Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Section of Movement Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuliano Cerulli
- The Nicola Cerulli Institute of Translational Research for the Musculoskeletal System - LPMRI, Biology and Degenerative Medicine Division, Arezzo, Italy.,Istituto di Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Fonte
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Section of Movement Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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173
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Pedrinolla A, Venturelli M, Fonte C, Munari D, Benetti MV, Rudi D, Tamburin S, Muti E, Zanolla L, Smania N, Schena F. Exercise Training on Locomotion in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Feasibility Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1599-1609. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Fonte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniele Munari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Benetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Doriana Rudi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Zanolla
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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174
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Danese E, Benati M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Tarperi C, Salvagno GL, Paviati E, Montagnana M, Schena F, Lippi G. Influence of middle-distance running on muscular micro RNAs. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018; 78:165-170. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1426104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Benati
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Salvagno
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Paviati
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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175
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Savoldelli A, Fornasiero A, Trabucchi P, Limonta E, La Torre A, Degache F, Pellegrini B, Millet GP, Vernillo G, Schena F. The Energetics during the World's Most Challenging Mountain Ultra-Marathon-A Case Study at the Tor des Geants®. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1003. [PMID: 29259560 PMCID: PMC5723401 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To provide insights into the energy requirements as well as the physiological adaptations of an experienced 50-year-old ultra-marathon male athlete during the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon (MUM). Methods: The international race supporting the study was the Tor des Geants®, characterized by 330 km with +24,000 m D+ to be covered within 150 h. Before the MUM, we assessed the peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) by means of an incremental graded running test. During the MUM we monitored six ascents (once per race day) with a portable gas analyzer, a GPS and a finger pulse oximeter. We then calculated the net metabolic cost per unit of distance (C), the vertical metabolic cost (Cvert) and the mechanical efficiency of locomotion (Effmech) throughout the six uphills monitored. We further monitored the distance covered, speed, altimetry and D+ from the GPS data as well as the pulse oxygen saturation with the finger pulse oximeter. Results: Subject's V˙O2peak was 48.1 mL·kg−1·min−1. Throughout the six uphills investigated the mean exercise intensity was 57.3 ± 6.0% V˙O2peak and 68.0 ± 8.7% HRpeak. C, Cvert and Effmech were 11.4 ± 1.9 J·kg−1·m−1, 57.9 ± 15.2 J·kg−1·mvert−1, and 17.7 ± 4.8%, respectively. The exercise intensity, as well as C, Cvert, and Effmech did not consistently increase during the MUM. Conclusions: For the first time, we described the feasibility of assessing the energy requirements as well as the physiological adaptations of a MUM in ecologically valid environment settings. The present case study shows that, despite the distance performed during the MUM, our participant did not experience a metabolic fatigue state. This is likely due to improvements in locomotor efficiency as the race progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Savoldelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fornasiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Pietro Trabucchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francis Degache
- Department of Health Research, University of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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176
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Limonta E, Brighenti A, Rampichini S, Cè E, Schena F, Esposito F. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during indoor climbing and laboratory cycling exercise in advanced and élite climbers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:371-379. [PMID: 29234917 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate heart rate (f H) as an effective indicator of the aerobic demands of climbing, the f H vs oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) relationship determined during cycling exercise and climbing on a circular climbing treadwall was compared. Possible differences in maximum aerobic characteristics between advanced and élite climbers were also assessed. METHODS Seven advanced and six élite climbers performed a discontinuous incremental test on a cycle ergometer and a similar test on a climbing treadwall. Cardiorespiratory and gas exchange parameters were collected at rest and during exercise. RESULTS The f H vs [Formula: see text] relationship was steeper during cycling than climbing at submaximal exercise for both groups and during climbing in the élite climbers as compared to the advanced. At peak exercise, [Formula: see text] was similar during both cycling and climbing (3332 ± 115 and 3193 ± 129 ml/min, respectively). Despite similar [Formula: see text], the élite climbers had a higher peak workload during climbing (11.8 ± 0.8 vs 9.2 ± 0.3 m/min in élite and advanced climbers, respectively; P = .024) but not during cycling (291 ± 13 and 270 ± 12 W in élite and advanced climbers, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that care should be taken when energy expenditure during climbing is estimated from the f H vs [Formula: see text] relationship determined in the laboratory. The level of climbing experience significantly affects the energy cost of exercise. Last, the similar aerobic demands of cycling and climbing at peak exercise, suggest that maximum [Formula: see text]may play an important role in climbing performance. Specific training methodologies should be implemented to improve aerobic power in climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Brighenti
- Centre of Sport Health and Mountain (CeRiSM), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Centre of Sport Health and Mountain (CeRiSM), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
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177
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Boccia G, Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Shared and task-specific muscle synergies of Nordic walking and conventional walking. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:905-918. [PMID: 29027265 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nordic walking is a form of walking that includes a poling action, and therefore an additional subtask, with respect to conventional walking. The aim of this study was to assess whether Nordic walking required a task-specific muscle coordination with respect to conventional walking. We compared the electromyographic (EMG) activity of 15 upper- and lower-limb muscles of 9 Nordic walking instructors, while executing Nordic walking and conventional walking at 1.3 ms-1 on a treadmill. Non-negative matrix factorization method was applied to identify muscle synergies, representing the spatial and temporal organization of muscle coordination. The number of muscle synergies was not different between Nordic walking (5.2 ± 0.4) and conventional walking (5.0 ± 0.7, P = .423). Five muscle synergies accounted for 91.2 ± 1.1% and 92.9 ± 1.2% of total EMG variance in Nordic walking and conventional walking, respectively. Similarity and cross-reconstruction analyses showed that 4 muscle synergies, mainly involving lower-limb and trunk muscles, are shared between Nordic walking and conventional walking. One synergy acting during upper limb propulsion is specific to Nordic walking, modifying the spatial organization and the magnitude of activation of upper limb muscles compared to conventional walking. The inclusion of the poling action in Nordic walking does not increase the complexity of movement control and does not change the coordination of lower limb muscles. This makes Nordic walking a physical activity suitable also for people with low motor skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Boccia
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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178
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Boccia G, Zignoli A, Bortolan L, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Physiological factors associated with ski-mountaineering vertical race performance. Sport Sci Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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179
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Rinaldo N, Bacchi E, Coratella G, Vitali F, Milanese C, Rossi A, Schena F, Lanza M. Effects of Combined Aerobic-Strength Training vs Fitness Education Program in COPD Patients. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38:1001-1008. [PMID: 28982202 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of a new physical activity education program approach (EDU), based on a periodically supervised protocol of different exercise modalities vs traditionally supervised combined strength-endurance training (CT) on health-related factors in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-eight COPD patients without comorbidities were randomly assigned to receive either EDU or CT. CT was continuously supervised to combine strength-endurance training; EDU was taught to progressively increase the rate of autonomous physical activity, through different training modalities such as Nordic walking, group classes and circuit training. Body composition, walking capacity, muscle strength, flexibility and balance, total daily energy expenditure and quality of life were evaluated at baseline, after 28 weeks training period (3d/week) and after a 14-week follow-up. No adverse events occurred during the interventions. After training, CT and EDU similarly improved walking capacity, body composition and quality of life. However, after 14 weeks of follow-up, such improvements were not maintained. Only in CT, muscle strength and flexibility improved after training but returned to baseline after follow-up. EDU, similar to CT, can effectively and safely improve health-related parameters in COPD patients. EDU could be an attractive alternative to traditional supervised training for improving quality of life in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Rinaldo
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bacchi
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Pulmonary Unit, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Lanza
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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180
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Dalle Carbonare L, Manfredi M, Caviglia G, Conte E, Robotti E, Marengo E, Cheri S, Zamboni F, Gabbiani D, Deiana M, Cecconi D, Schena F, Mottes M, Valenti MT. Can half-marathon affect overall health? The yin-yang of sport. J Proteomics 2017; 170:80-87. [PMID: 28887210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity improves overall health and counteracts metabolic pathologies. Adipose tissue and bone are important key targets of exercise; the prevalence of diseases associated with suboptimal physical activity levels has increased in recent times as a result of lifestyle changes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation in either osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by many factors. Particularly, the expression of master genes such as RUNX2 and PPARγ2 is essential for MSC commitment to osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation, respectively. Besides various positive effects on health, some authors have reported stressful outcomes as a consequence of endurance in physical activity. We looked for further clues about MSCs differentiation and serum proteins modulation studying the effects of half marathon in runners by means of gene expression analyses and a proteomic approach. Our results demonstrated an increase in osteogenic commitment and a reduction in adipogenic commitment of MSCs. In addition, for the first time we have analyzed the proteomic profile changes in runners after half-marathon activity in order to survey the related systemic adjustments. The shotgun proteomic approach, performed through the immuno-depletion of the 14 most abundant serum proteins, allowed the identification of 23 modulated proteins after the half marathon. Interestingly, proteomic data showed the activation of both inflammatory response and detoxification process. Moreover, the involvement of pathways associated to immune response, lipid transport and coagulation, was elicited. Notably, positive and negative effects may be strictly linked. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006704. SIGNIFICANCE We describe gene expression and proteomic studies aiming to an in-depth understanding of half-marathon effects on bone and adipogenic differentiation as well as biological phenomena involved in sport activity. We believe that this novel approach suggests the physical effects on overall health and show the different pathways involved during half marathon. Contents of the paper have not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy; ISALIT, Spin-off of DISIT, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caviglia
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Eleonora Conte
- ISALIT, Spin-off of DISIT, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Elisa Robotti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Samuele Cheri
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy; Dep. of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Daniele Gabbiani
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy; Dep. of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Lab, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Dep. of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Mottes
- Dep. of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Italy.
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181
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Fruet D, Boccia G, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Physiological intensity profile, exercise load and performance predictors of a 65-km mountain ultra-marathon. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1287-1295. [PMID: 28869746 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1374707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to describe the physiological profile of a 65-km (4000-m cumulative elevation gain) running mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) and to identify predictors of MUM performance. Twenty-three amateur trail-runners performed anthropometric evaluations and an uphill graded exercise test (GXT) for VO2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs), power outputs (PMax, PVTs) and heart rate response (HRmax, HR@VTs). Heart rate (HR) was monitored during the race and intensity was expressed as: Zone I (<VT1), Zone II (VT1-VT2), Zone III (>VT2) for exercise load calculation (training impulse, TRIMP). Mean race intensity was 77.1%±4.4% of HRmax distributed as: 85.7%±19.4% Zone I, 13.9%±18.6% Zone II, 0.4%±0.9% Zone III. Exercise load was 766±110 TRIMP units. Race time (11.8±1.6h) was negatively correlated with VO2max (r = -0.66, P <0.001) and PMax (r = -0.73, P <0.001), resulting these variables determinant in predicting MUM performance, whereas exercise thresholds did not improve performance prediction. Laboratory variables explained only 59% of race time variance, underlining the multi-factorial character of MUM performance. Our results support the idea that VT1 represents a boundary of tolerable intensity in this kind of events, where exercise load is extremely high. This information can be helpful in identifying optimal pacing strategies to complete such extremely demanding MUMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Damiano Fruet
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,c NeuroMuscular Function research group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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182
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Morena F, Argentati C, Trotta R, Crispoltoni L, Stabile A, Pistilli A, di Baldassarre A, Calafiore R, Montanucci P, Basta G, Pedrinolla A, Smania N, Venturelli M, Schena F, Naro F, Emiliani C, Rende M, Martino S. A Comparison of Lysosomal Enzymes Expression Levels in Peripheral Blood of Mild- and Severe-Alzheimer's Disease and MCI Patients: Implications for Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081806. [PMID: 28825628 PMCID: PMC5578193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of lysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration has been documented in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Herein, we investigate the association of lysosomal enzymes with AD at different stages of progression of the disease (mild and severe) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We conducted a screening of two classes of lysosomal enzymes: glycohydrolases (β-Hexosaminidase, β-Galctosidase, β-Galactosylcerebrosidase, β-Glucuronidase) and proteases (Cathepsins S, D, B, L) in peripheral blood samples (blood plasma and PBMCs) from mild AD, severe AD, MCI and healthy control subjects. We confirmed the lysosomal dysfunction in severe AD patients and added new findings enhancing the association of abnormal levels of specific lysosomal enzymes with the mild AD or severe AD, and highlighting the difference of AD from MCI. Herein, we showed for the first time the specific alteration of β-Galctosidase (Gal), β-Galactosylcerebrosidase (GALC) in MCI patients. It is notable that in above peripheral biological samples the lysosomes are more sensitive to AD cellular metabolic alteration when compared to levels of Aβ-peptide or Tau proteins, similar in both AD groups analyzed. Collectively, our findings support the role of lysosomal enzymes as potential peripheral molecules that vary with the progression of AD, and make them useful for monitoring regenerative medicine approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Lucia Crispoltoni
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Stabile
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Angela di Baldassarre
- Department of Aging Medical Science, University of G. d'Annunzio, Chieti e Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinical Physiology and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Bio-hybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Nicola Smania
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Fabio Naro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, Roma 06100, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy.
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183
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Boccia G, Dardanello D, Tarperi C, Festa L, La Torre A, Pellegrini B, Schena F, Rainoldi A. Fatigue-induced dissociation between rate of force development and maximal force across repeated rapid contractions. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 54:267-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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184
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Pellegrini B, Zoppirolli C, Boccia G, Bortolan L, Schena F. Cross-country skiing movement factorization to explore relationships between skiing economy and athletes' skills. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017. [PMID: 28649805 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationships between the biomechanics of the double poling (DP) technique in cross-country skiing, its economy, and athletes' skill. To this aim, skiers' motion has been factorized into components through principal component analysis (PCA). Eight high-level (HL) and eight regional level (RL) male cross-country skiers performed a 5-minute submaximal DP trial while roller skiing on a treadmill at 14 km h-1 and 2° incline. Whole-body kinematics was recorded with a motion capture system. PCA was applied to markers coordinates to extract principal movements (PMk ), which were ranked by their variance. Energy cost (EC) of locomotion was calculated from ergospirometric measurements. Results showed that 96.7%±0.6% of total skiing pattern variance can be described with the first three PMk. (Shoulder and trunk flexion-extension are described PM1 and PM2 and elbow flexion-extension are mainly represented in PM2 and PM3. The variance of further components, consisting of residual movements (eg, slow postural changes or high-frequency vibrations), was greater for the RL than the HL skiers (4.0%±0.5% vs 2.6%±0.3%; P<.001) and was positively correlated with EC (R2 =.646; P<.001). PCA permitted to describe the biomechanics of the DP technique through a limited set of principal movements. Skiing skills and economy appeared to be related to a skier's ability to simplify movement complexity, suggesting that an efficient skier is better able to reduce superfluous movement components during DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Boccia
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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185
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Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Modena R, Boccia G, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of top-level youth cross-country cyclists. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:901-906. [PMID: 28671853 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the literature there is a lack of data about the development of top level athletes in cross-country mountain biking (XCO). The purpose of this study was to analyze anthropometric and physiological characteristics of some of the best XCO bikers aged between 13 and 16. The study involved 45 bikers (26 males and 19 females) belonging to a youth national team. The evaluations, consisting of anthropometric measures, incremental cycling tests (VO2max, PPO, P@RCP), and 30 s Wingate Tests (PMax, PMean), were conducted over a lapse of 4 years. Our findings showed in bikers, already at young age, a specific athletic profile advantageous for XCO performance. At the age of 16, just before entering the junior category and competing at international level, male and female bikers showed physiological values normalized to the body mass comparable to those reported in literature for high level athletes (VO2max>70 and >60 ml/kg/min, PPO >6.5 and >5.5 W/kg, respectively in males and females). The production of high power-to-weight ratios and high peaks of anaerobic power attests the presence of highly developed aerobic and anaerobic systems in young XCO cyclists reflecting the high physiological demand of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Roberto Modena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,c Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
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186
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Lippi G, Gandini G, Salvagno GL, Skafidas S, Festa L, Danese E, Montagnana M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Tarperi C, Schena F. Influence of ABO blood group on sports performance. Ann Transl Med 2017; 5:255. [PMID: 28706923 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.04.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a recessive trait, the O blood group is the most frequent worldwide among the ABO blood types. Since running performance has been recognized as a major driver of evolutionary advantage in humans, we planned a study to investigate whether the ABO blood group may have an influence on endurance running performance in middle-aged recreational athletes. METHODS The study population consisted of 52 recreational, middle-aged, Caucasian athletes (mean age: 49±13 years, body mass index, 23.4±2.3 kg/m2), regularly engaged in endurance activity. The athletes participated to a scientific event called "Run for Science" (R4S), entailing the completion of a 21.1 km (half-marathon) run under competing conditions. The ABO blood type status of the participants was provided by the local Service of Transfusion Medicine. RESULTS In univariate analysis, running performance was significantly associated with age and weekly training, but not with body mass index. In multiple linear regression analysis, age and weekly training remained significantly associated with running performance. The ABO blood group status was also found to be independently associated with running time, with O blood type athletes performing better than those with non-O blood groups. Overall, age, weekly training and O blood group type explained 62.2% of the total variance of running performance (age, 41.6%; training regimen, 10.5%; ABO blood group, 10.1%). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that recreational athletes with O blood group have better endurance performance compared to those with non-O blood group types. This finding may provide additional support to the putative evolutionary advantages of carrying the O blood group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gandini
- Service of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Spyros Skafidas
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Festa
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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187
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Marotta A, Bombieri F, Zampini M, Schena F, Dallocchio C, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. The Moving Rubber Hand Illusion Reveals that Explicit Sense of Agency for Tapping Movements Is Preserved in Functional Movement Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634447 PMCID: PMC5459911 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional movement disorders (FMD) are characterized by motor symptoms (e.g., tremor, gait disorder, and dystonia) that are not compatible with movement abnormalities related to a known organic cause. One key clinical feature of FMD is that motor symptoms are similar to voluntary movements but are subjectively experienced as involuntary by patients. This gap might be related to abnormal self-recognition of bodily action, which involves two main components: sense of agency and sense of body ownership. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate whether this function is altered in FMD, specifically focusing on the subjective feeling of agency, body ownership, and their interaction during normal voluntary movements. Patients with FMD (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 21) underwent the moving Rubber Hand Illusion (mRHI), in which passive and active movements can differentially elicit agency, ownership or both. Explicit measures of agency and ownership were obtained via a questionnaire. Patients and controls showed a similar pattern of response: when the rubber hand was in a plausible posture, active movements elicited strong agency and ownership; implausible posture of the rubber hand abolished ownership but not agency; passive movements suppressed agency but not ownership. These findings suggest that explicit sense of agency and body ownership are preserved in FMD. The latter finding is shared by a previous study in FMD using a static version of the RHI, whereas the former appears to contrast with studies demonstrating altered implicit measures of agency (e.g., sensory attenuation). Our study extends previous findings by suggesting that in FMD: (i) the sense of body ownership is retained also when interacting with the motor system; (ii) the subjective experience of agency for voluntary tapping movements, as measured by means of mRHI, is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IntegrataVerona, Italy
| | - Federica Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Zampini
- CiMeC Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Carlo Dallocchio
- Division of Neurology, Civil Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provincia di PaviaVoghera, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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188
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Zignoli A, Biral F, Pellegrini B, Jinha A, Herzog W, Schena F. An optimal control solution to the predictive dynamics of cycling. Sport Sci Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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189
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Giordano F, Berteotti M, Budui S, Calgaro N, Franceschini L, Gilli F, Masiero M, Raschellà G, Salvetti S, Taddei M, Schena F, Busetto L. Multidimensional improvements induced by an intensive obesity inpatients rehabilitation programme. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:329-338. [PMID: 28455681 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the short-term effectiveness of an intensive multidimensional inpatient programme specifically developed for patients with severe obesity. METHODS A multidisciplinary team managed a 3-week residential programme characterised by the integration of nutritional and physical rehabilitation with psychological and educational intervention. All patients consecutively admitted in 10 months were analysed at admission and discharge for changes in the following domains: anthropometry (weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and neck circumferences), cardiovascular risk factors (glycaemia, HbA1c, lipid profile, blood pressure), quality of life, eating behaviour, and physical performance (VO2peak by incremental cycle ergometer test, 6-min walking test (6MWT), chair stands test). RESULTS 136 subjects (61% females, median age 52.7 years) with obesity (mean BMI 43.2 kg/m2) and multiple comorbidities were analysed. A 3.9% BMI reduction and a reduction in waist (-3.8%) and neck (-3.3%) circumferences were observed. Glycaemic control was achieved in 68% of patients with uncontrolled diabetes at admission. Blood pressure control was achieved in all patients with uncontrolled hypertension at admission. Total cholesterol (-16%), LDL-cholesterol (-19%) and triglycerides (-9%) were significantly reduced. Psychometric assessment showed improvements in quality of life perception and binge eating disorder. Finally, a significant improvement in physical performance (+4.7% improvement in VO2peak, with longer distances in 6MWT and a higher number of standings) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data prove that a 3-week programme determined a clinically significant multi-dimensional improvement in patients with severe obesity. Long-term follow-up data are needed to confirm the efficacy of our rehabilitation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Federica Gilli
- CeRiSM Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Marina Masiero
- CeRiSM Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Clinica Medica 3, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
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190
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Boccia G, Moisè P, Franceseschi A, Trova F, Panero D, La Torre A, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Cardinale M. Correction: Career Performance Trajectories in Track and Field Jumping Events from Youth to Senior Success: The Importance of Learning and Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178662. [PMID: 28542583 PMCID: PMC5441632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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191
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Beato M, Coratella G, Schena F, Impellizzeri FM. Effects of recreational football performed once a week (1 h per 12 weeks) on cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged sedentary men. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1325966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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192
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Lippi G, Dipalo M, Aloe R, Salvagno GL, Schena F. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein after ultramarathon running and relationship with high-sensitivity troponin I. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17 Suppl 2:e252-e253. [PMID: 28482356 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- aLaboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, ParmabClinical Chemistry Institute, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University Hospital of VeronacDepartment of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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193
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Bombieri F, Schena F, Pellegrini B, Barone P, Tinazzi M, Erro R. Walking on four limbs: A systematic review of Nordic Walking in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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194
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Venturelli M, Pedrinolla A, Fonte C, Crispoltoni L, Benetti MV, Tamburin S, Rende M, Smania N, Schena F. Vascular Function And Progression Of Alzheimer’s Disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518852.31855.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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195
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Lippi G, Cervellin G, Schena F. How much myocardium mass may be injured during endurance physical exercise? Clin Chim Acta 2017; 470:29-30. [PMID: 28472726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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196
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Pedrinolla A, Schena F, Venturelli M. Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Physical Activity. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 14:546 - 553. [PMID: 28078981 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170111145817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles at cerebral level, recent studies highlighted that AD might be the result of many altered physiological processes occurring at whole-organism level. The ability to adapt to stressors by “bending” but not “breaking” can be considered as “resilience”. Individuals incline to withstand such pathophysiological challenges, can be considered more resilient than those that do not. Noticeably, recent literature provide evidence of several exercise-induced positive effects in AD patients including improved brain plasticity, increased adrenal sensitivity, increased vascular health, ameliorations of nitric oxide bioavailability and mitochondrial function. This review explores what resilience means in the AD milieu and the physiological mechanisms by which physical activity may mediate positive adaptative processes that enhance resilience. METHODS A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted to identify studies about the role of exercise in AD resiliency. The following terminology was applied: Alzheimer resilience, brain resilience, metabolic resilience, cardiovascular resilience, mitochondrial resilience and exercise resilience. RESULTS Seventy-three studies were included. Five papers defined Alzheimer’s resilience, 15 papers brain resilience, 5 cardiovascular resilience, 1 metabolic resilience, 11 mitochondrial resilience, and 7 exercise resilience. Other twenty-six paper were identified from reference list of authors’ knowledge. CONCLUSION Knowing that disturbances in brain, neuroendocrine, vascular and mitochondria metabolism are important events in neurodegeneration and dementia development, the ability of exercise to trigger adaptive mechanisms might represent an important non-pharmacological strategy to improve resilience to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, P.zza L.A. Scuro, 10. Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, P.zza L.A. Scuro, 10. Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, P.zza L.A. Scuro, 10. Verona, Italy
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197
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Sansoni V, Vernillo G, Perego S, Barbuti A, Merati G, Schena F, La Torre A, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Bone turnover response is linked to both acute and established metabolic changes in ultra-marathon runners. Endocrine 2017; 56:196-204. [PMID: 27422791 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone and energy metabolisms regulation depends on a two-way street aimed at regulating energy utilization. Mountain ultra-marathons are highly demanding aerobic performances that deeply affect the whole body homeostasis. In this study we aimed to investigate and characterize the metabolic profile (in terms of hormones involved in energy metabolism), the inflammatory adipokines, and the bone turnover; in particular the osteocalcin-mediated response has been compared in experienced mountain ultra-marathons runners versus control subjects. Serum concentrations of specific markers of bone turnover (pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, carboxylated/undercarboxylated osteocalcin), measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and metabolic hormones (C-peptide, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, gastric-inhibitory peptide, ghrelin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin), measured by fluorescent-based multiplex assay, were compared before and after a 65 km mountain ultra-marathons in 17 trained runners and 12 age-matched controls characterized by a low physical activity profile. After the mountain ultra-marathons, runners experienced a reduction in pro-collagen type I N-terminal propeptide, though it remained higher than in controls; while carboxylated osteocalcin remained unchanged. Among the metabolic hormones, only glucagon and leptin were different between runners and controls at rest. C-peptide and leptin decreased after the mountain ultra-marathons in runners; while glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, resistin, and visfatin were all increased. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (and uncarboxylated/carboxylated osteocalcin ratio) was decreased and this highly correlated with insulin and C-peptide levels. In conditions of high energy expenditure, homeostasis is maintained at expenses of bone metabolism. Changes in the uncarboxylated osteocalcin clearly mark the global energy needs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Interuniversity Centre for Molecular Medicine and Applied Biophysics (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Research Centre "Sport, Mountain and Health", University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
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198
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Lippi G, Schena F. Run for Science (R4S): the history of a successful project of precision and laboratory medicine in sport and exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.21037/jlpm.2017.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pedrinolla A, Li Volti G, Galvano F, Schena F, Perciavalle V, DI Corrado D. Bioenergetics and psychological profile of an ultra-endurance walker. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:549-554. [PMID: 28229566 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance walking provides athletes with significant physiological and psychological challenges. In this study ultra-endurance walking races are intended as events where the participants have to cover the largest distance within a given time, usually 24, 36, 48 hours, or longer, keeping the pause time within 5% of the total walking time. The aim of the study was to evaluate the metabolic, bioenergetics, and psychological characteristics of a world record ultra-endurance walker during three different ultra-endurance events characterized by different durations (36 hours, 48 hours and 70 hours). The participant investigated in this study was an experienced male ultra-endurance walker (age 41 years; mass 69 kg; height 173 cm), who used always the Nordic walking technique. During the 70 hours event, our walker broke the "Longest Marathon Nordic Walking" Guinness World Record covering 274 km in 70 hours. An overall time-dependent increase of oxidative stress, as assessed by lipid hydroperoxide levels, was observed in 36 hours and 48 hours events. Speed and metabolic cost of walking decreased rather linearly with walking time over all the three events. The study shows how the walker was able to approach the three different ultra-endurance events characterized by different durations applying physiological, and psychological strategies allowing him to reach the goal of the completion of each ultra-endurance event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Donatella DI Corrado
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, Kore University, Enna, Italy -
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Boccia G, Moisè P, Franceschi A, Trova F, Panero D, La Torre A, Rainoldi A, Schena F, Cardinale M. Career Performance Trajectories in Track and Field Jumping Events from Youth to Senior Success: The Importance of Learning and Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170744. [PMID: 28129370 PMCID: PMC5271320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The idea that early sport success can be detrimental for long-term sport performance is still under debate. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine the career trajectories of Italian high and long jumpers to provide a better understanding of performance development in jumping events. METHODS The official long-jump and high-jump rankings of the Italian Track and Field Federation were collected from the age of 12 to career termination, for both genders from the year 1994 to 2014. Top-level athletes were identified as those with a percentile of their personal best performance between 97 and 100. RESULTS The age of entering competitions of top-level athletes was not different than the rest of the athletic population, whereas top-level athletes performed their personal best later than the rest of the athletes. Top-level athletes showed an overall higher rate of improvement in performance from the age of 13 to the age of 18 years when compared to all other individuals. Only 10-25% of the top-level adult athletes were top-level at the age of 16. Around 60% of the top-level young at the age of 16 did not maintain the same level of performance in adulthood. Female high-jump represented an exception from this trend since in this group most top-level young become top-level adult athletes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that performance before the age of 16 is not a good predictor of adult performance in long and high jump. The annual rate of improvements from 13 to 18 years should be included as a predictor of success rather than performance per se. Coaches should be careful about predicting future success based on performances obtained during youth in jumping events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- CeRiSM Research Center “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Paolo Moisè
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Franceschi
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Trova
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Panero
- School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- Motor Science Research Center, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, SUISM, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM Research Center “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- University College London, Department of Computer Science, London, United Kingdom
- University of St. Mark & St. John, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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