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Zeller R, Rogers M, Haramis AG, Carrasceo AS. In situ hybridization to cellular RNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 14:Unit 14.3. [PMID: 18265111 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1403s55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In situ hybridization to cellular RNA is used to determine the cellular localization of specific messages within complex cell populations and tissues. In this unit, protocols are described for hybridizing slide-mounted paraffin sections or cryosections with labeled probes. Support protocols describe synthesis of 35S-labeled riboprobes and dsDNA probes, which are then detected using film autoradiography or emulsion autoradiography. Another support protocol describes synthesis of digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes, which are non-radioactive and thus have several advantages. They are easily synthesized in large quantities, they are stable for several months, and they can be reused up to three times. An additional advantage of RNA versus DNA probes is that they result in cleaner signals because nonspecifically bound probe is removed during ribonuclease treatment.
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Samanna V, Ma T, Mak TW, Rogers M, Chellaiah MA. Actin polymerization modulates CD44 surface expression, MMP-9 activation, and osteoclast function. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:710-20. [PMID: 17508356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD44 and MMP-9 are implicated in cell migration. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that actin polymerization is critical for CD44 surface expression and MMP-9 activity on the cell surface. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in CD44 surface expression and MMP-9 activity on the cell surface, osteoclasts were treated with bisphosphonate (BP) alendronate, cytochalasin D (Cyt D), and a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor (GM6001). BP has been reported to block the mevalonate pathway, thereby preventing prenylation of small GTPase signaling required for actin cytoskeleton modulation. We show in this study that osteoclasts secrete CD44 and MMP-9 into the resorption bay during migration and bone resorption. Results indicate that actin polymerization is critical for CD44 surface expression and osteoclast function. In particular, the surface expression of CD44 and the membrane activity of MMP-9 are reduced in osteoclasts treated with alendronate and Cyt D despite the membrane levels of MMP-9 being unaffected. Although GM6001 blocked MMP-9 activity, osteoclast migration, and bone resorption, the surface levels of CD44 were unaffected. We suggest that the surface expression of CD44 requires actin polymerization. Disruption of podosome and actin ring structures by Cyt D and alendronate not only resulted in reduced localization of MMP-9 in these structures but also in osteoclast migration and bone resorption. These results suggest that inhibition of actin polymerization by alendronate and Cyt D is effective in blocking CD44/MMP-9 complex formation on the cell surface, secretion of active form of MMP-9, and osteoclast migration. CD44/MMP-9 complex formation may signify a unique motility-enhancing signal in osteoclast function.
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78
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Fenton-May J, Rogers M, Clarke A. G.P.19.01 Review of the use of a standardised clinic sheet to record patients followed up in adult muscle clinic. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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79
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Eden T, Birch J, Fern L, Whelan J, Rogers M, Smith S. 69 SIOP-Europe Award Teenage and Young Adult Cancer (TYA) “The Forgotten Tribe”. EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(07)70183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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80
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Rogers M, Tang L, Davies R, Wilson J, Jones S, Ford J, Madge D. 362 STATE-DEPENDENT INHIBITORS OF THE NAV1.3 SODIUM CHANNEL FOR TREATING NEUROPATHIC PAIN. Eur J Pain 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.03.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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81
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Absi M, Burnham MP, Weston AH, Harno E, Rogers M, Edwards G. Effects of methyl beta-cyclodextrin on EDHF responses in pig and rat arteries; association between SK(Ca) channels and caveolin-rich domains. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:332-40. [PMID: 17450174 PMCID: PMC2013982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The small and intermediate conductance, Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels (SK(Ca) and IK(Ca), respectively) which are pivotal in the EDHF pathway may be differentially activated. The importance of caveolae in the functioning of IK(Ca) and SK(Ca) channels was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of the caveolae-disrupting agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) on IK(Ca) and SK(Ca) localization and function was determined. KEY RESULTS EDHF-mediated, SK(Ca)-dependent myocyte hyperpolarizations evoked by acetylcholine in rat mesenteric arteries (following blockade of IK(Ca) with TRAM-34) were inhibited by MbetaCD. Hyperpolarizations evoked by direct SK(Ca) channel activation (using NS309 in the presence of TRAM-34) were also inhibited by MbetaCD, an effect reversed by cholesterol. In contrast, IK(Ca)-dependent hyperpolarizations (in the presence of apamin) were unaffected by MbetaCD. Similarly, in porcine coronary arteries, EDHF-mediated, SK(Ca)-dependent (but not IK(Ca)-dependent) endothelial cell hyperpolarizations evoked by substance P were inhibited by MbetaCD. In mesenteric artery homogenates subjected to sucrose-density centrifugation, caveolin-1 and SK3 (SK(Ca)) proteins but not IK1 (IK(Ca)) protein migrated to the buoyant, caveolin-rich fraction. MbetaCD pretreatment redistributed caveolin-1 and SK3 proteins into more dense fractions. In immunofluorescence images of porcine coronary artery endothelium, SK3 (but not IK1) and caveolin-1 were co-localized. Furthermore, caveolin-1 immunoprecipitates prepared from native porcine coronary artery endothelium contained SK3 but not IK1 protein. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data provide strong evidence that endothelial cell SK(Ca) channels are located in caveolae while the IK(Ca) channels reside in a different membrane compartment. These studies reveal cellular organisation as a further complexity in the EDHF pathway signalling cascade.
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Knowles P, Kurtis C, Murray J, Saysell C, Tambyrajah W, Wilmot C, McPherson M, Phillips S, Dooley D, Brown D, Rogers M, Mure M. Hydrazine and amphetamine binding to amine oxidases: old drugs with new prospects. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:743-6. [PMID: 17406963 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tranylcypromine (TCP), an amphetamine, is a reversible inhibitor of copper-containing amine oxidases. We have solved the structure of the complex of TCP with the amine oxidase from E. coli (ECAO) and shown that only the (+)-enantiomer of TCP binds. Kinetic studies on 2-phenylethylamine and TCP binding to wild-type ECAO and mutational variants fully support the model in which binding of the protonated amine is the first step in the catalytic cycle. Hydrazines are irreversible inhibitors of copper-containing amine oxidases. Binding of hydrazines leads to an adduct ("Adduct 1") with a chromophore at 430 nm which converts at higher pH to another adduct ("Adduct 2") with a chromophore at 520 nm. We have determined the structures of Adduct 1 and 2 for 2-hydrazinopyridine reacted with ECAO. It has been found that Adduct 1 corresponds to the hydrazone and azo tautomers whilst Adduct 2 corresponds to the azo tautomer coordinated to the active site copper. The implications of these results in developing more specific drugs are discussed.
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Chapman TWL, Harris NM, Rogers M, Wilson P, McDiarmid J. Delayed brachial plexopathy in clavicular fracture with tri-cord neurapraxia and complete recovery. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-006-0074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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Forde N, Rogers M, Canty MJ, Lonergan P, Smith GW, Coussens PM, Ireland JJ, Evans ACO. Association of the prion protein and its expression with ovarian follicle development in cattle. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 75:243-9. [PMID: 17595008 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) has been detected in many tissues including reproductive tissues. While its function is unclear, it has been suggested to act as a receptor for an unidentified ligand and/or as an antioxidant agent. We tested the hypothesis that PrP(C) is differentially expressed in dominant, growing, compared to subordinate bovine ovarian follicles. Using both microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, the level of prion protein mRNA (Prnp) in both theca and granulosa cells was measured. We found that levels of Prnp were significantly higher in the theca cells of dominant compared to subordinate follicles but similar among granulosa cells from different follicles. This difference was apparent immediately after selection of the dominant follicle and continued to the dominance stage of the follicle wave. Levels of the protein for PrP(C) were also higher (P < 0.05) in theca cells of dominant compared to subordinate follicles. In conclusion, elevated PrP(C) was associated with ovarian follicle growth and development and we suggest that it may play a role in the success of follicle development.
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Clark J, Barrett SP, Rogers M, Stapleton R. Efficacy of super-oxidized water fogging in environmental decontamination. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:386-90. [PMID: 17046103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of decontamination using Sterilox fog was assessed against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii. Ceramic tiles were inoculated with the test organisms and, once dried, were subjected to Sterilox fogging using a stationary vaporizing machine sited at a distance of 3m for 10 min and then left for a further hour. In a second experiment using the same organisms, the first 10-min fogging period was followed by a directed fogging period of 30s at a distance of 1m. Organisms were cultured from the tiles, plated on to tryptone soya agar and incubated for 48 h. Initial counts of approximately 10(9) colony-forming units/mL for both organisms were reduced approximately 10(4) fold for MRSA and 10(5.8) fold for A. baumannii when using a single fogging. The second fogging resulted in 10(6.8)-fold reductions for both organisms. Sterilox fog is safe and simple to use, and can reduce levels of nosocomial pathogens by a factor of almost 10(7). It is worthy of clinical evaluation in clinical settings to determine whether it maintains its microbicidal effects against a variety of organisms on different surfaces.
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Dismukes K, Rogers M, Daly JW. CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE FORMATION IN GUINEA-PIG BRAIN SLICES: EFFECT OF H1- AND H2-HISTAMINERGIC AGONISTS. J Neurochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb04451.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Schreiner L, Darko J, Joshi C, Rogers M, Chng N, Peters C, Salomons G, Kerr A. SU-DD-A1-01: Advances in Co-60 Based Tomotherapy Including Megavoltage CT. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2240129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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88
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Rogers M, Chng N, Salomons G, Kerr A, Schreiner LJ. Po-Thur Eve General-37: Preliminary Analysis of a Cobalt-60 Beam Under a MIMiC. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2244664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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89
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Peters C, Rogers M, Eyles D, Kerr A, Salomons G, Schreiner LJ. Po-Thur Eve General-14: 3rd Generation Co-60 based Megavoltage Computed Tomography. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2244641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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90
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Washburn NJ, Simmons S, Sommer V, Adkins B, Gerken P, Rogers M, Wilson B, Lang B, Hickman B, Barnhart C, Ethirajan S. Outcome of interventions to identify family history and risk management for women with breast cancer in the ambulatory setting. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
6121 Background: In 2002, Kansas City Cancer Center (KCCC) performed a quality improvement (QI) project to evaluate how breast cancer patients were being assessed for family history and cancer risk management. A self-administered family history questionnaire was developed to improve the thoroughness of family history collected and education of clinicians was completed to improve the recognition of risk factors based on ASCO guidelines. Methods: Chart audits on 210 women with breast cancer at KCCC, were completed in the second quarter of 2005. All patients were under the age of 65, not undergoing chemotherapy. A risk management tool was developed. Scoring criteria for 2002 was replicated in 2005 as listed in the table . Results: In 2002, 171 pts (89%) had level 1 or 2 family history assessed compared to 207 pts (99%) in 2005, p<0.0001. In 2002, 47% had 3 generations assessed compared to 84% in 2005, p<0.0001. In 2002 and 2005, some risk factor management occurred in both groups, and was equal, 78% and 80% respectively (p=ns). Of those that had risk management 33% had level 1 in 2002 compared to 3% in 2005 (p<0.0001) a 91% reduction in identifying risk without subsequent management. In 2002, 58% had level 2, compared to 71% in 2005 (p=0.02) a 23% improvement in identification & management of risk. In 2002, 9% had level 3 compared to 26% in 2005 (p<0.0001) a 183% improvement in patients with a detailed risk assessment and/or genetic referral. Conclusions: By improving the assessment of family history and education of providers, women with breast cancer are receiving more information to reduce their risk for recurrence and complications. Patients who were identified as high risk for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were referred to either a nurse practitioner or genetic counselor. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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91
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Sharma RK, Rogers M, Thind J, Mabley ATW. Technique for secondary tracheo-oesophageal puncture in difficult necks. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2006; 117:718-9. [PMID: 14561361 DOI: 10.1258/002221503322334567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A secondary tracheo-oesophageal puncture is required for voice restoration post-laryngectomy either for reasons of closure of the primary fistula or as a planned secondary procedure. A method of doing this safely is described using an endotracheal tube and a flexible nasopharyngoscope in especially difficult cases.
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Lord S, St George R, Fitzpatrick R, Rogers M. Choice stepping response and transfer times: effects of age, falls risk and secondary tasks. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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93
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Yamasue H, Ishijima M, Abe O, Sasaki T, Yamada H, Suga M, Rogers M, Minowa I, Someya R, Kurita H, Aoki S, Kato N, Kasai K. Neuroanatomy in monozygotic twins with Asperger disorder discordant for comorbid depression. Neurology 2005; 65:491-2. [PMID: 16087928 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172360.99310.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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94
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Chng N, Kerr A, Rogers M, Schreiner J. Sci-AM2 Sat - 07: Development of inverse planning and limited angle CT reconstruction for cobalt-60 tomotherapy. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2031057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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95
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Schreiner J, Rogers M, Senden R, McAuley K, Miller J. Sci-PM Sat - 03: Conformal dose verification using cone beam optical computed tomography and polymer gel dosimeters: A feasibility study. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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96
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Morley SM, White MI, Rogers M, Wasserman D, Ratajczak P, McLean WHI, Richard G. A new, recurrent mutation of GJB3 (Cx31) in erythrokeratodermia variabilis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:1143-8. [PMID: 15948974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) is an autosomal dominant or recessive genodermatosis characterized by the coexistence of randomly occurring, transient, erythematous patches and hyperkeratosis of the skin. The disorder has been mapped to chromosome 1p35.1 but is genetically heterogeneous. EKV may be caused by pathogenic mutations in one of two neighbouring connexin genes, GJB3 and GJB4, encoding the gap junction proteins Cx31 and Cx30.3, respectively. Twelve distinct mutations identified to date cluster either at the cytoplasmic amino-terminus or in the four transmembrane domains. OBJECTIVES To report a large family with EKV and an unrelated sporadic case. METHODS DNA amplification and mutation analysis, followed by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography to confirm the segregation of the mutations in the two families with EKV. RESULTS A novel, recurrent GJB3 mutation (625C-->T; L209F) was identified in the family with EKV and in the unrelated sporadic case. CONCLUSIONS This mutation is the first to affect a conserved residue in the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus of any connexin gene with a cutaneous phenotype, emphasizing its structural and/or functional importance.
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Ethirajan S, Adkins B, Spencer S, Gerken P, Washburn N, Simmons S, Sommer V, Rogers M, Strauss Tranin A. Genetic risk assessment in women with breast cancer in the outpatient setting: Establishing the standard of practice for ambulatory care clinics. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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98
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Chin T, Howard R, Abd-Allah S, Rogers M, Roy R, Pfeifle J, Samransamruajkit R. 177 DECREASED CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WITH NITRIC OXIDE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURY. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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99
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Rogers M, McCarthy R, Earnshaw JJ. Prevention of incisional hernia after aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 26:519-22. [PMID: 14532880 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-5884(03)00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incisional hernia is a common late complication of elective abdominal aneurysm (AAA) repair. This paper describes a technique that could prevent the development of this condition. METHODS Since Jan 2001, a polypropylene mesh has been sutured prophylactically in the pre-peritoneal space during abdominal closure after elective AAA repair. RESULTS Twenty-eight consecutive elective procedures were performed. One patient died from a myocardial infarct 13 days after operation. Four patients (14%) had a wound infection (1 deep methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and 3 superficial) that were treated successfully with antibiotics and dressings. One additional patient had a positive MRSA wound swab but required no treatment. Two patients required late re-operations. One, who was on warfarin, required an urgent laparotomy for a leaking false aneurysm of the distal anastomoses 3 months after elective repair. A second patient had an anterior resection 18 months after aneurysm repair. Both re-operations were uneventful. No patient has yet developed a clinically evident incisional hernia. CONCLUSIONS These early data suggest that this mesh technique is a simple, safe and potentially effective method to decrease the incidence of incisional hernia following aortic aneurysm repair.
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Lemmers RJLF, Osborn M, Haaf T, Rogers M, Frants RR, Padberg GW, Cooper DN, van der Maarel SM, Upadhyaya M. D4F104S1 deletion in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: phenotype, size, and detection. Neurology 2003; 61:178-83. [PMID: 12874395 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000078889.51444.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) locus maps to 4q35 where it is closely linked to D4F104S1 (p13E-11), a probe that recognizes the pathognomonic FSHD deletion involving the subtelomeric D4Z4 tandem repeat array. Extended deletions that include both the more proximal D4F104S1 region and the D4Z4 repeat array proper do, however, occur, albeit rarely, and such deletions can lead to difficulties of interpretation in the diagnostic setting. OBJECTIVE To devise a means to determine the true frequency of proximally extended deletions in individuals with FSHD. METHODS Three families selected for this study were originally identified during routine FSHD analysis on the basis that the affected individuals in each family had failed to exhibit a small (<38-kb) EcoRI fragment. High molecular weight DNA from these families was analyzed with both conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using DNA markers p13E-11, 9B6A, B31, 4qA, and 4qB. RESULTS Large genomic deletions were identified involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1. The precise number of D4Z4 repeat units borne by the p13E11 deletion allele was established by the use of an additional restriction enzyme (MseI) digest. All three cases carry different sizes of deletion proximal to the D4Z4 repeat units. With use of a recently described telomeric probe, 4qA, a method was developed that identifies large genomic deletions involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1 using conventional gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSION Proximally extended deletions can be found in patients with a normal spectrum of the disease. This assay promises to allow estimation of the true frequency of proximally extended deletions and should improve the accuracy and reliability of molecular diagnostic testing for FSHD.
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