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Hirota T, Morisaki T, Nishiyama Y, Marumoto T, Tada K, Hara T, Masuko N, Inagaki M, Hatakeyama K, Saya H. Zyxin, a regulator of actin filament assembly, targets the mitotic apparatus by interacting with h-warts/LATS1 tumor suppressor. J Cell Biol 2000; 149:1073-86. [PMID: 10831611 PMCID: PMC2174824 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.5.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic apparatus plays a pivotal role in dividing cells to ensure each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes and complement of cytoplasm during mitosis. A human homologue of the Drosophila warts tumor suppressor, h-warts/LATS1, is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase and a dynamic component of the mitotic apparatus. We have identified an interaction of h-warts/LATS1 with zyxin, a regulator of actin filament assembly. Zyxin is a component of focal adhesion, however, during mitosis a fraction of cytoplasmic-dispersed zyxin becomes associated with h-warts/LATS1 on the mitotic apparatus. We found that zyxin is phosphorylated specifically during mitosis, most likely by Cdc2 kinase, and that the phosphorylation regulates association with h-warts/LATS1. Furthermore, microinjection of truncated h-warts/LATS1 protein, including the zyxin-binding portion, interfered with localization of zyxin to mitotic apparatus, and the duration of mitosis of these injected cells was significantly longer than that of control cells. These findings suggest that h-warts/LATS1 and zyxin play a crucial role in controlling mitosis progression by forming a regulatory complex on mitotic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hirota
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- 1st Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Morisaki
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nishiyama
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomotoshi Marumoto
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kenji Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hara
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Norio Masuko
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0021, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Hatakeyama
- 1st Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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202
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Velmurugan S, Yang XM, Chan CSM, Dobson M, Jayaram M. Partitioning of the 2-microm circle plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functional coordination with chromosome segregation and plasmid-encoded rep protein distribution. J Cell Biol 2000; 149:553-66. [PMID: 10791970 PMCID: PMC2174858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.3.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient partitioning of the 2-microm plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at cell division is dependent on two plasmid-encoded proteins (Rep1p and Rep2p), together with the cis-acting locus REP3 (STB). In addition, host encoded factors are likely to contribute to plasmid segregation. Direct observation of a 2-microm-derived plasmid in live yeast cells indicates that the multiple plasmid copies are located in the nucleus, predominantly in clusters with characteristic shapes. Comparison to a single-tagged chromosome or to a yeast centromeric plasmid shows that the segregation kinetics of the 2-microm plasmid and the chromosome are quite similar during the yeast cell cycle. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that the plasmid is colocalized with the Rep1 and Rep2 proteins within the yeast nucleus. Furthermore, the Rep proteins (and therefore the plasmid) tend to concentrate near the poles of the yeast mitotic spindle. Depolymerization of the spindle results in partial dispersion of the Rep proteins in the nucleus concomitant with a loosening in the association between plasmid molecules. In an ipl1-2 yeast strain, shifted to the nonpermissive temperature, the chromosomes and plasmid almost always missegregate in tandem. Our results suggest that, after DNA replication, plasmid distribution to the daughter cells occurs in the form of specific DNA-protein aggregates. They further indicate that the plasmid partitioning mechanism may exploit at least some of the components of the cellular machinery required for chromosomal segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarapandian Velmurugan
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Xian-Mei Yang
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Clarence S.-M. Chan
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Melanie Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
| | - Makkuni Jayaram
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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203
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Inoue YH, do Carmo Avides M, Shiraki M, Deak P, Yamaguchi M, Nishimoto Y, Matsukage A, Glover DM. Orbit, a novel microtubule-associated protein essential for mitosis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Biol 2000; 149:153-66. [PMID: 10747094 PMCID: PMC2175100 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a Drosophila gene, orbit, that encodes a conserved 165-kD microtubule-associated protein (MAP) with GTP binding motifs. Hypomorphic mutations in orbit lead to a maternal effect resulting in branched and bent mitotic spindles in the syncytial embryo. In the larval central nervous system, such mutants have an elevated mitotic index with some mitotic cells showing an increase in ploidy. Amorphic alleles show late lethality and greater frequencies of hyperploid mitotic cells. The presence of cells in the hypomorphic mutant in which the chromosomes can be arranged, either in a circular metaphase or an anaphase-like configuration on monopolar spindles, suggests that polyploidy arises through spindle and chromosome segregation defects rather than defects in cytokinesis. A role for the Orbit protein in regulating microtubule behavior in mitosis is suggested by its association with microtubules throughout the spindle at all mitotic stages, by its copurification with microtubules from embryonic extracts, and by the finding that the Orbit protein directly binds to MAP-free microtubules in a GTP-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
- Cell Cycle Genetics Research Group, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
| | - Maria do Carmo Avides
- Cell Cycle Genetics Research Group, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England
| | - Michina Shiraki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Peter Deak
- Cell Cycle Genetics Research Group, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Akio Matsukage
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - David M. Glover
- Cell Cycle Genetics Research Group, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England
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204
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Purohit A, Tynan SH, Vallee R, Doxsey SJ. Direct interaction of pericentrin with cytoplasmic dynein light intermediate chain contributes to mitotic spindle organization. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:481-92. [PMID: 10545494 PMCID: PMC2151190 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1999] [Accepted: 09/27/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentrin is a conserved protein of the centrosome involved in microtubule organization. To better understand pericentrin function, we overexpressed the protein in somatic cells and assayed for changes in the composition and function of mitotic spindles and spindle poles. Spindles in pericentrin-overexpressing cells were disorganized and mispositioned, and chromosomes were misaligned and missegregated during cell division, giving rise to aneuploid cells. We unexpectedly found that levels of the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein were dramatically reduced at spindle poles. Cytoplasmic dynein was diminished at kinetochores also, and the dynein-mediated organization of the Golgi complex was disrupted. Dynein coimmunoprecipitated with overexpressed pericentrin, suggesting that the motor was sequestered in the cytoplasm and was prevented from associating with its cellular targets. Immunoprecipitation of endogenous pericentrin also pulled down cytoplasmic dynein in untransfected cells. To define the basis for this interaction, pericentrin was coexpressed with cytoplasmic dynein heavy (DHCs), intermediate (DICs), and light intermediate (LICs) chains, and the dynamitin and p150(Glued) subunits of dynactin. Only the LICs coimmunoprecipitated with pericentrin. These results provide the first physiological role for LIC, and they suggest that a pericentrin-dynein interaction in vivo contributes to the assembly, organization, and function of centrosomes and mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Purohit
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sharon H. Tynan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Richard Vallee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Stephen J. Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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205
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Abstract
The single cytoplasmic dynein and five of the six kinesin-related proteins encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae participate in mitotic spindle function. Some of the motors operate within the nucleus to assemble and elongate the bipolar spindle. Others operate on the cytoplasmic microtubules to effect spindle and nuclear positioning within the cell. This study reveals that kinesin-related Kar3p and Kip3p are unique in that they perform roles both inside and outside the nucleus. Kar3p, like Kip3p, was found to be required for spindle positioning in the absence of dynein. The spindle positioning role of Kar3p is performed in concert with the Cik1p accessory factor, but not the homologous Vik1p. Kar3p and Kip3p were also found to overlap for a function essential for the structural integrity of the bipolar spindle. The cytoplasmic and nuclear roles of both these motors could be partially substituted for by the microtubule-destabilizing agent benomyl, suggesting that these motors perform an essential microtubule-destabilizing function. In addition, we found that yeast cell viability could be supported by as few as two microtubule-based motors: the BimC-type kinesin Cin8p, required for spindle structure, paired with either Kar3p or Kip3p, required for both spindle structure and positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R. Cottingham
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Dana L. Miller
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - M. Andrew Hoyt
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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206
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Abstract
Mammalian vaults are ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, composed of a small ribonucleic acid and three proteins of 100, 193, and 240 kD in size. The 100-kD major vault protein (MVP) accounts for >70% of the particle mass. We have identified the 193-kD vault protein by its interaction with the MVP in a yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed its identity by peptide sequence analysis. Analysis of the protein sequence revealed a region of approximately 350 amino acids that shares 28% identity with the catalytic domain of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP is a nuclear protein that catalyzes the formation of ADP-ribose polymers in response to DNA damage. The catalytic domain of p193 was expressed and purified from bacterial extracts. Like PARP, this domain is capable of catalyzing a poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction; thus, the 193-kD protein is a new PARP. Purified vaults also contain the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity, indicating that the assembled particle retains enzymatic activity. Furthermore, we show that one substrate for this vault-associated PARP activity is the MVP. Immunofluorescence and biochemical data reveal that p193 protein is not entirely associated with the vault particle, suggesting that it may interact with other protein(s). A portion of p193 is nuclear and localizes to the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1737, USA.
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207
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Mattagajasingh SN, Huang SC, Hartenstein JS, Snyder M, Marchesi VT, Benz EJ. A nonerythroid isoform of protein 4.1R interacts with the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1999; 145:29-43. [PMID: 10189366 PMCID: PMC2148212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.145.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell protein 4.1 (4.1R) is an 80- kD erythrocyte phosphoprotein that stabilizes the spectrin/actin cytoskeleton. In nonerythroid cells, multiple 4.1R isoforms arise from a single gene by alternative splicing and predominantly code for a 135-kD isoform. This isoform contains a 209 amino acid extension at its NH2 terminus (head piece; HP). Immunoreactive epitopes specific for HP have been detected within the cell nucleus, nuclear matrix, centrosomes, and parts of the mitotic apparatus in dividing cells. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, in vitro binding assays, coimmunolocalization, and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we show that a 135-kD 4.1R isoform specifically interacts with the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein. NuMA and 4.1R partially colocalize in the interphase nucleus of MDCK cells and redistribute to the spindle poles early in mitosis. Protein 4.1R associates with NuMA in the interphase nucleus and forms a complex with spindle pole organizing proteins, NuMA, dynein, and dynactin during cell division. Overexpression of a 135-kD isoform of 4.1R alters the normal distribution of NuMA in the interphase nucleus. The minimal sequence sufficient for this interaction has been mapped to the amino acids encoded by exons 20 and 21 of 4.1R and residues 1788-1810 of NuMA. Our results not only suggest that 4.1R could, possibly, play an important role in organizing the nuclear architecture, mitotic spindle, and spindle poles, but also could define a novel role for its 22-24-kD domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mattagajasingh
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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208
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Abstract
A conditional allele of type 1 protein phosphatase (glc7-129) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes first cycle arrest in G2/M, characterized by cells with a short spindle and high H1 kinase activity. Point-of-execution experiments indicate Glc7p function is required in G2/M just before anaphase for the completion of mitosis. Loss of the spindle/kinetochore checkpoint in glc7-129 cells abolishes the G2/M cell cycle arrest with a concomitant increase in chromosome loss and reduced viability. These results support a role for Glc7p in regulating kinetochore attachment to the spindle, an event monitored by the spindle/kinetochore checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bloecher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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209
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Bobinnec Y, Khodjakov A, Mir LM, Rieder CL, Eddé B, Bornens M. Centriole disassembly in vivo and its effect on centrosome structure and function in vertebrate cells. J Cell Biol 1998; 143:1575-89. [PMID: 9852152 PMCID: PMC2132987 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.143.6.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1998] [Revised: 10/26/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamylation is the major posttranslational modification of neuronal and axonemal tubulin and is restricted predominantly to centrioles in nonneuronal cells (Bobinnec, Y., M. Moudjou, J.P. Fouquet, E. Desbruyères, B. Eddé, and M. Bornens. 1998. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 39:223-232). To investigate a possible relationship between the exceptional stability of centriole microtubules and the compartmentalization of glutamylated isoforms, we loaded HeLa cells with the monoclonal antibody GT335, which specifically reacts with polyglutamylated tubulin. The total disappearance of the centriole pair was observed after 12 h, as judged both by immunofluorescence labeling with specific antibodies and electron microscopic observation of cells after complete thick serial sectioning. Strikingly, we also observed a scattering of the pericentriolar material (PCM) within the cytoplasm and a parallel disappearance of the centrosome as a defined organelle. However, centriole disappearance was transient, as centrioles and discrete centrosomes ultimately reappeared in the cell population. During the acentriolar period, a large proportion of monopolar half-spindles or of bipolar spindles with abnormal distribution of PCM and NuMA were observed. However, as judged by a quasinormal increase in cell number, these cells likely were not blocked in mitosis. Our results suggest that a posttranslational modification of tubulin is critical for long-term stability of centriolar microtubules. They further demonstrate that in animal cells, centrioles are instrumental in organizing centrosomal components into a structurally stable organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bobinnec
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, UMR144 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque (CNRS), 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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210
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Abstract
The perinuclear localization of myosin-V was investigated in a variety of cultured mammalian cells and in primary cultures of rat hippocampus. In all cells investigated, myosin-V immunoreactivity was associated with the centrosome. In interphase cells, myosin-V was found in pericentriolar material, and in both mother and daughter centrioles. These results were obtained by using two different fixation protocols with three different affinity-purified antibodies that recognized a single band in Western blots. During cell division, myosin-V staining was intense throughout the cytoplasm and was concentrated in a trail between migrating centrioles and in the mitotic spindle poles and spindle fibers. The centrosome targeting site was determined to reside within the globular tail domain, because centrosome association also was observed in living cells transfected with DNA encoding the tail domain fused with a green fluorescent protein tag, but not in cells transfected with the vector encoding green fluorescent protein by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Espreafico
- Department of Morphology, FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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211
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Mizuhashi F, Murata K, Kitagaki T, Tomita I. Effects of the tumor inhibitor IKP-104, a 4(1H)-pyridinone derivative, on cytoskeletal microtubules of cultured tumor cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82:1442-7. [PMID: 1778768 PMCID: PMC5918355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of IKP-104, a 4(1H)-pyridinone derivative, on the mitotic profile and cytoskeletal microtubule dynamics of cultured B16 melanoma cells were examined in order to investigate the mechanism of its antitumor activity. The exposure to IKP-104 caused accumulation of cells in abnormal metaphase with chromosomes scattered within the cytoplasm and induced polyploid and multinucleate cells as detected by differential staining microscopy with brilliant blue R and safranin O. An immunofluorescence study with monoclonal anti-alpha-tubulin antibody revealed that IKP-104 diminished cytoskeletal microtubules of both interphase and mitotic cells, resulting in induction of a few fragments resembling "microtubular bundles" induced by vinblastine (VLB). These results indicated that IKP-104 arrests cells in the mitotic phase by inhibition of polymerization and induction of depolymerization of cytoskeletal microtubules, similarly to VLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mizuhashi
- Life Science Research Institute, Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Shizuoka
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