201
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Abstract
This paper firstly introduces the importance of temperature control in concrete measurement, then a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag embedded for concrete temperature monitoring is presented. In order to reduce the influences of concrete electromagnetic parameters during the drying process, a T-type antenna is proposed to measure the concrete temperature at the required depth. The proposed RFID sensor tag is based on the EPC generation-2 ultra-high frequency (UHF) communication protocol and operates in passive mode. The temperature sensor can convert the sensor signals to corresponding digital signals without an external reference clock due to the adoption of phase-locked loop (PLL)-based architecture. Laboratory experimentation and on-site testing demonstrate that our sensor tag embedded in concrete can provide reliable communication performance in passive mode. The maximum communicating distance between reader and tag is 7 m at the operating frequency of 915 MHz and the tested results show high consistency with the results tested by a thermocouple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Fangming Deng
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yigang He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhen Liang
- Rising Micro Electronics Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shuangxi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
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202
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Lin T, Ho Y, Su C. LDMOS Channel Thermometer Based on a Thermal Resistance Sensor for Balancing Temperature in Monolithic Power ICs. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17061397. [PMID: 28617346 PMCID: PMC5491984 DOI: 10.3390/s17061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method of thermal balancing for monolithic power integrated circuits (ICs). An on-chip temperature monitoring sensor that consists of a poly resistor strip in each of multiple parallel MOSFET banks is developed. A temperature-to-frequency converter (TFC) is proposed to quantize on-chip temperature. A pulse-width-modulation (PWM) methodology is developed to balance the channel temperature based on the quantization. The modulated PWM pulses control the hottest of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) bank to reduce its power dissipation and heat generation. A test chip with eight parallel MOSFET banks is fabricated in TSMC 0.25 μm HV BCD processes, and total area is 900 × 914 μm². The maximal temperature variation among the eight banks can reduce to 2.8 °C by the proposed thermal balancing system from 9.5 °C with 1.5 W dissipation. As a result, our proposed system improves the lifetime of a power MOSFET by 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyou Lin
- Institute of Communications Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Yingchieh Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Chauchin Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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203
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Kye H, Koh YG, Kim Y, Han SG, Lee H, Lee W. Tunable Temperature Response of a Thermochromic Photonic Gel Sensor Containing N-Isopropylacrylamide and 4-Acryloyilmorpholine. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1398. [PMID: 28617337 DOI: 10.3390/s17061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, thermochromic photonic gels were fabricated using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a hydrogel building block, and 4-Acryloyl morpholine (ACMO) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) as thermoresponsive monomers with different critical solution temperature behaviors. Rapid photopolymerization of opal-templated monomer mixtures of varying ACMO contents formed five individual thermochromic inverse opal photonic gels integrated on a single substrate. With temperature variation from 10 °C to 80 °C, the changes in reflective colors and reflectance spectra of the respective thermochromic gels were noted, and λpeak changes were plotted. Because NIPAAM exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 33 °C, the NIPAAM-only gel showed a steep slope for dλpeak/dT below 40 °C, whereas the slope became flatter at high temperatures. As the ACMO content increased in the thermochromic gel, the curve of dλpeak/dT turned out to be gradual within the investigated temperature range, exhibiting the entire visible range of colors. The incorporation of ACMO in NIPAAM-based thermochromic gels therefore enabled a better control of color changes at a relatively high-temperature regime compared to a NIPAAM-only gel. In addition, ACMO-containing thermochromic gels exhibited a smaller hysteresis of λpeak for the heating and cooling cycle.
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204
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Duraibabu DB, Leen G, Toal D, Newe T, Lewis E, Dooly G. Underwater Depth and Temperature Sensing Based on Fiber Optic Technology for Marine and Fresh Water Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1228. [PMID: 28555006 DOI: 10.3390/s17061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oceanic conditions play an important role in determining the effects of climate change and these effects can be monitored through the changes in the physical properties of sea water. In fact, Oceanographers use various probes for measuring the properties within the water column. CTDs (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth) provide profiles of physical and chemical parameters of the water column. A CTD device consists of Conductivity (C), Temperature (T) and Depth (D) probes to monitor the water column changes with respect to relative depth. An optical fibre-based point sensor used as a combined pressure (depth) and temperature sensor and the sensor system are described. Measurements accruing from underwater trials of a miniature sensor for pressure (depth) and temperature in the ocean and in fresh water are reported. The sensor exhibits excellent stability and its performance is shown to be comparable with the Sea-Bird Scientific commercial sensor: SBE9Plus.
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205
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Pullano SA, Mahbub I, Islam SK, Fiorillo AS. PVDF Sensor Stimulated by Infrared Radiation for Temperature Monitoring in Microfluidic Devices. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17040850. [PMID: 28406447 PMCID: PMC5424727 DOI: 10.3390/s17040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a ferroelectric polymer-based temperature sensor designed for microfluidic devices. The integration of the sensor into a system-on-a-chip platform facilitates quick monitoring of localized temperature of a biological fluid, avoiding errors in the evaluation of thermal evolution of the fluid during analysis. The contact temperature sensor is fabricated by combining a thin pyroelectric film together with an infrared source, which stimulates the active element located on the top of the microfluidic channel. An experimental setup was assembled to validate the analytical model and to characterize the response rate of the device. The evaluation procedure and the operating range of the temperature also make this device suitable for applications where the localized temperature monitoring of biological samples is necessary. Additionally, ease of integration with standard microfluidic devices makes the proposed sensor an attractive option for in situ analysis of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore A Pullano
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Ifana Mahbub
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Syed K Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Antonino S Fiorillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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206
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De D, Mukherjee A, Sau A, Bhakta I. Design of smart neonatal health monitoring system using SMCC. Healthc Technol Lett 2017; 4:13-19. [PMID: 28261491 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2016.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated health monitoring and alert system development is a demanding research area today. Most of the currently available monitoring and controlling medical devices are wired which limits freeness of working environment. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a better alternative in such an environment. Neonatal intensive care unit is used to take care of sick and premature neonates. Hypothermia is an independent risk factor for neonatal mortality and morbidity. To prevent it an automated monitoring system is required. In this Letter, an automated neonatal health monitoring system is designed using sensor mobile cloud computing (SMCC). SMCC is based on WSN and MCC. In the authors' system temperature sensor, acceleration sensor and heart rate measurement sensor are used to monitor body temperature, acceleration due to body movement and heart rate of neonates. The sensor data are stored inside the cloud. The health person continuously monitors and accesses these data through the mobile device using an Android Application for neonatal monitoring. When an abnormal situation arises, an alert is generated in the mobile device of the health person. By alerting health professional using such an automated system, early care is provided to the affected babies and the probability of recovery is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis De
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, BF142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 064, West Bengal, India; Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perth, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Anwesha Mukherjee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering , West Bengal University of Technology , BF142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 064, West Bengal , India
| | - Arkaprabha Sau
- Medical Division, Port Hospital, Haldia Dock Complex, Kolkata Port Trust, West Bengal 721 607, India; Department of Community Medicine, R.G. Kar Medical Collage and Hospital, Kolkata 700 004, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishita Bhakta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering , West Bengal University of Technology , BF142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 064, West Bengal , India
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207
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Pan Z, Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Tong J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li X, Li Y. Sensing Properties of a Novel Temperature Sensor Based on Field Assisted Thermal Emission. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17030473. [PMID: 28264427 PMCID: PMC5375759 DOI: 10.3390/s17030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existing temperature sensors using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are limited by low sensitivity, complicated processes, or dependence on microscopy to observe the experimental results. Here we report the fabrication and successful testing of an ionization temperature sensor featuring non-self-sustaining discharge. The sharp tips of nanotubes generate high electric fields at relatively low voltages, lowering the work function of electrons emitted by CNTs, and thereby enabling the safe operation of such sensors. Due to the temperature effect on the electron emission of CNTs, the collecting current exhibited an exponential increase with temperature rising from 20 °C to 100 °C. Additionally, a higher temperature coefficient of 0.04 K−1 was obtained at 24 V voltage applied on the extracting electrode, higher than the values of other reported CNT-based temperature sensors. The triple-electrode ionization temperature sensor is easy to fabricate and converts the temperature change directly into an electrical signal. It shows a high temperature coefficient and good application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Jiaming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Qiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Jianpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Vacuum Micro-Electronic & Micro-Electronic Mechanical Institute, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yunjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710-049, China.
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208
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Qazi HH, Mohammad AB, Ahmad H, Zulkifli MZ. D-Shaped Polarization Maintaining Fiber Sensor for Strain and Temperature Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16091505. [PMID: 27649195 PMCID: PMC5038778 DOI: 10.3390/s16091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A D-shaped polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) as fiber optic sensor for the simultaneous monitoring of strain and the surrounding temperature is presented. A mechanical end and edge polishing system with aluminum oxide polishing film is utilized to perform sequential polishing on one side (lengthwise) of the PMF in order to fabricate a D-shaped cross-section. Experimental results show that the proposed sensor has high sensitivity of 46 pm/µε and 130 pm/°C for strain and temperature, respectively, which is significantly higher than other recently reported work (mainly from 2013) related to fiber optic sensors. The easy fabrication method, high sensitivity, and good linearity make this sensing device applicable in various applications such as health monitoring and spatial analysis of engineering structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hummad Habib Qazi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Mohammad
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Harith Ahmad
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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209
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Khan MRR, Kang SW. Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensors Based on Fiber-Optic PWM and Capacitance Variation Using Thermochromic Sensing Membrane. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:s16071064. [PMID: 27409620 PMCID: PMC4970111 DOI: 10.3390/s16071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a temperature/thermal sensor that contains a Rhodamine-B sensing membrane. We applied two different sensing methods, namely, fiber-optic pulse width modulation (PWM) and an interdigitated capacitor (IDC)-based temperature sensor to measure the temperature from 5 °C to 100 °C. To the best of our knowledge, the fiber-optic PWM-based temperature sensor is reported for the first time in this study. The proposed fiber-optic PWM temperature sensor has good sensing ability; its sensitivity is ~3.733 mV/°C. The designed temperature-sensing system offers stable sensing responses over a wide dynamic range, good reproducibility properties with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ~0.021, and the capacity for a linear sensing response with a correlation coefficient of R² ≈ 0.992 over a wide sensing range. In our study, we also developed an IDC temperature sensor that is based on the capacitance variation principle as the IDC sensing element is heated. We compared the performance of the proposed temperature-sensing systems with different fiber-optic temperature sensors (which are based on the fiber-optic wavelength shift method, the long grating fiber-optic Sagnac loop, and probe type fiber-optics) in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, and linearity. We observed that the proposed sensing systems have better sensing performance than the above-mentioned sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rajibur Rahaman Khan
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Shin-Won Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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210
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Nemova G, Kashyap R. Silica Bottle Resonator Sensor for Refractive Index and Temperature Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E87. [PMID: 26761011 DOI: 10.3390/s16010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose and theoretically demonstrate a bottle resonator sensor with a nanoscale altitude and with alength several of hundreds of microns made on the top of the fiber with a radius of tens microns for refractive index and temperature sensor applications. The whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the resonators can be excited with a taper fiber placed on the top of the resonator. These sensors can be considered as an alternative to fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors.The sensitivity of TM-polarized modes is higher than the sensitivity of the TE-polarized modes, but these values are comparable and both polarizations are suitable for sensor applications. The sensitivity ~150 (nm/RIU) can be reached with abottle resonator on the fiber with the radius 10 μm. It can be improved with theuse of a fiber with a smaller radius. The temperature sensitivity is found to be ~10 pm/K. The temperature sensitivity can decrease ~10% for a fiber with a radius r(co) = 10 μm instead of a fiber with a radius r(co) = 100 μm. These sensors have sensitivities comparable to FBG sensors. A bottle resonator sensor with a nanoscale altitude made on the top of the fiber can be easily integrated in any fiber scheme.
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211
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Yokota T, Inoue Y, Terakawa Y, Reeder J, Kaltenbrunner M, Ware T, Yang K, Mabuchi K, Murakawa T, Sekino M, Voit W, Sekitani T, Someya T. Ultraflexible, large-area, physiological temperature sensors for multipoint measurements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14533-8. [PMID: 26554008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515650112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a fabrication method for flexible and printable thermal sensors based on composites of semicrystalline acrylate polymers and graphite with a high sensitivity of 20 mK and a high-speed response time of less than 100 ms. These devices exhibit large resistance changes near body temperature under physiological conditions with high repeatability (1,800 times). Device performance is largely unaffected by bending to radii below 700 µm, which allows for conformal application to the surface of living tissue. The sensing temperature can be tuned between 25 °C and 50 °C, which covers all relevant physiological temperatures. Furthermore, we demonstrate flexible active-matrix thermal sensors which can resolve spatial temperature gradients over a large area. With this flexible ultrasensitive temperature sensor we succeeded in the in vivo measurement of cyclic temperatures changes of 0.1 °C in a rat lung during breathing, without interference from constant tissue motion. This result conclusively shows that the lung of a warm-blooded animal maintains surprising temperature stability despite the large difference between core temperature and inhaled air temperature.
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212
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Abstract
Efficient scavenging the kinetic energy from air-flow represents a promising approach for obtaining clean, sustainable electricity. Here, we report an elasto-aerodynamics-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on contact electrification. The reported TENG consists of a Kapton film with two Cu electrodes at each side, fixed on two ends in an acrylic fluid channel. The relationship between the TENG output power density and its fluid channel dimensions is systematically studied. TENG with a fluid channel size of 125 × 10 × 1.6 mm(3) delivers the maximum output power density of about 9 kW/m(3) under a loading resistance of 2.3 MΩ. Aero-elastic flutter effect explains the air-flow induced vibration of Kapton film well. The output power scales nearly linearly with parallel wiring of multiple TENGs. Connecting 10 TENGs in parallel gives an output power of 25 mW, which allows direct powering of a globe light. The TENG is also utilized to scavenge human breath induced air-flow energy to sustainably power a human body temperature sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Mu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 117685, Singapore
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Alex Yuandong Gu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 117685, Singapore
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ya Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
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213
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Fuentes-Fuentes MA, May-Arrioja DA, Guzman-Sepulveda JR, Torres-Cisneros M, Sánchez-Mondragón JJ. Highly Sensitive Liquid Core Temperature Sensor Based on Multimode Interference Effects. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:26929-39. [PMID: 26512664 PMCID: PMC4634396 DOI: 10.3390/s151026929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel fiber optic temperature sensor based on a liquid-core multimode interference device is demonstrated. The advantage of such structure is that the thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of the liquid is at least one order of magnitude larger than that of silica and this, combined with the fact that the TOC of silica and the liquid have opposite signs, provides a liquid-core multimode fiber (MMF) highly sensitive to temperature. Since the refractive index of the liquid can be easily modified, this allows us to control the modal properties of the liquid-core MMF at will and the sensor sensitivity can be easily tuned by selecting the refractive index of the liquid in the core of the device. The maximum sensitivity measured in our experiments is 20 nm/°C in the low-temperature regime up to 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, to date, this is the largest sensitivity reported for fiber-based MMI temperature sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Fuentes-Fuentes
- Photonics and Optical Physics Laboratory, Optics Department, INAOE, Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico.
| | - Daniel A May-Arrioja
- Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes, Ags. 20200, Mexico.
| | - José R Guzman-Sepulveda
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Miguel Torres-Cisneros
- NanoBioPhotonics Group, DICIS, University of Guanajuato, Salamanca, Guanajuato 368850, Mexico.
| | - José J Sánchez-Mondragón
- Photonics and Optical Physics Laboratory, Optics Department, INAOE, Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico.
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214
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Jenkins K, Nguyen V, Zhu R, Yang R. Piezotronic Effect: An Emerging Mechanism for Sensing Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:22914-40. [PMID: 26378536 DOI: 10.3390/s150922914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strain-induced polarization charges in a piezoelectric semiconductor effectively modulate the band structure near the interface and charge carrier transport. Fundamental investigation of the piezotronic effect has attracted broad interest, and various sensing applications have been demonstrated. This brief review discusses the fundamentals of the piezotronic effect, followed by a review highlighting important applications for strain sensors, pressure sensors, chemical sensors, photodetectors, humidity sensors and temperature sensors. Finally, the review offers some perspectives and outlook for this new field of multi-functional sensing enabled by the piezotronic effect.
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215
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Shahi PK, Singh AK, Singh SK, Rai SB, Ullrich B. Revelation of the Technological Versatility of the Eu(TTA)3Phen Complex by Demonstrating Energy Harvesting, Ultraviolet Light Detection, Temperature Sensing, and Laser Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:18231-9. [PMID: 26238311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized the Eu(TTA)3Phen complex and present herein a detailed study of its photophysics. The investigations encompass samples dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) and in ethanol in order to explore the versatile applicability of these lanthanide-based materials. Details upon the interaction between Eu, TTA, and the Phen ligands are revealed by Fourier transform infrared and UV-visible absorption, complemented by steady state and temporally resolved emission studies, which provide evidence of an efficient energy transfer from the organic ligands to the central Eu(3+) ion. The material produces efficient emission even under sunlight exposure, a feature pointing toward suitability for luminescent solar concentrators and UV light sensing, which is demonstrated for intensities as low as 200 nW/cm(2). The paper further promotes the complex's capability to be used as luminescence-based temperature sensor demonstrated by the considerable emission intensity changes of ∼4.0% per K in the temperature range of 50-305 K and ∼7% per K in the temeperature range 305-340 K. Finally, increasing the optical excitation causes both spontaneous emission amplification and emission peak narrowing in the Eu(TTA)3Phen complex dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) - features indicative of stimulated emission. These findings in conjunction with the fairly large stimulated emission cross-section of 4.29 × 10(-20) cm(2) demonstrate that the Eu(TTA)3Phen complex dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) could be a very promising material choice for lanthanide-polymer based laser architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shyam Bahadur Rai
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bruno Ullrich
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
- Ullrich Photonics LLC , Wayne, Ohio 43466, United States
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216
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Deng F, He Y, Li B, Zhang L, Wu X, Fu Z, Zuo L. Design of an Embedded CMOS Temperature Sensor for Passive RFID Tag Chips. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:11442-53. [PMID: 25993518 PMCID: PMC4481890 DOI: 10.3390/s150511442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an ultra-low embedded power temperature sensor for passive RFID tags. The temperature sensor converts the temperature variation to a PTAT current, which is then transformed into a temperature-controlled frequency. A phase locked loop (PLL)-based sensor interface is employed to directly convert this temperature-controlled frequency into a corresponding digital output without an external reference clock. The fabricated sensor occupies an area of 0.021 mm2 using the TSMC 0.18 1P6M mixed-signal CMOS process. Measurement results of the embedded sensor within the tag system shows a 92 nW power dissipation under 1.0 V supply voltage at room temperature, with a sensing resolution of 0.15 °C/LSB and a sensing accuracy of −0.7/0.6 °C from −30 °C to 70 °C after 1-point calibration at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Deng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yigang He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Lihua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Zhihui Fu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Lei Zuo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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217
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Lopez-Aldaba A, Pinto AMR, Lopez-Amo M, Frazão O, Santos JL, Baptista JM, Baierl H, Auguste JL, Jamier R, Roy P. Experimental and numerical characterization of a hybrid Fabry-Pérot cavity for temperature sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:8042-8053. [PMID: 25853404 PMCID: PMC4431231 DOI: 10.3390/s150408042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid Fabry-Pérot cavity sensing head based on a four-bridge microstructured fiber is characterized for temperature sensing. The characterization of this cavity is performed numerically and experimentally in the L-band. The sensing head output signal presents a linear variation with temperature changes, showing a sensitivity of 12.5 pm/°C. Moreover, this Fabry-Pérot cavity exhibits good sensitivity to polarization changes and high stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Lopez-Aldaba
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering of the Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; E-Mails: (A.L.-A.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - Ana Margarida Rodrigues Pinto
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering of the Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; E-Mails: (A.L.-A.); (M.L.-A.)
- INESC P&D Brasil, 11055-300 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Lopez-Amo
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering of the Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; E-Mails: (A.L.-A.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - Orlando Frazão
- INESC Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (O.F.); (J.L.S.); (J.M.B.)
| | - José Luís Santos
- INESC Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (O.F.); (J.L.S.); (J.M.B.)
| | - José Manuel Baptista
- INESC Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (O.F.); (J.L.S.); (J.M.B.)
- Competence Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering of the University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Hardy Baierl
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Xlim, UMR7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.-L.A.); (R.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Jean-Louis Auguste
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Xlim, UMR7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.-L.A.); (R.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Raphael Jamier
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Xlim, UMR7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.-L.A.); (R.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Philippe Roy
- University of Limoges, CNRS, Xlim, UMR7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; E-Mails: (H.B.); (J.-L.A.); (R.J.); (P.R.)
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218
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Di Giacomo R, Daraio C, Maresca B. Plant nanobionic materials with a giant temperature response mediated by pectin-Ca2+. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4541-5. [PMID: 25825744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional approaches to create biomaterials rely on reverse engineering of biological structures, on biomimicking, and on bioinspiration. Plant nanobionics is a recent approach to engineer new materials combining plant organelles with synthetic nanoparticles to enhance, for example, photosynthesis. Biological structures often outperform man-made materials. For example, higher plants sense temperature changes with high responsivity. However, these properties do not persist after cell death. Here, we permanently stabilize the temperature response of isolated plant cells adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Interconnecting cells, we create materials with an effective temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (TCR) of -1,730% K(-1), ∼2 orders of magnitude higher than the best available sensors. This extreme temperature response is due to metal ions contained in the egg-box structure of the pectin backbone, lodged between cellulose microfibrils. The presence of a network of CNTs stabilizes the response of cells at high temperatures without decreasing the activation energy of the material. CNTs also increase the background conductivity, making these materials suitable elements for thermal and distance sensors.
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219
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Deepankumar K, Nadarajan SP, Bae DH, Baek KH, Choi KY, Yun H. Temperature sensing using red fluorescent protein. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015; 20:67-72. [PMID: 32218680 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins are extensively utilized for labeling and imaging proteins, organelles, cell tissues, and whole organisms. In this study, we explored the feasibility of mRFP1 and its variants for measuring intracellular temperature. A linear relationship was observed between the temperature and fluorescence intensity of mRFP1 and its variants. Temperature sensitivities of E. coli expressing mRFP1, mRFP-P63A and mRFP-P63A[(4R)-FP] were -1.27%, -1.26% and -0.77%/°C, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated the potentiality of mRFP1 and its variants as an in vivo temperature sensor.
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220
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Abstract
Stretchable graphene thermistors with intrinsic high stretchability were fabricated through a lithographic filtration method. Three-dimensional crumpled graphene was used as the thermal detection channels, and silver nanowires were used as electrodes. Both the detection channel and electrodes were fully embedded in an elastomer matrix to achieve excellent stretchability. Detailed temperature sensing properties were characterized at different strains up to 50%. It is evident that the devices can maintain their functionalities even at high stretched states. The devices demonstrated strain-dependent thermal indices, and the sensitivity of the thermistors can be effectively tuned using strain. The unique tunable thermal index is advantageous over conventional rigid ceramic thermistors for diverse and adaptive applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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221
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals have been synthesized that support intrinsic dual emission from the excitonic core as well as the surface. By virtue of chemical control of the thermodynamics of the core/surface equilibria, these nanocrystals support ratiometric temperature sensing over a broad temperature scale. This surface-chemistry-based approach for creating intrinsic dual emission enables a completely new strategy for application of these nanocrystals in optical nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshay Jethi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Michael M Krause
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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222
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Tan Q, Luo T, Xiong J, Kang H, Ji X, Zhang Y, Yang M, Wang X, Xue C, Liu J, Zhang W. A harsh environment-oriented wireless passive temperature sensor realized by LTCC technology. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:4154-66. [PMID: 24594610 PMCID: PMC4003936 DOI: 10.3390/s140304154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To meet measurement needs in harsh environments, such as high temperature and rotating applications, a wireless passive Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) temperature sensor based on ferroelectric dielectric material is presented in this paper. As a LC circuit which consists of electrically connected temperature sensitive capacitor and invariable planar spiral inductor, the sensor has its resonant frequency shift with the variation in temperature. Within near-filed coupling distance, the variation in resonant frequency of the sensor can be detected contactlessly by extracting the impedance parameters of an external antenna. Ferroelectric ceramic, which has temperature sensitive permittivity, is used as the dielectric. The fabrication process of the sensor, which differs from conventional LTCC technology, is described in detail. The sensor is tested three times from room temperature to 700 °C, and considerable repeatability and sensitivity are shown, thus the feasibility of high performance wireless passive temperature sensor realized by LTCC technology is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Jijun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Hao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Xiaxia Ji
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Mingliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Tai Yuan 030051, China.
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223
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Chen CC, Lin SH. A time-domain CMOS oscillator-based thermostat with digital set-point programming. Sensors (Basel) 2013; 13:1679-1691. [PMID: 23385403 PMCID: PMC3649386 DOI: 10.3390/s130201679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a time-domain CMOS oscillator-based thermostat with digital set-point programming [without a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or external resistor] to achieve on-chip thermal management of modern VLSI systems. A time-domain delay-line-based thermostat with multiplexers (MUXs) was used to substantially reduce the power consumption and chip size, and can benefit from the performance enhancement due to the scaling down of fabrication processes. For further cost reduction and accuracy enhancement, this paper proposes a thermostat using two oscillators that are suitable for time-domain curvature compensation instead of longer linear delay lines. The final time comparison was achieved using a time comparator with a built-in custom hysteresis to generate the corresponding temperature alarm and control. The chip size of the circuit was reduced to 0.12 mm2 in a 0.35-mm TSMC CMOS process. The thermostat operates from 0 to 90 °C, and achieved a fine resolution better than 0.05 °C and an improved inaccuracy of ± 0.6 °C after two-point calibration for eight packaged chips. The power consumption was 30 µW at a sample rate of 10 samples/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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224
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Thaokar C, Rabin Y. Temperature field reconstruction for minimally invasive cryosurgery with application to wireless implantable temperature sensors and/or medical imaging. Cryobiology 2012; 65:270-7. [PMID: 22921369 PMCID: PMC3529162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an undisputed need for temperature-field reconstruction during minimally invasive cryosurgery. The current line of research focuses on developing miniature, wireless, implantable, temperature sensors to enable temperature-field reconstruction in real time. This project combines two parallel efforts: (i) to develop the hardware necessary for implantable sensors, and (ii) to develop mathematical techniques for temperature-field reconstruction in real time-the subject matter of the current study. In particular, this study proposes an approach for temperature-field reconstruction combining data obtained from medical imaging, cryoprobe-embedded sensors, and miniature, wireless, implantable sensors, the development of which is currently underway. This study discusses possible strategies for laying out implantable sensors and approaches for data integration. In particular, prostate cryosurgery is presented as a developmental model and a two-dimensional proof-of-concept is discussed. It is demonstrated that the lethal temperature can be predicted to a significant degree of certainty with implantable sensors and the technique proposed in the current study, a capability that is yet unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajit Thaokar
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA – 15213, United States
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA – 15213, United States
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225
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Marcos C, Sánchez Pena JM, Torres JC, Isidro Santos J. Temperature-frequency converter using a liquid crystal cell as a sensing element. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:3204-14. [PMID: 22737002 DOI: 10.3390/s120303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new temperature-frequency converter based on the variation of the dielectric permittivity of the Liquid Crystal (LC) material with temperature has been demonstrated. Unlike other temperature sensors based on liquid crystal processing optical signals for determining the temperature, this work presents a system that is able to sense temperature by using only electrical signals. The variation of the dielectric permittivity with temperature is used to modify the capacitance of a plain capacitor using a LC material as non-ideal dielectric. An electric oscillator with an output frequency depending on variable capacitance made of a twisted-nematic (TN) liquid crystal (LC) cell has been built. The output frequency is related to the temperature of LC cell through the equations associated to the oscillator circuit. The experimental results show excellent temperature sensitivity, with a variation of 0.40% of the initial frequency per degree Celsius in the temperature range from −6 °C to 110 °C.
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226
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Futagawa M, Iwasaki T, Murata H, Ishida M, Sawada K. A miniature integrated multimodal sensor for measuring pH, EC and temperature for precision agriculture. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:8338-54. [PMID: 22969403 PMCID: PMC3436032 DOI: 10.3390/s120608338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Making several simultaneous measurements with different kinds of sensors at the same location in a solution is difficult because of crosstalk between the sensors. In addition, because the conditions at different locations in plant beds differ, in situ measurements in agriculture need to be done in small localized areas. We have fabricated a multimodal sensor on a small Si chip in which a pH sensor was integrated with electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature sensors. An ISFET with a Si3N4 membrane was used for the pH sensor. For the EC sensor, the electrical conductivity between platinum electrodes was measured, and the temperature sensor was a p-n junction diode. These are some of the most important measurements required for controlling the conditions in plant beds. The multimodal sensor can be inserted into a plant bed for in situ monitoring. To confirm the absence of crosstalk between the sensors, we made simultaneous measurements of pH, EC, and temperature of a pH buffer solution in a plant bed. When the solution was diluted with hot or cold water, the real time measurements showed changes to the EC and temperature, but no change in pH. We also demonstrated that our sensor was capable of simultaneous in situ measurements in rock wool without being affected by crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Futagawa
- Head Office for “Tailor-Made and Baton-Zone” Graduate Course, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1, Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-532-44-6974; Fax: +81-532-81-5115
| | - Taichi Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Makoto Ishida
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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227
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Abstract
To date, thermistors are used to continuously monitor the body temperature of newborn babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. The thermistor probe is attached to the body with a strong adhesive tape to ensure that the probe stays in place. However, these strong adhesives are shown to increase microbial growth and cause serious skin injuries via epidermal stripping. The latter compromises the skin's ability to serve as a protective barrier leading to increase in water loss and further microbial infections. In this article a new approach is introduced that eliminates the need for an adhesive. Instead, two kinds of fluorophores are entrapped in a skin friendly chitosan gel that can be easily wiped on and off of the skin, and has antimicrobial properties as well. A CCD camera is used to detect the temperature dependent fluorescence of the fluorophore, tris(1,10-phenthroline)ruthenium(II) while 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid serves as the reference. This temperature sensor was found to have a resolution of at least 0.13°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ht Lam
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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228
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Chang MH, Huang YJ, Huang HP, Lu SS. Chip implementation with a combined wireless temperature sensor and reference devices based on the DZTC principle. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:10308-25. [PMID: 22346644 DOI: 10.3390/s111110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel CMOS wireless temperature sensor design in order to improve the sensitivity and linearity of our previous work on such devices. Based on the principle of CMOS double zero temperature coefficient (DZTC) points, a combined device is first created at the chip level with two voltage references, one current reference, and one temperature sensor. It was successfully fabricated using the 0.35 μm CMOS process. According to the chip results in a wide temperature range from −20 °C to 120 °C, two voltage references can provide temperature-stable outputs of 823 mV and 1,265 mV with maximum deviations of 0.2 mV and 8.9 mV, respectively. The result for the current reference gives a measurement of 23.5 μA, with a maximum deviation of 1.2 μA. The measurements also show that the wireless temperature sensor has good sensitivity of 9.55 mV/°C and high linearity of 97%. The proposed temperature sensor has 4.15-times better sensitivity than the previous design. Moreover, to facilitate temperature data collection, standard wireless data transmission is chosen; therefore, an 8-bit successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a 433 MHz wireless transmitter are also integrated in this chip. Sensing data from different places can be collected remotely avoiding the need for complex wire lines.
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229
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Lacy F. Developing a theoretical relationship between electrical resistivity, temperature, and film thickness for conductors. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:636. [PMID: 22192792 PMCID: PMC3284497 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has made it clear that the size of an object can have an effect on its properties. The electrical resistivity of a thin film will become larger as the thickness of that film decreases in size. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity will also increase as the temperature increases. To help understand these relationships, a model is presented, and equations are obtained to help understand the mechanisms responsible for these properties and to give insight into the underlying physics between these parameters. Comparisons are made between experimental data and values generated from the theoretical equations derived from the model. All of this analysis provides validation for the theoretical model. Therefore, since the model is accurate, it provides insight into the underlying physics that relates electrical resistivity to temperature and film thickness. PACS: 73.61.At; 73.50.Bk; 72.15.Eb; 72.10.d; 63.20.kd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Lacy
- Electrical Engineering Department, Southern University and A&M College, Pinchback Hall, Rm 428, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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230
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Ismail MA, Tamchek N, Hassan MRA, Dambul KD, Selvaraj J, Rahim NA, Sandoghchi R, Adikan FRM. A fiber Bragg grating--bimetal temperature sensor for solar panel inverters. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:8665-73. [PMID: 22164098 PMCID: PMC3231502 DOI: 10.3390/s110908665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the design, characterization and implementation of a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based temperature sensor for an Insulted-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) in a solar panel inverter. The FBG is bonded to the higher Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) side of a bimetallic strip to increase its sensitivity. Characterization results show a linear relationship between increasing temperature and the wavelength shift. It is found that the sensitivity of the sensor can be categorized into three characterization temperature regions between 26 °C and 90 °C. The region from 41 °C to 90 °C shows the highest sensitivity, with a value of 14 pm/°C. A new empirical model that considers both temperature and strain effects has been developed for the sensor. Finally, the FBG-bimetal temperature sensor is placed in a solar panel inverter and results confirm that it can be used for real-time monitoring of the IGBT temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afiq Ismail
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +60-3-7967-4582; Fax: 60-3-7967-5316
| | - Nizam Tamchek
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Rosdi Abu Hassan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
| | - Katrina D. Dambul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jeyrai Selvaraj
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
| | - Nasrudin Abd Rahim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
| | - Reza Sandoghchi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
| | - Faisal Rafiq Mahamd Adikan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.T.); (M.R.A.H.); (K.D.D.), (J.S.); (N.A.R.); (R.S.); (F.R.M.A.)
- Photonic Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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231
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Zhou X, Su F, Tian Y, Johnson RH, Meldrum DR. Platinum (II) Porphyrin-Containing Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Copolymer as Fluorescence Dual Oxygen and Temperature Sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 2011; 159:135-141. [PMID: 21927540 PMCID: PMC3171833 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A random copolymer, poly(NIPAAm-co-PtPorphyrin), consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and platinum (II) porphyrin units, behaves as an optical dual sensor for oxygen and temperature. The dual sensor is designed by incorporating an oxygen-sensitive platinum (II) porphyrin (M1) into a temperature-sensitive polymer (PNIPAAm). The polymer exhibited low critical solution temperature (LCST) property at 31.5 °C. This LCST affected the polymer's aggregation status, which in turn affected the nanostructures, fluorescence intensities, and responses to dissolved oxygen. This enables the polymer to functionalize as a dual temperature and dissolved oxygen sensor. Oxygen response of the platinum (II) porphyrin probes in the polymer followed a two-site Stern-Volmer model, indicating the nonuniform distribution of the probes. The copolymer was used to preliminarily monitor the oxygen consumption of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The results indicate a potential application of the polymer in biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Fengyu Su
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Roger H. Johnson
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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232
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Andersen TB, Han Z, Bozhevolnyi SI. Compact on-chip temperature sensors based on dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide-ring resonators. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:1992-2000. [PMID: 22319394 PMCID: PMC3274012 DOI: 10.3390/s110201992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of a waveguide-ring resonator based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides as a temperature sensor is demonstrated in this paper and the influence of temperature change to the transmission through the waveguide-ring resonator system is comprehensively analyzed. The results show that the roundtrip phase change in the ring resonator due to the temperature change is the major reason for the transmission variation. The performance of the temperature sensor is also discussed and it is shown that for a waveguide-ring resonator with the resonator radius around 5 μm and waveguide-ring gap of 500 nm which gives a footprint around 140 μm2, the temperature sensitivity at the order of 10−2K can be achieved with the input power of 100 μW within the measurement sensitivity limit of a practical optical detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Andersen
- Institute of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Alle 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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233
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Khairi A, Hung SC, Paramesh J, Fedder G, Rabin Y. Ultra-miniature wireless temperature sensor for thermal medicine applications. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2011; 7901:79010T. [PMID: 28989222 PMCID: PMC5627957 DOI: 10.1117/12.874729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a prototype design of an ultra-miniature, wireless, battery-less, and implantable temperature-sensor, with applications to thermal medicine such as cryosurgery, hyperthermia, and thermal ablation. The design aims at a sensory device smaller than 1.5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in length, to enable minimally invasive deployment through a hypodermic needle. While the new device may be used for local temperature monitoring, simultaneous data collection from an array of such sensors can be used to reconstruct the 3D temperature field in the treated area, offering a unique capability in thermal medicine. The new sensory device consists of three major subsystems: a temperature-sensing core, a wireless data-communication unit, and a wireless power reception and management unit. Power is delivered wirelessly to the implant from an external source using an inductive link. To meet size requirements while enhancing reliability and minimizing cost, the implant is fully integrated in a regular foundry CMOS technology (0.15 μm in the current study), including the implant-side inductor of the power link. A temperature-sensing core that consists of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) circuit has been designed and characterized. It employs a microwatt chopper stabilized op-amp and dynamic element-matched current sources to achieve high absolute accuracy. A second order sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is designed to convert the temperature reading to a digital code, which is transmitted by backscatter through the same antenna used for receiving power. A high-efficiency multi-stage differential CMOS rectifier has been designed to provide a DC supply to the sensing and communication subsystems. This paper focuses on the development of the all-CMOS temperature sensing core circuitry part of the device, and briefly reviews the wireless power delivery and communication subsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khairi
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213
| | - Shih-Chang Hung
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213
| | | | - Gary Fedder
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213
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