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Fu Y, Wang S, Wang D, Tian Y, Ban X, Wang X, Zhao Z, Wan Z, Wei R. Flexible Multimodal Magnetoresistive Sensors Based on Alginate/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Foam with Stimulus Discriminability for Soft Electronics Using Machine Learning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38598680 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Flexible foam-based sensors have attracted substantial interest due to their high specific surface area, light weight, superior deformability, and ease of manufacture. However, it is still a challenge to integrate multimodal stimuli-responsiveness, high sensitivity, reliable stability, and good biocompatibility into a single foam sensor. To achieve this, a magnetoresistive foam sensor was fabricated by an in situ freezing-polymerization strategy based on the interpenetrating networks of sodium alginate, poly(vinyl alcohol) in conjunction with glycerol, and physical reinforcement of core-shell bidisperse magnetic particles. The assembled sensor exhibited preferable magnetic/strain-sensing capability (GF ≈ 0.41 T-1 for magnetic field, 4.305 for tension, -0.735 for bending, and -1.345 for pressing), quick response time, and reliable durability up to 6000 cycles under external stimuli. Importantly, a machine learning algorithm was developed to identify the encryption information, enabling high recognition accuracies of 99.22% and 99.34%. Moreover, they could be employed as health systems to detect human physiological motion and integrated as smart sensor arrays to perceive external pressure/magnetic field distributions. This work provides a simple and ecofriendly strategy to fabricate biocompatible foam-based multimodal sensors with potential applications in next-generation soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shuangkun Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Ban
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenshuai Wan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ronghan Wei
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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2
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Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Liu X, Ji X, Zhu R, Gu J, Liang J. A Microphase-Separated Design toward an All-Round Ionic Hydrogel with Discriminable and Anti-Disturbance Multisensory Functions. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309508. [PMID: 38190548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable ionic hydrogels with superior all-round properties that can detect multimodal sensations with excellent discriminability and robustness against external disturbances are highly required for artificial electronic skinapplications. However, some critical material parameters exhibit intrinsic tradeoffs with each other for most ionic hydrogels. Here, a microphase-separated hydrogel is demonstrated by combining three strategies: (1) using of a low crosslinker/monomer ratio to obtain highly entangled polymer chains as the first network; (2) the introduction of zwitterions into the first network; (3) the synthesis of an ultrasoft polyelectrolyte as the second network. This all-round elastic ionic hydrogel exhibits a low Young's modulus (< 60 kPa), large stretchability (> 900%), high resilience (> 95%), unique strain-stiffening behavior, excellent fatigue tolerance, high ionic conductivity (> 2.0 S m⁻1), and anti-freezing capability, which have not been achieved before. These properties allow the ionic hydrogel to operate as a stretchable multimodal sensor that can detect and decouple multiple stimuli (temperature, pressure, and proximity) with excellent discriminability, high sensitivity, and strong sensing-robustness against strains or temperature perturbations. The ionic hydrogel sensor exhibits great potential for intelligent electronic skin applications such as reliable health monitoring and accurate object identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Yang M, Sun F, Hu X, Sun F. Knitting from Nature: Self-Sensing Soft Robotics Enabled by All-in-One Knit Architectures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:44294-44304. [PMID: 37695689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-sensing soft robotics that mimic the proprioception and exteroception abilities of natural biological systems have shown great potential in challenging applications. However, current add-on strategies that simply combine sensors with actuators by post processing generally suffer from poor compatibility in mechanical properties, interfacing problems, complex manufacturing, and high cost. Herein, we present knitted soft robotics with build-in textile-integrated multimodal sensors, where the knit structure is used not only as a physical actuating layer but also as a sensing functional component. Based on different knit-stitch arrangements, an all-in-one knitted electronic skin with functions of neurons, sensing, and actuation in a single knit-structured fabric layer is constructed. The knitted electronic skin is then integrated into knitted soft robotics, enabling a proprioceptive sense of actuation deformation and an exteroceptive perception of ambient stimuli with minimized interferences for actuation. In addition, the tuck stitches serve as an anisotropic strain-limiting layer to increase the actuating energy efficiency, which resolves the key conflict of softness and volumetric power density in soft actuators. This design strategy provides a convenient, low-cost, and customized method to bring about structural and functional integrability into soft actuators, greatly extending the adaptability of current soft robotics for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fei Sun
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaorui Hu
- College of Design, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Xu J, Sun X, Sun B, Zhu H, Fan X, Guo Q, Li Y, Zhu Z, Qian K. Stretchable, Adhesive, and Bioinspired Visual Electronic Skin with Strain/Temperature/Pressure Multimodal Non-Interference Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37424086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to construct a single-multimodal sensor that could synchronously perceive multiple stimuli without interference. Here, we propose an adhesive multifunctional chromotropic electronic skin (MCES) that can respond to and distinguish three different stimuli of stain, temperature, and pressure within the two-terminal sensing unit. The mutually discriminating "three-in-one" device converts strain into capacitance and pressure into voltage signals for a tactile stimulus response and produces visual color changes against temperature. In this MCES system, the interdigital capacitor sensor shows high linearity (R2 = 0.998), and temperature sensing is realized via reversible multicolor switching bioinspired by the chameleon, showing attractive potential in visualization interaction. Notably, the energy-harvesting triboelectric nanogenerator in MCES can not only detect pressure incentive but also identify objective material species. Looking forward, these findings promise for multimodal sensor technology with reduced complexity and production costs that are highly anticipated in soft robotics, prosthetics, and human-machine interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an 237100, China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - He Zhu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qikai Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zede Zhu
- Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an 237100, China
| | - Kai Qian
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an 237100, China
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Cui Y, Zheng X, Shen C, Qian L, Dong H, Liu Q, Chen X, Yang Q, Zhang F, Wang D. Visual-Olfactory Synergistic Perception Based on Dual-Focus Imaging and a Bionic Learning Architecture. ACS Sens 2023; 8:71-79. [PMID: 36574494 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic interaction of vision and olfaction is critical for both natural and artificial intelligence systems to recognize and adapt to complex environments. However, current bioinspired systems with visual and olfactory sensations are mostly assembled with separate and heterogeneous sensors, inevitably leading to bulky systems and incompatible datasets. Here, we demonstrate on-chip integration of visual and olfactory sensations through a dual-focus imaging approach. By combining lens-based visual imaging and lensless colorimetric imaging, a target object and its odor fingerprint can be captured with a single complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor imager, and the obtained multimodal images are analyzed with a bionic learning architecture for information fusion and perception. To demonstrate the capability of this system, we adapted it to food detection and achieved 100% accuracy in identifying meat freshness and category with a 10 s sampling time. In addition to the highly integrated sensor design, our approach exhibits superior accuracy and efficiency in object recognition, providing a promising approach for robotic sensing and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxuan Cui
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China
| | - Xubin Zheng
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China
| | - Chen Shen
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Libin Qian
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Joint International Research Laboratory of Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Di Wang
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou311100, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
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Andreozzi E, Sabbadini R, Centracchio J, Bifulco P, Irace A, Breglio G, Riccio M. Multimodal Finger Pulse Wave Sensing: Comparison of Forcecardiography and Photoplethysmography Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22197566. [PMID: 36236663 PMCID: PMC9570799 DOI: 10.3390/s22197566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulse waves (PWs) are mechanical waves that propagate from the ventricles through the whole vascular system as brisk enlargements of the blood vessels' lumens, caused by sudden increases in local blood pressure. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is one of the most widespread techniques employed for PW sensing due to its ability to measure blood oxygen saturation. Other sensors and techniques have been proposed to record PWs, and include applanation tonometers, piezoelectric sensors, force sensors of different kinds, and accelerometers. The performances of these sensors have been analyzed individually, and their results have been found not to be in good agreement (e.g., in terms of PW morphology and the physiological parameters extracted). Such a comparison has led to a deeper comprehension of their strengths and weaknesses, and ultimately, to the consideration that a multimodal approach accomplished via sensor fusion would lead to a more robust, reliable, and potentially more informative methodology for PW monitoring. However, apart from various multichannel and multi-site systems proposed in the literature, no true multimodal sensors for PW recording have been proposed yet that acquire PW signals simultaneously from the same measurement site. In this study, a true multimodal PW sensor is presented, which was obtained by integrating a piezoelectric forcecardiography (FCG) sensor and a PPG sensor, thus enabling simultaneous mechanical-optical measurements of PWs from the same site on the body. The novel sensor performance was assessed by measuring the finger PWs of five healthy subjects at rest. The preliminary results of this study showed, for the first time, that a delay exists between the PWs recorded simultaneously by the PPG and FCG sensors. Despite such a delay, the pulse waveforms acquired by the PPG and FCG sensors, along with their first and second derivatives, had very high normalized cross-correlation indices in excess of 0.98. Six well-established morphological parameters of the PWs were compared via linear regression, correlation, and Bland-Altman analyses, which showed that some of these parameters were not in good agreement for all subjects. The preliminary results of this proof-of-concept study must be confirmed in a much larger cohort of subjects. Further investigation is also necessary to shed light on the physical origin of the observed delay between optical and mechanical PW signals. This research paves the way for the development of true multimodal, wearable, integrated sensors and for potential sensor fusion approaches to improve the performance of PW monitoring at various body sites.
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Yang C, Wang H, Yang J, Yao H, He T, Bai J, Guang T, Cheng H, Yan J, Qu L. A Machine-Learning-Enhanced Simultaneous and Multimodal Sensor Based on Moist-Electric Powered Graphene Oxide. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2205249. [PMID: 36007144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous multimodal monitoring can greatly perceive intricately multiple stimuli, which is important for the understanding and development of a future human-machine fusion world. However, the integrated multisensor networks with cumbersome structure, huge power consumption, and complex preparation process have heavily restricted practical applications. Herein, a graphene oxide single-component multimodal sensor (GO-MS) is developed, which enables simultaneous monitoring of multiple environmental stimuli by a single unit with unique moist-electric self-power supply. This GO-MS can generate a sustainable moist-electric potential by spontaneously adsorbing water molecules in air, which has a characteristic response behavior when exposed to different stimuli. As a result, the simultaneous monitoring and decoupling of the changes of temperature, humidity, pressure, and light intensity are achieved by this single GO-MS with machine-learning (ML) assistance. Of practical importance, a moist-electric-powered human-machine interaction wristband based on GO-MS is constructed to monitor pulse signals, body temperature, and sweating in a multidimensional manner, as well as gestures and sign language commanding communication. This ML-empowered moist-electric GO-MS provides a new platform for the development of self-powered single-component multimodal sensors, showing great potential for applications in the fields of health detection, artificial electronic skin, and the Internet-of-Things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Tsien Excellence in Engineering Program, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Houze Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng He
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianlei Guang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Lo LW, Zhao J, Wan H, Wang Y, Chakrabartty S, Wang C. A Soft Sponge Sensor for Multimodal Sensing and Distinguishing of Pressure, Strain, and Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:9570-9578. [PMID: 35156792 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft wearable sensors are essential components for applications such as motion tracking, human-machine interface, and soft robots. However, most of the reported sensors are either specifically designed to target an individual stimulus or capable of responding to multiple stimuli (e.g., pressure and strain) but without the necessary selectivity to distinguish those stimuli. Here we report an elastomeric sponge-based sensor that can respond to and distinguish three different kinds of stimuli: pressure, strain, and temperature. The sensor utilizes a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge fabricated from a sugar cube sacrificial template, which was subsequently coated with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductive polymer through a low-cost dip-coating process. Responses to different types of stimuli can be distinguished by simultaneously recording resistance and capacitance changes. Because pressure, tensile strain, and temperature change result in different trends in resistance and capacitance change, those stimuli can be clearly distinguished from each other by simultaneously measuring the resistance and capacitance of the sensor. We have also studied the effect of the pore size on the sensor performance and have found that the sponge sensor with smaller pores generally offers greater resistance change and better sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept, we have demonstrated the use of the porous sponge sensor on an artificial hand for object detection, gesture recognition, and temperature sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Lo
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haochuan Wan
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Shantanu Chakrabartty
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Saltin BD, Matsumura Y, Reid A, Windmill JF, Gorb SN, Jackson JC. Resilin Distribution and Sexual Dimorphism in the Midge Antenna and Their Influence on Frequency Sensitivity. Insects 2020; 11:E520. [PMID: 32796532 PMCID: PMC7469202 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale bioacoustic sensors, such as antennae in insects, are often considered, biomechanically, to be not much more than the sum of their basic geometric features. Therefore, little is known about the fine structure and material properties of these sensors-even less so about the degree to which the well-known sexual dimorphism of the insect antenna structure affects those properties. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we determined material composition patterns and estimated distribution of stiffer and softer materials in the antennae of males and females of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. Using finite element modelling (FEM), we also have evidence that the differences in composition of these antennae can influence their mechanical responses. This study points to the possibility that modulating the elastic and viscoelastic properties along the length of the antennae can affect resonant characteristics beyond those expected of simple mass-on-a-spring systems-in this case, a simple banded structure can change the antennal frequency sensitivity. This constitutes a simple principle that, now demonstrated in another Dipteran group, could be widespread in insects to improve various passive and active sensory performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Saltin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G11 XW, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.W.); (J.C.J.)
- Department of Biomimetics, Hochschule Bremen—City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Andrew Reid
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G11 XW, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - James F. Windmill
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G11 XW, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Joseph C. Jackson
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow G11 XW, UK; (A.R.); (J.F.W.); (J.C.J.)
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11
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Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is an arterial chemoreceptor organ located in the carotid bifurcation and has a well-recognized role in cardiorespiratory regulation. The CB contains neurosecretory sensory cells (glomus cells), which release transmitters in response to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidemia to activate afferent sensory fibers terminating in the respiratory and autonomic brainstem centers. Knowledge of the physiology of the CB has progressed enormously in recent years. Herein we review advances concerning the organization and function of the cellular elements of the CB, with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of acute oxygen sensing by glomus cells. We introduce the modern view of the CB as a multimodal integrated metabolic sensor and describe the properties of the CB stem cell niche, which support CB growth during acclimatization to chronic hypoxia. Finally, we discuss the increasing medical relevance of CB dysfunction and its potential impact on the mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain; , .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain; , .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevilla 41013, Spain
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12
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Oung QW, Muthusamy H, Lee HL, Basah SN, Yaacob S, Sarillee M, Lee CH. Technologies for Assessment of Motor Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:21710-45. [PMID: 26404288 PMCID: PMC4610449 DOI: 10.3390/s150921710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized as the commonest neurodegenerative illness that gradually degenerates the central nervous system. The goal of this review is to come out with a summary of the recent progress of numerous forms of sensors and systems that are related to diagnosis of PD in the past decades. The paper reviews the substantial researches on the application of technological tools (objective techniques) in the PD field applying different types of sensors proposed by previous researchers. In addition, this also includes the use of clinical tools (subjective techniques) for PD assessments, for instance, patient self-reports, patient diaries and the international gold standard reference scale, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Comparative studies and critical descriptions of these approaches have been highlighted in this paper, giving an insight on the current state of the art. It is followed by explaining the merits of the multiple sensor fusion platform compared to single sensor platform for better monitoring progression of PD, and ends with thoughts about the future direction towards the need of multimodal sensor integration platform for the assessment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei Oung
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Hariharan Muthusamy
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Hoi Leong Lee
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Shafriza Nisha Basah
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Sazali Yaacob
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Kulim Hi-TechPark, 09000 Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Sarillee
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Chia Hau Lee
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
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13
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Futagawa M, Iwasaki T, Murata H, Ishida M, Sawada K. A miniature integrated multimodal sensor for measuring pH, EC and temperature for precision agriculture. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:8338-54. [PMID: 22969403 PMCID: PMC3436032 DOI: 10.3390/s120608338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Making several simultaneous measurements with different kinds of sensors at the same location in a solution is difficult because of crosstalk between the sensors. In addition, because the conditions at different locations in plant beds differ, in situ measurements in agriculture need to be done in small localized areas. We have fabricated a multimodal sensor on a small Si chip in which a pH sensor was integrated with electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature sensors. An ISFET with a Si3N4 membrane was used for the pH sensor. For the EC sensor, the electrical conductivity between platinum electrodes was measured, and the temperature sensor was a p-n junction diode. These are some of the most important measurements required for controlling the conditions in plant beds. The multimodal sensor can be inserted into a plant bed for in situ monitoring. To confirm the absence of crosstalk between the sensors, we made simultaneous measurements of pH, EC, and temperature of a pH buffer solution in a plant bed. When the solution was diluted with hot or cold water, the real time measurements showed changes to the EC and temperature, but no change in pH. We also demonstrated that our sensor was capable of simultaneous in situ measurements in rock wool without being affected by crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Futagawa
- Head Office for “Tailor-Made and Baton-Zone” Graduate Course, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1, Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-532-44-6974; Fax: +81-532-81-5115
| | - Taichi Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
| | - Makoto Ishida
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (H.M.); (M.I.); (K.S.)
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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