[Population-based study on infection and genotype distribution of high-risk human among women in rural areas of China, 2014]

Objective: To explore the epidemiologic characterization of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and genotype distribution of HR-HPV among women in rural areas of China. Methods: This study used multiple layers of stratified cluster random sampling method. During January to December in 2014, 117 counties of 27 provinces were selected as the HPV test screening pilot project counties. The women aged 35-64 years with rural areas Hukou in these project counties were selected as the study subjects. A total 457 799 women received HPV DNA test. Among them, 118 237 women from 32 counties in 11 provinces received qualified HPV DNA test by fluorescent PCR to detect HPV genotypes. Results: Among 118 237 rural women, the overall HR-HPV positive infection rate was 7.8% (9 249/118 237). The infection rate increased with age and reached an infection peak at the 60-64 age groups (9.9%, 831/8 394). The HR-HPV positive infection rate in western regions (6.9%, 2 144/31 130) was statistical significantly lower than in central regions (8.2%, 1 894/23 023) and eastern regions (8.1%, 5 211/64 084) (χ(2)=51.46, P<0.001). Among 9 249 women with specific genotypes of HR-HPV, 6 496 (97.6%) cases were infected with single HR-HPV type, and 163 cases (2.4% ) were infected with multiple types. HR-HPV type 52, 16 and 58 were the most common infection types in rural areas of China. The single infection rates were 20.9% (1 355/6 496), 18.7% (1 215/6 496), and 11.2% (725/6 496), respectively. The multiple infection rates were 47.2% (77/163), 17.8% (29/163), and 18.4% (30/163), respectively. Conclusion: The HR-HPV positive infection rate in rural areas of Chinese woman was 7.8%, western region has lower infection rate compared with central and eastern regions. HPV 52 was first of the most common genotypes in rural areas of China.

Expression of T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis factor on the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma

In recent years, many studies have found that tumor metastasis-related gene T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing factor 1 (TIAM1) had abnormal high expression in a variety of tumor cells; however, there are few studies regarding its expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to observe the expression of TIAM1 in OSCC and investigated its clinical significance. The expression of TIAM1 in tissues from 120 cases of OSCC and oral mucosa from 40 normal cases was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between the expression of TIAM1 and the clinicopathological parameters of OSCC was analyzed. The positive expression rate of TIAM1 in the OSCC tissues was significantly higher than that in the normal oral mucosa (92.5% vs 0%). With the decrease of histological differentiation of OSCC, the increase of tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and the occurrence of lymph node metastasis, the TIAM1 staining positive rate was gradually increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). However, the expression of TIAM1 in the OSCC tissues was in no correlation with the gender and age of the patients. The expression of TIAM1 is closely related to the occurrence, development and metastasis of OSCC, and it can be used as a new marker for reflecting its biological behaviors.

Viscoelastic properties of supramolecular gemini-like surfactant solutions in the absence of inorganic salts

A bola-type cation and a newly synthesized anionic surfactant together generate a supramolecular gemini-like structureviaelectrostatic interactions, which facilitates the formation of wormlike micelles.

Serum Cyr61 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer

PURPOSE

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of serum Cyr61 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to assess the association between serum Cyr61 level and CRC clinicopathological status.

METHODS

We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure serum Cyr61 in patients with CRC, patients with colorectal adenomas, and healthy controls. We also analyzed the relationship between serum Cyr61 and clinicopathological features of CRC patients. The levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) were quantified using the Roche Cobas 6000 Analyzer. The sensitivity and specificity of Cyr61, CEA, CA19-9 and CEA + CA19-9 were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

The serum level of Cyr61 was significantly increased in CRC patients compared with colorectal adenoma patients and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the area under the ROC curve for Cyr61 was 0.935 (95 % confidence interval 0.902-0.968), higher than that for CEA + CA19-9 (0.827, 95 % confidence interval: 0.783-0.871). Use of a Cyr61 cutoff value of 92.0 pg/mL allowed distinguishing CRC patients and healthy controls with a sensitivity of 83 % and a specificity of 97 %. Among CRC patients, an elevated level of serum Cyr61 was significantly associated with more advanced TNM stage (p < 0.0042), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0088), and vascular invasion (p = 0.0027).

CONCLUSION

Cyr61 has potential as a serum biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC and for assessment of the clinicopathological status of CRC.

Programmed cell death in periodontitis: recent advances and future perspectives

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease, characterized by destruction of the periodontium, and is the main cause of tooth loss. Periodontitis is initiated by periodontal pathogens, while other risk factors including smoking, stress, and systemic diseases aggravate its progression. Periodontitis affects many people worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens and risk factors destroy the periodontium are unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD), different from necrosis, is an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events and can be mainly classified into apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Although PCD is involved in many inflammatory diseases, its correlation with periodontitis is unclear. After reviewing the relevant published articles, we found that apoptosis has indeed been reported to play a role in periodontitis. However, the role of autophagy in periodontitis needs further verification. Additionally, implication of necroptosis or pyroptosis in periodontitis remains unknown. Therefore, we recommend future studies, which will unravel the pivotal role of PCD in periodontitis, allowing us to prevent, diagnose, and treat the disease, as well as predict its outcomes.

The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis

Periodontitis is a common infectious disease. Recent studies have indicated that the progression of periodontitis may be regulated by interactions between host immunity and periodontopathic bacteria. Although periodontopathic bacteria can destroy periodontal tissue, a dysfunctional host immune response triggered by the bacteria can lead to more severe and persistent destruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes pathogens, have been implicated in host innate immune responses to periodontopathic bacteria and in the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR-targeted drugs may hold promise to treat periodontal disease. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of TLRs in periodontitis and discusses areas needing further research. We believe TLRs may be an effective biomarker for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis in the near future.

Mechanically-sensitive hydrogels formed from β-cyclodextrin and an anionic surfactant containing a biphenyl group

Hydrogels are important soft materials with intriguing properties. By taking advantage of the host-guest interactions and multiple molecular interactions, it is expected that novel hydrogel systems can be formed. This strategy has been implemented here, transparent hydrogels were formed by using a newly-synthesized anionic surfactant, sodium 2-(4-phenylphenoxy)dodecanoate (C12biphNa), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in different proportions and their properties were investigated. Gelation of water occurs at extremely low surfactant concentrations (5 mM for a 1:3 C12biphNa: β-CD system), and a single C12biphNa with its associated β-CDs can trap about 11,000 water molecules on average. In addition, the systems are fragile to mechanical stimulus and thus show mechanical sensitivity. Cryo-TEM reveals that the hydrogels have a microstructure consisting of rigid nanowire-like aggregates (with cross-sectional diameters of about 7-8 nm) locally distributed in a parallel manner in solution. These microstructural features are responsible for the peculiar properties of the hydrogel systems presented. The inclusion complexes formed by C12biphNa and β-CD were investigated using (1)H NMR and 2D nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy and their aggregation state was proposed. This work enriches the connotation of nonamphiphilic self-assembly and provides inspiration for constructing new functional soft materials.

Ionic liquid crystals with novel thermal properties formed by the gemini surfactants containing four hydroxyl groups

The ionic liquid crystals formed by the gemini surfactants containing four hydroxyl groups show sustained-release behavior of phase enthalpy.

CORRELATION BETWEEN C-erbB-2 WITH GASTRIC MUCOSAL ATYPICAL HYPERPLASIA AND GASTRIC CARCINOMA

C-erbB-2 is a cancer gene originating from cells. The high-expression and amplification of C-erbB-2 and its protein products (P185) are found in a wide variety of tumors. The abnormal expression of C-erbB-2 has great influence on the occurrence and development of gastric carcinoma. This paper aimed to analyze the expression of C-erbB-2 in the tissues of gastric carcinoma, gastric mucosal atypical hyperplasia and gastritis, and discuss its role in the occurrence and development of gastric carcinoma. The morphological differences and connections among simple intestinal metaplasia (SIM), atypical intestinal metaplasia (AIM) and dysplasia in intestinal metaplasia through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were studied. Three groups were set to detect the expression condition of C-erbB-2 by immunohistochemical method (IHC). The result showed that C-erbB-2 had no significant difference in AIM and gastric carcinoma, that is, AIM was closely related to gastric carcinoma. The positive expression was demonstrated of C-erbB-2 products (P185) in medium and gastric mucosa dysplasia tissues and was 29.41% and 66.67%, respectively, while it was 25%, 50% and 77.78% in high, medium and low differentiation of gastric carcinoma. It can be seen that there was a significant difference between them (P<0.05), and the expression degree was significantly enhanced (P<0.05); the expression degree in high differentiation gastric cancer tissue was significantly higher than the middle and low differentiation gastric cancer tissue. It was concluded that C-erbB-2 played an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of gastric carcinoma, and it might act on the later period of the gastric carcinoma, which provides objective reference index for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma and meanwhile provides instructional theoretical reference for the application of targeted drugs in the clinical treatment of gastric carcinoma.

miR-28 promotes cardiac ischemia by targeting mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in mus musculus cardiac myocytes

OBJECTIVE

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a crucial enzyme involved in protecting the heart from ischemic. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in gene down-regulation. However, this mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-28 in the regulation of ALDH2 and to explore the mechanism of miR-28 in musculus of myocardial ischemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To evaluate the role of miR-28, we assessed cellular apoptosis. In addition, the regulation of ALDH2 by miR-199b was evaluated by Western blotting and luciferase assay.

RESULTS

MiR-28 was up-regulated, while ALDH2 expression decreased in a time-dependent manner under normoxic conditions. The miR-28-transfected cells showed a significant decrease in the cellular apoptosis. Compared with the negative control 1 precursor molecules, miR-28 over-expression caused about 55% increase in myocardial apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, and miR-28 silencing by anti-miR-28 attenuated a 41% decreasing in apoptosis. MiR-28 and pGL3-ALDH2 vector-transfected cells showed that ALDH2 protein expression was suppressed and luciferase activity was reduced.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that miR-28 promotes myocardial ischemia through the inhibition of ALDH2 expression in mus. miRNAs is as a probable index in identification of myocardial ischemia after acute myocardial infarction.

Strong ferromagnetism beyond the mechanism of uncompensated surface spins in nanocrystalline GaCMn3

Bulk antiperovskite compound GaCMn₃ has an antiferromagnetic ground state. However, in nanocrystalline GaCMn₃, strong ferromagnetism with large coercive field beyond the scenario of uncompensated surface spins was observed.

Myocardial remodeling and bioelectric changes in tachycardia-induced heart failure in dogs

In this study, electrical and structural remodeling of ventricles was examined in tachycardia-induced heart failure (HF). We studied two groups of weight-matched adult male mongrel dogs: a sham-operated control group (n=5) and a pacing group (n=5) that underwent ventricular pacing at 230 bpm for 3 weeks. Clinical symptoms of congestive HF were observed in both groups. Their hemodynamic parameters were determined and the severity of the HF was evaluated by M-mode echocardiography. Changes in heart morphology were observed by scanning electron and light microscopy. Ventricular action potential duration (APD), as well as the 50 and 90% APD were measured in both groups. All dogs exhibited clinical symptoms of congestive HF after rapid right ventricular pacing for 3 weeks. These data indicate that rapid, right ventricular pacing produces a useful experimental model of low-output HF in dogs, characterized by biventricular pump dysfunction, biventricular cardiac dilation, and non-ischemic impairment of left ventricular contractility. Electrical and structural myocardial remodeling play an essential role in congestive HF progression, and should thus be prevented.