A Zinc Cobalt Sulfide Nanosheet Array Derived from a 2D Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Porous ternary metal sulfide integrated electrode materials with abundant electroactive sites and redox reactions are very promising for supercapacitors. Herein, a porous zinc cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam (Zn-Co-S/NF) was constructed by facile growth of 2D bimetallic zinc/cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Zn/Co-MOF) nanosheets with leaf-like morphology on NF, followed by additional sulfurization. The Zn-Co-S/NF nanosheet array acted directly as a supercapacitor electrode showing much better electrochemical performance (2354.3 F g^-1 and 88.6 % retention over 1000 cycles) when compared with zinc cobalt sulfide powder (355.3 F g^-1 and 75.8 % retention over 1000 cycles), which originates from good electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, abundant electroactive sites, and facilitated transportation of electrons and electrolyte ions due to the unique nanosheet array structure. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device assembled from Zn-Co-S/NF and activated carbon electrodes can deliver a highest energy density of 31.9 Wh kg^-1 and a maximum power density of 8.5 kW kg^-1 . Most importantly, this ASC also shows good cycling stability (71.0 % retention over 10000 cycles). Furthermore, a red LED can be powered by two connected ASCs, and thus as-synthesized Zn-Co-S/NF has great potential for practical applications.

[The development and recent status of the craniomaxillofacial surgery in China during past three decades]

The authors made a profound review on the development and the recent status of craniomaxillofacial surgery in China during past three decades. The emphases were placed on the following aspects: the modifications of the reconstructive procedure and minimal invasive mode, the researches on molecular genetic characteristics of the congenital craniofacial malformations, the clinical applications of three-dimensional digital computer-aided techniques (including three-dimensional printing and prefabricated template for precious osteotomies), the craniomaxillofacial defects reconstructing by using the distraction osteogenesis and osseous integrated titanium implant and prothesis, etc. Finally, the authors outlooked prospectively the future trends of the craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Photodissociation dynamics of H2O at 111.5 nm by a vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser

Photodissociation dynamics of H₂O via the F̃ state at 111.5 nm were investigated using the high resolution H-atom Rydberg "tagging" time-of-flight (TOF) technique, in combination with the tunable vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser at the Dalian Coherent Light Source. The product translational energy distributions and angular distributions in both parallel and perpendicular directions were derived from the recorded TOF spectra. Based on these distributions, the quantum state distributions and angular anisotropy parameters of OH (X) and OH (A) products have been determined. For the OH (A) + H channel, highly rotationally excited OH (A) products have been observed. These products are ascribed to a fast direct dissociation on the B̃¹A₁ state surface after multi-step internal conversions from the initial excited F̃ state to the B̃ state. While for the OH (X) + H channel, very highly rotationally excited OH (X) products with moderate vibrational excitation are revealed and attributed to the dissociation via a nonadiabatic pathway through the well-known two conical intersections between the B̃-state and the X̃-state surfaces.

Highly Stretchable and Transparent Thermistor Based on Self-Healing Double Network Hydrogel

An ultrastretchable thermistor that combines intrinsic stretchability, thermal sensitivity, transparency, and self-healing capability is fabricated. It is found the polyacrylamide/carrageenan double network (DN) hydrogel is highly sensitive to temperature and therefore can be exploited as a novel channel material for a thermistor. This thermistor can be stretched from 0 to 330% strain with the sensitivity as high as 2.6%/°C at extreme 200% strain. Noticeably, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal sensing properties of the DN hydrogel can be self-healed, analogous to the self-healing capability of human skin. The large mechanical deformations, such as flexion and twist with large angles, do not affect the thermal sensitivity. Good flexibility enables the thermistor to be attached on nonplanar curvilinear surfaces for practical temperature detection. Remarkably, the thermal sensitivity can be improved by introducing mechanical strain, making the sensitivity programmable. This thermistor with tunable sensitivity is advantageous over traditional rigid thermistors that lack flexibility in adjusting their sensitivity. In addition to superior sensitivity and stretchability compared with traditional thermistors, this DN hydrogel-based thermistor provides additional advantages of good transparency and self-healing ability, enabling it to be potentially integrated in soft robots to grasp real world information for guiding their actions.

MitoQ protects dopaminergic neurons in a 6-OHDA induced PD model by enhancing Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial fusion via activation of PGC-1α

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Although mitochondrial dysfunction is the critical factor in the pathogenesis of PD, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood, and as a result, effective medical interventions are lacking. Mitochondrial fission and fusion play important roles in the maintenance of mitochondrial function and cell viability. Here, we investigated the effects of MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced in vitro and in vivo PD models. We observed that 6-OHDA enhanced mitochondrial fission by decreasing the expression of Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1 as well as by increasing the expression of Drp1 in the dopaminergic (DA) cell line SN4741. Notably, MitoQ treatment particularly upregulated the Mfn2 protein and mRNA levels and promoted mitochondrial fusion in the presence of 6-OHDA in a Mfn2-dependent manner. In addition, MitoQ also stabilized mitochondrial morphology and function in the presence of 6-OHDA, which further suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as ameliorated mitochondrial fragmentation and cellular apoptosis. Moreover, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) was attributed to the upregulation of Mfn2 induced by MitoQ. Consistent with these findings, administration of MitoQ in 6-OHDA-treated mice significantly rescued the decrease of Mfn2 expression and the loss of DA neurons in the SNc. Taken together, our findings suggest that MitoQ protects DA neurons in a 6-OHDA induced PD model by activating PGC-1α to enhance Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial fusion.

[Strategy for wound repair of skin and soft tissue defect and systematic rehabilitation treatment for functional reconstruction of patients with severe burn or trauma on knees]

Objective: Strategy for wound repair of skin and soft tissue defect and systematic rehabilitation treatment for functional reconstruction of patients with severe burn or trauma on knees. Methods: From January 2015 to October 2016, 26 patients with skin and soft tissue defect on knees after severe burn or trauma were hospitalized in our unit. Among these patients, 14 patients had patellar ligament defect, and 16 patients had knee joint capsule defect. Wound debridement was operated on 1 to 3 days after admission. After debridement, the area of skin and soft tissue defect ranged from 10 cm×7 cm to 42 cm×18 cm. Vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) treatment was performed after debridement, and flap transplantation operation was performed after VSD treatment for 5 to 7 days. Defects of nine patients were treated with local rotation flaps. Seven patients with skin and soft tissue defects on knees and knee joint capsule defects of 5 cm×3 cm to 9 cm×7 cm were treated with free anterolateral femoral flaps combined with fascia lata. Ten patients with skin and soft tissue defects on knees and patellar ligament defects of 6 cm×3 cm to 12 cm×4 cm were treated with free anterolateral femoral flaps combined with iliotibial tract. The area of flaps ranged from 11 cm×9 cm to 22 cm×15 cm. After flap transplantation operation, functional reconstruction of knee joint was carried out according to early, continuous, and sequential systematic rehabilitation treatment strategy. The pain degree and function of knee joint of patients were scored by the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Knee Evaluation Form before operation and 12 months after operation. The knee joint flexion and extension degrees of patients were measured by joint protractor in 2 weeks and 12 months after operation. The color Doppler ultrasound was used to evaluate integrity of knee joint capsule and continuity of patellar ligament of patients in 6 and 12 months after operation. Results: All flaps of 26 patients survived well, and wounds healed completely after the operation. Distal parts of flaps of 2 patients treated with free anterolateral femoral flaps had local necrosis after the operation, and their wounds healed after debridement and transplantation of autologous intermediate split-thickness skin graft of thigh. The IKDC Knee Evaluation Form score of patients was (79±8) points in 12 months after operation, which was significantly higher than (64±7) points before operation (t=7.20, P<0.05). The flexion degree of knee joint of patients was (117±10)° in 12 months after operation, which was significantly larger than (35±8)° in 2 weeks after operation (t=32.65, P<0.05). The extension degree of knee joint of patients was (12±9)° in 12 months after operation, which was significantly smaller than (61±9)° in 2 weeks after operation (t=19.63, P<0.05). In 6 and 12 months after operation, 9 patients treated with local rotation flaps had good integrity of knee joint capsule and continuity of patellar ligament; 7 patients treated with free anterolateral femoral flaps and fascia lata had good integrity of knee joint capsule; 10 patients treated with free anterolateral femoral flaps and iliotibial tract had good continuity of patellar ligament. During follow-up of 12 months, all flaps survived well; knees of all patients had good appearance; knee joints functioned normally. Conclusions: Good appearance and function of knees can be achieved by repairing wound of skin and soft tissue defect on knees after severe burn or trauma with local rotation flaps or free anterolateral femoral flaps with fascia lata or iliotibial tract plus systematic rehabilitation treatment of knee joint in early stage after flap transplantation operation.

Functional metabolite assemblies-a review

Metabolites are essential for the normal operation of cells and fulfill various physiological functions. It was recently found that in several metabolic disorders, the associated metabolites could self-assemble to generate amyloid-like structures, similar to canonical protein amyloids that have a role in neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, assemblies with typical amyloid characteristics are also known to have physiological function. In addition, many non-natural proteins and peptides presenting amyloidal properties have been used for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials. Similarly, functional metabolite assemblies are also found in nature, demonstrating various physiological roles. A notable example is the structural color formed by guanine crystals or fluorescent crystals in feline eyes responsible for enhanced night vision. Moreover, some metabolites have been used for the in vitro fabrication of functional materials, such as glycine crystals presenting remarkable piezoelectric properties or indigo films used to assemble organic semiconductive electronic devices. Therefore, we believe that the study of metabolite assemblies is not only important in order to understand their role in normal physiology and in pathology, but also paves a new route in exploring the fabrication of organic, bio-compatible materials.

KCNQ1OT1 promotes melanoma growth and metastasis

Melanoma is the deadliest cutaneous neoplasm. To prevent metastasis, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is vital. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in tumors. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in melanoma. Real time PCR demonstrated that KCNQ1OT1 expression is up-regulated in melanoma tissues and cells. KCNQ1OT1 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in melanoma. By directly bindin to miR-153, KCNQ1OT1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to de-repress MET expression. Our results may provide the basis for a novel strategy for early detection and/or treatment of melanoma.

Studying structure and dynamics of self-assembled peptide nanostructures using fluorescence and super resolution microscopy

Understanding the formation and properties of self-assembled peptide nanostructures is the basis for the design of new architectures for various applications. Here we show the potential of fluorescence and super resolution imaging to unveil the structural and dynamic features of peptide nanofibers with high spatiotemporal resolution.

A bioartificial dermal regeneration template promotes skin cell proliferation in vitro and enhances large skin wound healing in vivo

A novel bioartificial dermal regeneration template has been developed using platelet-rich plasma and acellular animal skin collagen sponge for the treatment of larger area and full thickness skin wounds. This platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge keeps native skin structure and contains huge amounts of growth factors. The effect of this bioartificial dermal regeneration template was tested in vitro and in vivo via a mimic poor wound healing process by adding collagenase I into cell culture medium or the wound area. The in vitro experimental results indicated that the rat skin cells grew faster and produced more collagen in platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge with collagenase than those treated either with collagen sponge plus collagenase, or collagenase, or control group without treatment. The in vivo experiments were performed by large rat skin wounds, 1.5 cm diameter, treated either with collagenase, or collagenase plus collagen sponge, or collagenase plus platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge. The wound without treatment was used as a control. The wounds treated with collagenase-containing platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge healed 4 times faster than the untreated wounds, 6 times faster than the collagenase treated wounds, 2.4 times faster than collagenase-containing collagen sponge treated wounds. The immunostaining indicated that the healed tissues in the wound areas treated with collagenase-containing platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge were composed of collagen type I and collagen III with blood vessels and hair follicles. The results demonstrated that this collagenase-containing platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge works as a bioartificial dermal regeneration template. The application of this collagenase-containing platelet-rich plasma-collagen sponge promotes the traumatic skin wound healing and permits the reconstitution of the inherent barrier functions of the skin.

Design of a porous cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as an advanced electrode for supercapacitors

Porous nanosheet-structured electrode materials are very attractive for the high efficiency storage of electrochemical energy. Herein, a porous cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam (Co₉S₈-NSA/NF) is successfully fabricated by a facile method, which involves the uniform growth of 2D Co-based leaf-like zeolitic imidazole frameworks (Co-ZIF-L) on Ni foam followed by subsequent sulfurization with thioacetamide (TAA). Benefiting from the unique porous nanosheet array architecture and conductive substrate, the Co₉S₈-NSA/NF exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacitance (1098.8 F g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1), good rate capacity (54.6% retention at 10 A g^-1) and long-term stability (87.4% retention over 1000 cycles), when acted as a binder-free electrode for supercapacitors. Furthermore, an assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device using the as-fabricated Co₉S₈-NSA as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode also exhibits a high energy density of 20.0 W h kg^-1 at a high power density of 828.5 W kg^-1. The method developed here can be extended to the construction of other structured metal (mono or mixed) sulfide electrode materials for more efficient energy storage.

Cerium Addition Improved the Dry Sliding Wear Resistance of Surface Welding AZ91 Alloy

In this study, the effects of cerium (Ce) addition on the friction and wear properties of surface welding AZ91 magnesium alloys were evaluated by pin-on-disk dry sliding friction and wear tests at normal temperature. The results show that both the friction coefficient and wear rate of surfacing magnesium alloys decreased with the decrease in load and increase in sliding speed. The surfacing AZ91 alloy with 1.5% Ce had the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate. The alloy without Ce had the worst wear resistance, mainly because it contained a lot of irregularly shaped and coarse β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phases. During friction, the β phase readily caused stress concentration and thus formed cracks at the interface between β phase and α-Mg matrix. The addition of Ce reduced the size and amount of Mg₁₇Al₁₂, while generating Al₄Ce phase with a higher thermal stability. The Al-Ce phase could hinder the grain-boundary sliding and migration and reduced the degree of plastic deformation of subsurface metal. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the surfacing AZ91 alloy with 1.5% Ce had a total of four types of wear mechanism: abrasion, oxidation, and severe plastic deformation were the primary mechanisms; delamination was the secondary mechanism.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of BiOBr/NH2-MIL-125(Ti) composite for dye degradation under visible light

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as suitable materials for various applications in the area of photocatalysis. On the other hand, 2D BiOBr materials are efficient for the photodegradation of organic dyes under visible light illumination. In this work, BiOBr/NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) composite photocatalysts with different NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) content were prepared by incorporating NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) with BiOBr using a co-precipitation method. A series of characterizations confirmed the strong synergistic effect between BiOBr and NH₂-MIL-125(Ti). In rhodamine B (RhB) degradation experiments, the composite photocatalyst with a mass percent of 7 wt% NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) exhibited an improved photocatalytic activity compared to pristine BiOBr and NH₂-MIL-125(Ti). Furthermore, the enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light illumination could be attributed to the Ti³⁺-Ti⁴⁺ intervalence electron transfer and synergistic effect between NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) and BiOBr, and also resulted in a separation efficiency of photo-generated electron-hole pairs during the photocatalytic reaction. This study can open up numerous opportunities for the development of various MOF-based visible light photocatalysts when combined with 2D bismuth oxyhalide materials for applications in environmental cleaning.

Microdissected thin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps with multiple perforators: A series of case reports

INTRODUCTION

The study aimed to explore the effect of microdissected thin anterolateral thigh (MTALT) perforator flap with multiple perforators on patients with complex defects on the hand, elbow, heel, or knee.

METHODS

From March 2012 to February 2013, 5 patients with complex defects on the hand, elbow, heel, or knee were included. During the flap preparation, 2 to 3 perforators penetrating the fascia of the anterolateral femoral area were initially detected, and the deep fascia was incised. The superficial fascia layer of the flap and the deep adipose were then dissected, and removed after verifying the distribution of the blood vessels using an operating microscope. The whole flap was then elevated, and transposed to the recipient areas for microsurgical reparation.

RESULTS

Two cases of post-burn scar contracture and 3 cases of traumatic tissue defects were successfully reconstructed with these multiple-perforator MTALT flaps. No complication was reported, and secondary operative procedure was not needed in any patient in the follow-up.

CONCLUSION

MTALT perforator flap with multiple perforators is safe and reliable for patients with complex defects on the hand, elbow, heel, or knee.

Dielectric and relaxation properties of composites of epoxy resin and hyperbranched-polyester-treated nanosilica

Hyperbranched polyester is effective for enhancing molecular bond strength and improving the mechanical behavior of nanofilled polymers. This study examines the dielectric and polarization relaxation characteristics of epoxy resin composites filled with nanosilica 30 nm in diameter, which is treated by terminal carboxyl hyperbranched polyester. TEM and SEM analysis indicate that the nanosilica surface is grafted with a functional polymer layer ranging in thickness from several to tens of nanometers, and the nanosilica agglomeration in epoxy resin is remarkably inhibited. Measurements of thermally stimulated depolarization current and differential scanning calorimetry show that, deep traps with an energy of 1.09 eV are present in the nanocomposites, and the glass transition temperature (T_g) is increased by 11 °C at most at filler concentrations from 1 to 7 wt%. Moreover, the room-temperature relative permittivity and dielectric loss factor of the composites at 50 Hz are decreased by 0.22 and 1.3‰, respectively. Conductivity at 10 mHz to 1 kHz and dc conductivity are also significantly decreased when the operating temperature is below T_g. The polarization relaxation process of the nanocomposite is dominated by regional carrier migration, interfacial and dipole polarization. The relaxation frequency of dipole polarization at high temperature (>T_g) is transformed to satisfy the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher law. This research suggests that both the dielectric and the polarization relaxation properties of the epoxy resin composites can be modified by filling hyperbranched-polyester-treated nanosilica, because it enhances the bond strength of the inorganic–organic interface and enlarges the molecular scale of the composites via cross-linking reactions.

Dielectric and relaxation properties of a nanofilled epoxy composite can be effectively modified by nanofiller treatment with a terminal carboxyl hyperbranched polyester.

Formation of bimetallic metal–organic framework nanosheets and their derived porous nickel–cobalt sulfides for supercapacitors

Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (Ni/Co-MOFs) with nanosheet-assembled flower-like structures as well as their derived Ni–Co–S electrode showed higher specific capacitances and excellent cycling stability.

A metal–organic framework derived hierarchical nickel–cobalt sulfide nanosheet array on Ni foam with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitors

A hierarchical Ni–Co–S nanosheet array is realized via a facile 2D Co-MOF templating method and it shows enhanced capacitive performance.

Gene expression profiling analysis of keloids with and without hydrocortisone treatment

The present study aimed to investigate the genetic effects of hydrocortisone (HC) treatment on keloids and screen medicines to be used in a combination therapy of keloids with HC. The dataset GSE7890 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. It contained data regarding 4 fibroblast samples from normal scar tissue and 5 samples from keloid tissue with HC treatment, as well as 5 samples from normal scar and 5 samples from keloids without HC treatment. Following the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the functions of these DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Furthermore, adverse effects of HC were identified using WebGestalt. Additionally, candidate small molecule drugs associated with keloids were selected from a connectivity map database. A total of 166 and 41 DEGs, with and without HC treatment respectively, were only present in dermal fibroblasts from keloids (termed genesets A and B, respectively). A set of 26 DEGs was present following both treatments (geneset C). A number of DEGs in geneset B (COL18A1 and JAG1) were associated with endothelial cell differentiation. However, in genesets A and C, certain genes (CCNB1 and CCNB2) were involved in the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways, and a number of genes (IL1R1 and COL1A1) were associated with bone loss. Additionally, numerous small molecule drugs (including acemetacin) were associated with keloids. Thus, it has been determined that HC may treat keloids by targeting genes associated to endothelial cell differentiation (COL18A1 and JAG1). However, HC has a number of adverse effects, including bone loss. Acemetacin may be applied in a combination therapy, along with HC, to treat keloids.

High-performance supercapacitors of Cu-based porous coordination polymer nanowires and the derived porous CuO nanotubes

Electrode materials for supercapacitors with one-dimensional porous nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, are very attractive for high-efficiency storage of electrochemical energy. Herein, ultralong Cu-based porous coordination polymer nanowires (copper-l-aspartic acid) were used as the electrode material for supercapacitors, for the first time. The as-prepared material exhibits a high specific capacitance of 367 F g^-1 at 0.6 A g^-1 and excellent cycling stability (94% retention over 1000 cycles). Moreover, porous CuO nanotubes were successfully fabricated by the thermal decomposition of this nanowire precursor. The CuO nanotube exhibits good electrochemical performance with high rate capacity (77% retention at 12.5 A g^-1) and long-term stability (96% retention over 1000 cycles). The strategy developed here for the synthesis of porous nanowires and nanotubes can be extended to the construction of other electrode materials for more efficient energy storage.

Self-assembling peptide semiconductors

Semiconductors are central to the modern electronics and optics industries. Conventional semiconductive materials bear inherent limitations, especially in emerging fields such as interfacing with biological systems and bottom-up fabrication. A promising candidate for bioinspired and durable nanoscale semiconductors is the family of self-assembled nanostructures comprising short peptides. The highly ordered and directional intermolecular π-π interactions and hydrogen-bonding network allow the formation of quantum confined structures within the peptide self-assemblies, thus decreasing the band gaps of the superstructures into semiconductor regions. As a result of the diverse architectures and ease of modification of peptide self-assemblies, their semiconductivity can be readily tuned, doped, and functionalized. Therefore, this family of electroactive supramolecular materials may bridge the gap between the inorganic semiconductor world and biological systems.

Fmoc-modified amino acids and short peptides: simple bio-inspired building blocks for the fabrication of functional materials

Amino acids and short peptides modified with the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group possess eminent self-assembly features and show distinct potential for applications due to the inherent hydrophobicity and aromaticity of the Fmoc moiety which can promote the association of building blocks. Given the extensive study and numerous publications in this field, it is necessary to summarize the recent progress concerning these important bio-inspired building blocks. Therefore, in this review, we explore the self-organization of this class of functional molecules from three aspects, i.e., Fmoc-modified individual amino acids, Fmoc-modified di- and tripeptides, and Fmoc-modified tetra- and pentapeptides. The relevant properties and applications related to cell cultivation, bio-templating, optical, drug delivery, catalytic, therapeutic and antibiotic properties are subsequently summarized. Finally, some existing questions impeding the development of Fmoc-modified simple biomolecules are discussed, and corresponding strategies and outlooks are suggested.

Bioinformatics analysis to identify the critical genes, microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in melanoma

Melanoma, which is usually induced by ultraviolet light exposure and the following DNA damage, is the most dangerous skin cancer. The purpose of the present study was to screen key molecules involved in melanoma.Microarray data of E-MTAB-1862 were downloaded from the ArrayExpress database, which included 21 primary melanoma samples and 11 benign nevus samples. In addition, the RNASeq version 2 and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing data of cutaneous melanoma were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Limma package, enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed separately for them using DAVID software and Cytoscape software. In addition, survival analysis and regulatory network analysis were further performed by log-rank test and Cytoscape software, respectively. Moreover, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to further verify the expression patterns of several selected DEGs.A total of 382 DEGs were identified in primary melanoma samples, including 206 upregulated genes and 176 downregulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that COL17A1 was enriched in epidermis development. In the PPI network, CXCL8 (degree = 29) and STAT1 (degree = 28) had higher degrees and could interact with each other. Survival analysis showed that 21 DEGs, 55 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 32 miRNAs were found to be associated with prognosis. Furthermore, several regulatory relationships were found in the lncRNA-gene regulatory network (such as RP11-361L15.4 targeting COL17A1) and the miRNA-gene regulatory network (such as hsa-miR-375 targeting CCL27 and hsa-miR-375 targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [IGF1R]). Real-time RT-PCR results showed that the overall direction of differential expression was consistent except COL17A1.CXCL8 interacted with STAT1, CCL27, and IGF1R targeted by hsa-miR-375, and COL17A1 targeted by RP11-361L15.4 might function in the development and progression of melanoma, which should be verified by more detailed experiments.

Fangchinoline suppresses growth and metastasis of melanoma cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of FAK

Melanoma is a malignant tumor with high degree of malignancy, metastasis and high mortality. The etiology of melanoma has not been fully elucidated, and there is no effective drug for the complete treatment of melanoma. In recent years, many traditional Chinese herbal medicines have played an important role in clinical treatment and experimental research on cancer. As a natural product, fangchinoline has the characteristics of enhancing immune function, low toxicity and good liver protection features, so it is considered to be a new type of anticancer drug. In the present study, we found that fangchinoline has inhibitory effects on the proliferation and metastasis of A375 and A875 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Fangchinoline inhibited the proliferation of A375 and A875 cell activity with IC50 values of 12.41 and 16.20 µM. We also found that fangchinoline could significantly reduce the phosphorylation of Focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In summary, we demonstrated that fangchinoline inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma cells by suppressing FAK and its downstream signaling pathway. More importantly, we provide a novel mechanism that fangchinoline could be an effective candidate for the treatment of melanoma.

Multiporous Supramolecular Microspheres for Artificial Photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis shows a promising potential for sustainable supply of nutritional ingredients. While most studies focus on the assembly of the light-sensitive chromophores to 1-D architectures in an artificial photosynthesis system, other supramolecular morphologies, especially bioinspired ones, which may have more efficient light-harvesting properties, have been far less studied. Here, MCpP-FF, a bioinspired building block fabricated by conjugating porphyrin and diphenylalanine, was designed to self-assemble into nanofibers-based multiporous microspheres. The highly organized aromatic moieties result in extensive excitation red-shifts and notable electron transfer, thus leading to a remarkable attenuated fluorescence decay and broad-spectrum light sensitivity of the microspheres. Moreover, the enhanced photoelectron production and transfer capability of the microspheres are demonstrated, making them ideal candidates for sunlight-sensitive antennas in artificial photosynthesis. These properties induce a high turnover frequency of NADH, which can be used to produce bioproducts in biocatalytic reactions. In addition, the direct electron transfer makes external mediators unnecessary, and the insolubility of the microspheres in water allows their easy retrieval for sustainable applications. Our findings demonstrate an alternative to design new platforms for artificial photosynthesis, as well as a new type of bioinspired, supramolecular multiporous materials.

Cobalt-Borate Nanoarray: An Efficient and Durable Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation under Benign Conditions

The development of efficient earth-abundant electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under benign conditions is still urgent and challenging. Herein, we report the electrochemical generation of novel Co-Bi nanoarray on carbon cloth (Co-Bi NA/CC) from CoS₂ nanoarray precursor. As a three-dimensional anode, such Co-Bi NA/CC exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for OER with the overpotential requirement of 411 mV to drive 10 mA cm^-2. Notably, this electrode also demonstrates outstanding long-term electrochemical durability for 20 h.

Combined Kidney Transplantation and Splenic Fossa Auxiliary Heterotopic Liver Transplantation in a Highly Sensitized Recipient: A Case Report

BACKGROUND

Combined kidney and auxiliary orthotopic liver transplantation from the same donor is used to treat highly sensitized renal transplant recipients. Auxiliary liver can protect the transplanted kidney against hyperacute rejection.

METHODS

In the current case, combined kidney and splenic fossa auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation was performed from the same donor for a highly sensitized recipient without preoperative preconditioning. No postoperative hyperacute rejection occurred.

RESULTS

Seven days after surgery, preexisting antibody levels rose and decreased after treatment; meanwhile, the function of transplanted kidney returned to normal. During 24 months of follow-up, the grafts showed good blood perfusion and functioned well. The levels of preexisting antibodies, donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and C1q-fixing human leukocyte antigen (C1q-HLA) antibodies, all decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined kidney and splenic fossa auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation can be used in renal transplantation for highly sensitized recipients.

Pre-ischemia melatonin treatment alleviated acute neuronal injury after ischemic stroke by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent autophagy via PERK and IRE1 signalings

Melatonin has demonstrated a potential protective effect in central nervous system. Thus, it is interesting to determine whether pre-ischemia melatonin administration could protect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-related injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we revealed that IR injury significantly activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. Pre-ischemia melatonin treatment was able to attenuate IR-induced ER stress and autophagy. In addition, with tandem RFP-GFP-LC3 adeno-associated virus, we demonstrated pre-ischemic melatonin significantly alleviated IR-induced autophagic flux. Furthermore, we showed that IR induced neuronal apoptosis through ER stress related signalings. Moreover, IR-induced autophagy was significantly blocked by ER stress inhibitor (4-PBA), as well as ER-related signaling inhibitors (PERK inhibitor, GSK; IRE1 inhibitor, 3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde). Finally, we revealed that melatonin significantly alleviated cerebral infarction, brain edema, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological deficiency, which were remarkably abolished by tunicamycin (ER stress activator) and rapamycin (autophagy activator), respectively. In summary, our study provides strong evidence that pre-ischemia melatonin administration significantly protects against cerebral IR injury through inhibiting ER stress-dependent autophagy. Our findings shed light on the novel preventive and therapeutic strategy of daily administration of melatonin, especially among the population with high risk of cerebral ischemic stroke.

Blockade of RyRs in the ER Attenuates 6-OHDA-Induced Calcium Overload, Cellular Hypo-Excitability and Apoptosis in Dopaminergic Neurons

Calcium (Ca²⁺) dyshomeostasis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an important molecular mechanism of selective dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP₃Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), which are located on the ER surface, are the main endogenous Ca²⁺ release channels and play crucial roles in regulating Ca²⁺ homeostasis. However, the roles of these endogenous Ca²⁺ release channels in PD and their effects on the function and survival of DA neurons remain unknown. In this study, using a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced in vitro PD model (SN4741 Cell line), we found that 6-OHDA significantly increased cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ levels ([Ca2+]_i), which was attenuated by pretreatment with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA; an ER stress inhibitor) or ryanodine (a RyRs blocker). In addition, in acute midbrain slices of male Sprague-Dawley rats, we found that 6-OHDA reduced the spike number and rheobase of DA neurons, which were also reversed by pretreatment with 4-PBA and ryanodine. TUNEL staining and MTT assays also showed that 4-PBA and ryanodine obviously alleviated 6-OHDA-induced cell apoptosis and devitalization. Interestingly, a IP₃Rs blocker had little effect on the above 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in DA neurons. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence of the different roles of IP₃Rs and RyRs in the regulation of endogenous Ca²⁺ homeostasis, neuronal excitability, and viability in DA neurons, and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for PD by inhibiting the RyRs Ca²⁺ channels in the ER.

A 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel for Fast, Highly Sensitive, and Selective Gas Sensor

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has proved to be a promising candidate in high-performance gas sensing in ambient conditions. However, trace detection of different kinds of gases with simultaneously high sensitivity and selectivity is challenging. Here, a chemiresistor-type sensor based on 3D sulfonated RGO hydrogel (S-RGOH) is reported, which can detect a variety of important gases with high sensitivity, boosted selectivity, fast response, and good reversibility. The NaHSO3 functionalized RGOH displays remarkable 118.6 and 58.9 times higher responses to NO2 and NH3, respectively, compared with its unmodified RGOH counterpart. In addition, the S-RGOH sensor is highly responsive to volatile organic compounds. More importantly, the characteristic patterns on the linearly fitted response-temperature curves are employed to distinguish various gases for the first time. The temperature of the sensor is elevated rapidly by an imbedded microheater with little power consumption. The 3D S-RGOH is characterized and the sensing mechanisms are proposed. This work gains new insights into boosting the sensitivity of detecting various gases by combining chemical modification and 3D structural engineering of RGO, and improving the selectivity of gas sensing by employing temperature dependent response characteristics of RGO for different gases.

Hierarchical core–shell SiO2@PDA@BiOBr microspheres with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance

The SiO₂@PDA@BiOBr composite photocatalyst with a hierarchical core–shell structure was prepared by a facile solvothermal method, and the catalyst shows a superior performance on photodegradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation.

A hierarchical NiO/NiMn-layered double hydroxide nanosheet array on Ni foam for high performance supercapacitors

A hierarchical NiO/NiMn-LDH nanosheet array on Ni foam was preparedviaa facile two-step approach and exhibited a high specific capacitance (937 F g⁻¹at 0.5 A g⁻¹) and good cycling stability (91% retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹).

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) status evaluation using RNAscope in situ hybridization: a reliable and complementary method for IHC in breast cancer tissues

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a significant role in the development of breast cancer and has been used clinically as an endocrine therapeutic target. Currently, clinical laboratories use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the ERα status of patients in order to distinguish those who would benefit from endocrine therapy. This method is highly subjective, requires a large amount of tumor tissue, and may generate false-negative results. To improve the detection of ERα, we used a new RNA in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope) and compared its use with IHC in 72 breast cancer tissues (47 ERα positive and 25 ERα negative). Then we evaluated ERα mRNA by RT-qPCR with RNAscope. An unobvious difference was found between reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and IHC, but a positive correlation was found between RNAscope and IHC. In addition, breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous cancer, and RNAscope could easily reveal the heterogeneity in breast cancer. Moreover, we found that some ERα IHC-based negative and RNAscope-based positive test results were detected as positive after testing with IHC again. Our findings suggest that RNAscope may be a complementary method for improving the detection of patient ERα status and has potential clinical utility.

Screening for genes, transcription factors and miRNAs associated with the myogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells

In the present study, we aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) into myocytes and osteoblasts. Microarray data GSE37329 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, including three hASC cell lines from healthy donors, two osteogenic lineages and two myogenic lineages from the in vitro‑induction of hASCs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two lineages were firstly screened. Subsequently, the underlying functions of the two sets of DEGs were investigated by Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) with target genes were finally explored using different algorithms. A total of 665 and 485 DEGs were identified from the hASC‑derived myogenic and osteogenic lineages, respectively. The shared upregulated genes (n=205) in the two sets of DEGs were mainly involved in metabolism-related pathways, whereas the shared downregulated genes (n=128) were significantly enriched in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Four genes, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin 1B (IL1B), presented with relatively higher degrees in both PPI networks. The transcription factor RAD21 was predicted to target shared upregulated and downregulated genes as well as specific downregulated genes in the myogenic and the osteogenic lineages. In addition, miRNA-DEG interaction analysis revealed that hsa-miR-1 regulated the most shared DEGs in the two lineages. There may be a correlation between the four genes, VEGFA, FGF2, IL1B and NGF, and the differentiation of hASCs into myocytes and osteoblasts. The TF RAD21 and hsa-miR-1 may play important roles in regulating the expression of differentiation-associated genes.

Sinomenine activates astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors and alleviates neuroinflammatory injury via the CRYAB/STAT3 pathway after ischemic stroke in mice

Background

Astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation plays a critical role in ischemic stroke-induced secondary cerebral injury. Previous studies have suggested that the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) acts as a key target in regulating the neuroinflammatory response. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown, and effective DRD2 agonists are lacking. In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of sinomenine (Sino), a monomeric compound with potential immunoregulatory properties in nervous system.

Methods

TTC staining, apoptosis assay, evaluation of brain edema, and neurological assessment were performed in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model. Primary astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were used in the in vitro experiments. Quantitative PCR was applied to assess the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Multi-labeling immunofluorescence, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were also used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the Sino-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro.

Results

Sino remarkably attenuated the cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis, reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, and alleviated neurological deficiency in MCAO mice. Sino significantly inhibited astrocytic activation and STAT3 phosphorylation as well as increased DRD2 and αB-crystallin (CRYAB) expression after MCAO. In vitro, Sino blocked OGD-induced activation of STAT3 and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary astrocytes, and these effects were significantly abolished by either DRD2 or CRYAB knockdown. Additionally, Sino induced up-regulation and nuclear translocation of CRYAB in astrocytes and enhanced the interaction between CRYAB and STAT3, which further inhibited the activation and DNA-binding activity of STAT3.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that Sino activates astrocytic DRD2 and thereby suppresses neuroinflammation via the CRYAB/STAT3 pathway, which sheds some light on a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0739-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Examining dynamics in a polymer matrix by single molecule fluorescence probes of different sizes

Rotational motion of single fluorescence probes with different sizes doped inside films of polyvinylacetate is investigated by defocused single molecule fluorescence microscopy. Discrete vibration modes in the rotational motion of individual probes are clearly exposed in the power spectra of the rotation trajectories, reflecting multiple relaxation dynamics and also the difference in dynamics among separate locations. The power spectra show a strong dependence on the probe size and temperature. By sampling the rotation of a large number of probes, the averaged power spectra show that the activated rotation of the probes falls into the frequency range of the α-relaxation and data analysis shows that activation of the vibration modes with all probes corresponds to the maximum population of rotating probes, and this made the comparison between single molecule data and the ensemble data meaningful (differential scanning calorimetry, as an example). Such an analysis shows a coincidence between the temperature of a significant occurrence of glass transition and the activation of rotational motion of all probes with one specific size, indicating that such a dimension correlates with the size of the cooperative rearrangement region - a volume of approximately 1.0 nm(3).