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Harrison DG, Widder J, Grumbach I, Chen W, Weber M, Searles C. Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation. J Intern Med 2006; 259:351-63. [PMID: 16594903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous aspects of vascular homeostasis are modulated by nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production of these is dramatically influenced by mechanical forces imposed on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. In this review, we will discuss the effects of mechanical forces on the expression of the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase, production of ROS and modulation of endothelial cell glutathione. We will also review data that exercise training in vivo has a similar effect as laminar shear on endothelial function and discuss the clinical relevance of these basic findings.
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1402
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Ma L, Zhang L, Gao XH, Chen W, Wu YP, Wang Y, Li XF, Como P, Kieburtz K, Qiao YL. Dietary factors and smoking as risk factors for PD in a rural population in China: a nested case-control study. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113:278-81. [PMID: 16542169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors and history of smoking remain elusive in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of environmental factors with PD in a rural population in China. METHODS Subjects were participants of a past nutritional intervention trial. Information on their characteristics was collected during the baseline interview of the trial. Control subjects were randomly selected from the same cohort and frequency matched for sex, age and residential area. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Among 16,488 subjects surveyed, we diagnosed 464 subjects with PD. Then, four sex- and age-matched controls were paired with each definite PD case. A total of 85 cases and 340 controls were analyzed. Meat consumption and the body mass index (BMI) were inversely associated with PD. The PD risk declined with the increment of BMI. A history of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of PD. As to smoking, there seemed an increased risk of PD among individuals who smoked regularly, non-significantly. However, a significantly increased risk of PD was found among those who smoked more than 30 pack-years.
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1403
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Huang SL, Liu YH, Chen W. Subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria immitis mimicking a large epidermal cyst. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:477-8. [PMID: 16643162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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1404
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Subba Reddy CV, Jin AP, Zhu QY, Mai LQ, Chen W. Preparation and characterization of (PVP + NaClO4) electrolytes for battery applications. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2006; 19:471-6. [PMID: 16604278 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2005-10076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A sodium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) complexed with NaClO(4) was prepared using the solution-cast technique. The cathode film of V(2)O(5) xerogel modified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone was prepared using the sol-gel method. Investigations were conducted using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity and transference number measurements were performed to characterize the polymer electrolyte for battery applications. The transference number data indicated that the conducting species in these electrolytes are the anions. Using the electrolyte, electrochemical cells with a configuration Na/(PVP + NaClO(4))/V(2)O(5) modified by (PVP) were fabricated and their discharge profiles studied.
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1405
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Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. Influence of lipoprotein lipase gene Ser447Stop and β1-adrenergic receptor gene Arg389Gly polymorphisms and their interaction on obesity from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1183-8. [PMID: 16534528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Ser447Stop and beta1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) Arg389Gly gene polymorphisms, individually and in combination, on obesity from childhood to adulthood. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A community-based cohort of 1331 subjects (30% black and 70% white subjects) was followed over an average period of 23 years from childhood (age range: 4-17 years) to adulthood (age range:18-44 years). MEASUREMENT Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and LPL Ser447Stop and the ADRB1 Arg389Gly genotypes. RESULTS The frequency of the ADRB1 Gly389 allele was 0.25 in white subjects vs 0.39 in black subjects (P < 0.001); 0.08 vs 0.05 (P = 0.280) for the LPL Stop447 allele. There was no association between the LPL Stop447 allele and BMI among white and black subjects either in childhood and adulthood levels or annual change from childhood to adulthood. The ADRB1 Gly389 allele was associated with lower BMI only in black adults (P = 0.017). Further, the interaction effect of the LPL Stop447 allele and ADRB1 Gly389 allele on adult BMI or its annual change was significant in white subjects and in the total sample (P = 0.03-0.006). Childhood values tended to show a similar trend. Having both ADRB1 Gly389 allele and LPL Stop447 allele was associated with 71% (95% confidence interval: 26-89%) less odds for developing obesity from childhood to adulthood after adjusting for age, race, sex, and childhood BMI. CONCLUSION While Gly389 allele of the ADRB1 gene lowers obesity in black subjects, this allele in conjunction with Stop447 allele of the LPL gene lowers obesity in adults and attenuates the development of obesity from childhood to adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of gene-gene interaction in the assessment of genetic influences on complex traits such as obesity.
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1406
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Jacobson JR, Chen W, Garcia JG. 63 ROLE OF RAC GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN SIMVASTATIN-MEDIATED ENDOTHELIAL CELL SIGNALING. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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1407
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Jacobson J, Chen W, Garcia J. Role of Rac Guanosine Triphosphatase in Simvastatin-Mediated Endothelial Cell Signaling. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890605402s63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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1408
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Ma Q, Dang C, Wei W, De Antoni F, Rocci R, Chen W. Randomised clinical trial investigating the effects of combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate in the older persons with adhesive small bowel obstruction. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:188-94. [PMID: 16311083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate in the older persons with adhesive small bowel obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients who had suffered from adhesive intestinal obstruction without clinical evidence of strangulation or gangrene were randomised into two groups, a control group (treated conservatively, n=82) and a contrast group (treated with combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate, n=80). A laparotomy was performed in both the two groups if symptoms of strangulation developed or the obstruction did not resolve spontaneously after 72 h. RESULTS Statistically significant rapid reduction in pain score, lower amount of nasogastric drainage, shorter hospital stay, lower operative rate and lower postoperative morbidity were observed in the contrast group. Among the non-operative patients, earlier passage of stool and gas, earlier first oral intake and shorter duration of nasogastric tube placement were significantly more frequently observed in the contrast group. No difference in the rate of readmission was found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Combined administration of octreotide and methylglucamine diatrizoate accelerates resolution of small bowel obstruction by a specific therapeutic effect and is safe for the older persons.
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1409
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Mingjian N, Wheeler KM, Cheng J, Yonghai D, Chen W, Fitzwarryne C, Wang J. HIV/AIDS prevalence and behaviour in drug users and pregnant women in Kashgar Prefecture: case report. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3:7. [PMID: 16476164 PMCID: PMC1397810 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Second Generation sub-population HIV Surveillance was undertaken in Kashgar City and Shache County, Xinjiang, Peoples Republic of China between December 2003 and January 2004, targeting injecting and mixed method drug users and pregnant and postnatal women. The study aimed to determine the extent to which the epidemic is shifting from a concentrated stage to a more generalised epidemic. One hundred and forty two (142) exclusively injecting drug users (66) and mixed method drug users (injecting and non-injecting-76) participated in this survey. Eight hundred and two (802) pregnant and postnatal women participated in the survey. In Kashgar City and Shache County the serum prevalence of HIV amongst injecting drug users was 56.06%, for mixed method drug users 48.68% and 0.38% in pregnant women. In Shache County HIV infection rates were significantly lower in drug user groups and amongst pregnant and post-natal women, at 2.22% and 0% respectively. The behavioral survey indicated that 15% of injecting drug users have shared needles (however sero prevalence and knowledge in relation to access to clean needles and syringes suggests that this may not reflect the actual situation). Knowledge of prevention of transmission strategies (not sharing needles and condom utilisation) is similar between both groups at 60-70%. However it appears that this knowledge has not significantly impacted on behavior such as needle sharing and condom utilisation. In Kashgar City and Shache County there have been very few interventions to support HIV/AIDS prevention, care and control. The results from this survey will inform future directions and the development and implementation of targeted interventions including targeted information dissemination and harm reduction strategies. This survey was funded by the Xinjiang HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project, a bilateral project jointly implemented by the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Australia.
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1411
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Chen W, Cunningham C, Daines M, Warrier M, Gibson A, Khurana Hershey G. IL-13 Receptor Alpha 2 Lung-transgenic Mice Displayed Reduced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in a House Dust Mite Challenged Model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1412
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Daines M, Masino J, Gibson A, Chen W, Walker B, Warrier M, Tabata Y, Khurana Hershey G. Distribution of IL-13Ra2: Impact of Allergen Exposure and Level of Expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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1413
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Tabata Y, Warrier M, Daines M, Chen W, Hershey GK. Expression of IL-13 Receptors in Human Airway and Skin Cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1414
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Warrier M, Tabata Y, Daines M, Chen W, Hershey GK. IL-13 Receptors in the Skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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1415
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Coleman B, Czer L, Jordan S, Mirocha J, Goland S, Raissi S, Chen W, Fontana G, Kass R, Trento A, Tyan D. 8. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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1416
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Sicklick J, Li Y, Jayaraman A, Kannangai R, Chen W, Qi Y, Vivekanandan P, Ludlow J, Owzar K, Torbenson M, Diehl A. Smoothened overexpression activates hedgehog signaling in human hepatocarcinogenesis. J Surg Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.11.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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1417
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a cholestatic disease. D-penicillamine is suggested as a treatment option due to its copper reducing and immunomodulatory potential. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of D-penicillamine for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. SEARCH STRATEGY Eligible trials were identified through searches of The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register (August 2005), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1950 to August 2005), EMBASE (1980 to August 2005), Science Citation Index EXPANDED (1945 to August 2005), and reference lists of relevant articles. Authors of trials and pharmaceutical companies known to produce D-penicillamine were also contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised clinical trials comparing D-penicillamine in any dose, duration, and route of administration versus placebo, no intervention, or other intervention(s). Trials were included irrespective of publication status, year of publication, language, or blinding. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Both authors selected the trials, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological quality of the trials with respect to the generation of allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, and follow-up. The results were reported by intention-to-treat analysis. The outcomes were presented as relative risk (RR) or weighted mean difference (WMD), both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS One randomised trial was identified and included in the review. It was of low methodological quality. The trial compared D-penicillamine versus placebo in 70 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Compared with placebo, D-penicillamine therapy had no significant effect on mortality (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.49 to 2.64), liver transplantation (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.39 to 3.17), hepatic histologic progression (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.74), or cholangiographic deterioration (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.79). D-penicillamine led to a significant improvement in the serum aspartate aminotransferase (WMD -23.00 U/L; 95% CI -30.66 to -15.34), but not in serum bilirubin level (WMD 0.40 mg/L; 95% CI -0.19 to 0.99) and serum alkaline phosphatases activity (WMD 44.00 U/L; 95% CI -37.89 to 125.89). There were significantly more adverse events in patients receiving D-penicillamine (P = 0.013). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is not sufficient evidence to support or refute the use of D-penicillamine for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. We do not recommend the use of D-penicillamine for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis outside randomised trials.
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1418
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Bhuiyan AR, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Paul TK, Berenson GS. 257 CORRELATES OF VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION MEASURES IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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1419
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Chen W, Liu Q, Li Z, Zhu GJ. RG-005 Effect of postovulatory ageing on balanced predivision of mouse oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(11)60538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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1420
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Paul TK, Srinivasan SR, Jackson SA, Raggi P, Chen W, Berenson GS. 261 GENDER DIFFERENCE IN THE IMPACT OF MULTIPLE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS ON THE FEMORAL ARTERY INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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1421
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Paul TK, Srinivasan SR, Jackson SA, Raggi P, Chen W, Berenson GS. 274 LIMITATION OF ANKLE-BRACHIAL BLOOD PRESSURE INDEX FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGE ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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1422
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Chen C, Chen W, Wu J, Chen H. P.433 Epigenetic down-regulation of death-associated protein kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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1423
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Chen W, Schatz B, Henson B, McPhee KE, Muehlbauer FJ. First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Chickpea Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in North Dakota and Washington. PLANT DISEASE 2006; 90:114. [PMID: 30786502 DOI: 10.1094/pd-90-0114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is cultivated as a rotational crop in the cereal-based production system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) and its production is expanding to other northern tier states. During July 2005, symptoms of Sclerotinia stem rot were observed on chickpea cv. Dwelley and Dylan in fields near Spangle, WA and Carrington, ND, respectively, with disease incidence of approximately ≤1% in affected areas at both locations. Symptoms included stem whitening, wilting, and stem breakage. Occasionally, white fluffy mycelium was observed; however, production of sclerotia on infected plants was rarely observed. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was isolated from diseased stems collected from both states. The isolates produced a ring of sclerotia near the edge of potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates in 7 days and produced neither conidia nor other fruiting bodies in culture after 30 days. PCR amplification of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region from two representative isolates and subsequent digestion with restriction enzymes, Mbo I and Taq I, produced identical banding patterns to previously identified isolates of S. sclerotiorum from pea from the PNW (2). Chickpea cvs. Dwelley and Spanish White (eight plants of each) were inoculated by fastening mycelial agar plugs from an actively growing colony on PDA onto the stems with Parafilm. Symptoms of stem whitening were observed as early as 2 days after inoculation, and the lesions extended upward and downward from the inoculation site. Wilting and stem breakage were also observed. Control inoculations of four plants of each cultivar with PDA plugs without mycelium produced no visible symptoms. S. sclerotiorum was consistently reisolated from inoculated plants but not from control plants. Chickpea had been grown in the PNW for more than 20 years without any reported incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot although the disease has been reported from Arizona (3) and Asian countries (1). This is likely because of the upright growth habit of the chickpea plant coupled with relatively dry conditions late in the growing season. Previous chickpea cultivars were very susceptible to Ascochyta blight, an early-season disease of chickpea in the PNW that reduced chickpea stands and canopy coverage. Current cultivars possess much improved resistance to Ascochyta blight, allowing greater vegetative growth to occur and creating microenvironmental conditions conducive to Sclerotinia stem rot. In North Dakota, where humid conditions prevail late in the growing season, symptoms of Sclerotinia stem rot had been observed in previous years but had not been documented because of a recent history of chickpea cultivation there. To our knowledge, this is the first report of confirmed Sclerotinia stem rot of chickpea in North Dakota and Washington. References: (1) G. J. Boland and R. Hall. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 16:93, 1994. (2) I. Jimenez-Hidalgo et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 94(suppl.):S47, 2004. (3) M. E. Matheron and M. Porchas. Plant Dis. 84:1250, 2000.
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Chen W, Liu P, Zhang A, Ren J, Xu LX. Quantification of quantum dots in HUVECs by confocal laser scanning microscopy. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2006; 2006:1478-1481. [PMID: 17946468 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.260265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are emerged as a new class of fluorescent probes for many biological and biomedical applications. Comparing with conventional fluorescent probes, they have substantial advantages such as bright fluorescence, narrow emission, broad excitation band and high photostability. However, little is known about the toxicity of nanoscale particles to biological systems. In this study, the interaction between 3-Mercaptopropionic acid capped CdTe QDs and HUVECs was studied quantitatively in vitro. Fluorescent intensity of QDs in cells was measured by confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the amount of QDs absorbed by cells is dependent on concentration and incubation time. Further, the viability of cells incubated with QDs was investigated using MTT assay. Dramatic dose-dependent decrease in cellular viability was observed.
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1425
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic liver diseases. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for health-care workers. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of hepatitis B vaccination in health-care workers. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the trial registers of The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE to February 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing any dose, injection route, injection site, or schedule of hepatitis B plasma-derived vaccines (PDV) or recombinant vaccines (RV) versus placebo, no intervention, or another hepatitis B vaccine in health-care workers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers extracted the data independently. The reviewers assessed the methodological quality of the trials regarding generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, double blinding, and follow-up. The results were presented as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We identified 21 randomised trials, all with one or more methodological weaknesses. Four trials demonstrated that PDV versus placebo significantly decreased hepatitis B events at maximum follow-up (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.73). RV did not differ significantly from PDV in eliciting a protective hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) level in two trials. Both vaccines were well tolerated. Low-dose vaccine (1 or 2 microg) by the intradermal route resulted in significantly more participants without protective anti-HBs level compared with high-dose (10 or 20 microg) by the intramuscular route (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.76). The intradermal route caused significantly more local adverse events, while the intramuscular route caused significantly more systemic adverse events. The gluteal injection produced significantly more participants without protective anti-HBs level than the deltoid injection. The prevalence of anti-HBs seroconversion by rapid vaccination (0, 1, and 2 months) was significantly lower than that by standard vaccination (0, 1, and 6 months). Booster vaccinations with different RV doses (2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 40 microg) produced similar prevalence of anti-HBs seroconversion in three trials assessing participants who did not respond to previous HBV vaccination. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS PDV significantly prevents hepatitis B events. RV seems to be able to elicit similar protective anti-HBs levels. The intramuscular route with 20 microg RV was significantly more effective compared with the intradermal route with 2 microg RV as was the standard schedule compared with a rapid schedule and deltoid intramuscular injection compared with the gluteal intramuscular injection. It is unclear if booster vaccination of non-responders offers higher anti-HBs seroconversion and hepatitis B vaccine prevents the infection of hepatitis B mutants in health-care workers.
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