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Schneidkraut MJ, Carlson RW. Cecal ligation and puncture is associated with pulmonary injury in the rat: role of cyclooxygenase pathway products. PROSTAGLANDINS 1993; 45:323-34. [PMID: 8493358 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(93)90110-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present studies evaluated the role cyclooxygenase products play in bacterial sepsis induced pulmonary injury in the rat. Lung injury was assessed by determining the pulmonary capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) and the lung lavage protein concentration four and 18 hours after cecal ligation and puncture. Four hours after cecal ligation, the Kf was unchanged from control, however, by 18 hours, the Kf was increased 171% (p < .05). Similarly, lung lavage protein levels were unchanged four hours after cecal ligation but were significantly (p < .05) elevated at 18 hours. On the other hand, pulmonary lavage immunoreactive thromboxane B2 (iTXB2) levels were increased both four and 18 hours after the initiation of sepsis. In order to determine if cyclooxygenase products played a role in the sepsis associated lung injury, ibuprofen was administered prior to cecal ligation. Ibuprofen pretreatment prevented the sepsis associated increase in both Kf and lung lavage protein concentration. These studies suggest that bacterial sepsis in the rat is associated with pulmonary injury and that early administration of ibuprofen ameliorates this damage.
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128
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Imm A, Carlson RW. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock. Crit Care Clin 1993; 9:313-33. [PMID: 8490765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, the treatment of various forms of circulatory shock has included fluid resuscitation with either crystalloidal or colloidal solutions. Despite decades of investigation, there still is considerable controversy over the beneficial and adverse effects of each fluid type. Most authors agree that the initial resuscitation of any form of shock should be performed with crystalloid solutions. Trauma resuscitation uses crystalloid therapy almost exclusively. Much controversy exists when the shock state involves increased microvascular permeability, such as seen in sepsis, anaphylaxis, and burns. Concerns involve increased permeability pulmonary edema and whether colloid or crystalloid therapy may contribute to its formation. Regardless of fluid type used for resuscitative efforts, it is essential to ensure adequate invasive and noninvasive monitoring to guide therapy. Endpoints to resuscitation should include stabilization of vital signs, adequate urine output, adequate cardiac output, and evidence of supply-independent oxygen consumption. Side effects of aggressive fluid loading are frequent and include intravascular volume overload, pulmonary edema, increased myocardial water content, brain swelling, gastrointestinal ischemia, and massive systemic edema. These complications can best be minimized by careful fluid titration, using physiologic and hemodynamic endpoints.
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Rubeiz GJ, Thill-Baharozian M, Hardie D, Carlson RW. Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:203-9. [PMID: 8428470 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199302000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the mortality rate of acutely ill patients admitted to a medical ward or medical ICU is higher for those patients who present with hypomagnesemia than for those patients who do not present with hypomagnesemia. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING Emergency Department admissions to the medical ward and medical ICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital serving an inner city patient population. SUBJECTS A total of 381 consecutive acutely ill patients. MEASUREMENTS Serum magnesium concentrations and other metabolic variables were measured on admission from the Emergency Department. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores were computed for all patients, and mortality rates were determined for hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic groups. MAIN RESULTS Hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic groups had comparable APACHE II scores and other variables. However, the mortality rates of the hypomagnesemic ward and medical ICU groups were approximately twice (p < .01) the rate of the normomagnesemic groups. Additionally, the duration of hospital survival in those patients who died was approximately 8 days less for hypomagnesemia than normomagnesemia, but not for ward admissions. Other associated metabolic abnormalities were frequently observed in both hypomagnesemic and normomagnesemic groups, including hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. CONCLUSIONS Hypomagnesemia detected at the time of admission of acutely ill medical patients is associated with an increased mortality rate for both ward and medical ICU patients.
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Reid T, Yuen A, Catolico M, Carlson RW. Impact of omeprazole on the plasma clearance of methotrexate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 33:82-4. [PMID: 8269594 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Omeprazole inhibits the gastric hydrogen pump and is an effective treatment for peptic ulcers. Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and is eliminated by a hydrogen-ion-dependent mechanism in the kidney. We present evidence that omeprazole inhibits methotrexate clearance and may result in potentially toxic methotrexate levels.
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Tuttle MS, Sherertz DD, Fagan LM, Carlson RW, Cole WG, Schipma PB, Nelson SJ. Toward an interim standard for patient-centered knowledge-access. PROCEEDINGS. SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL CARE 1993:564-8. [PMID: 8130537 PMCID: PMC2850640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most care-giver "knowledge" needs arise at the point of care and are "patient-centered." Many of these knowledge needs can be met using existing on-line knowledge sources, but the process is too time-consuming, currently, for even the computer-proficient. We are developing a set of public domain standards aimed at bringing potentially relevant knowledge to the point of care in a straight-forward and timely fashion. The standards will a) make use of selected items from a Computer-based Patient Record (CPR), e.g., a diagnosis and measure of severity, b) anticipate certain care-giver knowledge needs, e.g., "therapy," "protocols," "complications," and c) try to satisfy those needs from available knowledge sources, e.g., knowledge-bases, citation databases, practice guidelines, and on-line textbooks. The standards will use templates, i.e., fill-in-the-blank structures, to anticipate knowledge needs and UMLS Metathesaurus enhancements to represent the content of knowledge sources. Together, the standards will form the specification for a "Knowledge-Server" (KS) designed to be accessed from any CPR system. Plans are in place to test an interim version of this specification in the context of medical oncology. We are accumulating anecdotal evidence that a KS operating in conjunction with a CPR is much more compelling to users than either a CPR or a KS operating alone.
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132
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Bhat UR, Carlson RW. A new method for the analysis of amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids in lipid-As from gram-negative bacteria. Glycobiology 1992; 2:535-9. [PMID: 1472760 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/2.6.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-A represents the ubiquitous, covalently bound hydrophobic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). Lipid-As isolated and characterized from rhizobial species have large variations in their backbone sugars, as well as in their hydroxy fatty acid substituents. The sugar backbones consist of either glucosamine and galacturonic acid or glucosamine and 2,3-diaminoglucose. The published procedures for characterizing amide-linked fatty acids do not release all these fatty acids, hence a new method was developed to characterize the amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids. This method involves a mild methanolysis procedure to release glucosamine methyl glycosides which still contain the amide-bound hydroxy fatty acids. The products were analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and, after trimethylsilylation, by electron impact (E.I.) and chemical ionization (C.I.) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure was applied to lipid-A preparations from several gram-negative bacteria. This method allows the unequivocal identification of amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids and also allows determination of the microheterogeneity of the N-acyl substituents in lipid-As from gram-negative bacteria.
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133
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Glushka J, Cassels FJ, Carlson RW, van Halbeek H. Complete structure of the adhesin receptor polysaccharide of Streptococcus oralis ATCC 55229 (Streptococcus sanguis H1). Biochemistry 1992; 31:10741-6. [PMID: 1420190 DOI: 10.1021/bi00159a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the determination of the complete primary structure of the adhesin receptor polysaccharide of Streptococcus oralis ATCC 55229 (previously characterized as Streptococcus sanguis H1), a Gram-positive bacteria implicated in dental plaque formation. The polysaccharide was isolated from S. oralis ATCC 55229 cells after deproteination, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ion exchange chromatography. It was shown to consist of rhamnose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, and phosphate, in molar ratios of 2:3:1:1:1. Sequence and linkage assignments of the glycosyl residues were obtained by methylation analysis followed by gas-liquid chromatography and electron-impact mass spectrometry. 31P NMR spectroscopy revealed that phosphate was present in a diester, connecting glycerol to one of the galactosyl residues. High-performance liquid chromatography of a partial acid hydrolysate of the polysaccharide confirmed this finding by showing galactose 6-phosphate and glycerol 1-phosphate. The structural determination was completed by the combination of two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn and NOE experiments and heteronuclear [1H,13C] and [1H,31P] multiple-quantum coherence experiments. Thus, the adhesin receptor polysaccharide of S. oralis ATCC 55229 was found to be a polymer composed of hexasaccharide repeating units that contain glycerol linked through a phosphodiester to C6 of the alpha-galactopyranosyl residue and are joined end-to-end through galactofuranosyl-beta(1-->3)-rhamnopyranosyl linkages: [formula: see text] This structure is novel among bacterial cell surface polysaccharides in general and specifically among those implicated in dental plaque formation.
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Campbell ML, Carlson RW. Terminal weaning from mechanical ventilation: ethical and practical considerations for patient management. Am J Crit Care 1992; 1:52-6. [PMID: 1307907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Decisions to withdraw life-sustaining therapy are being made more often as patients and healthcare providers increase their awareness of patient rights. The process of withdrawal of mechanical ventilation must be conducted in a humane fashion. An understanding of the ethical, legal and practical considerations for patient management during this type of intervention will enhance the ability of the healthcare provider to participate.
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135
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Campbell ML, Carlson RW. Terminal weaning from mechanical ventilation: ethical and practical considerations for patient management. Am J Crit Care 1992. [DOI: 10.4037/ajcc1992.1.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Decisions to withdraw life-sustaining therapy are being made more often as patients and healthcare providers increase their awareness of patient rights. The process of withdrawal of mechanical ventilation must be conducted in a humane fashion. An understanding of the ethical, legal and practical considerations for patient management during this type of intervention will enhance the ability of the healthcare provider to participate.
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136
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Ellam RM, Carlson RW, Shirey SB. Evidence from Re–Os isotopes for plume–lithosphere mixing in Karoo flood basalt genesis. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/359718a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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137
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Sanjuan J, Carlson RW, Spaink HP, Bhat UR, Barbour WM, Glushka J, Stacey G. A 2-O-methylfucose moiety is present in the lipo-oligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8789-93. [PMID: 1528893 PMCID: PMC50006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a soil bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of the agronomically important legume soybean. Microscopic observation of plant roots showed that butanol extract of B. japonicum strain USDA110 cultures induced for nod gene expression elicited root hair deformation, an early event in the nodulation process. The metabolite produced by B. japonicum responsible for root hair deformation activity was purified. Chemical analysis of the compound revealed it to be a pentasaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine modified by a C18:1 fatty acyl chain at the nonreducing end. In these respects, the B. japonicum metabolite is similar to the lipo-oligosaccharide signals described from Rhizobium species. However, the B. japonicum compound is unique in that an additional sugar, 2-O-methylfucose, is linked to the reducing end. Comparative analysis of the B. japonicum Nod metabolite and those characterized from Rhizobium species suggests that the presence of the fucosyl residue plays an important role in the specificity of the B. japonicum-soybean symbiosis. The availability of the purified B. japonicum nodulation signal should greatly facilitate further studies of soybean nodulation.
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138
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Carlson RW, Krishnaiah BS. Structures of the oligosaccharides obtained from the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A101c and its symbiotically defective lipopolysaccharide mutant, JS314. Carbohydr Res 1992; 231:205-19. [PMID: 1394315 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)84020-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The only core oligosaccharide released from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A101c by prolonged (5 h) mild hydrolysis with acid, and the major core oligosaccharide obtained from its symbiotic and LPS-defective mutant, JS314, was the trisaccharide alpha-D-Man p-(1----4)-alpha-D-Glc p-(1----4)-2,7-anhydro-alpha-Kdof. The 2,7-anhydro-3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2- octulofuranosonic acid moiety was probably formed during the prolonged mild hydrolysis with acid. A disaccharide core component, also released by mild acid hydrolysis of the mutant LPS, had the structure 4-O-Me-alpha-D-Man p-(1----5)-Kdo. The Kdo residue in this disaccharide is present as the normal pyranose form and as an anhydro derivative, possibly 4,8-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, which may have formed also during prolonged mild hydrolysis with acid. Mild acid hydrolysis of the LPS of the parent strain does not produce this disaccharide, but 4-O-Me-Man is found exclusively in the O-chain fraction released from the parent LPS. Additionally, a small amount of O-chain is found in the mutant LPS. The results imply that the O-chain is attached to the remainder of the LPS through the 4-O-Me-Man-Kdo disaccharide component of the core region.
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139
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Chernow B, Carlson RW, Rackow EC. Giants of critical care: a tribute to Max Harry Weil, MD, PhD. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:915-6. [PMID: 1617982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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140
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Darvill A, Augur C, Bergmann C, Carlson RW, Cheong JJ, Eberhard S, Hahn MG, Ló VM, Marfà V, Meyer B. Oligosaccharins--oligosaccharides that regulate growth, development and defence responses in plants. Glycobiology 1992; 2:181-98. [PMID: 1498416 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/2.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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141
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Carlson RW. Reducing the cardiotoxicity of the anthracyclines. ONCOLOGY (WILLISTON PARK, N.Y.) 1992; 6:95-100, 104, 107, discussion 107-8. [PMID: 1535212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most patients are not at risk for anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity, since the cancer usually develops resistance before a dangerously high cumulative dose can be given. However, select patients may benefit from continued therapy. The physician's goal is to continue to treat these patients without risking drug-related cardiomyopathy. A simple maneuver is to switch from bolus administration to a weekly low-dose or continuous-infusion schedule. Pretreatment with ICRF-187, a new cardioprotective agent currently under investigation, may prove highly useful in the near future. Perhaps most important, the physician must be able to spot the early signs of drug-related cardiac injury. This can be accomplished with radionuclide ventriculography to determine both resting and exercise ejection fractions. Patients shown to be at high risk can then be withdrawn from the drug or further monitored with endomyocardial biopsy and right heart catheterization.
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142
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Misukiewicz P, Carlson RW, Rowan L, Levitt N, Rudnick C, Desai T. Acute aortic insufficiency in a patient with presumed Reiter's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:686-7. [PMID: 1616342 PMCID: PMC1005710 DOI: 10.1136/ard.51.5.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac disease is rare in patients with Reiter's syndrome. There have been 15 reported cases of aortic insufficiency in patients with Reiter's syndrome, with the aortic insufficiency developing over several years. This paper reports the case of a black HLA-B27 negative woman who presented with Reiter's syndrome and acute aortic insufficiency. An antecedent streptococcal infection is suggested as the inciting factor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Reiter's syndrome in a black woman with acute aortic insufficiency.
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143
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Bhat UR, Carlson RW. Chemical characterization of pH-dependent structural epitopes of lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2230-5. [PMID: 1372601 PMCID: PMC205843 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.7.2230-2235.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from free-living Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli CE3 cells grown at pH 4.8 (antigenically similar to bacteroid LPS) and compared with that from cells grown at pH 7.2 (free-living bacteria). Composition analysis revealed that pH 7.2 LPS differs from pH 4.8 LPS in that 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucose is replaced by 2,3-di-O-methylfucose. The amount of 2-O-methylrhamnose is greater in the pH 4.8 LPS than in the pH 7.2 LPS. Analysis of the structural components of LPS (O-chain polysaccharide, core oligosaccharides, and the lipid A) revealed that all the composition differences in the various LPSs occur in the O-chain polysaccharide. These structural variations between pH 4.8 and pH 7.2 LPSs provide a chemical basis for the observed lack of cross-reactivity with pH 4.8 LPS of two monoclonal antibodies, JIM28 and JIM29, raised against free-living bacteria grown at pH 7.2. An LPS preparation isolated from bacteroids contained both 2,3,4-tri-O- and 2,3-di-O-methylfucose residues. This result is consistent with the finding that the two monoclonal antibodies react weakly with bacteroid LPS. It is concluded that methylation changes occur on the LPS O-chain of R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli when the bacteria are grown at low pH and during nodule development.
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144
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Haupt MT, Kaufman BS, Carlson RW. Fluid resuscitation in patients with increased vascular permeability. Crit Care Clin 1992; 8:341-53. [PMID: 1568144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluid therapy is a uniformly accepted, logical, and highly effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of patients with reductions in circulating intravascular volume. This article discusses fluid resuscitation of shock associated with increased vascular permeability and addresses the use of colloids and crystalloids in these disorders.
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Abstract
The increased prevalence of rodents resistant to warfarin led to the development of the hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant brodifacoum. A 25-year-old man attempted suicide by consuming four boxes of d-CON Mouse-Prufe II; each box contains 42 g of bait that is 0.005% brodifacoum. He presented to a hospital nine days later with syncope, hematochezia, gross hematuria, epistaxis, anemia, and a severe coagulopathy. Radiographic studies were consistent with pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal hemorrhages. Vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma were given, and he was later discharged on oral phytonadione (vitamin K1). The patient's coagulopathy recurred, necessitating multiple plasma transfusions and prolonged treatment with oral phytonadione. Fifteen weeks after hospital discharge, he presented again with a history of additional brodifacoum ingestion. Neurologic status was initially normal, but in the emergency department he suddenly became comatose soon after emesis was induced with syrup of ipecac. Computed tomography of the brain revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage that led to brain death less than 24 hours later. This case demonstrates the severe and prolonged coagulopathy that can result from ingestion of brodifacoum, a compound that has a toxic potency about 200-fold that of warfarin and a half-life as much as 60 times longer.
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146
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Streeter JG, Salminen SO, Whitmoyer RE, Carlson RW. Formation of Novel Polysaccharides by
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bacteroids in Soybean Nodules. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:607-13. [PMID: 16348649 PMCID: PMC195291 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.2.607-613.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
form a previously unknown polysaccharide in the root nodules of soybean plants (
Glycine max
(L.) Merr.). The polysaccharide accumulates inside of the symbiosome membrane—the plant-derived membrane enclosing the bacteroids. In older nodules (60 days after planting), the polysaccharide occupies most of the symbiosome volume and symbiosomes become enlarged so that there is little host cytoplasm in infected cells. The two different groups of
B. japonicum
which produce different types of polysaccharide in culture produce polysaccharides of similar composition in nodules. Polysaccharide formed by group I strains (e.g., USDA 5 and USDA 123) is composed of rhamnose, galactose, and 2-
O
-methylglucuronic acid, while polysaccharide formed by group II strains (e.g., USDA 31 and USDA 39) is composed of rhamnose and 4-
O
-methylglucuronic acid. That the polysaccharide is a bacterial product is indicated by its composition plus the fact that polysaccharide formation is independent of host genotype but is dependent on the bacterial genotype. Polysaccharide formation in nodules is common among strains in serogroups 123, 127, 129, and 31, with 27 of 39 strains (69%) testing positive. Polysaccharide formation in nodules is uncommon among other
B. japonicum
serogroups, with only 1 strain in 18 (6%) testing positive.
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147
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Smit G, Puvanesarajah V, Carlson RW, Barbour WM, Stacey G. Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodD1 can be specifically induced by soybean flavonoids that do not induce the nodYABCSUIJ operon. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:310-8. [PMID: 1730597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides genistein and daidzein, which are active inducers of the nodYABCSUIJ operon in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, soybean seeds also excrete compounds that are not inducers of the nodYABCSUIJ genes but enhance induction of this operon in the presence of a suboptimal genistein concentration. This synergism was studied in detail, and specific compounds were identified in seed exudate which specifically induce the nodD1 gene but not the nodYABCSUIJ operon. Therefore, our current hypothesis is that the observed synergism is caused by a specific induction of nodD1. The specific nodD1 inducers from soybean seed extract have been purified and characterized chemically. They appear to be derivatives of genistein, glycitein, and daidzein with glucose, malonyl, and acetyl groups attached. Both root and seed exudate appear to contain these compounds, with the seed being the major source. No hydrolysis of these compounds to their aglycone forms was detected in the presence of B. japonicum. A model for nod gene induction in B. japonicum is discussed.
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148
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Smit G, Puvanesarajah V, Carlson RW, Barbour WM, Stacey G. Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodD1 can be specifically induced by soybean flavonoids that do not induce the nodYABCSUIJ operon. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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149
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Musen MA, Carlson RW, Fagan LM, Deresinski SC, Shortliffe EH. T-HELPER: automated support for community-based clinical research. PROCEEDINGS. SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL CARE 1992:719-23. [PMID: 1482965 PMCID: PMC2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing expectations that community-based physicians who care for people with HIV infection will offer their patients opportunities to enroll in clinical trials. The information-management requirements of clinical investigation, however, make it unrealistic for most providers who do not practice in academic centers to participate in clinical research. Our T-HELPER computer system offers community-based physicians the possibility of enrolling patients in clinical trials as a component of primary care. T-HELPER facilitates data management for patients with HIV disease, and can offer patient-specific and situation-specific advice concerning new protocols for which patients may be eligible and the treatment required by those protocols in which patients currently are enrolled. We are installing T-HELPER at three county-operated AIDS clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area, and plan a comprehensive evaluation of the system and its influence on clinical research.
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150
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Ahmed AJ, Kruse JA, Haupt MT, Chandrasekar PH, Carlson RW. Hemodynamic responses to gram-positive versus gram-negative sepsis in critically ill patients with and without circulatory shock. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:1520-5. [PMID: 1959372 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199112000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hemodynamic patterns of critically ill patients with septicemia to evaluate their relationship to blood bacteriology. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Medical ICUs of a tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS Total of 59 critically ill patients with bacteremia: 33 with Gram-positive and 26 with Gram-negative bacteremia. MEASUREMENTS Hemodynamic variables and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) measurements associated with the highest cardiac index measured within 72 hrs of positive blood cultures. MAIN RESULTS No significant differences in cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, oxygen extraction ratio, or SvO2 were observed comparing the two groups. CONCLUSION We were unable to demonstrate clinically important differences between the hemodynamic responses to Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative sepsis.
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