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Giraud T, Rufas P, Chmilewsky F, Rombouts C, Dejou J, Jeanneau C, About I. Complement Activation by Pulp Capping Materials Plays a Significant Role in Both Inflammatory and Pulp Stem Cells' Recruitment. J Endod 2017; 43:1104-1110. [PMID: 28527850 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of complement, especially through the C5a fragment, is well-known for the initiation of inflammation. Its involvement in regeneration has been shown more recently by the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells. C5a can be produced locally by the pulp fibroblasts in response to injury or infection. This work aims to investigate the effect of different pulp capping biomaterials on complement activation and its possible influence on inflammatory and pulp stem cell recruitment. METHODS Conditioned media were prepared from 3 pulp capping biomaterials: Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France), TheraCal (BISCO, Lançon De Provence, France), and Xeno III (Dentsply Sirona, Versaille, France). Injured pulp fibroblasts were cultured with these conditioned media to analyze C5a secretion using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were isolated from human third molar explants by magnetic cell sorting with STRO-1 antibodies. The expression of C5a receptor on DPSCs and inflammatory (THP-1) cells was investigated by immunofluorescence. The migration of both DPSCs and THP-1 cells was studied in Boyden chambers. RESULTS Pulp fibroblast production of C5a significantly increased when the cells were incubated with TheraCal- and Xeno III-conditioned media. The recruitment of cells involved in inflammation (THP-1 cells) was significantly reduced by Biodentine- and TheraCal-conditioned media, whereas the migration of DPSCs was reduced with TheraCal- and Xeno III-conditioned media but not with that of Biodentine. The involvement of C5a in cell recruitment is demonstrated with a C5a receptor-specific antagonist (W54011). CONCLUSIONS After pulp injury, the pulp capping material affects complement activation and the balance between inflammation and regeneration through a differential recruitment of DPSCs or inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Giraud
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Rufas
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Chmilewsky
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Rombouts
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Dejou
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Jeanneau
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Imad About
- Institute of Movement Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Araújo PRDS, Silva LB, Neto APDS, Almeida de Arruda JA, Álvares PR, Sobral APV, Júnior SA, Leão JC, Braz da Silva R, Sampaio GC. Pulp Revascularization: A Literature Review. Open Dent J 2017; 10:48-56. [PMID: 28567136 PMCID: PMC5421106 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reestablishing blood flow and allowing the continuation of root development are some of the objectives of pulp revascularization. This procedure is currently indicated for teeth with incomplete root formation as an alternative to the traditional treatment of apecification, which consists of inserting calcium hydroxide paste into the root canal for a determined time period in order to induce the formation of a calcified barrier. Although it is considered as the most classically employed therapy, the permanence of the paste for long time periods may lead to the weakening of the root due to hygroscopic properties, as well as proteolytic activities of calcium hydroxide. Therefore, there has been a permanent search for alternatives which allow the full development of immature teeth. Revascularization has emerged as such an alternative, and a range of treatment protocols can be found in the scientific literature. The aim of this paper is to accomplish a literature review concerning this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Barreto Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Recco Álvares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Veras Sobral
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodivan Braz da Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gerhilde Callou Sampaio
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Jun SK, Lee JH, Lee HH. The Biomineralization of a Bioactive Glass-Incorporated Light-Curable Pulp Capping Material Using Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2495282. [PMID: 28232937 PMCID: PMC5292364 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2495282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the biomineralization of a newly introduced bioactive glass-incorporated light-curable pulp capping material using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The product (Bioactive® [BA]) was compared with a conventional calcium hydroxide-incorporated (Dycal [DC]) and a light-curable (Theracal® [TC]) counterpart. Eluates from set specimens were used for investigating the cytotoxicity and biomineralization ability, determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining (ARS). Cations and hydroxide ions in the extracts were measured. An hDPSC viability of less than 70% was observed with 50% diluted extract in all groups and with 25% diluted extract in the DC. Culturing with 12.5% diluted BA extract statistically lowered ALP activity and biomineralization compared to DC (p < 0.05), but TC did not (p > 0.05). Ca (~110 ppm) and hydroxide ions (pH 11) were only detected in DC and TC. Ionic supplement-added BA, which contained similar ion concentrations as TC, showed similar ARS mineralization compared to TC. In conclusion, the BA was similar to, yet more cytotoxic to hDPSCs than, its DC and TC. The BA was considered to stimulate biomineralization similar to DC and TC only when it released a similar amount of Ca and hydroxide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Jun
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Khayat A, Monteiro N, Smith EE, Pagni S, Zhang W, Khademhosseini A, Yelick PC. GelMA-Encapsulated hDPSCs and HUVECs for Dental Pulp Regeneration. J Dent Res 2016; 96:192-199. [PMID: 28106508 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516682005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpal revascularization is commonly used in the dental clinic to obtain apical closure of immature permanent teeth with thin dentinal walls. Although sometimes successful, stimulating bleeding from the periapical area of the tooth can be challenging and in turn may deleteriously affect tooth root maturation. Our objective here was to define reliable methods to regenerate pulp-like tissues in tooth root segments (RSs). G1 RSs were injected with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) encapsulated in 5% gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel. G2 RSs injected with acellular GelMA alone, and G3 empty RSs were used as controls. White mineral trioxide aggregate was used to seal one end of the tooth root segment, while the other was left open. Samples were cultured in vitro in osteogenic media (OM) for 13 d and then implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 4 and 8 wk. At least 5 sample replicates were used for each experimental group. Analyses of harvested samples found that robust pulp-like tissues formed in G1, GelMA encapsulated hDPSC/HUVEC-filled RSs, and less cellularized host cell-derived pulp-like tissue was observed in the G2 acellular GelMA and G3 empty RS groups. Of importance, only the G1, hDPSC/HUVEC-encapsulated GelMA constructs formed pulp cells that attached to the inner dentin surface of the RS and infiltrated into the dentin tubules. Immunofluorescent (IF) histochemical analysis showed that GelMA supported hDPSC/HUVEC cell attachment and proliferation and also provided attachment for infiltrating host cells. Human cell-seeded GelMA hydrogels promoted the establishment of well-organized neovasculature formation. In contrast, acellular GelMA and empty RS constructs supported the formation of less organized host-derived vasculature formation. Together, these results identify GelMA hydrogel combined with hDPSC/HUVECs as a promising new clinically relevant pulpal revascularization treatment to regenerate human dental pulp tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khayat
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Monteiro
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E E Smith
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Pagni
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - P C Yelick
- 1 Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Que K, He D, Jin Y, Wu L, Wang F, Zhao Z, Yang J, Deng J. Expression of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors in Human Odontoblast Cells. J Endod 2016; 43:283-288. [PMID: 27989582 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the functional expression of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors in human odontoblasts (HODs) and the possible internal mechanism. METHODS In the present study, we examined the molecular and functional expression of the CB1 receptors in cultured HOD-like cells and native HODs obtained from healthy wisdom teeth. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed that CB1 receptors localize to native HODs and HOD-like cells, respectively. Both reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis confirmed gene and protein expression of CB1 receptors. The ultrastructural distribution by immunoelectron microscopy also found that CB1 receptors labeled by colloidal gold particles distribute sparsely in the cytoplasm and odontoblastic processes. In functional assays, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, as an agonist of CB receptors, elicited the increase of intracellular fluorescence intensity that could be inhibited by a CB1-specific receptor antagonist rather than a selective CB2 receptor antagonist with fluo-3AM Ca2+ fluorescence. The source of the increase of intracellular fluorescence intensity elicited by CB1 receptors was from extracellular Ca2+ but not intracellular Ca2+ stores. The process of 2-arachidonyl glycerol activating CB1 receptors modulated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-mediated Ca2+ entry via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HODs can express functional CB1 receptors that may play an important role in mediating the physiological function in tooth pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Que
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ligeng Wu
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Implant, Stomatology College of Nan Kai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayin Deng
- Department of Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Li Y, He L, Pan S, Zhang L, Zhang W, Yi H, Niu Y. Three-dimensional simulated microgravity culture improves the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cell in PLGA scaffolds implanted in mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:873-878. [PMID: 28000851 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth regeneration through stem cell-based therapy is a promising treatment for tooth decay and loss. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have been widely identified as the stem cells with the most potential for tooth tissue regeneration. However, the culture of hDPSCs in vitro for tissue engineering is challenging, as cells may proliferate slowly or/and differentiate poorly in vivo. Dynamic three‑dimensional (3D) simulated microgravity (SMG) created using the rotary cell culture system is considered to an effective tool, which contributes to several cell functions. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of dynamic 3D SMG culture on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation abilities of hDPSCs in poly (lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds in nude mice. The hDPSCs on PLGA scaffolds were maintained separately in the 3D SMG culture system and static 3D cultures with osteogenic medium for 7 days in vitro. Subsequently, the cell‑PLGA complexes were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of nude mice for 4 weeks. The results of histological and immunohistochemical examinations of Ki‑67, type I collagen, dentin sialoprotein and DMP‑1 indicated that the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation abilities of the hDPSCs prepared in the 3D SMG culture system were higher, compared with those prepared in the static culture system. These findings suggested that dynamic 3D SMG culture likely contributes to tissue engineering by improving the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation abilities of hDPSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lina He
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Pan
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Niu
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Jang JH, Lee HW, Cho KM, Shin HW, Kang MK, Park SH, Kim E. In vitro characterization of human dental pulp stem cells isolated by three different methods. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 41:283-295. [PMID: 27847750 PMCID: PMC5107430 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.4.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we characterized human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) obtained by different culture methods to establish the most suitable methodology for dental tissue engineering and regenerative endodontic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS HDPCs were isolated by the outgrowth method (HDPCs-OG), the enzymatic digestion method (collagenase/dispase/trypsin, HDPCs-ED), or the combination of both methods (HDPCs-Combined). The expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD105, CD90, and CD73) was investigated. In vitro differentiation capacities of HDPCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages were compared. Differentiation markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS Our data indicated that whole HDPCs-ED, HPDCs-OG, and HDPCs-Combined could be differentiated into adipogenic, chrondrogenic, and osteogenic cell types. However, we found that the methods for isolating and culturing HDPCs influence the differentiation capacities of cells. HDPCs-OG and HDPCs-ED were preferably differentiated into adipogenic and osteogenic cells, respectively. Differentiation markers shown by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis were mostly upregulated in the treated groups compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed that cell populations formed by two different culture methods and the combined culture method exhibited different properties. The results of this study could provide an insight into regenerative endodontic treatment using HDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Jang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.; Oral Biology Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Min Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Woong Shin
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mo Kwan Kang
- School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sang Hyuk Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea.; Oral Biology Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Euiseong Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. C5L2 Receptor Represses Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secretion in Lipoteichoic Acid-Stimulated Pulp Fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2016; 96:92-99. [PMID: 28033061 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516673832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin C5a constitutes a powerful fragment generated by complement system activation. Interestingly, this complement active fragment is also an important mediator of tissue regeneration. Recent findings suggest that C5a could be an initial signal orchestrating pulp nerve sprouting beneath carious injury, a critical step in dentin-pulp regeneration. Indeed, the expression and activation of the C5a active receptor (C5aR/CD88) by injured pulp fibroblasts controls the direction of neurite outgrowth toward carious injuries by modulating the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by pulp fibroblasts. A second C5a receptor, C5L2, has also been cloned but has received much less attention because its interaction with the ligand induces no signaling. This work aims to investigate the role of C5L2 in pulp nerve regeneration in the secretion of BDNF by pulp fibroblasts under sites of carious injury. Using fluorescence immunostaining on human tooth sections in vivo and on primary human pulp fibroblasts in vitro, the authors reveal that C5L2 and C5aR are co-expressed by pulp fibroblasts under lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation. Moreover, silencing C5L2 significantly increases BDNF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts. Finally, an analysis of the subcellular distribution of C5aR and C5L2 indicates that the negative regulation of BDNF secretion by C5L2 correlates with C5aR activation and its subsequent intracellular co-localization with C5L2. Overall, the current study sheds light on the mechanism of pulp nerve regeneration by identifying C5L2 as a negative regulator of BDNF secretion by pulp fibroblasts under carious teeth. This knowledge significantly increases the understanding of the functional mechanism linking C5aR and C5L2 in pulp nerve regeneration, which may be useful in future dentin-pulp engineering strategies that target fibroblast C5L2 to induce pulp innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chmilewsky
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I About
- 2 Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute Movement Science, Marseille, France
| | - S H Chung
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chmilewsky F, Ayaz W, Appiah J, About I, Chung SH. Nerve Growth Factor Secretion From Pulp Fibroblasts is Modulated by Complement C5a Receptor and Implied in Neurite Outgrowth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31799. [PMID: 27539194 PMCID: PMC4990934 DOI: 10.1038/srep31799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of sensory innervation in tooth vitality, the identification of signals that control nerve regeneration and the cellular events they induce is essential. Previous studies demonstrated that the complement system, a major component of innate immunity and inflammation, is activated at the injured site of human carious teeth and plays an important role in dental-pulp regeneration via interaction of the active Complement C5a fragment with pulp progenitor cells. In this study, we further determined the role of the active fragment complement C5a receptor (C5aR) in dental nerve regeneration in regards to local secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) upon carious injury. Using ELISA and AXIS co-culture systems, we demonstrate that C5aR is critically implicated in the modulation of NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The NGF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts, which is negatively regulated by C5aR activation, has a role in the control of the neurite outgrowth length in our axon regeneration analysis. Our data provide a scientific step forward that can guide development of future therapeutic tools for innovative and incipient interventions targeting the dentin-pulp regeneration process by linking the neurite outgrowth to human pulp fibroblast through complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Warda Ayaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - James Appiah
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Seung-Hyuk Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Complement C3a Mobilizes Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Specifically Guides Pulp Fibroblast Recruitment. J Endod 2016; 42:1377-84. [PMID: 27497510 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complement activation is considered a major mechanism in innate immunity. Although it is mainly involved in initiating inflammation, recent data reported its involvement in other processes such as tissue regeneration. In the dental pulp, complement C5a fragment has been shown to be involved in the recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). This study sought to investigate the possible role of C3a, another complement fragment, in the early steps of dentin-pulp regeneration. METHODS Expression of C3a receptor (C3aR) was investigated by immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on cultured pulp fibroblasts, STRO-1-sorted DPSCs, as well as on human tooth sections in vivo. The effect of C3a on proliferation of both DPSCs and pulp fibroblasts was investigated by MTT assay. Cell migration under a C3a gradient was investigated by using microfluidic chemotaxis chambers. RESULTS C3aR was expressed in vivo as well as in cultured pulp fibroblasts co-expressing fibroblast surface protein and in DPSCs co-expressing STRO-1. Addition of recombinant C3a induced a significant proliferation of both cell types. When subjected to a C3a gradient, DPSCs were mobilized but not specifically recruited, whereas pulp fibroblasts were specifically recruited following a C3a gradient. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first demonstration of C3aR expression in the dental pulp and demonstrate that C3a is involved in increasing DPSCs and fibroblast proliferation, in mobilizing DPSCs, and in specifically guiding fibroblast recruitment. This provides an additional link to the tight correlation between inflammation and tissue regeneration.
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Chmilewsky F, Jeanneau C, Dejou J, About I. Sources of dentin-pulp regeneration signals and their modulation by the local microenvironment. J Endod 2016; 40:S19-25. [PMID: 24698688 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of dentin pulp tissue regeneration have been investigated, and it has been shown that dentin pulp has a high regeneration capacity. This seems to be because of the presence of progenitor cells and inductive regeneration signals from different origins. These signals can be liberated after the acidic dissolution of carious dentin as well as from pulp fibroblasts and endothelial cells in cases of traumatic injury. Thus, both carious lesions and pulp cells provide the required mediators for complete dentin-pulp regeneration including reparative dentin secretion, angiogenesis, and innervation. Additionally, all dentin pulp insults including carious "infection," traumatic injuries, application of restorative materials on the injured dentin pulp, and subsequent apoptosis are known activators of the complement system. This activation leads to the production of several biologically active fragments responsible for the vascular modifications and the attraction of immune cells to the inflammatory/injury site. Among these, C5a is involved in the recruitment of pulp progenitor cells, which express the C5a receptor. Thus, in addition to dentin and pulp cells, plasma should be considered as an additional source of regeneration signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chmilewsky
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Jeanneau
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Dejou
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France; Service d'Odontologie, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France.
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Choung H, Lee D, Lee JH, Shon W, Lee JH, Ku Y, Park J. Tertiary Dentin Formation after Indirect Pulp Capping Using Protein CPNE7. J Dent Res 2016; 95:906-912. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516639919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
If there is a partial loss of dentin, the exposed dentinal surface should be protected by an indirect pulp capping (IPC) procedure to preserve pulp vitality and prevent symptoms of dentin hypersensitivity. In our previous study, copine7 (CPNE7) induced odontoblast differentiation in vitro and promoted dentin formation in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of IPC therapy using the CPNE7 protein at the exposed dentinal surface and the resulting effects on tertiary dentin formation in a beagle model. CPNE7 promoted mineralization of odontoblasts and had high calcium ion-binding capacity. The in vivo IPC model with canine teeth showed that regeneration of physiologic reactionary dentin with dentinal tubule structures was clearly observed beneath the remaining dentin in the CPNE7 group, whereas irregular features of reparative dentin were generated in the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) group. The CPNE7+MTA group also showed typical reactionary dentin without reparative dentin, showing synergistic effects of CPNE7 with MTA. A scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that dentinal tubules beneath the original dentin were occluded by the deposition of peritubular dentin in the CPNE7 and CPNE7+MTA groups, whereas those in the control group were opened. Therefore, CPNE7 may be able to serve as a novel IPC material and improve symptoms of dentin hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.W. Choung
- Department of Oral Histology/Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D.S. Lee
- Department of Oral Histology/Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Oral Histology/Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W.J. Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y. Ku
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J.C. Park
- Department of Oral Histology/Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lim HC, Nam OH, Kim MJ, El-Fiqi A, Yun HM, Lee YM, Jin GZ, Lee HH, Kim HW, Kim EC. Delivery of dexamethasone from bioactive nanofiber matrices stimulates odontogenesis of human dental pulp cells through integrin/BMP/mTOR signaling pathways. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2557-67. [PMID: 27354790 PMCID: PMC4907710 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically relevant design of scaffolds is of special importance in the repair and regeneration of tissues including dentin and pulp. Here we exploit nanofiber matrices that incorporate bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNs) and deliver the odontogenic drug dexamethasone (DEX) to stimulate the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). DEX molecules were first loaded onto the BGN, and then the DEX-BGN complex was incorporated within the biopolymer nanofiber matrix through electrospinning. The release of DEX continued over a month, showing a slow releasing profile. HDPCs cultured on the DEX-releasing BGN matrices were viable, proliferating well up to 14 days. The odontogenic differentiation, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity, mRNA expression of genes, and mineralization, was significantly stimulated on the matrices incorporating BGN and further on those releasing DEX. The DEX-releasing BGN matrices highly upregulated the expression of the integrin subsets α1, α5, and β3 as well as integrin downstream signaling molecules, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Paxillin, and RhoA, and activated bone morphogenetic protein mRNA and phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. Furthermore, the DEX-releasing BGN-matrices stimulated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which was proven by the inhibition study. Collectively, the designed therapeutic nanofiber matrices that incorporate BGN and deliver DEX were demonstrated to promote odontogenesis of HDPCs, and the integrins, bone morphogenetic protein, and mTOR signaling pathways are proposed to be the possible molecular mechanisms. While further in vivo studies are still needed, the DEX-releasing bioactive scaffolds are considered as a potential therapeutic nanomatrix for regenerative endodontics and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chang Lim
- Department of Periodontology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hyung Nam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-joo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed El-Fiqi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Mi Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang-Zhen Jin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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64
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Kaushik SN, Kim B, Walma AMC, Choi SC, Wu H, Mao JJ, Jun HW, Cheon K. Biomimetic microenvironments for regenerative endodontics. Biomater Res 2016; 20:14. [PMID: 27257508 PMCID: PMC4890532 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontics has been proposed to replace damaged and underdeveloped tooth structures with normal pulp-dentin tissue by providing a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking environment; stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds. In addition, clinical success of the regenerative endodontic treatments can be evidenced by absence of signs and symptoms; no bony pathology, a disinfected pulp, and the maturation of root dentin in length and thickness. In spite of the various approaches of regenerative endodontics, there are several major challenges that remain to be improved: a) the endodontic root canal is a strong harbor of the endodontic bacterial biofilm and the fundamental etiologic factors of recurrent endodontic diseases, (b) tooth discolorations are caused by antibiotics and filling materials, (c) cervical root fractures are caused by endodontic medicaments, (d) pulp tissue is not vascularized nor innervated, and (e) the dentin matrix is not developed with adequate root thickness and length. Generally, current clinical protocols and recent studies have shown a limited success of the pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. Throughout the various approaches, the construction of biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue is a key concept of the tissue engineering based regenerative endodontics. The biomimetic microenvironments are composed of a synthetic nano-scaled polymeric fiber structure that mimics native pulp ECM and functions as a scaffold of the pulp-dentin tissue complex. They will provide a framework of the pulp ECM, can deliver selective bioactive molecules, and may recruit pluripotent stem cells from the vicinity of the pulp apex. The polymeric nanofibers are produced by methods of self-assembly, electrospinning, and phase separation. In order to be applied to biomedical use, the polymeric nanofibers require biocompatibility, stability, and biodegradability. Therefore, this review focuses on the development and application of the biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue among the current regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar N Kaushik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Bogeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexander M Cruz Walma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration at Columbia University, New York City, NY USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
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Silva LB, Neto APDS, Pacheco RGP, Júnior SA, de Menezes RF, Carneiro VSM, Araújo NC, da Silveira MMF, de Albuquerque DS, Gerbi MEMDM, Álvares PR, de Arruda JAA, Sobral APV. The Promising Applications of Stem Cells in the Oral Region: Literature Review. Open Dent J 2016; 10:227-35. [PMID: 27386008 PMCID: PMC4911749 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For a long time researchers have tried to find out a way to grow tissues back to the human body in order to solve transplantation problems by offering the unique opportunity to have their organs back, working properly, in search of life dignity. LITERATURE REVIEW Stem cells seem to be present in many other tissues than researchers had once thought; and in some specific sites they can be easily collected, without the need of expensive interventions. The oral cavity is one of these regions where their collection can be accomplished, with plenty of accessible sites enriched with these precious cells. AIM The aim of this literature review is to research where in the mouth can scientists find stem cells to be used in the near future. KEY-MESSAGE The aim of this literature review is to research where stem cells can be found and collected in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Barreto Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Rachel Gomes Pelozo Pacheco
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca Ferraz de Menezes
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Costa Araújo
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pamella Recco Álvares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Veras Sobral
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental College of Pernambuco Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil
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66
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Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. Pulp Fibroblasts Control Nerve Regeneration through Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:913-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516643065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp regeneration is closely linked to the presence of nerve fibers in the pulp and to the healing mechanism by sprouting of the nerve fiber’s terminal branches beneath the carious injury site. However, little is known about the initial mechanisms regulating this process in carious teeth. It has been recently demonstrated that the complement system activation, which is one of the first immune responses, contributes to tissue regeneration through the local production of anaphylatoxins such as C5a. While few pulp fibroblasts in intact teeth and in untreated fibroblast cultures express the C5a receptor (C5aR), here we show that all dental pulp fibroblasts, localized beneath the carious injury site, do express this receptor. This observation is consistent with our in vitro results, which showed expression of C5aR in lipoteichoic acid–stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The interaction of C5a, produced after complement synthesis and activation from pulp fibroblasts, with the C5aR of these cells mediated the local brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion. Overall, this activation guided the neuronal growth toward the lipoteichoic acid–stimulated fibroblasts. Thus, our findings highlight a new mechanism in one of the initial steps of the dentin-pulp regeneration process, linking pulp fibroblasts to the nerve sprouting through the complement system activation. This may provide a useful future therapeutic tool in targeting the fibroblasts in the dentin-pulp regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I. About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - S.-H. Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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67
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El Karim IA, McCrudden MT, McGahon MK, Curtis TM, Jeanneau C, Giraud T, Irwin CR, Linden GJ, Lundy FT, About I. Biodentine Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha–induced TRPA1 Expression in Odontoblastlike Cells. J Endod 2016; 42:589-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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68
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Dental Pulp Stem Cell Recruitment Signals within Injured Dental Pulp Tissue. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020008. [PMID: 29563450 PMCID: PMC5851269 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) is a prerequisite for the regeneration of dentin damaged by severe caries and/or mechanical injury. Understanding the complex process of DPSC recruitment will benefit future in situ tissue engineering applications based on the stimulation of endogenous DPSC for dentin pulp regeneration. The current known mobilization signals and subsequent migration of DPSC towards the lesion site, which is influenced by the pulp inflammatory state and the application of pulp capping materials, are reviewed. The research outcome of migration studies may be affected by the applied methodology, which should thus be chosen with care. Both the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used assays for investigating DPSC migration are discussed. This review highlights the fact that DPSC recruitment is dependent not only on the soluble chemotactic signals, but also on their interaction with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, which can be modified under pathological conditions. These are discussed to explain how these modifications lead to the stimulation of DPSC recruitment.
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69
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Lee JH, Kang MS, Mahapatra C, Kim HW. Effect of Aminated Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles on the Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150727. [PMID: 26974668 PMCID: PMC4790939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous bioactive nanoparticles (MBNs) have been developed as promising additives to various types of bone or dentin regenerative material. However, biofunctionality of MBNs as dentin regenerative additive to dental materials have rarely been studied. We investigated the uptake efficiency of MBNs-NH2 with their endocytosis pathway and the role of MBNs-NH2 in odontogenic differentiation to clarify inherent biofunctionality. MBNs were fabricated by sol-gel synthesis, and 3% APTES was used to aminate these nanoparticles (MBNs-NH2) to reverse their charge from negative to positive. To characterize the MBNs-NH2, TEM, XRD, FTIR, zeta(ξ)-potential measurements, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were performed. After primary cultured rat dental pulp stem cells (rDPSCs) were incubated with various concentrations of MBNs-NH2, stem cell viability (24 hours) with or without differentiated media, internalization of MBNs-NH2 in rDPSCs (~4 hours) via specific endocytosis pathway, intra or extracellular ion concentration and odontoblastic differentiation (~28 days) were investigated. Incubation with up to 50 μg/mL of MBNs-NH2 had no effect on rDPSCs viability with differentiated media (p>0.05). The internalization of MBNs-NH2 in rDPSCs was determined about 92% after 4 hours of incubation. Uptake was significantly decreased with ATP depletion and after 1 hour of pre-treatment with the inhibitor of macropinocytosis (p<0.05). There was significant increase of intracellular Ca and Si ion concentration in MBNs-NH2 treated cells compared to no-treated counterpart (p<0.05). The expression of odontogenic-related genes (BSP, COL1A, DMP-1, DSPP, and OCN) and the capacity for biomineralization (based on alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red staining) were significantly upregulated with MBNs-NH2. These results indicate that MBNs-NH2 induce odontogenic differentiation of rDPSCs and may serve as a potential dentin regenerative additive to dental material for promoting odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sil Kang
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chinmaya Mahapatra
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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70
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Tansık G, Ozkan AD, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Nanomaterials for the Repair and Regeneration of Dental Tissues. THERAPEUTIC NANOMATERIALS 2016:153-171. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118987483.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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71
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Jeanneau C, Rufas P, Rombouts C, Giraud T, Dejou J, About I. Can Pulp Fibroblasts Kill Cariogenic Bacteria? Role of Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1765-72. [PMID: 26464397 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515611074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement system activation has been shown to be involved in inflammation and regeneration processes that can be observed within the dental pulp after moderate carious decay. Studies simulating carious injuries in vitro have shown that when human pulp fibroblasts are stimulated by lipoteichoic acid (LTA), they synthetize all complement components. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is known for its bacterial lytic effect. This work was designed to find out whether human pulp fibroblasts can kill Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis via complement activation. First, histological staining of carious tooth sections showed that the presence of S. mutans correlated with an intense MAC staining. Next, to simulate bacterial infection in vitro, human pulp fibroblasts were incubated in serum-free medium with LTA. Quantification by an enzymatic assay showed a significant increase of MAC formation on bacteria grown in this LTA-conditioned medium. To determine whether the MAC produced by pulp fibroblasts was functional, bacteria sensitivity to LTA-conditioned medium was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay and succinyl dehydrogenase (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT]) assay. Both assays showed that S. mutans and S. sanguinis were sensitive to LTA-conditioned medium. Finally, to evaluate whether MAC formation on cariogenic bacteria, by pulp fibroblasts, can be directly induced by the presence of these bacteria, a specific coculture model of human pulp fibroblasts and bacteria was developed. Immunofluorescence revealed an intense MAC labeling on bacteria after direct contact with pulp fibroblasts. The observed MAC formation and its lethal effects were significantly reduced when CD59, an inhibitor of MAC formation, was added. Our findings demonstrate that the MAC produced by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts is functional and can kill S. mutans and S. sanguinis. Taken together, these data clearly highlight the function of pulp fibroblasts in destroying cariogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jeanneau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
| | - P Rufas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
| | - C Rombouts
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
| | - T Giraud
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - J Dejou
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - I About
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
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72
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Li S, He H, Zhang G, Wang F, Zhang P, Tan Y. Connexin43-containing gap junctions potentiate extracellular Ca2+-induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells via Erk1/2. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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73
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El Karim I, McCrudden MTC, Linden GJ, Abdullah H, Curtis TM, McGahon M, About I, Irwin C, Lundy FT. TNF-α-induced p38MAPK activation regulates TRPA1 and TRPV4 activity in odontoblast-like cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2994-3002. [PMID: 26358221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are unique cellular sensors that are widely expressed in many neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Among the TRP family members, TRPA1 and TRPV4 are emerging as candidate mechanosensitive channels that play a pivotal role in inflammatory pain and mechanical hyperalgesia. Odontoblasts are nonneuronal cells that possess many of the features of mechanosensitive cells and mediate important defense and sensory functions. However, the effect of inflammation on the activity of the odontoblast's mechanosensitive channels remains unknown. By using immunohistochemistry and calcium microfluorimetry, we showed that odontoblast-like cells express TRPA1 and TRPV4 and that these channels were activated by hypotonicity-induced membrane stretch. Short treatment of odontoblast-like cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α enhanced TRPA1 and TRPV4 responses to their chemical agonists and membrane stretch. This enhanced channel activity was accompanied by phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression. Treatment of cells with the p38 inhibitor SB202190 reduced TNF-α effects, suggesting modulation of channel activity via p38 MAPK. In addition, TNF-α treatment also resulted in an up-regulation of TRPA1 expression but down-regulation of TRPV4. Unlike TRPV4, enhanced TRPA1 expression was also evident in dental pulp of carious compared with noncarious teeth. SB202190 treatment significantly reduced TNF-α-induced TRPA1 expression, suggesting a role for p38 MAPK signaling in modulating both the transcriptional and non-transcriptional regulation of TRP channels in odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas El Karim
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Maeliosa T C McCrudden
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard J Linden
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Hanniah Abdullah
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Curtis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mary McGahon
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Imad About
- Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christopher Irwin
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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74
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Chrepa V, Henry MA, Daniel BJ, Diogenes A. Delivery of Apical Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Root Canals of Mature Teeth. J Dent Res 2015. [PMID: 26195498 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515596527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic procedures are stem cell-based treatments for immature teeth with pulp necrosis. The translation of regenerative endodontic procedures into treating mature teeth depends, among other factors, on the availability and delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the root canal system. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether evoked bleeding from the periapical tissues elicits the influx of MSCs into the root canal system in mature teeth with apical lesions. Participants included in this study (N = 20) were referred for endodontic treatment of mature teeth with apical lesions. Following chemomechanical debridement, intracanal bleeding from the periapical tissues was achieved, and intracanal blood samples were collected. A positive blood aspirate was also collected in the cartridges during local anesthesia. Total RNA was isolated and used as a template in quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions using MSC-specific arrays. Data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and correlation between gene expression and sex or age was tested with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. In addition, MSCs were isolated from an intracanal bleeding sample and subjected to flow cytometry and quantitative osteogenesis assay. Last, the presence and distribution of MSCs within periradicular lesions were evaluated with immunohistochemistry (n = 4). The MSC markers CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD146 were significantly upregulated, with median fold change values of 2.9, 31.7, 4.6, and 6.8, respectively. Conversely, the negative marker for MSCs, CD45, was significantly downregulated (median, -2.7). There was no correlation with age, sex, tooth type, or treatment for any of the evaluated genes. Isolated intracanal cells coexpressed MSC markers and demonstrated robust mineralizing differentiation potential. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MSCs were found compartmentalized mainly within vasculature structures located in periapical lesions. Collectively, findings indicate that the evoked-bleeding technique delivers MSCs into the root canal system in mature teeth with apical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chrepa
- Department of Endodontics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M A Henry
- Department of Endodontics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B J Daniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Role of angiogenesis in endodontics: contributions of stem cells and proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors to dental pulp regeneration. J Endod 2015; 41:797-803. [PMID: 25649306 PMCID: PMC5223201 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp regeneration is a part of regenerative endodontics, which includes isolation, propagation, and re-transplantation of stem cells inside the prepared root canal space. The formation of new blood vessels through angiogenesis is mandatory to increase the survival rate of re-transplanted tissues. Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting capillaries, which has great importance in pulp regeneration and homeostasis. Here the contribution of human dental pulp stem cells and proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors to angiogenesis process and regeneration of dental pulp is reviewed. METHODS A search was performed on the role of angiogenesis in dental pulp regeneration from January 2005 through April 2014. The recent aspects of the relationship between angiogenesis, human dental pulp stem cells, and proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in regeneration of dental pulp were assessed. RESULTS Many studies have indicated an intimate relationship between angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration. The contribution of stem cells and mechanical and chemical factors to dental pulp regeneration has been previously discussed. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenesis is an indispensable process during dental pulp regeneration. The survival of inflamed vital pulp and engineered transplanted pulp tissue are closely linked to the process of angiogenesis at sites of application. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of angiogenesis in pulp tissue require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | | | - Christine M Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Bioactivity of a Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Cement (BioRoot RCS): Interactions with Human Periodontal Ligament Cells In Vitro. J Endod 2015; 41:1469-73. [PMID: 26001857 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tricalcium silicate-based materials are recognized as bioactive materials through their capacity to induce hard tissue formation both in the dental pulp and bone. Sealing the apex implies that the root canal filling materials interact with the periapical tissues. This work was designed to study the interactions of newly developed tricalcium silicate cement (BioRoot RCS; Septodont, Saint Maur Des Fosses, France) with apical tissue compared with a standard zinc oxide-eugenol sealer (Pulp Canal Sealer [PCS]; SybronEndo, Orange, CA). METHODS Cell viability was assessed by direct contact between human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and BioRoot RCS or PCS. In addition, an in vitro tooth model was used to study the interactions between these materials and PDL cells. For this purpose, human extracted incisors were sectioned at the enamel-cementum junction; root canals were prepared, sterilized, and filled with lateral condensation with both materials. The root apices were dipped in the culture medium for 24 hours. These conditioned media were used to investigate their effects on human PDL cells. Cell proliferation was investigated with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the secretion of angiogenic and osteogenic growth factors was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS BioRoot RCS has less toxic effects on PDL cells than PCS and induced a higher secretion of angiogenic and osteogenic growth factors than PCS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these preclinical results suggest that the calcium silicate cement (BioRoot RCS) has a higher bioactivity than the zinc oxide-eugenol sealer (PCS) on human PDL cells.
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Sanz AR, Carrión FS, Chaparro AP. Mesenchymal stem cells from the oral cavity and their potential value in tissue engineering. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:251-67. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mitsiadis TA, Filatova A, Papaccio G, Goldberg M, About I, Papagerakis P. Distribution of the amelogenin protein in developing, injured and carious human teeth. Front Physiol 2014; 5:477. [PMID: 25540624 PMCID: PMC4261713 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin is the major enamel matrix protein with key roles in amelogenesis. Although for many decades amelogenin was considered to be exclusively expressed by ameloblasts, more recent studies have shown that amelogenin is also expressed in other dental and no-dental cells. However, amelogenin expression in human tissues remains unclear. Here, we show that amelogenin protein is not only expressed during human embryonic development but also in pathological conditions such as carious lesions and injuries after dental cavity preparation. In developing embryonic teeth, amelogenin stage-specific expression is found in all dental epithelia cell populations but with different intensities. In the different layers of enamel matrix, waves of positive vs. negative immunostaining for amelogenin are detected suggesting that the secretion of amelogenin protein is orchestrated by a biological clock. Amelogenin is also expressed transiently in differentiating odontoblasts during predentin formation, but was absent in mature functional odontoblasts. In intact adult teeth, amelogenin was not present in dental pulp, odontoblasts, and dentin. However, in injured and carious adult human teeth amelogenin is strongly re-expressed in newly differentiated odontoblasts and is distributed in the dentinal tubuli under the lesion site. In an in vitro culture system, amelogenin is expressed preferentially in human dental pulp cells that start differentiating into odontoblast-like cells and form mineralization nodules. These data suggest that amelogenin plays important roles not only during cytodifferentiation, but also during tooth repair processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, ZZM, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Filatova
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, ZZM, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Seconda Università Degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
| | - Michel Goldberg
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Biomédicale des Saints Pères, University Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Imad About
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement UMR 7287, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, USA ; Center for Organogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, USA ; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, USA
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Chmilewsky F, Jeanneau C, Laurent P, About I. LPS Induces Pulp Progenitor Cell Recruitment via Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2014; 94:166-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034514555524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement system, a major component of the natural immunity, has been recently identified as an important mediator of the dentin-pulp regeneration process through STRO-1 pulp cell recruitment by the C5a active fragment. Moreover, it has been shown recently that under stimulation with lipoteichoic acid, a complex component of the Gram-positive bacteria cell wall, human pulp fibroblasts are able to synthesize all proteins required for complement activation. However, Gram-negative bacteria, which are also involved in tooth decay, are known as powerful activators of complement system and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Gram-negative bacteria-induced complement activation on the pulp progenitor cell recruitment using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of all Gram-negative bacteria. Our results show that incubating pulp fibroblasts with LPS induced membrane attack complex formation and C5a release in serum-free fibroblast cultures. The produced C5a binds to the pulp progenitor cells’ membrane and induces their migration toward the LPS stimulation chamber, as revealed by the dynamic transwell migration assays. The inhibition of this migration by the C5aR-specific antagonist W54011 indicates that the pulp progenitor migration is mediated by the interaction between C5a and C5aR. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a direct interaction between the recruitment of progenitor pulp cells and the activation of complement system generated by pulp fibroblast stimulation with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chmilewsky
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
| | - C. Jeanneau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
| | - P. Laurent
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service d’Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - I. About
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
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Neunzehn J, Weber MT, Wittenburg G, Lauer G, Hannig C, Wiesmann HP. Dentin-like tissue formation and biomineralization by multicellular human pulp cell spheres in vitro. Head Face Med 2014; 10:25. [PMID: 24946771 PMCID: PMC4074584 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maintaining or regenerating a vital pulp is a preferable goal in current endodontic research. In this study, human dental pulp cell aggregates (spheres) were applied onto bovine and human root canal models to evaluate their potential use as pre-differentiated tissue units for dental pulp tissue regeneration. Methods Human dental pulp cells (DPC) were derived from wisdom teeth, cultivated into three-dimensional cell spheres and seeded onto bovine and into human root canals. Sphere formation, tissue-like and mineralization properties as well as growth behavior of cells on dentin structure were evaluated by light microscopy (LM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results Spheres and outgrown cells showed tissue-like properties, the ability to merge with other cell spheres and extra cellular matrix formation; CLSM investigation revealed a dense network of actin and focal adhesion contacts (FAC) inside the spheres and a pronounced actin structure of cells outgrown from the spheres. A dentin-structure-orientated migration of the cells was shown by SEM investigation. Besides the direct extension of the cells into dentinal tubules, the coverage of the tubular walls with cell matrix was detected. Moreover, an emulation of dentin-like structures with tubuli-like and biomineral formation was detected by SEM- and EDX-investigation. Conclusions The results of the present study show tissue-like behavior, the replication of tubular structures and the mineralization of human dental pulp spheres when colonized on root dentin. The application of cells in form of pulp spheres on root dentin reveals their beneficial potential for dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Neunzehn
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Material Science, Chair for Biomaterials, Budapester Strasse 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Pulp fibroblasts synthesize functional complement proteins involved in initiating dentin-pulp regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1991-2000. [PMID: 24814102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an efficient plasma immune surveillance system that controls tissue injury and infection. Although the liver constitutes the primary circulating complement protein synthesis site, extrahepatic synthesis is known to optimize local tissue inflammatory reaction. Because dentin-pulp regeneration is known to be regulated locally, we investigated activation of the local complement system within the dental pulp and its role in initiating the regeneration process. Membrane attack complex (C5b-9) formation and Gram's staining revealed that complement activation is correlated with the presence of Gram-positive bacteria in carious human teeth. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that cultured human pulp fibroblasts stimulated with lipoteichoic acid produce all the proteins required for efficient complement activation. This was demonstrated in vitro by C5b-9 formation and C5a active fragment production in the absence of plasma proteins. Finally, the dynamic migration assays performed in μ-Slide chemotaxis chambers and use of a C5aR-specific antagonist (W54011) demonstrated that the activation of complement proteins synthesized by pulp fibroblasts and the subsequent release of C5a specifically induced pulp progenitor cell recruitment. Our study reveals human pulp fibroblasts as the first nonimmune cell type capable of synthesizing all complement proteins. These fibroblasts cells contribute significantly to tissue regeneration by recruiting pulp progenitors via complement activation, which suggests to a potential therapeutic strategy of targeting pulp fibroblasts in dentin-pulp regeneration.
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Bachoo IK, Seymour D, Brunton P. A biocompatible and bioactive replacement for dentine: is this a reality? The properties and uses of a novel calcium-based cement. Br Dent J 2014; 214:E5. [PMID: 23348482 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As part of the continuing evolution towards conservative dentistry there has been a drive to push further and investigate the possibility of inducing the repair and regeneration of lost dental hard tissue. Until recently, the prospect of repair and regeneration had been confined to laboratory studies and hypothesised scientific models. In 2009, a new product was launched claiming to be a revolutionary material capable of offering a bioactive and biocompatible replacement for dentine. The calcium-based cement is reported to preserve pulp vitality, promote pulp healing and provide a natural substitute for dentine through bioactive stimulation of the dentino-pulpal complex. Its clinical indications are extensive, described as a restorative material suitable for use wherever dentine replacement is required. In this article the physical, mechanical, chemical and biological properties of this novel material are presented, together with the results of experimental laboratory-based investigations and on-going clinical in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Bachoo
- Restorative Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute.
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83
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Vandomme J, Touil Y, Ostyn P, Olejnik C, Flamenco P, El Machhour R, Segard P, Masselot B, Bailliez Y, Formstecher P, Polakowska R. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signals inversely regulate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity to control human dental pulp stem cell quiescence, propagation, and differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:839-51. [PMID: 24266654 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain quiescent until activated in response to severe dental pulp damage. Once activated, they exit quiescence and enter regenerative odontogenesis, producing reparative dentin. The factors and signaling molecules that control the quiescence/activation and commitment to differentiation of human DPSCs are not known. In this study, we determined that the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling commonly activates DPSCs and promotes their exit from the G0 phase of the cell cycle as well as from the pyronin Y(low) stem cell compartment. The inhibition of these two pathways, however, inversely determines DPSC fate. In contrast to p38 MAPK inhibitors, IGF-1R inhibitors enhance dental pulp cell sphere-forming capacity and reduce the cells' colony-forming capacity without inducing cell death. The inverse cellular changes initiated by IGF-1R and p38 MAPK inhibitors were accompanied by inverse changes in the levels of active signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) factor, inactive glycogen synthase kinase 3, and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, a marker of early odontoblast differentiation. Our data suggest that there is cross talk between the IGF-1R and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in DPSCs and that the signals provided by these pathways converge at STAT3 and inversely regulate its activity to maintain quiescence or to promote self-renewal and differentiation of the cells. We propose a working model that explains the possible interactions between IGF-1R and p38 MAPK at the molecular level and describes the cellular consequences of these interactions. This model may inspire further fundamental study and stimulate research on the clinical applications of DPSC in cellular therapy and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Vandomme
- 1 Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL) , Lille, France
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The survival role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces odontoblast differentiation against oxidative stress in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2014; 39:236-41. [PMID: 23321237 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has well-known anti-inflammatory action in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the anti-inflammatory action of PPARγ involves in cellular cytoprotection and supports odontoblast differentiation under oxidative stress in HDPCs. METHODS To simulate long-term oxidative stress, pulp cells were treated with 150 μmol hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) for 12 days. The replication deficiency adenovirus (adenovirus PPARγ) was introduced for PPARγ overexpression in pulp cells. The cellular cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species formation by H(2)O(2) were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate with fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay. To determine the roles of PPARγ, several molecules of odontogenic/osteogenic and signal pathway were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western hybridization. Dentin mineralization was determined by alizarin red stain and alkaline phosphatase activity assay. RESULTS Pulp cells treated with long-term H(2)O(2) showed high reactive oxygen species formation, low cell viability, down-expression of antioxidant molecules (Cu/Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase), and odontogenic/osteogenic markers (eg, dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein-1, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, Runx-2, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 7). In addition, pulp cells with oxidative stress underwent the activation of ERK1/2, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor-κB translocation to the nucleus. However, the PPARγ-overexpressed cells gave opposite results although under oxidative stress. Furthermore, PPARγ and its agonist rosiglitazone exhibited an induction of dentin mineralization under oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ in pulp cells increases cell viability, odontoblastic differentiation, and dentin mineralization under oxidative stress. These results offer new insights into the potential antioxidative activity of PPARγ and its agonist for therapeutic agents for pulp vitality in HDPCs.
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Mathieu S, Jeanneau C, Sheibat-Othman N, Kalaji N, Fessi H, About I. Usefulness of controlled release of growth factors in investigating the early events of dentin-pulp regeneration. J Endod 2014; 39:228-35. [PMID: 23321236 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little information is yet available on the signals involved in progenitor cell migration that precede reparative dentin synthesis. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the controlled release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on permanent teeth pulp cell proliferation and progenitor cell migration. METHODS FGF-2 and TGF-β1 were encapsulated into a biodegradable polymer matrix of lactide and glycolide. Human pulp cells were prepared from third molars, and progenitor cells were sorted by STRO-1. The synthesized microsphere toxicity was checked with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. The growth factor release kinetics were checked by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while maintaining their biological activity and were evaluated by investigating their effects on pulp cell proliferation. Their chemotactic potential was investigated on STRO-1-sorted cells in a migration chamber on Matrigel (Cambrex Bio Science, Walkersville, MD). RESULTS The cell viability was unaffected by the presence of microspheres. The released amount of FGF-2 and TGF-β1 from the microspheres was maintained after 21 days. Increasing the FGF-2-loaded microsphere concentration or the release period significantly increased dental pulp cell proliferation. TGF-β1 acted as a potent chemotactic factor of STRO-1-sorted cells. CONCLUSIONS Encapsulating TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in a biodegradable polymer of lactide and glycolide microsphere allowed a sustained release of growth factors and provided a protection to their biological activities. Our results clearly show the usefulness of growth factor controlled release in investigating the early events of pulp/dentin regeneration. It provides additional data on the signals required for vital pulp therapy and future tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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86
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Gjorgievska ES, Nicholson JW, Apostolska SM, Coleman NJ, Booth SE, Slipper IJ, Mladenov MI. Interfacial properties of three different bioactive dentine substitutes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:1450-1457. [PMID: 24148964 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three different bioactive materials suitable as dentine substitutes in tooth repair have been studied: glass-ionomer cement, particulate bioglass, and calcium-silicate cement. On 15 permanent human molars, Class V cavities were prepared and the bottom of each cavity was de-mineralized by an artificial caries gel. After the de-mineralization, the teeth were restored with: (1) Bioglass®45S5 and ChemFil® Superior; (2) Biodentine™ and ChemFil® Superior; and (3) ChemFil® Superior for a complete repair. The teeth were stored for 6 weeks in artificial saliva, then cut in half along the longitudinal axis: the first half was imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the other half was embedded in resin and analyzed by SEM using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The glass-ionomer and the bioglass underwent ion exchange with the surrounding tooth tissue, confirming their bioactivity. However, the particle size of the bioglass meant that cavity adaptation was poor. It is concluded that smaller particle size bioglasses may give more acceptable results. In contrast, both the glass-ionomer and the calcium-silicate cements performed well as dentine substitutes. The glass-ionomer showed ion exchange properties, whereas the calcium silicate gave an excellent seal resulting from its micromechanical attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta S Gjorgievska
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University "Sts Cyril and Methodius" Skopje 1000, Republic of Macedonia
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Eslaminejad MB, Bordbar S, Nazarian H. Odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp-derived stem cells on tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. J Dent Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Teti G, Salvatore V, Ruggeri A, Manzoli L, Gesi M, Orsini G, Falconi M. In vitro reparative dentin: a biochemical and morphological study. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e23. [PMID: 24085272 PMCID: PMC3794354 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, starting from human dental pulp cells cultured in vitro, we simulated reparative dentinogenesis using a medium supplemented with different odontogenic inductors. The differentiation of dental pulp cells in odontoblast-like cells was evaluated by means of staining, and ultramorphological, biochemical and biomolecular methods. Alizarin red staining showed mineral deposition while transmission electron microscopy revealed a synthesis of extracellular matrix fibers during the differentiation process. Biochemical assays demonstrated that the differentiated phenotype expressed odontoblast markers, such as Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1) and Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP), as well as type I collagen. Quantitative data regarding the mRNA expression of DMP1, DSP and type I collagen were obtained by Real Time PCR. Immunofluorescence data demonstrated the various localizations of DSP and DMP1 during odontoblast differentiation. Based on our results, we obtained odontoblast-like cells which simulated the reparative dentin processes in order to better investigate the mechanism of odontoblast differentiation, and dentin extracellular matrix deposition and mineralization.
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Yamada M, Kojima N, Att W, Hori N, Suzuki T, Ogawa T. N-Acetyl cysteine restores viability and function of rat odontoblast-like cells impaired by polymethylmethacrylate dental resin extract. Redox Rep 2013; 14:13-22. [DOI: 10.1179/135100009x392430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Martens W, Bronckaers A, Politis C, Jacobs R, Lambrichts I. Dental stem cells and their promising role in neural regeneration: an update. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:1969-83. [PMID: 23846214 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell-based therapies are considered to be a promising treatment method for several clinical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. However, the ideal stem cell type for stem cell-based therapy remains to be elucidated. DISCUSSION Stem cells are present in a variety of tissues in the embryonic and adult human body. Both embryonic and adult stem cells have their advantages and disadvantages concerning the isolation method, ethical issues, or differentiation potential. The most described adult stem cell population is the mesenchymal stem cells due to their multi-lineage (trans)differentiation potential, high proliferative capacity, and promising therapeutic values. Recently, five different cell populations with mesenchymal stem cell characteristics were identified in dental tissues: dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, dental follicle precursor cells, and stem cells from apical papilla. CONCLUSION Each dental stem cell population possesses specific characteristics and advantages which will be summarized in this review. Furthermore, the neural characteristics of dental pulp stem cells and their potential role in (peripheral) neural regeneration will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Martens
- Biomedical Research Institute, Laboratory of Morphology, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium,
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Kim JJ, Bae WJ, Kim JM, Kim JJ, Lee EJ, Kim HW, Kim EC. Mineralized polycaprolactone nanofibrous matrix for odontogenesis of human dental pulp cells. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28:1069-78. [PMID: 23839784 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213495903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to fabricate mineralized polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffold and investigate its ability to elicit odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells, compared to the pure polycaprolactone scaffold. Polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffold was produced by electrospinning, and the surface was mineralized with apatite. Cellular behaviors on the mineralized polycaprolactone scaffold were assessed in terms of cell adhesion, growth, and odontoblastic differentiation. To evaluate the signal transduction of human dental pulp cells, mRNA expression was analyzed and Western blotting was performed. Mineralized polycaprolactone showed improved cell proliferation, mineralized nodule formation, and expression of odontoblastic marker genes including alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix protein-1, as compared with pure polycaprolactone. Although the cell adhesion on the mineralized polycaprolactone was similar to that of the polycaprolactone, the expression level of proteins including collagen type I and the key adhesion receptor (integrin components α1, α2, and β1) was upregulated in mineralized polycaprolactone compared to polycaprolactone. Especially, cells seeded onto mineralized polycaprolactone scaffolds showed significantly increased levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, a marker of integrin activation, and downstream pathways, such as phosphor (p)-Akt, p-extracellular signal regulated kinase, p-c Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, c-fos, and c-jun, compared with pure polycaprolactone. The mineralized polycaprolactone scaffold is attractive for dentin tissue engineering by promoting growth and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells through the integrin-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jin Kim
- 1Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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92
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About I. Dentin-pulp regeneration: the primordial role of the microenvironment and its modification by traumatic injuries and bioactive materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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93
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Hilkens P, Gervois P, Fanton Y, Vanormelingen J, Martens W, Struys T, Politis C, Lambrichts I, Bronckaers A. Effect of isolation methodology on stem cell properties and multilineage differentiation potential of human dental pulp stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:65-78. [PMID: 23715720 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are an attractive alternative mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) source because of their isolation simplicity compared with the more invasive methods associated with harvesting other MSC sources. However, the isolation method to be favored for obtaining DPSC cultures remains under discussion. This study compares the stem cell properties and multilineage differentiation potential of DPSCs obtained by the two most widely adapted isolation procedures. DPSCs were isolated either by enzymatic digestion of the pulp tissue (DPSC-EZ) or by the explant method (DPSC-OG), while keeping the culture media constant throughout all experiments and in both isolation methods. Assessment of the stem cell properties of DPSC-EZ and DPSC-OG showed no significant differences between the two groups with regard to proliferation rate and colony formation. Phenotype analysis indicated that DPSC-EZ and DPSC-OG were positive for CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD117 and CD146 expression without any significant differences. The multilineage differentiation potential of both stem cell types was confirmed by using standard immuno(histo/cyto)chemical staining together with an in-depth ultrastructural analysis by means of transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that both DPSC-EZ and DPSC-OG could be successfully differentiated into adipogenic, chrondrogenic and osteogenic cell types, although the adipogenic differentiation of both stem cell populations was incomplete. The data suggest that both the enzymatic digestion and outgrowth method can be applied to obtain a suitable autologous DPSC resource for tissue replacement therapies of both bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hilkens
- Department of Functional Morphology, Laboratory of Histology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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94
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Chmilewsky F, Jeanneau C, Laurent P, Kirschfink M, About I. Pulp progenitor cell recruitment is selectively guided by a C5a gradient. J Dent Res 2013; 92:532-9. [PMID: 23603337 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513487377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It recently became evident that activation of the complement system also contributes to tissue regeneration after infection/injury. The complement-derived fragment C5a induces vascular modifications and attracts cells expressing its receptor (C5aR/CD88) to the site of infection and tissue injury. Besides inflammatory cells, various tissue cells express this receptor. We hypothesized that pulp progenitor cells, being exposed to local complement activation in caries lesions, may respond to C5a via the C5aR. Our work aimed at evaluating the ability of C5a to induce pulp progenitor cell migration that may link complement activation to dentin regeneration. Immunofluorescence analysis of third molar pulp sections showed perivascular localization of the mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO-1 and C5aR. RT-PCR on STRO-1-sorted pulp progenitor cells, co-expressing both STRO-1 and C5aR, revealed high C5aR mRNA levels. Experiments with the C5aR antagonist W54011 revealed that C5a specifically bound to progenitor cells via C5aR, inducing their selective migration toward the C5a gradient. Since we could also demonstrate C5b-9 formation by immunohistochemistry in carious teeth, our findings suggest that, upon local complement activation, C5a induces pulp progenitor cell migration, which may be critical in initiating the regenerative process after dentin/pulp injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chmilewsky
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
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95
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Oral and Maxillo-facial. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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96
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Patil AS, Merchant Y, Nagarajan P. Tissue Engineering of Craniofacial Tissues – A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-1218-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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97
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98
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Karamzadeh R, Eslaminejad MB, Aflatoonian R. Isolation, characterization and comparative differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells derived from permanent teeth by using two different methods. J Vis Exp 2012. [PMID: 23208006 DOI: 10.3791/4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells(1-8); therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation(6,9,10). Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers & also their differentiation capacity. Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,(11-13) i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 & CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 & CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) & Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE & dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).(14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Karamzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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99
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Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of numerous rapid and exciting developments in tissue engineering technology, scientists are able to regenerate a fully functional tooth in animal models, from a bioengineered tooth germ. Advances in technology, together with our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth development and studies dealing with dentally derived stem cells, have led to significant progress in the field of tooth regeneration. AIM AND DESIGN This review focuses on some of the recent advances in tooth bioengineering technology, the signalling pathways in tooth development, and in dental stem cell biology. These factors are highlighted in respect of our current knowledge of tooth regeneration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION An understanding of these new approaches in tooth regeneration should help to prepare clinicians to use this new and somewhat revolutionary therapy while also enabling them to partake in future clinical trials. Tooth bioengineering promises to be at the forefront of the next generation of dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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100
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Mitsiadis TA, Woloszyk A, Jiménez-Rojo L. Nanodentistry: combining nanostructured materials and stem cells for dental tissue regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1743-53. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative dentistry represents an attractive multidisciplinary therapeutic approach that complements traditional restorative/surgery techniques and benefits from recent advances in stem cell biology, molecular biology, genomics and proteomics. Materials science is important in such advances to move regenerative dentistry from the laboratory to the clinic. The design of novel nanostructured materials, such as biomimetic matrices and scaffolds for controlling cell fate and differentiation, and nanoparticles for diagnostics, imaging and targeted treatment, is needed. The combination of nanotechnology, which allows the creation of sophisticated materials with exquisite fine structural detail, and stem cell biology turns out to be increasingly useful in regenerative medicine. The administration to patients of dynamic biological agents comprising stem cells, bioactive scaffolds and/or nanoparticles will certainly increase the regenerative impact of dental pathological tissues. This overview briefly describes some of the actual benefits and future possibilities of nanomaterials in the emerging field of stem cell-based regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Institute of Oral Biology, Department of Orofacial Development & Regeneration, ZZM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Woloszyk
- Institute of Oral Biology, Department of Orofacial Development & Regeneration, ZZM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Jiménez-Rojo
- Institute of Oral Biology, Department of Orofacial Development & Regeneration, ZZM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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