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Zhu H, Song R, Wang X, Hu H, Zhang Z. Peritoneal bacterial infection repressed the expression of IL17D in Siberia sturgeon a chondrostean fish in the early immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:39-48. [PMID: 28279790 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
IL17s are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play important roles in host fighting against extracellular bacteria and auto-immune and allergic diseases. IL17D is believed to be the most ancient IL17 member and its functions are far from clarity. Although it has been found in invertebrates, jawless fish, teleosts, and tetrapods, it has not been described in chondrostean fish. Moreover, there are discrepancies concerning its expression pattern in these animals. In this study, we cloned and characterized the cDNA of il17d in Siberia sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), a chondrostean fish and commercially important species in aquaculture. The sturgeon il17d cDNA encodes a deduced protein of 210aa. The classical characteristics of IL17, such as IL17 domain, cysteine and serine residues importantly for cystine-knot formation, and signal peptide, were observed in sturgeon IL17D. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignment suggest it is a counterpart of mammalian IL17D. However, in vivo studies demonstrated that the expression pattern of sturgeon il17d mRNA is different from that of other teleosts and jawless fish, and in most cases its expression was down-regulated at the early time points and gradually increasing at late time points when sturgeon were challenged with bacteria (Aernomas hydrophila or Staphylococcus aureus). The In vitro study by using primary spleen cells stimulated with polyI:C revealed a similar expression pattern to that in vivo studies, while the stimulation with β-glucan or LPS, which normally induced expression of il17d mRNA in target cells in vitro in other animals, did not show apparent changes in the expression of il17d mRNA. The results of present study indicated sturgeon IL17D may possess some different characteristics from its counterparts of other fish and invertebrates in the immune response, and may contribute to the understanding of IL17D functions in evolution as well as the potential use in sturgeon aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing 100068, China.
| | - Ruxing Song
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Hongxia Hu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Zuobing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
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Narsia N, Ramagiri P, Ehrmann J, Kolar Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression profiles in astrocytoma grades II-IV. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017; 161:261-271. [PMID: 28452381 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytoma is the most prevalent form of primary brain cancer categorized into four histological grades by the World Health Organization. Investigation into individual grades of astrocytoma by previous studies has provided some insight into dysregulation of regulatory networks associated with increasing astrocytoma grades. However, further understanding of key mechanisms that distinguish different astrocytoma grades is required to facilitate targeted therapies. METHODS In this study, we utilized a large cohort of publicly available RNA sequencing data from patients with diffuse astrocytoma (grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III), primary glioblastoma (grade IV), secondary glioblastoma (grade IV), recurrent glioblastoma (grade IV), and normal brain samples to identify genetic similarities and differences between these grades using bioinformatics applications. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a distinct gene expression pattern between grade II astrocytoma and grade IV glioblastoma (GBM). We also identified genes that were exclusively expressed in each of the astrocytoma grades. Furthermore, we identified known and novel genes involved in key pathways in our study. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed a distinct expression pattern of transcriptional regulators in primary GBM. Further investigation into molecular processes showed that the genes involved in cell proliferation and invasion were shared across all subtypes of astrocytoma. Also, the number of genes involved in metastasis, regulation of cell proliferation, and apoptosis increased with tumor grade. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed existing findings and shed light on some important genes and molecular processes that will improve our understanding of glioma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nato Narsia
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pradeep Ramagiri
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jiri Ehrmann
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kolar
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
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53
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Seelige R, Washington A, Bui JD. The ancient cytokine IL-17D is regulated by Nrf2 and mediates tumor and virus surveillance. Cytokine 2017; 91:10-12. [PMID: 27940089 PMCID: PMC5316352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early stage immune responses can dictate the severity and outcome of inflammatory processes such as tumor growth and viral infection. Cytokines such as the interleukin 17 (IL-17) family and cellular stress defense (e.g., anti-oxidant) pathways have evolved early and regulate disease surveillance in vertebrates and invertebrates as far back as Caenorhabditis elegans. Our group has recently found a new role for nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) in regulating early anti-cancer immune responses by inducing IL-17D and recruiting natural killer (NK) cells. In this Cytokine Stimulus, we discuss recent findings that encourage boosting the Nrf2/IL-17D/NK cell axis for the treatment of cancer and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Seelige
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Allen Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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54
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Ramani M, Mudge MC, Morris RT, Zhang Y, Warcholek SA, Hurst MN, Riviere JE, DeLong RK. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Poly I:C RNA Complexes: Implication as Therapeutics against Experimental Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:614-625. [PMID: 28135100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is current interest in harnessing the combined anticancer and immunological effect of nanoparticles (NPs) and RNA. Here, we evaluate the bioactivity of poly I:C (pIC) RNA, bound to anticancer zinc oxide NP (ZnO-NP) against melanoma. Direct RNA association to unfunctionalized ZnO-NP is shown by observing change in size, zeta potential, and absorption/fluorescence spectra upon complexation. RNA corona was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Binding constant (Kb = 1.6-2.8 g-1 L) was determined by modified Stern-Volmer, absorption, and biological surface activity index analysis. The pIC-ZnO-NP complex increased cell death for both human (A375) and mouse (B16F10) cell lines and suppressed tumor cell growth in BALB/C-B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Ex vivo tumor analysis indicated significant molecular activity such as changes in the level of phosphoproteins JNK, Akt, and inflammation markers IL-6 and IFN-γ. High throughput proteomics analysis revealed zinc oxide and poly I:C-specific and combinational patterns that suggested possible utility as an anticancer and immunotherapeutic strategy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miranda C Mudge
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | - R Tyler Morris
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | | | - Miranda N Hurst
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | - Robert K DeLong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
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Gross ETE, Han S, Vemu P, Peinado CD, Marsala M, Ellies LG, Bui JD. Immunosurveillance and immunoediting in MMTV-PyMT-induced mammary oncogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1268310. [PMID: 28344881 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1268310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting processes has been primarily demonstrated in mouse models of chemically induced oncogenesis. Although these models are very tractable, they are characterized by high mutational loads that represent a minority of human cancers. In this study, we sought to determine whether cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting could be demonstrated in a more clinically relevant oncogene-induced model of carcinogenesis, the MMTV-PyMT (PyMT) mammary carcinoma model. This model system in the FVB/NJ strain background was previously used to demonstrate that adaptive immunity had no role in limiting primary cancer formation and in fact promoted metastasis, thus calling into question whether cancer immunosurveillance operated in preventing the development of breast cancer. Our current study in the C57BL/6 strain backgrounds provides a different conclusion, as we report here the existence of an adaptive immunosurveillance of PyMT mammary carcinomas using two independent models of immune deficiency. PyMT mice bred onto a Rag1-/- background or immune suppressed by chronic tacrolimus therapy both demonstrated accelerated development of mammary carcinomas. By generating a bank of cell lines from these animals, we further show that a subset of PyMT cell lines had delayed growth after transplantation into wild-type (WT) syngeneic, but not immune-deficient hosts. This reduced growth rate in immunocompetent animals was characterized by an increase in immune cell infiltration and tissue differentiation. Furthermore, loss of the immune cell infiltration that characterized immunoediting of slow growing cell lines, changed them into fast growing variants capable of progressing in the immunocompetent model. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that immunosurveillance and immunoediting of PyMT-derived cell lines modulate tumor progression in this oncogene-induced model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T E Gross
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Semi Han
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Prasantha Vemu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carlos D Peinado
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lesley G Ellies
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA
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56
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Chen Y, Shen C, Guha D, Ding M, Kulich S, Ashimkhanova A, Rinaldo C, Seaberg E, Margolick JB, Stosor V, Martínez-Maza O, Gupta P. Identification of the transcripts associated with spontaneous HCV clearance in individuals co-infected with HIV and HCV. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:693. [PMID: 27875997 PMCID: PMC5120459 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) influences the outcome and natural disease progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. While the majority of HCV mono-infected and HCV/HIV co-infected subjects develop chronic HCV infection, 20-46% of mono- and co-infected subjects spontaneously clear HCV infection. The mechanism underlying viral clearance is not clearly understood. Analysis of differential cellular gene expression (mRNA) between HIV-infected patients with persistent HCV infection or spontaneous clearance could provide a unique opportunity to decipher the mechanism of HCV clearance. METHODS Plasma RNA from HIV/HCV co-infected subjects who cleared HCV and those who remained chronically infected with HCV was sequenced using Ion Torrent technology. The sequencing results were analyzed to identify transcripts that are associated with HCV clearance by measuring differential gene expression in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects who cleared HCV and those who remained chronically infected with HCV. RESULTS We have identified plasma mRNA, the levels of which are significantly elevated (at least 5 fold, False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05) before HCV infection in subjects who cleared HCV compared to those who remained chronically infected. Upon further analysis of these differentially expressed genes, before and after HCV infection, we found that before HCV infection 12 genes were uniquely upregulated in the clearance group compared to the chronically infected group. Importantly, a number of these 12 genes and their upstream regulators (such as CCL3, IL17D, LBP, SOCS3, NFKBIL1, IRF) are associated with innate immune response functions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that subjects who spontaneously clear HCV may express these unique genes associated with innate immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA.
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Debjani Guha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Scott Kulich
- Department of Pathology, VA Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA
| | - Aiymkul Ashimkhanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Charles Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
| | - Eric Seaberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 2138 Parran Hall, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15261, USA
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57
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Fabre J, Giustiniani J, Garbar C, Antonicelli F, Merrouche Y, Bensussan A, Bagot M, Al-Dacak R. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: The Protumor Effects of IL-17 Related to Cancer Type. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091433. [PMID: 27589729 PMCID: PMC5037712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory process contributes to immune tolerance as well as to tumor progression and metastasis. By releasing extracellular signals, cancerous cells constantly shape their surrounding microenvironment through their interactions with infiltrating immune cells, stromal cells and components of extracellular matrix. Recently, the pro-inflammatory interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing T helper lymphocytes, the Th17 cells, and the IL-17/IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) axis gained special attention. The IL-17 family comprises at least six members, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (also called IL-25), and IL-17F. Secreted as disulfide-linked homo- or heterodimers, the IL-17 bind to the IL-17R, a type I cell surface receptor, of which there are five variants, IL-17RA to IL-17RE. This review focuses on the current advances identifying the promoting role of IL-17 in carcinogenesis, tumor metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy of diverse solid cancers. While underscoring the IL-17/IL-17R axis as promising immunotherapeutic target in the context of cancer managing, this knowledge calls upon further in vitro and in vivo studies that would allow the development and implementation of novel strategies to combat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Fabre
- Institut Jean Godinot, Unicancer, 1 rue du Général Koenig, F-51726 Reims, France.
- Université Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, DERM-I-C, EA7319, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51095 Reims, France.
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Henri Mondor, Service de Radiothérapie, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Jerome Giustiniani
- Institut Jean Godinot, Unicancer, 1 rue du Général Koenig, F-51726 Reims, France.
- Université Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, DERM-I-C, EA7319, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51095 Reims, France.
| | - Christian Garbar
- Institut Jean Godinot, Unicancer, 1 rue du Général Koenig, F-51726 Reims, France.
- Université Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, DERM-I-C, EA7319, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51095 Reims, France.
| | - Frank Antonicelli
- Université Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, DERM-I-C, EA7319, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51095 Reims, France.
| | - Yacine Merrouche
- Institut Jean Godinot, Unicancer, 1 rue du Général Koenig, F-51726 Reims, France.
- Université Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, DERM-I-C, EA7319, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, F-51095 Reims, France.
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Immunologie Dermatologie & Oncologie, UMR-S 976, F-75475 Paris, France.
- OREGA Biotech, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Martine Bagot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, F-75010 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Immunologie Dermatologie & Oncologie, UMR-S 976, F-75475 Paris, France.
| | - Reem Al-Dacak
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Immunologie Dermatologie & Oncologie, UMR-S 976, F-75475 Paris, France.
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Saddawi-Konefka R, Seelige R, Gross ETE, Levy E, Searles SC, Washington A, Santosa EK, Liu B, O'Sullivan TE, Harismendy O, Bui JD. Nrf2 Induces IL-17D to Mediate Tumor and Virus Surveillance. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2348-58. [PMID: 27545889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells undergoing xenobiotic or oxidative stress activate the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which initiates an intrinsic "stress surveillance" pathway. We recently found that the cytokine IL-17D effects a form of extrinsic stress surveillance by inducing antitumor immunity, but how IL-17D is regulated remains unknown. Here, we show that Nrf2 induced IL-17D in cancer cell lines. Moreover, both Nrf2 and IL-17D were induced in primary tumors as well as during viral infection in vivo. Expression of IL-17D in tumors and virally infected cells is essential for optimal protection of the host as il17d(-/-) mice experienced a higher incidence of tumors and exacerbated viral infections compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Moreover, activating Nrf2 to induce IL-17D in established tumors led to natural killer cell-dependent tumor regression. These data demonstrate that Nrf2 can initiate both intrinsic and extrinsic stress surveillance pathways and highlight the use of Nrf2 agonists as immune therapies for cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Seelige
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emilie T E Gross
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Levy
- Moores Cancer Center Oncogenomics Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen C Searles
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Allen Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Endi K Santosa
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beichen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Moores Cancer Center Oncogenomics Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Diaz JAR, Kim WH, Fernandez CP, Jeong J, Afrin F, Lillehoj HS, Kim S, Kim S, Dalloul RA, Min W. Identification and expression analysis of duck interleukin-17D in Riemerella anatipestifer infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:190-197. [PMID: 27060655 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17D is a proinflammatory cytokine with currently largely unknown biological functions. Here we provide the description of the sequence, bioactivity, and mRNA expression profile of duck IL-17D homologue. A full-length duck IL-17D (duIL-17D) cDNA with a 624-bp coding region was identified from the large intestine. duIL-17D shares approximately 94.7% identity with its chicken counterpart, which is also identified in this work. duIL-17D exhibits 62.6-68.4% and 52.1-53.1% identity with mammalian and piscine homologues. Recombinant duIL-17D promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β in duck embryo fibroblast cells. Very low levels of duIL-17D transcript were observed in healthy lymphoid tissues, including bursa, thymus, and spleen, while duIL-17D expression was relatively high in the heart. The duIL-17D expression profiles were examined in mitogen-stimulated splenic lymphocytes, as well as tissues affected by Riemerella anatipestifer infection. The levels of duIL-17D were mostly upregulated in mitogen-activated splenic lymphocytes but downregulated in the liver and spleen of R. anatipestifer-infected ducks. These results provide new insights into the roles of IL-17D in host protective immune responses to Riemerella infection, which can therefore lead to further studies of its biological functions in different disease models of ducks and other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Anne R Diaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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60
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The roles and functional mechanisms of interleukin-17 family cytokines in mucosal immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:418-31. [PMID: 27018218 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system serves as our front-line defense against pathogens. It also tightly maintains immune tolerance to self-symbiotic bacteria, which are usually called commensals. Sensing both types of microorganisms is modulated by signalling primarily through various pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on barrier epithelial cells or immune cells. After sensing, proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines are released by these cells to mediate either defensive or tolerant responses. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family members belong to a newly characterized cytokine subset that is critical for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the diverse functions and signals of this family of cytokines at different mucosal edges.
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61
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Valenzuela B, Obreque J, Soto-Aguilera S, Maisey K, Imarai M, Modak B. Key cytokines of adaptive immunity are differentially induced in rainbow trout kidney by a group of structurally related geranyl aromatic derivatives. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:45-53. [PMID: 26690664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Filifolinone is a semi-synthetic terpenoid derivative obtained from Heliotropium filifolium that increases the expression level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in kidney cells of salmon. Because cytokines are produced in response to a foreign organism and by distinct other signals modulating immune responses, we further studied the potential immunomodulatory effects of a group of structural related terpenoid derivatives from H. filifolium on salmonids to determine the relationship between the chemical structure of the derivatives and their ability to modify cytokine expression and the lymphoid content. The resin and four 3H-spiro 1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane derivatives were tested in vivo in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by quantifying the transcript levels of antiviral and T helper-type cytokines and T and B cells in the kidney. Three of the four terpenoids differ only in the C-7'substituent of the cyclohexane and the presence of the ketone group at this position in Filifolinone appeared responsible of an important up-regulation of IFN-α1, IFN-γ, IL-4/13A and IL-17D in the kidney of the treated trout. In addition, the absence of a methoxy group in carbon 7 of the benzene ring, found in all compounds but not in Folifolinoic acid, produced a significant reduction of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4/13A transcripts. B cells were not affected by the compound treatment but Filifolinoic acid and the resin induced a significant reduction of T cells. Altogether, results showed that immunomodulating responses observed in the trout by effect of 3H-spiro 1-benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane derivatives is related to the presence of the ketone group in the carbon 7' and the methoxy group in carbon 7 of the benzene ring, being Filifolinone the most active immunostimulatory compound identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Javiera Obreque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sarita Soto-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Brenda Modak
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago, Chile.
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Bloy N, Buqué A, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch-Immunostimulation with cytokines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1115942. [PMID: 27057468 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, great efforts have been dedicated to the development of clinically relevant interventions that would trigger potent (and hence potentially curative) anticancer immune responses. Indeed, developing neoplasms normally establish local and systemic immunosuppressive networks that inhibit tumor-targeting immune effector cells, be them natural or elicited by (immuno)therapy. One possible approach to boost anticancer immunity consists in the (generally systemic) administration of recombinant immunostimulatory cytokines. In a limited number of oncological indications, immunostimulatory cytokines mediate clinical activity as standalone immunotherapeutic interventions. Most often, however, immunostimulatory cytokines are employed as immunological adjuvants, i.e., to unleash the immunogenic potential of other immunotherapeutic agents, like tumor-targeting vaccines and checkpoint blockers. Here, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical advances in the use of some cytokines as immunostimulatory agents in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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Han Q, Das S, Hirano M, Holland SJ, McCurley N, Guo P, Rosenberg CS, Boehm T, Cooper MD. Characterization of Lamprey IL-17 Family Members and Their Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5440-51. [PMID: 26491201 PMCID: PMC4655163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 is an ancient cytokine implicated in a variety of immune defense reactions. We identified five members of the sea lamprey IL-17 family (IL-17D.1, IL-17D.2, IL-17E, IL-17B, and IL-17C) and six IL-17R genes (IL-17RA.1, IL-17RA.2, IL-17RA.3, IL-17RF, IL-17RE/RC, and IL-17RD), determined their relationship with mammalian orthologs, and examined their expression patterns and potential interactions to explore their roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The most highly expressed IL-17 family member is IL-17D.1 (mammalian IL-17D like), which was found to be preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of skin, intestine, and gills and by the two types of lamprey T-like cells. IL-17D.1 binding to rIL-17RA.1 and to the surface of IL-17RA.1-expressing B-like cells and monocytes of lamprey larvae was demonstrated, and treatment of lamprey blood cells with rIL-17D.1 protein enhanced transcription of genes expressed by the B-like cells. These findings suggest a potential role for IL-17 in coordinating the interactions between T-like cells and other cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems in jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Han
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Stephen J Holland
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Peng Guo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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64
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Teng MWL, Galon J, Fridman WH, Smyth MJ. From mice to humans: developments in cancer immunoediting. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3338-46. [PMID: 26241053 DOI: 10.1172/jci80004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunoediting explains the dual role by which the immune system can both suppress and/or promote tumor growth. Although cancer immunoediting was first demonstrated using mouse models of cancer, strong evidence that it occurs in human cancers is now accumulating. In particular, the importance of CD8+ T cells in cancer immunoediting has been shown, and more broadly in those tumors with an adaptive immune resistance phenotype. This Review describes the characteristics of the adaptive immune resistance tumor microenvironment and discusses data obtained in mouse and human settings. The role of other immune cells and factors influencing the effector function of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells is covered. We also discuss the temporal occurrence of cancer immunoediting in metastases and whether it differs from immunoediting in the primary tumor of origin.
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65
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Molecular cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of duck interleukin-17F. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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66
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Anestakis D, Petanidis S, Kalyvas S, Nday CM, Tsave O, Kioseoglou E, Salifoglou A. Mechanisms and applications of interleukins in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1691-710. [PMID: 25590298 PMCID: PMC4307328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in innovative and novel approaches in molecular cancer diagnostics and cancer therapeutic procedures. However, due to tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumoral discrepancy in tumor immunity, the clinical benefits are quite restricted. The goal of this review is to evaluate the major cytokines-interleukins involved in cancer immunotherapy and project their basic biochemical and clinical applications. Emphasis will be given to new cytokines in pre-clinical development, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines. Furthermore, current interleukin-based approaches and clinical trial data from combination cancer immunotherapies will also be discussed. It appears that continuously increasing comprehension of cytokine-induced effects, cancer stemness, immunoediting, immune-surveillance as well as understanding of molecular interactions emerging in the tumor microenvironment and involving microRNAs, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and DNA methylation processes may hold much promise in improving anti-tumor immunity. To this end, the emerging in-depth knowledge supports further studies on optimal synergistic combinations and additional adjuvant therapies to realize the full potential of cytokines as immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doxakis Anestakis
- Laboratory of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kalyvas
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Halkidiki, Poligiros 63100, Greece.
| | - Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Olga Tsave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Efrosini Kioseoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Salifoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Abstract
Over the past years, advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in innovative and novel approaches in molecular cancer diagnostics and cancer therapeutic procedures. However, due to tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumoral discrepancy in tumor immunity, the clinical benefits are quite restricted. The goal of this review is to evaluate the major cytokines-interleukins involved in cancer immunotherapy and project their basic biochemical and clinical applications. Emphasis will be given to new cytokines in pre-clinical development, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines. Furthermore, current interleukin-based approaches and clinical trial data from combination cancer immunotherapies will also be discussed. It appears that continuously increasing comprehension of cytokine-induced effects, cancer stemness, immunoediting, immune-surveillance as well as understanding of molecular interactions emerging in the tumor microenvironment and involving microRNAs, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and DNA methylation processes may hold much promise in improving anti-tumor immunity. To this end, the emerging in-depth knowledge supports further studies on optimal synergistic combinations and additional adjuvant therapies to realize the full potential of cytokines as immunotherapeutic agents.
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68
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Saddawi-Konefka R, O'Sullivan T, Gross ET, Washington A, Bui JD. Tumor-expressed IL-17D recruits NK cells to reject tumors. Oncoimmunology 2015; 3:e954853. [PMID: 25964859 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.954853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antitumor immunity suppresses tumorigenesis, but we do not understand how transformed cells initiate those immune responses that are essential for effective tumor immunosurveillance. Using the 3-MCA fibrosarcoma model, we identified IL-17D as a tumor-expressed cytokine that recruits natural killer cells, leading to the polarization of M1 macrophages and tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Emilie T Gross
- Department of Pathology; University of California ; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Allen Washington
- Department of Pathology; University of California ; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology; University of California ; San Diego, CA USA
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Th17 cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:651503. [PMID: 25152827 PMCID: PMC4137509 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The view of CD4 T-cell-mediated immunity as a balance between distinct lineages of Th1 and Th2 cells has changed dramatically. Identification of the IL-17 family of cytokines and of the fact that IL-23 mediates the expansion of IL-17-producing T cells uncovered a new subset of Th cells designated Th17 cells, which have emerged as a third independent T-cell subset that may play an essential role in protection against certain extracellular pathogens. Moreover, Th17 cells have been extensively analyzed because of their strong association with inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Also, they appear to be critical for controlling these disorders. Similar to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17 cells require specific cytokines and transcription factors for their differentiation. Th17 cells have been characterized as one of the major pathogenic Th cell populations underlying the development of many autoimmune diseases, and they are enhanced and stabilized by IL-23. The characteristics of Th17 cells, cytokines, and their sources, as well as their role in infectious and autoimmune diseases, are discussed in this review.
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