The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis

MEF2C Directly Interacts with Pre-miRNAs and Distinct RNPs to Post-Transcriptionally Regulate miR-23a-miR-27a-miR-24-2 microRNA Cluster Member Expression

Transcriptional regulation constitutes a key step in gene expression regulation. Myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is a transcription factor of the MADS box family involved in the early development of several cell types, including muscle cells. Over the last decade, a novel layer of complexity modulating gene regulation has emerged as non-coding RNAs have been identified, impacting both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. microRNAs represent the most studied and abundantly expressed subtype of small non-coding RNAs, and their functional roles have been widely documented. On the other hand, our knowledge of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that drive microRNA expression is still incipient. We recently demonstrated that MEF2C is able to transactivate the long, but not short, regulatory element upstream of the miR-23a-miR-27a-miR-24-2 transcriptional start site. However, MEF2C over-expression and silencing, respectively, displayed distinct effects on each of the miR-23a-miR-27a-miR-24-2 mature cluster members without affecting pri-miRNA expression levels, thus supporting additional MEF2C-driven regulatory mechanisms. Within this study, we demonstrated a complex post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism directed by MEF2C in the regulation of miR-23a-miR-27a-miR-24-2 cluster members, distinctly involving different domains of the MEF2C transcription factor and the physical interaction with pre-miRNAs and Ksrp, HnRNPa3 and Ddx17 transcripts.

MicroRNA-126 (MiR-126): key roles in related diseases

In eukaryotes such as humans, some non-coding single-stranded RNAs (ncRNAs) help to regulate the pre- and post-transcriptional expression of certain genes, which in turn control many important physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, distinctions, invasion, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. microRNA-126 is an important member of these miRNAs that can be directly or indirectly involved in the control of angiogenesis. Recently, numerous studies have expounded that microRNA-126 can inhibit or promote angiogenesis as well as attenuate inflammatory responses through complex molecular mechanisms. As such, it serves as a biomarker or potential therapeutic target for the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of relevant diseases. In this review, we present the advancements in research regarding microRNA-126's role in the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases, aiming to provide innovative therapeutic options for the diagnosis and treatment of clinically relevant diseases.

Exploring the role of epicardial adipose-tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a fat depot located between the myocardium and the visceral layer of the epicardium, which, owing to its location, can influence surrounding tissues and can act as a local transducer of systemic inflammation. The mechanisms upon which such influence depends on are however unclear. Given the role EAT undoubtedly has in the scheme of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), understanding the impact of its cellular components is of upmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute promising candidates to fill the gap in the knowledge concerning the unexplored mechanisms through which EAT promotes onset and progression of CVDs. Owing to their ability of transporting active biomolecules, EAT-derived EVs have been reported to be actively involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury, coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Exploring the precise functions EVs exert in this context may aid in connecting the dots between EAT and CVDs.

Applications of Exosomal miRNAs from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Skin Boosters

The skin is the outer layer of the human body, and it is crucial in defending against injuries and damage. The regenerative capacity of aging and damaged skin caused by exposure to external stimuli is significantly impaired. Currently, the rise in average life expectancy and the modern population's aesthetic standards have sparked a desire for stem-cell-based therapies that can address skin health conditions. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as therapeutic agents have provided a promising and effective alternative for managing skin regeneration and rejuvenation, attributing to their healing capacities that can be applied to damaged and aged skin. However, it has been established that the therapeutic effects of MSC may be primarily mediated by paracrine mechanisms, particularly the release of exosomes (Exos). Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have lipid bilayer and membrane structures and can be naturally released by different types of cells. They influence the physiological and pathological processes of recipient cells by transferring a variety of bioactive molecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) between cells, thus playing an important role in intercellular communication and activating signaling pathways in target cells. Among them, miRNAs, a type of endogenous regulatory non-coding RNA, are often incorporated into exosomes as important signaling molecules regulating protein biosynthesis. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomal miRNAs from MSC play a key role in skin regeneration and rejuvenation by targeting multiple genes and regulating various biological processes, such as participating in inflammatory responses, cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the recent studies and observations on how MSC-derived exosomal miRNAs contribute to the regeneration and rejuvenation of skin tissue, with particular attention to the applications of bioengineering methods for manipulating the miRNA content of exosome cargo to improve their therapeutic potential. This review can provide new clues for the diagnosis and treatment of skin damage and aging, as well as assist investigators in exploring innovative therapeutic strategies for treating a multitude of skin problems with the aim of delaying skin aging, promoting skin regeneration, and maintaining healthy skin.

Effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on bovine serum microRNA abundance

The objective was to determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction during gestation on serum microRNA (miRNA) abundance in cattle. Primiparous Angus-cross cows (n=22) were fed either control (CON; to gain 1 Kg/week) or nutrient restricted (NR; 0.55% NEm) diets based on National Research Council requirements. On day 30 of gestation, cows were blocked by body condition and randomly assigned to one of three diets: CON (n=8) days 30-190; NR (n=7) days 30-110 followed by CON days 110-190 (NR/C); or CON (n=7) days 30-110 followed by NR days 110-190 (C/NR). At 190 days of gestation, maternal serum was collected for RNA isolation and analyzed using a miRNA microarray of known Bos taurus sequences. Data were normalized using LOWESS and analyzed via ANOVA. At 190 days of gestation, 16 miRNAs exhibited differential abundance (P<0.05) between treatments. Cows that underwent NR, irrespective of when the insult occurred, had downregulated bta-miR-126-3p compared to CON cows. Bta-miR-16b was downregulated and three miRNAs upregulated in NR/C compared to C/NR and CON cows. Additionally, seven miRNAs were downregulated and four miRNAs upregulated in C/NR compared to NR/C and CON cows. Comparison of NR/C and C/NR cows revealed three differentially abundant (P<0.04) miRNAs (bta-miR-2487_L-2R-3_1ss15CT, bta-miR-215, and bta-miR-760-5p). Top KEGG pathway enrichment of target genes included: pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, focal adhesion, Ras signaling, proteoglycans in cancer, and MAPK signaling. In summary, maternal nutrient restriction altered serum miRNA abundance profiles irrespective of the time at which the nutritional insult was induced.

Compounding engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A potential rescue strategy for retinal degeneration

The prevalence of retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, has been increasing globally and is linked to the aging population and improved life expectancy. These diseases are characterized by chronic, progressive neuronal damage or depletion of the photoreceptor cells in the retina, and limited effective treatment options are currently available. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) containing cytokines, growth factors, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, which act as mediators of intercellular communication transferring bioactive molecules to recipient cells, offer an appealing, non-cellular nanotherapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases. However, treatment specificity is compromised due to their high heterogeneity in size, content, functional effects, and parental cellular source. To improve this, engineered MSC-EXOs with increased drug-loading capacity, targeting ability, and resistance to bodily degradation and elimination have been developed. This review summarizes the recent advances in miRNAs of MSC-EXOs as a treatment for retinal degeneration, discussing the strategies and methods for engineering therapeutic MSC-EXOs. Notably, to address the single functional role of engineered MSC-EXOs, we propose a novel concept called "Compound Engineered MSC-EXOs (Co-E-MSC-EXOs)" along with its derived potential therapeutic approaches. The advantages and challenges of employing Co-E-MSC-EXOs for retinal degeneration in clinical applications, as well as the strategies and issues related to them, are also highlighted.

Exosomal miR-126-3p: Potential protection against vascular damage by regulating the SLC7A5/mTOR Signalling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease. Vascular damage is one of the important features of SSc, which affects the progression and prognosis of the disease. MiR-126-3p is an important microRNA (miRNA) that regulates vascular structure and function, which can be transported through exosomes. However, the role of miR-126-3p in vascular damage in SSc is still unclear. Therefore, we focused on the connection between miR-126-3p and vascular damage in SSc, as well as investigated the potential role of miR-126-3p in vascular damage in SSc. First, this study successfully extracted extracellular vesicles from clinical plasma samples and characterized the exosomes within them. Then, we predicted and screened the target pathway mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the target gene SLC7A5 of miR-126-3p through online databases. Next, we constructed SSc mice for in vivo studies. The results showed that the expression of miR-126-3p was decreased in the plasma exosomes, while the SLC7A5 expression, autophagy, and lipid peroxidation were increased in the aorta. Luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that miR-126-3p can bind to SLC7A5, resulting in a decrease in its expression. In vitro experiments have shown that exosomal miR-126-3p can be internalized by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The miR-126-3p group exhibited enhanced cell viability and tube formation ability, along with increased expression of the vascular formation marker CD31. Additionally, miR-126-3p downregulated the protein expression of SLC7A5 and LC3 in HUVECs, while upregulating the protein expression of mTOR, P62, PPARγ, and CPT-1. However, the effects of miR-126-3p on HUVECs were counteracted by mTOR inhibitors and enhanced by mTOR activators. The results indicated that exosomal miR-126-3p has the potential to protect against vascular injury in SSc by regulating the SLC7A5/mTOR signalling pathway in HUVECs.

Emerging roles of HOTAIR lncRNA in the pathogenesis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases

Highlights HOTAIR, a long noncoding RNA, plays a role in the regulation of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it has been identified as a biomarker of this type of disease. Several factors and cells contribute to atherosclerosis, a progressive disease. However, the prognosis of HOTAIR in this disease varies depending on the path in which it plays a role. For this condition, there is no single prognosis to consider.

Infliximab therapy decreases the expression of serum and faecal miR-126 and miR-20a in paediatric Crohn's disease: A pilot study

AIM

We aimed to evaluate the serum and faecal expression of miR-126 and miR-20a in children with Crohn's disease (CD) during infliximab (IFX) therapy.

METHODS

In this prospective observational study, serum and faeces from CD patients were collected before IFX therapy (T0), after induction (T1) and after 6 months from IFX (T2). IFX levels were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at T1 and T2. miRNAs were profiled through Real-Time RT-PCR. The activity of disease was evaluated through the Paediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and faecal calprotectin.

RESULTS

Nine CD children were enrolled. Serum and faecal miR-126 and miR-20a levels were higher at T0 and showed a time-dependent decrease, being significantly down-regulated after IFX treatment at T2. Specifically, IFX levels recorded at T1 and T2 negatively correlated with the serum and faecal expression of miR-126 and miR-20a. Serum and faecal changes of miR-126 and miR20-a were positively associated with the decrease of the inflammatory marker CRP and PDCAI at all time points.

CONCLUSION

In children with CD, IFX therapy decreases the expression of serum and faecal miR-126 and miR-20a, suggesting an involvement of these two miRNAs in the action of the drug.

Translational bioinformatics approach to combat cardiovascular disease and cancers

Bioinformatics is an interconnected subject of science dealing with diverse fields including biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, mathematics, and computer science as the key fields to answer complicated physiological problems. Key intention of bioinformatics is to store, analyze, organize, and retrieve essential information about genome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, as well as organisms to investigate the biological system along with its dynamics, if any. The outcome of bioinformatics depends on the type, quantity, and quality of the raw data provided and the algorithm employed to analyze the same. Despite several approved medicines available, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) and cancers comprises of the two leading causes of human deaths. Understanding the unknown facts of both these non-communicable disorders is inevitable to discover new pathways, find new drug targets, and eventually newer drugs to combat them successfully. Since, all these goals involve complex investigation and handling of various types of macro- and small- molecules of the human body, bioinformatics plays a key role in such processes. Results from such investigation has direct human application and thus we call this filed as translational bioinformatics. Current book chapter thus deals with diverse scope and applications of this translational bioinformatics to find cure, diagnosis, and understanding the mechanisms of CVDs and cancers. Developing complex yet small or long algorithms to address such problems is very common in translational bioinformatics. Structure-based drug discovery or AI-guided invention of novel antibodies that too with super-high accuracy, speed, and involvement of considerably low amount of investment are some of the astonishing features of the translational bioinformatics and its applications in the fields of CVDs and cancers.

miRNAs as Biomolecular Markers for Food Safety, Quality, and Traceability in Poultry Meat-A Preliminary Study

In this study, the expression and abundance of two candidate chicken (Gallus gallus; gga) microRNAs (miRNAs, miR), gga-miR-21-5p (miR-21) and gga-miR-126-5p (miR-126), have been analyzed in order to identify biomarkers for the traceability and quality of poultry meat. Two breeds of broiler chickens were tested: the most common Ross308 (fast-growing) and the high-quality Ranger Gold (slow-growing). A preliminary analysis of the two miRNAs expressions was conducted across various tissues (liver, lung, spleen, skeletal muscle, and kidney), and the three tissues (lung, spleen, and muscle) with a higher expression were chosen for further analysis. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the expression of miRNAs in the three tissues of a total of thirteen animals was determined. The results indicate that miR-126 could be a promising biomarker for the lung tissue in the Ranger Gold (RG) breed (p < 0.01), thus suggesting a potential applicability for tracing hybrids. RG exhibits a significantly higher miR-126 expression in the lung tissue compared to the Ross308 broilers (R308), an indication of greater respiratory capacity and, consequently, a higher oxidative metabolism of the fast-growing hybrid. During sampling, two R308 broilers presented some anomalies, including airsacculitis, hepatic steatosis, and enlarged spleen. The expression of miR-126 and miR-21 was compared in healthy animals and in those presenting anomalies. Chickens with airsacculitis and hepatic steatosis showed an up-regulation of miR-21 and miR-126 in the most commercially valuable tissue, the skeletal muscle or breast (p < 0.05).

Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine

Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles enriched with miR-126 induce proangiogenic properties and promote repair of ischemic tissue

Emerging evidence suggests that stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may induce pro-regenerative effects in ischemic tissues by delivering bioactive molecules, including microRNAs. Recent studies have also shown pro-regenerative benefits of EVs derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of EV benefits and the role of their transferred regulatory molecules remain incompletely understood. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of human iPS-derived EVs (iPS-EVs) enriched in proangiogenic miR-126 (iPS-miR-126-EVs) on functional properties of human endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. We also examined the outcomes following EV injection in a murine model of limb ischemia in vivo. EVs were isolated from conditioned media from cultures of unmodified and genetically modified human iPS cells overexpressing miR-126. The iPS-miR-126-EVs were enriched in miR-126 when compared with control iPS-EVs and effectively transferred miR-126 along with other miRNAs to recipient ECs improving their functional properties essential for ischemic tissue repair, including proliferation, metabolic activity, cell survival, migration, and angiogenic potential. Injection of iPS-miR-126-EVs in vivo in a murine model of acute limb ischemia promoted angiogenesis, increased perfusion, and enhanced functional recovery. These observations corresponded with elevated expression of genes for several proangiogenic factors in ischemic tissues following iPS-miR-126-EV transplantation. These results indicate that innate pro-regenerative properties of iPS-EVs may be further enhanced by altering their molecular composition via controlled genetic modifications. Such iPS-EVs overexpressing selected microRNAs, including miR-126, may represent a novel acellular tool for therapy of ischemic tissues in vivo.

miRNAs in Heart Development and Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. They include conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, and congenital heart defects. CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new medical interventions that aim to prevent, treat, or manage CVDs are of prime importance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and play important roles in various biological processes, including cardiac development, function, and disease. Moreover, miRNAs can also act as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In order to identify and characterize miRNAs and their target genes, scientists take advantage of computational tools such as bioinformatic algorithms, which can also assist in analyzing miRNA expression profiles, functions, and interactions in different cardiac conditions. Indeed, the combination of miRNA research and bioinformatic algorithms has opened new avenues for understanding and treating CVDs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of miRNAs in cardiac development and CVDs, discuss the challenges and opportunities, and provide some examples of recent bioinformatics for miRNA research in cardiovascular biology and medicine.

Prothymosin α accelerates dengue virus-induced thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is the hallmark finding in dengue virus (DENV) infection. Prothymosin α (ProT) has both intracellular and extracellular functions involved in cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, gene regulation, oxidative stress response, and immunomodulation. In this study, we found that ProT levels were elevated in dengue patient sera as well as DENV-infected megakaryoblasts and their culture supernatants. ProT transgenic mice had reduced platelet counts with prolonged bleeding times. Upon treatment with DENV plus anti-CD41 antibody, they exhibited severe skin hemorrhage. Furthermore, overexpression of ProT suppressed megakaryocyte differentiation. Infection with DENV inhibited miR-126 expression, upregulated DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), downregulated GATA-1, and increased ProT expression. Upregulation of ProT led to Nrf2 activation and reduced reactive oxygen species production, thereby suppressing megakaryopoiesis. We report the pathophysiological role of ProT in DENV infection and propose an involvement of the miR-126-DNMT1-GATA-1-ProT-Nrf2 signaling axis in DENV-induced thrombocytopenia.

The role of exosomes and exosomal microRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a formidable cardiovascular complication linked to diabetes, is witnessing a relentless surge in its incidence. Despite extensive research efforts, the primary pathogenic mechanisms underlying this condition remain elusive. Consequently, a critical research imperative lies in identifying a sensitive and dependable marker for early diagnosis and treatment, thereby mitigating the onset and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Exosomes (EXOs), minute vesicles enclosed within bilayer lipid membranes, have emerged as a fascinating frontier in this quest, capable of transporting a diverse cargo that mirrors the physiological and pathological states of their parent cells. These exosomes play an active role in the intercellular communication network of the cardiovascular system. Within the realm of exosomes, MicroRNA (miRNA) stands as a pivotal molecular player, revealing its profound influence on the progression of DCM. This comprehensive review aims to offer an introductory exploration of exosome structure and function, followed by a detailed examination of the intricate role played by exosome-associated miRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our ultimate objective is to bolster our comprehension of DCM diagnosis and treatment strategies, thereby facilitating timely intervention and improved outcomes.

Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in solid tumors: current status and future directions

This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on receptor tyrosine kinase regulatory non-coding RNAs (RTK-RNAs) in solid tumors. RTK-RNAs belong to a class of non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) responsible for regulating the expression and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a critical role in cancer development and progression. The article explores the molecular mechanisms through which RTK-RNAs modulate RTK signaling pathways and highlights recent advancements in the field. This include the identification of potential new RTK-RNAs and development of therapeutic strategies targeting RTK-RNAs. While the review discusses promising results from a variety of studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with targeting RTK-RNAs for therapeutic applications. Further studies involving various cancer cell lines, animal models, and ultimately, patients are necessary to validate the efficacy of targeting RTK-RNAs. The specificity of ncRNAs in targeting cellular pathways grants them tremendous potential, but careful consideration is required to minimize off-target effects, the article additionally discusses the potential clinical applications of RTK-RNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In essence, by providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of RTK-RNAs in solid tumors, this review emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer while acknowledging the associated challenges and limitations.

Extracellular vesicles from differentiated stem cells contain novel proangiogenic miRNAs and induce angiogenic responses at low doses

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from healthy endothelial cells (ECs) have shown potential for promoting angiogenesis, but their therapeutic efficacy remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that transplantation of a human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cell product (hESC-ECP), promotes new vessel formation in acute ischemic disease in mice, likely via paracrine mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrated that EVs from hESC-ECPs (hESC-eEVs) significantly increased EC tube formation and wound closure in vitro at ultralow doses, whereas higher doses were ineffective. More important, EVs isolated from the mesodermal stage of the differentiation (hESC-mEVs) had no effect. Small RNA sequencing revealed that hESC-eEVs have a unique transcriptomic profile and are enriched in known proangiogenic microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs). Moreover, an in silico analysis identified three novel hESC-eEV-miRNAs with potential proangiogenic function. Differential expression analysis suggested that two of those, miR-4496 and miR-4691-5p, are highly enriched in hESC-eEVs. Overexpression of miR-4496 or miR-4691-5p resulted in increased EC tube formation and wound closure in vitro, validating the novel proangiogenic function of these miRNAs. In summary, we demonstrated that hESC-eEVs are potent inducers of EC angiogenic response at ultralow doses and contain a unique EV-associated miRNA repertoire, including miR-4496 and miR-4691-5p, with novel proangiogenic function.

Platelet-enriched microRNAs as novel biomarkers in atherosclerotic and cardiovascular disease patients

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health challenge. Various studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors play roles in the development and progression of CVD. Small non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRs), regulate gene expression and have key roles in essential cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, differentiation, and proliferation. Currently, clinical studies highlight the critical role of platelets and miRs in coronary thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and CVD.

METHODS

Using search engines such as PubMed and Scopus, articles studying platelet miRs and their effects on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease were reviewed.

RESULTS

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the association of platelet-related miRs as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, data show that platelet-related miRs not only play important roles in the initial development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but they are also considered prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in CVD.

Autophagy Behavior in Endothelial Cell Regeneration

Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis through the turnover of intracellular components during stress conditions in a lysosomal-dependent manner. The regeneration strategy involves several aspects, including autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic degenerative lysosomal-dependent degradation of intracellular components. Autophagy modifies cellular and subcellular endothelial cell functions, including mitochondria stress, lysosomal stress, and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Activation of common signaling pathways of autophagy and regeneration and enhancement of intracellular endothelial cell metabolism serve as the bases for the induction of endothelial regeneration. Endothelial progenitor cells include induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), embryonic stem cells, and somatic cells, such as fibroblasts. Future strategies of endothelial cell regeneration involve the induction of autophagy to minimize the metabolic degeneration of the endothelial cells and optimize the regeneration outcomes.

Cerebrovascular miRNAs Track Early Development of Alzheimer's Disease and Target Molecular Markers of Angiogenesis and Blood Flow Regulation

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired cerebral circulation which underscores diminished delivery of blood oxygen and nutrients to and throughout the brain. In the 3xTg-AD mouse model, we have recently found that > 10 cerebrovascular miRNAs pertaining to vascular permeability, angiogenesis, and inflammation (e.g., let-7d, miR-99a, miR-132, miR-133a, miR-151-5p, and miR-181a) track early development of AD. Further, endothelial-specific miRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-23a/b, miR-27a) alter with onset of overall AD pathology relative to stability of smooth muscle/pericyte-specific miRNAs (miR-143, miR-145).

Objective

We tested the hypothesis that cerebrovascular miRNAs indicating AD pathology share mRNA targets that regulate key endothelial cell functions such as angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and blood flow regulation.

Methods

As detected by NanoString nCounter miRNA Expression panel for 3xTg-AD mice, 61 cerebrovascular miRNAs and respective mRNA targets were examined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for canonical Cardiovascular (Cardio) and Nervous System (Neuro) Signaling.

Results

The number of targets regulated per miRNA were 21±2 and 33±3 for the Cardio and Neuro pathways respectively, whereby 14±2 targets overlap among pathways. Endothelial miRNAs primarily target members of the PDE, PDGF, SMAD, and VEGF families. Individual candidates regulated by≥4 miRNAs that best mark AD pathology presence in 3xTg-AD mice include CFL2, GRIN2B, PDGFB, SLC6A1, SMAD3, SYT3, and TNFRSF11B.

Conclusion

miRNAs selective for regulation of endothelial function and respective downstream mRNA targets support a molecular basis for dysregulated cerebral blood flow regulation coupled with enhanced cell growth, proliferation, and inflammation.

Unveiling the regulatory role of miRNAs in stroke pathophysiology and diagnosis

Stroke, a major global cause of mortality, leads to a range of problems for those who survive. Besides its brutal events, stroke also tends to have a characteristic of recurrence, making it a complex disease involving intricate regulatory networks. One of the major cellular regulators is the non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs), thus the possible functions of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of stroke are discussed as well as the possibility of using miRNA-based therapeutic approaches. Firstly, the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate vital physiological processes, including synaptic plasticity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are reviewed. The miRNA indirectly impacts stroke outcomes by regulating BBB function and angiogenesis through the targeting of transcription factors and angiogenic factors. In addition, the tendency for some miRNAs to be upregulated in response to hypoxia, which is a prevalent phenomenon in stroke and various neurological disorders, highlights the possibility that it controls hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling and angiogenesis, thereby influencing the integrity of the BBB as examples of the discussed mechanisms. Furthermore, this review explores the potential therapeutic targets that miRNAs may offer for stroke recovery and highlights their promising capacity to alleviate post-stroke complications. This review provides researchers and clinicians with valuable resources since it attempts to decipher the complex network of miRNA-mediated mechanisms in stroke. Additionally, the review addresses the interplay between miRNAs and stroke risk factors as well as clinical applications of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Recent advances in tissue repair of the blood-brain barrier after stroke

The selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) enables the necessary exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood and is important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Ischemic stroke inflicts damage upon the BBB, triggering adverse stroke outcomes such as cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and aggravated neuroinflammation. Therefore, effective repair of the damaged BBB after stroke and neovascularization that allows for the unique selective transfer of substances from the BBB after stroke is necessary and important for the recovery of brain function. This review focuses on four important therapies that have effects of BBB tissue repair after stroke in the last seven years. Most of these new therapies show increased expression of BBB tight-junction proteins, and some show beneficial results in terms of enhanced pericyte coverage at the injured vessels. This review also briefly outlines three effective classes of approaches and their mechanisms for promoting neoangiogenesis following a stroke.

RNA interference-based therapies for atherosclerosis: Recent advances and future prospects

Atherosclerosis represents a pathological state that affects the arterial system of the organism. This chronic, progressive condition is typified by the accumulation of atheroma within arterial walls. Modulation of RNA molecules through RNA-based therapies has expanded the range of therapeutic options available for neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, and, more recently, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Presently, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the most widely employed therapeutic strategies for targeting RNA molecules, and for regulating gene expression and protein production. Nevertheless, for these agents to be developed into effective medications, various obstacles must be overcome, including inadequate binding affinity, instability, challenges of delivering to the tissues, immunogenicity, and off-target toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we discuss in detail the current state of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapies.

Characterization of MicroRNA expression profiles in the ovarian tissue of goats during the sexual maturity period

BACKGROUND

The ovary is an important reproductive organ in mammals, and its development directly affects the sexual maturity and reproductive capacity of individuals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as regulators of reproductive physiological processes in various animals and have been shown to regulate ovarian development through typical targeting and translational repression. However, little is known about the regulatory role of miRNAs in ovarian tissue development during sexual maturity in goats. To comprehensively profile the different physiological stages of sexual maturation in goats, we performed small-RNA sequencing of ovarian tissue samples collected at four specific time points (1 day after birth (D1), 2 months old (M2), 4 months old (M4), and 6 months old (M6)). In addition, we used ELISAs to measure serum levels of reproductive hormones to study their temporal changes.

RESULTS

The results showed that serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol, progesterone, oxytocin, and prolactin were lower in goats at the D1 stage than at the other three developmental stages (P < 0.05). The secretion patterns of these seven hormones show a similar trend, with hormone levels reaching their peaks at 4 months of age. A total of 667 miRNAs were detected in 20 libraries, and 254 differentially expressed miRNAs and 3 groups of miRNA clusters that had unique expression patterns were identified (|log2-fold change|> 1, FDR < 0.05) in the 6 comparison groups. RT‒qPCR was employed to confirm that the expression pattern of the 15 selected miRNAs was consistent with the Illumina sequencing results. Gene ontology analyses revealed significant enrichment of GO terms such as cell proliferation regulation, epithelial cell development, and amino acid transport, as well as important signaling pathways including the MAPK signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the oestrogen signaling pathway. Further miRNA‒mRNA regulation network analysis revealed that 8 differentially expressed miRNAs (chi-miR-1343, chi-miR-328-3p, chi-miR-877-3p, chi-miR-296-3p, chi-miR-128-5p, chi-miR-331-3p, chi-miR-342-5p and chi-miR-34a) have important regulatory roles in ovarian cell proliferation, hormone secretion and metabolism-related biological processes.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our study investigated the changes in serum hormone and miRNA levels in the ovaries. These data provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in ovarian tissue during the sexual maturity period in goats.

The Brain-Heart Axis: Neuroinflammatory Interactions in Cardiovascular Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The role of neuroimmune modulation and inflammation in cardiovascular disease has been historically underappreciated. Physiological connections between the heart and brain, termed the heart-brain axis (HBA), are bidirectional, occur through a complex network of autonomic nerves/hormones and cytokines, and play important roles in common disorders.

RECENT FINDINGS

At the molecular level, advances in the past two decades reveal complex crosstalk mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the renin-angiotensin aldosterone and hypothalamus-pituitary axes, microRNA, and cytokines. Afferent pathways amplify proinflammatory signals via the hypothalamus and brainstem to the periphery, promoting neurogenic inflammation. At the organ level, while stress-mediated cardiomyopathy is the prototypical disorder of the HBA, cardiac dysfunction can result from a myriad of neurologic insults including stroke and spinal injury. Atrial fibrillation is not necessarily a causative factor for cardioembolic stroke, but a manifestation of an abnormal atrial substrate, which can lead to the development of stroke independent of AF. Central and peripheral neurogenic proinflammatory factors have major roles in the HBA, manifesting as complex bi-directional relationships in common conditions such as stroke, arrhythmia, and cardiomyopathy.

Alteration in serum miR126 expression in healthy adults observing Navratri fast

Background

Fasting is practiced by various religions in the world. The previous studies show the effect of fasting on biochemical markers in healthy subjects; however, no study is available on its effect on gene expression or epigenetic markers. In the present study, miR126, a microRNA, was measured in serum samples of healthy adult subjects, and their correlation with biochemical profile was carried out during the short-term fasting of the Navratri festival.

Methods

A total of 30 subjects who underwent fasting for 07 days during the Navratri festival were recruited for the study. The fasting blood samples were obtained at three different time points; day 1 of fasting, day 7 of fasting, and day 7 after completion of fasting period. The miR126 expression, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile were measured in all the three samples.

Results

The miR126 levels showed a decreasing trend with a significant difference across the three time points (p-value = 0.006). Fasting plasma glucose increased continuously across three time points without showing any statistical significance. Serum total cholesterol (p = 0.001) and triglycerides (p = 0.001) levels were decreased initially and then increased after resuming normal diet. There was a medium-level negative correlation (-0.332) between baseline fasting glucose level and miR126 level (p = 0.068).

Conclusion

The study revealed that serum levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were more dynamic than the miR126 levels. A significant decrease in the miR126 expression across three time points is a promising outcome of this pilot study and indicates its role in short-term fasting. However, the fasting plasma glucose showed heterogeneous values without significant correlation with miR126 levels.

Development of miR-26a-activated scaffold to promote healing of critical-sized bone defects through angiogenic and osteogenic mechanisms

Very large bone defects significantly diminish the vascular, blood, and nutrient supply to the injured site, reducing the bone's ability to self-regenerate and complicating treatment. Delivering nanomedicines from biomaterial scaffolds that induce host cells to produce bone-healing proteins is emerging as an appealing solution for treating these challenging defects. In this context, microRNA-26a mimics (miR-26a) are particularly interesting as they target the two most relevant processes in bone regeneration-angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, the main limitation of microRNAs is their poor stability and issues with cytosolic delivery. Thus, utilising a collagen-nanohydroxyapatite (coll-nHA) scaffold in combination with cell-penetrating peptide (RALA) nanoparticles, we aimed to develop an effective system to deliver miR-26a nanoparticles to regenerate bone defects in vivo. The microRNA-26a complexed RALA nanoparticles, which showed the highest transfection efficiency, were incorporated into collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds and in vitro assessment demonstrated the miR-26a-activated scaffolds effectively transfected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) resulting in enhanced production of vascular endothelial growth factor, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and greater mineralisation. After implantation in critical-sized rat calvarial defects, micro CT and histomorphological analysis revealed that the miR-26a-activated scaffolds improved bone repair in vivo, producing new bone of superior quality, which was highly mineralised and vascularised compared to a miR-free scaffold. This innovative combination of osteogenic collagen-nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds with multifunctional microRNA-26a complexed nanoparticles provides an effective carrier delivering nanoparticles locally with high efficacy and minimal off-target effects and demonstrates the potential of targeting osteogenic-angiogenic coupling using scaffold-based nanomedicine delivery as a new "off-the-shelf" product capable of healing complex bone injuries.

Circulating endothelial extracellular vesicle signatures correspond with ICU requirement: an exploratory study in COVID-19 patients

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent nanometer-sized, subcellular spheres, that are released from almost any cell type and carry a wide variety of biologically relevant cargo. In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other states of systemic pro-inflammatory activation, EVs, and their cargo can serve as conveyors and indicators for disease severity and progression. This information may help distinguish individuals with a less severe manifestation of the disease from patients who exhibit severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and require intensive care measures. Here, we investigated the potential of EVs and associated miRNAs to distinguish normal ward patients from intensive care unit (ICU) patients (N = 10/group), with 10 healthy donors serving as the control group. Blood samples from which plasma and subsequently EVs were harvested by differential ultracentrifugation (UC) were obtained at several points in time throughout treatment. EV-enriched fractions were characterized by flow cytometry (FC), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and qPCR to determine the presence of selected miRNAs. Circulating EVs showed specific protein signatures associated with endothelial and platelet origin over the course of the treatment. Additionally, significantly higher overall EV quantities corresponded with increased COVID-19 severity. MiR-223-3p, miR-191-5p, and miR-126-3p exhibited higher relative expression in the ICU group. Furthermore, EVs presenting endothelial-like protein signatures and the associated miR-126-3p showed the highest area under the curve in terms of receiver operating characteristics regarding the requirement for ICU treatment. In this exploratory investigation, we report that specific circulating EVs and miRNAs appear at higher levels in COVID-19 patients, especially when critical care measures are indicated. Our data suggest that endothelial-like EVs and associated miRNAs likely represent targets for future laboratory assays and may aid in clinical decision-making in COVID-19.

Potential Roles of microRNAs for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Eclampsia-Exposed Postpartum Women and Offspring

Pre-eclampsia, which is part of the spectrum of hypertensive pregnancy disorders, poses a significant health burden, contributing to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Pre-eclampsia is widely associated with persistent adverse effects on the cardiovascular health of women with a history of pre-eclampsia. Additionally, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that offspring of pre-eclamptic pregnancies have altered cardiac structure and function, as well as different vascular physiology due to the decrease in endothelial function. Therefore, early detection of the likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia-associated cardiovascular diseases is vital, as this could facilitate the undertaking of the necessary clinical measures to avoid disease progression. The utilisation of microRNAs as biomarkers is currently on the rise as microRNAs have been found to play important roles in regulating various physiological and pathophysiological processes. In regard to pre-eclampsia, recent studies have shown that the expression of microRNAs is altered in postpartum women and their offspring who have been exposed to pre-eclampsia, and that these alterations may persist for several years. This review, therefore, addresses changes in microRNA expression found in postpartum women and offspring exposed to pre-eclampsia, their involvement in cardiovascular disease, and the potential role of microRNAs to be used as predictive tools and therapeutic targets in future cardiovascular disease research.

Circulating levels of miR125a, miR126, and miR146a-5p in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and their relation with markers of endothelial dysfunction

BACKGROUND

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder that is associated with increased risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction are increased in OSA patients and microRNAs (miRs) are regulatory elements that influence these pathological mechanisms. miR125a, miR126, and miR146a-5p play a role in these pathological mechanisms and have not been evaluated in patients with OSA.

METHOD

This case-control study was performed on 90 OSA patients and 34 controls. Circulating levels of miR125a, miR126, and miR146a-5 were determined using real-time PCR, and serum levels of hsCRP, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were evaluated using ELISA kits.

RESULTS

miR125a and miR146a were elevated in patients with OSA compared to controls while miR126 decreased significantly. All three miRs indicated a remarkable difference between the mild-OSA group compared to the severe-OSA group. Furthermore, patients with OSA showed elevated levels of hsCRP, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Multiple linear regression indicated an independent association of miR125a with ICAM-1 and hsCRP, miR126 associated with VCAM-1 and total cholesterol, and miR146a-5p represented an association with apnea-hypopnea index and ICAM-1. Furthermore, miR146a-5p illustrated a good diagnostic ability to differentiate between OSA and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating miR125a, miR126, and miR146a-5p fluctuations in patients with OSA and their relations with markers of endothelial dysfunction provide in vivo evidence and suggest a potential role for these miRs with endothelial dysfunction in patients with OSA.

Steatotic hepatocyte-derived extracellular vesicles promote β-cell apoptosis and diabetes via microRNA-126a-3p

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a unique mediator of interorgan communications, playing important roles in the pathophysiologic process of various diseases, including diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Here, we reported that the EVs released by steatotic hepatocytes exerted a detrimental effect on pancreatic β cells, leading to β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction. The effect was profoundly attributable to an up-regulation of miR-126a-3p in the steatotic hepatocyte-derived EVs. Accordingly, overexpression of miR-126a-3p promoted, whereas inhibition of miR-126a-3p prevented β-cell apoptosis, through a mechanism related to its target gene, insulin receptor substrate-2. Moreover, inhibition of miR-126a-3p by its specific antagomir was able to partially reverse the loss of β-cell mass and ameliorate hyperglycaemia in diabetic mice. Thus, the findings reveal a novel pathogenic role of steatotic hepatocyte-derived EVs, which mechanistically links nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to the development of diabetes.

Non-coding RNAs' function in cancer development, diagnosis and therapy

While previous research on cancer biology has focused on genes that code for proteins, in recent years it has been discovered that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)play key regulatory roles in cell biological functions. NcRNAs account for more than 95% of human transcripts and are an important entry point for the study of the mechanism of cancer development. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs can act as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes to regulate tumor development at the epigenetic level, transcriptional level, as well as post-transcriptional level. Because of the importance of ncRNAs in cancer, most clinical trials have focused on ncRNAs to explore whether ncRNAs can be used as new biomarkers or therapies. In this review, we focus on recent studies of ncRNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circle RNAs (circRNAs), PIWI interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA in different types of cancer and explore the application of these ncRNAs in the development of cancer and the identification of relevant therapeutic targets and tumor biomarkers. Graphical abstract drawn by Fidraw.

MicroRNA regulators of vascular pathophysiology in chronic kidney disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a severe comorbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to heavy calcification in the medial layer and inflamed plaques. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification are major contributors that lead to artherosclerosis in CKD. The lack of specific symptoms and signs of CAD and decreased accuracy of noninvasive diagnostic tools result in delayed diagnosis leading to increased mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators present in various biofluids throughout the body. In the circulation, miRNAs have been reported to be encapsulated in extracellular vesicles and serve as stable messengers for crosstalk among cells. miRNAs are involved in pathophysiologic mechanisms including CAD and can potentially be extended from basic research to clinical translational practice.

MicroRNAs Associated with Disability Progression and Clinical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Glatiramer Acetate

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are promising biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aims to investigate the association between a preselected list of miRNAs in serum with therapeutic response to Glatiramer Acetate (GA) and with the clinical evolution of a cohort of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. We conducted a longitudinal study for 5 years, with cut-off points at 2 and 5 years, including 26 RRMS patients treated with GA for at least 6 months. A total of 6 miRNAs from a previous study (miR-9.5p, miR-126.3p, mir-138.5p, miR-146a.5p, miR-200c.3p, and miR-223.3p) were selected for this analysis. Clinical relapse, MRI activity, confirmed disability progression (CDP), alone or in combination (No Evidence of Disease Activity-3) (NEDA-3), and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), were studied. After multivariate regression analysis, miR-9.5p was associated with EDSS progression at 2 years (β = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.04-0.46; p = 0.047). Besides this, mean miR-138.5p values were lower in those patients with NEDA-3 at 2 years (p = 0.033), and miR-146a.5p and miR-126.3p were higher in patients with CDP progression at 2 years (p = 0.044 and p = 0.05 respectively. These results reinforce the use of microRNAs as potential biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. We will need more studies to corroborate these data and to better understand the role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of this disease.

A cellular regulator of the niche: telocyte

Interstitial cells are present in the environment of stem cells in order to increase stem cell proliferation and differentiation and they are important to increase the efficiency of their transplantation. Telocytes (TCs) play an important role both in the preservation of tissue organ integrity and in the pathophysiology of many diseases, especially cancer. They make homo- or heterocellular contacts to form the structure of 3D network through their telopodes and deliver signaling molecules via a juxtacrine and/or paracrine association by budding shed vesicles into the vascular, nervous and endocrine systems. During this interaction, along with organelles, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and genomic DNA are transferred. This review article not only specifies the properties of TCs and their roles in the tissue organ microenvironment but also gives information about the factors that play a role in the transport of epigenetic information by TCs.

Could Aneurysm and Atherosclerosis-Associated MicroRNAs (miR 24-1-5p, miR 34a-5p, miR 126-5p, miR 143-5p, miR 145-5p) Also Be Associated with Coronary Artery Ectasia?

Background: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE), known for localized or diffuse excessive dilatation of the coronary artery, has an unknown etiology, but it has been reported that the underlying cause may be atherosclerosis and genetic changes that may affect the arterial lumen. MicroRNAs have been shown to have an effect in aneurysm diseases and are known to contribute to vascular development and atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether they are also associated with CAE. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 25 patients with CAE and 25 subjects with normal coronary arteries. Blood was collected and miRNA expression was detected using the Rotor-GeneQ real-time polymerase chain reaction cycler (Qiagen) to investigate expression levels of miR-24-1-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-126-5p, miR-143-5p, and miR-145-5p. Results: Demographic variables of CAE (mean age 59.5 ± 1.7; 12 women) and controls (mean age 57.2 ± 2.1; 16 women) were similar. miR-126-5p (p = 0.014) and miR-145-5p (p = 0.003) levels were found to be <2-fold upregulated in CAE compared to controls; miR-143-5p also showed upregulation, but it was not significant (p = 0.078). Conversely, miR-24-1-5p (p = 0.032) levels were downregulated in CAE compared to controls. miR-34a-5p was also downregulated, but this was not considered significant (p = 0.185). Conclusions: According to our study findings, miR-126-5p, miR-145-5p, and miR-24-1-5p may be associated with CAE. These microRNAs could be of diagnostic and therapeutic significance for further studies of CAE involving abnormal angiogenesis and vascular disorders and potentially serve as useful biomarkers.

The role of microRNA in neuronal inflammation and survival in the post ischemic brain: a review

Each year, more than 790 000 people in the United States suffer from a stroke. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke (IS), new therapeutic interventions to protect the brain during an ischemic insult is highly needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs have a profound impact on ischemic stroke progression and are potential targets of novel treatments. Notably, inflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and its pathophysiologic progression. Experimental and clinical studies have illustrated that inflammatory molecular events collaboratively contribute to neuronal and glial cell survival, edema formation and regression, and vascular integrity. In the present review, we examine recent discoveries regarding miRNAs and their roles in post-ischemic stroke neuropathogenesis.

microRNA-223 and microRNA-126 are clinical indicators for predicting the plaque stability in carotid atherosclerosis patients

Studies have demonstrated the essential functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease. Herein, we explored the roles of miR-126 and miR-223 in the prediction of plaque stability in carotid atherosclerosis (CA).Patients with CA (N = 52) and healthy volunteers (N = 25) were recruited as the study subjects and controls. First, a miRNA microarray was performed to analyze the differentially expressed miRNAs in the serum of normal controls and patients with CA. Next, the correlations of miR-223 and miR-126 expression with plaque stability-related factors were analyzed. Then, the predictive efficacy of miR-223 and miR-126 on plaque stability was analyzed by the ROC curve, and the targeting relationships of miR-223 and miR-126 with COX2 were verified. Finally, the relationship between COX2 expression and CA plaque stability was analyzed. miR-223 and miR-126 were decreased in the serum of CA patients and had good diagnostic efficacy for CA. miR-223 and miR-126 in the serum of CA patients with unstable plaques were lower than that in patients with stable plaques. miR-223 and miR-126 were negatively correlated with plaque instability-related indicators, while COX2, a direct target of miR-223 and miR-126, was positively related to plaque instability-related indicators. Lowly expressed miR-223 and miR-126 in the serum of CA patients can be used as indicators for plaque stability.

Diagnostic significance of dysregulated miRNAs in T-cell malignancies and their metabolic roles

T-cell malignancy is a broad term used for a diverse group of disease subtypes representing dysfunctional malignant T cells transformed at various stages of their clonal evolution. Despite having similar clinical manifestations, these disease groups have different disease progressions and diagnostic parameters. The effective diagnosis and prognosis of such a diverse disease group demands testing of molecular entities that capture footprints of the disease physiology in its entirety. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of genes and, while doing so, leave behind specific miRNA signatures corresponding to cellular expression status in an altered stage of a disease. Using miRNAs as a diagnostic tool is justified, as they can effectively distinguish expressional diversity between various tumors and within subtypes of T-cell malignancies. As global attention for cancer diagnosis shifts toward liquid biopsy, diagnosis using miRNAs is more relevant in blood cancers than in solid tumors. We also lay forward the diagnostic significance of miRNAs that are indicative of subtype, progression, severity, therapy response, and relapse. This review discusses the potential use and the role of miRNAs, miRNA signatures, or classifiers in the diagnosis of major groups of T-cell malignancies like T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The review also briefly discusses major diagnostic miRNAs having prominent metabolic roles in these malignancies to highlight their importance among other dysregulated miRNAs.

Downregulation of miR-124-3p suppresses the development of the deep retinal blood vessels by enhancing the Stat1/Ripk1 pathway in mouse retinal microglia

The study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA (miR)-124-3p in retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model. An intravitreal injection of miR-124-3p antagomir was used to knockdown the expression of miR-124-3p in the mouse retina at postnatal day (P)3. Immunofluorescent staining of both retinal frozen sections and whole retina were used to observe retinal vascular development in the P6, P9 and P12 mice, as well as the changes in retinal ganglion cells, astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia. Whole retinal RNA extracted from P9 mice was used for transcriptome sequencing. Following gene set enrichment analysis, the enriched genes caused by miR-124-3p inhibition were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and western blot. Results indicated that deep vascular development was significantly inhibited by the activation of M1 phenotype microglia. Moreover, there were no notable effects on superficial retinal vascular development, the retinal ganglion cells, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The expression of the Stat1/Irf9/Eif2ak2/Ripk1 axis in the miR-124-3p knockdown group was significantly increased. The microglia penetrated deep into the retina and the activation of Ripk1(+) microglia significantly increased, which was accompanied by an increased level of apoptosis to inhibit the deep vascular sprout. Downregulation of miR-124-3p during the early retinal development can suppress the development of the deep retinal blood vessels by enhancing the expression level of the Stat1/Irf9/Eif2ak2/Ripk1 axis and inducing the cell apoptosis of the activation of Ripk1(+) microglia.

Regulatory effects of trimetazidine in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a tissue damage during reperfusion after an ischemic condition. I/R injury is induced by pathological cases including stroke, myocardial infarction, circulatory arrest, sickle cell disease, acute kidney injury, trauma, and sleep apnea. It can lead to increased morbidity and mortality in the context of these processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of I/R insult, which is induced via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and autophagy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are non-coding RNAs that play a main regulatory role in gene expression. Recently, there are evidence, which miRNAs are the major modulators of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial I/R injury. Cardiovascular miRNAs, specifically miR-21, and probably miR-24 and miR-126 have protective effects on myocardial I/R injury. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a new class of metabolic agents with an anti-ischemic activity. It has beneficial effects on chronic stable angina by suppressing mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. The present review study addressed the different mechanistic effects of TMZ on cardiac I/R injury. Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library were assessed for published studies between 1986 and 2021. TMZ, an antioxidant and metabolic agent, prevents the cardiac reperfusion injury by regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cystathionine-γ-lyase enzyme (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and miR-21. Therefore, TMZ protects the heart against I/R injury by inducing key regulators such as AMPK, CSE/H2S, and miR-21.

Bidirectional Communication Between the Brain and Other Organs: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles

A number of substances released by the brain under physiological and pathological conditions exert effects on other organs. In turn, substances produced primarily by organs such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, or the heart may have an impact on the metabolism and function and metabolism of the healthy and diseased brain. Despite a mounting amount of evidence supports such bidirectional communication between the brain and other organs, research on the function of molecular mediators carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) is in the early stages. In addition to being able to target or reach practically any organ, EVs have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to transport a range of substances (lipids, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) to recipient cells, exerting biological effects. Here, we review the function of EVs in bidirectional communication between the brain and other organs. In a small number of cases, the role has been explicitly proven; yet, in most cases, it relies on indirect evidence from EVs in cell culture or animal models. There is a dearth of research currently available on the function of EVs-carrying mediators in the bidirectional communication between the brain and bone marrow, adipose tissue, liver, heart, lungs, and gut. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine how EVs facilitate communication between the brain and other organs.

New Insights into the Reparative Angiogenesis after Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes massive loss of cardiac myocytes and injury to the coronary microcirculation, overwhelming the limited capacity of cardiac regeneration. Cardiac repair after MI is finely organized by complex series of procedures involving a robust angiogenic response that begins in the peri-infarcted border area of the infarcted heart, concluding with fibroblast proliferation and scar formation. Efficient neovascularization after MI limits hypertrophied myocytes and scar extent by the reduction in collagen deposition and sustains the improvement in cardiac function. Compelling evidence from animal models and classical in vitro angiogenic approaches demonstrate that a plethora of well-orchestrated signaling pathways involving Notch, Wnt, PI3K, and the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration through ion channels, regulate angiogenesis from existing endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the infarcted heart. Moreover, cardiac repair after MI involves cell-to-cell communication by paracrine/autocrine signals, mainly through the delivery of extracellular vesicles hosting pro-angiogenic proteins and non-coding RNAs, as microRNAs (miRNAs). This review highlights some general insights into signaling pathways activated under MI, focusing on the role of Ca2+ influx, Notch activated pathway, and miRNAs in EC activation and angiogenesis after MI.

Cold water immersion in recovery following a single bout resistance exercise suppresses mechanisms of miRNA nuclear export and maturation

Cold water immersion (CWI) following intense exercise is a common athletic recovery practice. However, CWI impacts muscle adaptations to exercise training, with attenuated muscle hypertrophy and increased angiogenesis. Tissue temperature modulates the abundance of specific miRNA species and thus CWI may affect muscle adaptations via modulating miRNA expression following a bout of exercise. The current study focused on the regulatory mechanisms involved in cleavage and nuclear export of mature miRNA, including DROSHA, EXPORTIN-5, and DICER. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of young males (n = 9) at rest and at 2, 4, and 48 h of recovery from an acute bout of resistance exercise, followed by either 10 min of active recovery (ACT) at ambient temperature or CWI at 10°C. The abundance of key miRNA species in the regulation of intracellular anabolic signaling (miR-1 and miR-133a) and angiogenesis (miR-15a and miR-126) were measured, along with several gene targets implicated in satellite cell dynamics (NCAM and PAX7) and angiogenesis (VEGF and SPRED-1). When compared to ACT, CWI suppressed mRNA expression of DROSHA (24 h p = 0.025 and 48 h p = 0.017), EXPORTIN-5 (24 h p = 0.008), and DICER (24 h p = 0.0034). Of the analyzed miRNA species, miR-133a (24 h p < 0.001 and 48 h p = 0.007) and miR-126 (24 h p < 0.001 and 48 h p < 0.001) remained elevated at 24 h post-exercise in the CWI trial only. Potential gene targets of these miRNA, however, did not differ between trials. CWI may therefore impact miRNA abundance in skeletal muscle, although the precise physiological relevance needs further investigation.

Localized Prox1 Regulates Aortic Valve Endothelial Cell Diversity and Extracellular Matrix Stratification in Mice

BACKGROUND

Specialized valve endothelial cell (VEC) populations are localized oriented to blood flow in developing aortic and mitral valves, but their roles in valve development and disease are unknown. In the aortic valve (AoV), a population of VECs on the fibrosa side expresses the transcription factor Prox1 together with genes found in lymphatic ECs. In this study, we examine Prox1's role in regulating a lymphatic-like gene network and promoting VEC diversity required for the development of the stratified trilaminar extracellular matrix (ECM) of murine AoV leaflets.

METHODS

To determine whether disruption of Prox1 localization affects heart valve development, we generated mice (NFATc1enCre Prox1 gain-of-function) in which Prox1 is overexpressed on the ventricularis side of the AoV beginning in embryonic development. To identify potential targets of Prox1, we performed cleavage under targets and release using nuclease on wild-type and NFATc1enCre Prox1 gain-of-function AoVs with validation by colocalization in vivo using RNA in situ hybridization in NFATc1enCre Prox1 gain-of-function AoVs. Natural induction of Prox1 and target gene expression was evaluated in myxomatous AoVs in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome (Fbn1C1039G/+).

RESULTS

The overexpression of Prox1 is sufficient to cause enlargement of AoVs by postnatal day (P)0, as well as a decrease in ventricularis-specific gene expression and disorganized interstitial ECM layers at P7. We identified potential targets of Prox1 known to play roles in lymphatic ECs including Flt1, Efnb2, Egfl7, and Cx37. Ectopic Prox1 colocalized with induced Flt1, Efnb2, and Cx37 expression in NFATc1enCre Prox1 gain-of-function AoVs. Moreover, in Marfan syndrome myxomatous AoVs, endogenous Prox1, and its identified targets, were ectopically induced in ventricularis side VECs.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support a role for Prox1 in localized lymphatic-like gene expression on the fibrosa side of the AoV. Furthermore, localized VEC specialization is required for development of the stratified trilaminar ECM critical for AoV function and is dysregulated in congenitally malformed valves.

Identification of common sequence motifs shared exclusively among selectively packed exosomal pathogenic microRNAs during rickettsial infections

We previously reported that microRNA (miR)23a and miR30b are selectively sorted into exosomes derived from rickettsia-infected endothelial cells (R-ECExos). Yet, the mechanism remains unknown. Cases of spotted fever rickettsioses have been increasing, and infections with these bacteria cause life-threatening diseases by targeting brain and lung tissues. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to further dissect the molecular mechanism underlying R-ECExos-induced barrier dysfunction of normal recipient microvascular endothelial cells (MECs), depending on their exosomal RNA cargos. Infected ticks transmit the rickettsiae to human hosts following a bite and injections of the bacteria into the skin. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment with R-ECExos, which were derived from spotted fever group R parkeri infected human dermal MECs, induced disruptions of the paracellular adherens junctional protein VE-cadherin, and breached the paracellular barrier function in recipient pulmonary MECs (PMECs) in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. We did not detect different levels of miRs in parent dermal MECs following rickettsial infections. However, we demonstrated that the microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 cluster and miR30b are selectively enriched in R-ECExos. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that common sequence motifs are shared exclusively among the exosomal, selectively-enriched miR23a cluster and miR30b at different levels. Taken together, these data warrant further functional identification and characterization of a monopartition, bipartition, or tripartition among ACA, UCA, and CAG motifs that guide recognition of microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 and miR30b, and subsequently results in their selective enrichments in R-ECExos.

Hsa_circ_0002348 regulates trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis through miR-126-3p/BAK1 axis in preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs. Abnormal placenta and vascular function can lead to preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence has suggested a potential link between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and preeclampsia. As a placenta and endothelial-expressed circRNA, hsa_circ_0002348, may be promising to be the novel molecular target for preeclampsia. However, the function and mechanism of hsa_circ_0002348 in preeclampsia has not been elucidated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An overlap analysis of two circRNA profiles from placenta and endothelial cells was used to identify a functionally unknown circRNA, hsa_circ_0002348. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used to detect its expression in the trophoblast cells and placental tissues. The mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preeclampsia was established to determine the in vivo role of hsa_circ_0002348. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), Luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, western blot, gain- and loss-of-function and rescue experiments were conducted to uncover the role of hsa_circ_0002348 and its interaction with miR-126-3p and BAK1 in regulating trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to examine the expression of miR-126-3p and BAK1 in mice and human placentas, respectively.

RESULTS

Hsa_circ_0002348 was significantly increased in the preeclampsia placentas, and positively correlated with the severity of preeclampsia patients' clinical manifestations. Its overexpression exacerbated preeclampsia-like features in the mouse model of LPS-induced preeclampsia. Functionally, hsa_circ_0002348 was found to inhibit trophoblast proliferation and promote trophoblast apoptosis. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0002348, as an endogenous miR-126-3p sponge, upregulated the expression of BAK1. Additionally, both hsa_circ_0002348 knockdown and miR-126-3p overexpression enhanced the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Hsa_circ_0002348 might be a novel regulator of trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis through miR-126-3p/BAK1 axis in preeclampsia, which may serve as a potential target for detecting and treating preeclampsia.

Multi-omics in thoracic aortic aneurysm: the complex road to the simplification

BACKGROUND

Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a serious condition that affects the aorta, characterized by the dilation of its first segment. The causes of TAA (e.g., age, hypertension, genetic syndromes) are heterogeneous and contribute to the weakening of the aortic wall. This complexity makes treating this life-threatening aortopathy challenging, as there are currently no etiological therapy available, and pharmacological strategies, aimed at avoiding surgical aortic replacement, are merely palliative. Recent studies on novel therapies for TAA have focused on identifying biological targets and etiological mechanisms of the disease by using advanced -omics techniques, including epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches.

METHODS

This review presents the latest findings from -omics approaches and underscores the importance of integrating multi-omics data to gain more comprehensive understanding of TAA.

RESULTS

Literature suggests that the alterations in TAA mediators frequently involve members of pro-fibrotic process (i.e., TGF-β signaling pathways) or proteins associated with cell/extracellular structures (e.g., aggrecans). Further analyses often reported the importance in TAA of processes as inflammation (PCR, CD3, leukotriene compounds), oxidative stress (chromatin OXPHOS, fatty acids), mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (e.g., PPARs and HIF1a). Of note, more recent metabolomics studies added novel molecular markers to the list of TAA-specific detrimental mediators (proteoglycans).

CONCLUSION

It is increasingly clear that integrating data from different -omics branches, along with clinical data, is essential as well as complicated both to reveal hidden relevant information and to address complex diseases such as TAA. Importantly, recent progresses in metabolomics highlighted novel potential and unprecedented marks in TAA diagnosis and therapy.

High miR-126-3p levels associated with cardiovascular events in a general population

BACKGROUND

Endothelial dysfunction is a forerunner of atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular disease, and albuminuria is a marker of endothelial dysfunction. Circulating levels of microRNAs are emerging as potential biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Here we estimate the predictive value of a plasma microRNAs signature associated with albuminuria in the incidence of cardiovascular events.

METHODS

Plasma microRNAs quantified in hypertensive patients by next generation sequencing were validated in a cohort of patients and controls by real-time quantitative PCR. The microRNAs found to be associated with albuminuria were analysed for their prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular events incidence on a retrospective, population-based study (Hortega Study), using Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS

A plasma microRNA profile was identified in the discovery cohort (n = 48) associated with albuminuria and three microRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-1260b and miR-374a-5p) were confirmed in the validation cohort (n = 98). The microRNA signature discriminates urinary albumin excretion at baseline (n = 1025), and predicts the incidence of cardiovascular events and coronary heart disease and stroke in a general population retrospective study within a 14-year follow-up (n = 926). High miR-126-3p levels were associated with a shorter time free of both cardiovascular events (HR=1.48, (1.36-1.62), p < 0.0001), as well as coronary artery disease and stroke combined (HR=2.49, (2.19-2.83), p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

An increased plasma microRNAs profile was identified in hypertensive patients with albuminuria. Increased miR-126-3p suggest it may serve as a prognostic marker for cardiovascular events in a long-term general population. Further studies will assess the potential role of miR-126-3p as a guide for the status of endothelial dysfunction.