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Park CS, Choi J, Seong MK, Hong SE, Kim JS, Park IC, Seol H, Noh WC, Kim HA. pS6K1 as an efficacy marker of GnRH agonist with premenopausal breast cancer. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:863-869. [PMID: 31252399 PMCID: PMC6599072 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol is a key factor for tumorigenesis and prognosis of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Adipocytes are one source of estradiol in patients with breast cancer. Recent studies have shown that phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 plays a critical role in adipogenesis. Therefore, estrogen depletion therapy might have beneficial effects in phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1-positive breast cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the value of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 as a marker for gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment, a form of estrogen depletion therapy, for premenopausal patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. We reviewed the medical records of 296 premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative primary invasive breast cancer treated between 2008 and 2015. Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 positivity was defined by immunohistochemical staining scores of 1+, 2+ and 3+, whereas a score of 0 was considered negative. Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1-positive tumors were found in 74.0% of the patients. In the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1-positive group, disease-free survival of patients treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist was significantly longer than that of patients treated without a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (mean 106.7 months vs mean 91.1 months, P = 0.018). Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 is a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy in premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sub Park
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of General Surgery, National Medical Center, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Seong
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Hong
- Radiation Medicine Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Radiation Medicine Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesil Seol
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Chul Noh
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ah Kim
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence should be addressed to H-A Kim:
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Yiew NKH, Greenway C, Zarzour A, Ahmadieh S, Goo B, Kim D, Benson TW, Ogbi M, Tang YL, Chen W, Stepp D, Patel V, Hilton R, Lu XY, Hui DY, Kim HW, Weintraub NL. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism independent of adipogenic differentiation: Role of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8577-8591. [PMID: 30971429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an epigenetic regulator that plays a key role in cell differentiation and oncogenesis, was reported to promote adipogenic differentiation in vitro by catalyzing trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27. However, inhibition of EZH2 induced lipid accumulation in certain cancer and hepatocyte cell lines. To address this discrepancy, we investigated the role of EZH2 in adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism using primary human and mouse preadipocytes and adipose-specific EZH2 knockout (KO) mice. We found that the EZH2-selective inhibitor GSK126 induced lipid accumulation in human adipocytes, without altering adipocyte differentiation marker gene expression. Moreover, adipocyte-specific EZH2 KO mice, generated by crossing EZH2 floxed mice with adiponectin-Cre mice, displayed significantly increased body weight, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte cell size and reduced very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, as compared with littermate controls. These phenotypic alterations could not be explained by differences in feeding behavior, locomotor activity, metabolic energy expenditure, or adipose lipolysis. In addition, human adipocytes treated with either GSK126 or vehicle exhibited comparable rates of glucose-stimulated triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid uptake. Mechanistically, lipid accumulation induced by GSK126 in adipocytes was lipoprotein-dependent, and EZH2 inhibition or gene deletion promoted lipoprotein-dependent lipid uptake in vitro concomitant with up-regulated apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression. Deletion of ApoE blocked the effects of GSK126 to promote lipoprotein-dependent lipid uptake in murine adipocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that EZH2 inhibition promotes lipoprotein-dependent lipid accumulation via inducing ApoE expression in adipocytes, suggesting a novel mechanism of lipid regulation by EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Charlotte Greenway
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Samah Ahmadieh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Brandee Goo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Tyler W Benson
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mourad Ogbi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Yao Liang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Vijay Patel
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Renee Hilton
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Digestive Diseases Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912.
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Ahmed AR, Owens RJ, Stubbs CD, Parker AW, Hitchman R, Yadav RB, Dumoux M, Hawes C, Botchway SW. Direct imaging of the recruitment and phosphorylation of S6K1 in the mTORC1 pathway in living cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3408. [PMID: 30833605 PMCID: PMC6399282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of protein signalling pathways in the working cell is seen as a primary route to identifying and developing targeted medicines. In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the importance of the mTOR pathway, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in several diseases. Within this pathway we have focused on S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), the downstream phosphorylation substrate of mTORC1, and specifically identify its juxtaposition with mTORC1. When S6K1 is co-expressed with raptor we show that S6K1 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. By developing a novel biosensor we demonstrate in real-time, that phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation of S6K1 occurs mainly in the cytoplasm of living cells. Furthermore, we show that the scaffold protein raptor, that typically recruits mTOR substrates, is not always involved in S6K1 phosphorylation. Overall, we demonstrate how FRET-FLIM imaging technology can be used to show localisation of S6K1 phosphorylation in living cells and hence a key site of action of inhibitors targeting mTOR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah R Ahmed
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher D Stubbs
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Richard Hitchman
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Rahul B Yadav
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Maud Dumoux
- Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
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Nam KH, Yi SA, Lee J, Lee MG, Park JH, Oh H, Lee J, Park JW, Han JW. Eudesmin impairs adipogenic differentiation via inhibition of S6K1 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1148-1153. [PMID: 30316515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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He T, He L, Gao E, Hu J, Zang J, Wang C, Zhao J, Ma X. Fat deposition deficiency is critical for the high mortality of pre-weanling newborn piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:66. [PMID: 30155244 PMCID: PMC6109977 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high mortality of pre-weanling piglets is a dominant challenge which severely restricts the development of pig industry. A number of factors including nutrients imbalance and temperature variation during postnatal period of piglets have been reported to closely associated with the high mortality of postnatal piglets. This study aims to find out the relationship between fat deposition and survival of newborn piglets. RESULTS There were no differences in organ coefficient and bone density between the surviving and dead piglets (P > 0.05). The body weight and the fat deposition in the dead piglets were lower than the live individuals (P < 0.05). Consistently, the average sizes of white adipocytes in back and abdominal adipose tissues of dead piglets were smaller than the survivals (P < 0.05). The protein expression levels of adipocyte differentiation markers PPARγ and C/EBPα in the back and abdominal adipose tissues were lower in dead piglets compared to live piglets. The mRNA expressions of thermogenic markers PGC1α and PRDM16 in adipose tissues were decreased in the dead piglets (P < 0.05). The microarray of back fat samples from the surviving and dead piglets were conducted; two down-regulated genes namely AAMDC and CASTOR1 were identified from the dead piglets. According to quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, the mRNA expression of AAMDC decreased, whereas CASTOR1 expression elevated in the dead piglets compared to the surviving piglets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The fat deposition and adipocyte differentiation in the dead piglets are insufficient compared to the surviving piglets, which may attenuate the thermogenic ability of white adipose tissue (WAT). Our data indicate that fat deposition in newborn piglets is vital to their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Enen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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56
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Yi SA, Lee J, Park SK, Kim JY, Park JW, Lee MG, Nam KH, Park JH, Oh H, Kim S, Han J, Kim BK, Jo DG, Han JW. Fermented ginseng extract, BST204, disturbs adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through inhibition of S6 kinase 1 signaling. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:58-66. [PMID: 32148390 PMCID: PMC7033330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological and pharmacological effects of BST204, a fermented ginseng extract, have been reported in various disease conditions. However, its molecular action in metabolic disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified the antiadipogenic activity of BST204 resulting from its inhibition of the S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling pathway. Methods The inhibitory effects of BST204 on S6K1 signaling were investigated by immunoblot, nuclear fractionation, immunoprecipitation analyses. The antiadipogenic effect of BST204 was evaluated by measuring mRNA levels of adipogenic genes and by chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results Treatment with BST204 inhibited activation and nuclear translocation of S6K1, further decreasing the interaction between S6K1 and histone H2B in 10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Subsequently, phosphorylation of H2B at serine 36 (H2BS36p) by S6K1 was reduced by BST204, inducing an increase in the mRNA expression of Wnt6, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, which disturbed adipogenic differentiation and promoted myogenic and early osteogenic gene expression. Consistently, BST204 treatment during adipogenic commitment suppressed the expression of adipogenic marker genes and lipid drop formation. Conclusion Our results indicate that BST204 blocks adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through the inhibition of S6K1-mediated histone phosphorylation. This study suggests the potential therapeutic strategy using BST204 to combat obesity and musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Research Institute, Green Cross WellBeing, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom Yong Kim
- Research Institute, Green Cross WellBeing, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hun Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwamok Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saetbyul Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Wu X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Li J, Chang K, Sun C, Jia Z, Gao S, Wei J, Xu J, Xu Y, Li Q. GSK126 alleviates the obesity phenotype by promoting the differentiation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in diet-induced obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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58
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Wan D, Liu C, Sun Y, Wang W, Huang K, Zheng L. MacroH2A1.1 cooperates with EZH2 to promote adipogenesis by regulating Wnt signaling. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:325-337. [PMID: 28992292 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes play important roles in many physiological processes, including energy storage, endocrine signaling, and inflammatory responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte formation (adipogenesis) provides insights into therapeutic approaches against obesity and its related diseases. Many transcriptional factors and epigenetic enzymes are known to regulate adipogenesis; however, whether histone variants play a role in this process is unknown. Here we found that macroH2A1.1 (mH2A1.1), a variant of histone H2A, was upregulated during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and in the white adipose tissue of obese mice. Ablation of mH2A1.1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, while overexpression of mH2A1.1 showed opposite effects. We further found that mH2A1.1 regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by cooperating with EZH2, a histone H3K27 methyltransferase, thus led to accumulation of H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 on the promoters of Wnt genes. Mutations in the macro-domain, mH2A1.1G224E, and mH2A1.1G314E, not only impaired adipogenesis, but also impaired the binding ability of mH2A1.1 to EZH2 and the enrichments of H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 on the promoters of Wnt genes. Together, our study reveals a novel regulatory role of mH2A1.1 in adipogenesis and obesity, which provides new insights in white fat development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Y Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yi SA, Lee J, Park JW, Han J, Lee MG, Nam KH, Park JH, Oh H, Ahn SJ, Kim S, Kwon SH, Jo DG, Han JW. S6K1 controls epigenetic plasticity for the expression of pancreatic α/β cell marker genes. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6674-6683. [PMID: 29665055 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The failure of insulin production by pancreatic β cells is a common hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Because administration of exogenous insulin is associated with diabetes-derived complications, endogenous α to β cell transition can be an attractive alternative. Although decreased β cell size and hypoinsulinaemia have been observed in S6K1-deficient mice, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of S6K1 in the transcriptional regulation of insulin remains elusive. Here, we show that the hypoinsulinaemic phenotype of S6K1-deficient mice stems from the dysregulated transcription of a set of genes required for insulin and glucagon production. First, we observed that increased expression of α cell marker genes and decreased expression of β cell marker genes in pancreas tissues from S6K1-deficient mice. Furthermore, S6K1 was highly activated in murine β cell line, βTC6, compared to murine α cell line αTC1. In both α and β cells, active S6K1 promoted the transcription of β cell marker genes, including insulin, whereas S6K1 inhibition increased the transcription of α cell marker genes. Moreover, S6K1 mediated pancreatic gene regulation by modifying two histone marks (activating H3K4me3 and repressing H3K27me3) on gene promoters. These results suggest that S6K1 drives the α to β transition through the epigenetic regulation of cell-specific genes, including insulin and glucagon. This novel role of S6K1 in islet cells provides basic clues to establish therapeutic strategies against T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hun Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwamok Oh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saetbyul Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Cohen A, Habib A, Laor D, Yadav S, Kupiec M, Weisman R. TOR complex 2 in fission yeast is required for chromatin-mediated gene silencing and assembly of heterochromatic domains at subtelomeres. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8138-8150. [PMID: 29632066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved serine/threonine protein kinase target of rapamycin (TOR) is a major regulator of eukaryotic cellular and organismal growth and a valuable target for drug therapy. TOR forms the core of two evolutionary conserved complexes, TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, TORC2 responds to glucose levels and, by activating the protein kinase Gad8 (an orthologue of human AKT), is required for well-regulated cell cycle progression, starvation responses, and cell survival. Here, we report that TORC2-Gad8 is also required for gene silencing and the formation of heterochromatin at the S. pombe mating-type locus and at subtelomeric regions. Deletion of TORC2-Gad8 resulted in loss of the heterochromatic modification of histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and an increase in euchromatic modifications, including histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16Ac). Accumulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at subtelomeric genes in TORC2-Gad8 mutant cells indicated a defect in silencing at the transcriptional level. Moreover, a concurrent decrease in histone 4 lysine 20 dimethylation (H4K20me2) suggested elevated histone turnover. Loss of gene silencing in cells lacking TORC2-Gad8 is partially suppressed by loss of the anti-silencer Epe1 and fully suppressed by loss of the Pol II-associated Paf1 complex, two chromatin regulators that have been implicated in heterochromatin stability and spreading. Taken together, our findings suggest that TORC2-Gad8 signaling contributes to epigenetic stability at subtelomeric regions and the mating-type locus in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Cohen
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana, Israel
| | - Aline Habib
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69977801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Laor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69977801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sudhanshu Yadav
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69977801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Weisman
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana, Israel.
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Zhang J, Guo J, Qin X, Wang B, Zhang L, Wang Y, Gan W, Pandolfi PP, Chen W, Wei W. The p85 isoform of the kinase S6K1 functions as a secreted oncoprotein to facilitate cell migration and tumor growth. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/523/eaao1052. [PMID: 29588411 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can remodel surrounding microenvironments to facilitate cell growth, invasion, and migration by secreting proteins that educate surrounding stromal cells. We report that p85S6K1, the longest isoform of S6K (ribosomal protein S6 kinase), but not the shorter isoform p70S6K1 or p56S6K2, was secreted from cancer cells through its HIV TAT-like, N-terminal six-arginine motif. The exogenously produced p85S6K1 protein entered cultured transformed and nontransformed cells to promote or confer malignant behaviors, leading to increased cell growth and migration. When injected into mice, the p85S6K1 protein enhanced the growth of xenografted breast cancer cells and lung metastasis. Hence, our findings reveal a role for p85S6K1 as a secreted oncogenic kinase and provide a mechanism by which cancer cells remodel their microenvironment by transforming the surrounding cells to drive tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Gan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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62
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Marasca F, Bodega B, Orlando V. How Polycomb-Mediated Cell Memory Deals With a Changing Environment. Bioessays 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marasca
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”; Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”; Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Valerio Orlando
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Environmental Epigenetics Research Program; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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63
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PRC2 Is Dispensable in Vivo for β-Catenin-Mediated Repression of Chondrogenesis in the Mouse Embryonic Cranial Mesenchyme. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:491-503. [PMID: 29223978 PMCID: PMC5919733 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of craniofacial development is the differentiation of multiple cell lineages in close proximity to one another. The mouse skull bones and overlying dermis are derived from the cranial mesenchyme (CM). Cell fate selection of the embryonic cranial bone and dermis in the CM requires Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and loss of β-catenin leads to an ectopic chondrogenic cell fate switch. The mechanism by which Wnt/β-catenin activity suppresses the cartilage fate is unclear. Upon conditional deletion of β-catenin in the CM, several key determinants of the cartilage differentiation program, including Sox9, become differentially expressed. Many of these differentially expressed genes are known targets of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). Thus, we hypothesized that PRC2 is required for Wnt/β-catenin-mediated repression of chondrogenesis in the embryonic CM. We find that β-catenin can physically interact with PRC2 components in the CM in vivo. However, upon genetic deletion of Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic component of PRC2, chondrogenesis remains repressed and the bone and dermis cell fate is preserved in the CM. Furthermore, loss of β-catenin does not alter either the H3K27me3 enrichment levels genome-wide or on cartilage differentiation determinants, including Sox9. Our results indicate that EZH2 is not required to repress chondrogenesis in the CM downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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64
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Shoucri BM, Martinez ES, Abreo TJ, Hung VT, Moosova Z, Shioda T, Blumberg B. Retinoid X Receptor Activation Alters the Chromatin Landscape To Commit Mesenchymal Stem Cells to the Adipose Lineage. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3109-3125. [PMID: 28977589 PMCID: PMC5659689 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to environmental factors has been linked to obesity risk later in life. Nuclear receptors are molecular sensors that play critical roles during development and, as such, are prime candidates to explain the developmental programming of disease risk by environmental chemicals. We have previously characterized the obesogen tributyltin (TBT), which activates the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) to increase adiposity in mice exposed in utero. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from these mice are biased toward the adipose lineage at the expense of the osteoblast lineage, and MSCs exposed to TBT in vitro are shunted toward the adipose fate in a PPARγ-dependent fashion. To address where in the adipogenic cascade TBT acts, we developed an in vitro commitment assay that permitted us to distinguish early commitment to the adipose lineage from subsequent differentiation. TBT and RXR activators (rexinoids) had potent effects in committing MSCs to the adipose lineage, whereas the strong PPARγ activator rosiglitazone was inactive. We show that activation of RXR is sufficient for adipogenic commitment and that rexinoids act through RXR to alter the transcriptome in a manner favoring adipogenic commitment. RXR activation alters expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and modifies genome-wide histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in promoting adipose commitment and programming subsequent differentiation. These data offer insights into the roles of RXR and EZH2 in MSC lineage specification and shed light on how endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as TBT can reprogram stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M. Shoucri
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Eric S. Martinez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Timothy J. Abreo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Victor T. Hung
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Zdena Moosova
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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65
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Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 in Genomic Instability and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081657. [PMID: 28758948 PMCID: PMC5578047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressor complexes PRC1 and PRC2 regulate chromatin compaction and gene expression, and are widely recognized for their fundamental contributions to developmental processes. Herein, we summarize the existing evidence and molecular mechanisms linking PRC-mediated epigenetic aberrations to genomic instability and malignancy, with a particular focus on the role of deregulated PRC2 in tumor suppressor gene expression, the DNA damage response, and the fidelity of DNA replication. We also discuss some of the recent advances in the development of pharmacological and dietary interventions affecting PRC2, which point to promising applications for the prevention and management of human malignancies.
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66
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Oldenburg A, Briand N, Sørensen AL, Cahyani I, Shah A, Moskaug JØ, Collas P. A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2731-2743. [PMID: 28751304 PMCID: PMC5584164 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Lamin A/C (LMNA) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the MIR335 locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on MIR335 enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of MIR335 enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the MIR355 gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Oldenburg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nolwenn Briand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita L Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inswasti Cahyani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Akshay Shah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Øivind Moskaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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67
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Kumar R, Deivendran S, Santhoshkumar TR, Pillai MR. Signaling coupled epigenomic regulation of gene expression. Oncogene 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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68
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Raptor regulates functional maturation of murine beta cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15755. [PMID: 28598424 PMCID: PMC5472774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with beta cell mass loss and islet dysfunctions. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, proliferation and function in physiological and pathological conditions, such as pregnancy and pancreatectomy. Here we show that deletion of Raptor, which is an essential component of mTORC1, in insulin-expressing cells promotes hypoinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Raptor-deficient beta cells display reduced glucose responsiveness and exhibit a glucose metabolic profile resembling fetal beta cells. Knockout islets have decreased expression of key factors of functional maturation and upregulation of neonatal markers and beta cell disallowed genes, resulting in loss of functional maturity. Mechanistically, Raptor-deficient beta cells show reduced expression of DNA-methyltransferase 3a and altered patterns of DNA methylation at loci that are involved in the repression of disallowed genes. The present findings highlight a novel role of mTORC1 as a core mechanism governing postnatal beta cell maturation and physiologic beta cell mass during adulthood. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, function and adaptation to physiologic and pathological stimuli. Here Ni et al. demonstrate that that deficiency of Raptor, a component of mTORC1 complex, impairs insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice by affecting maturation of beta cells during the postnatal period.
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69
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Ackloo S, Brown PJ, Müller S. Chemical probes targeting epigenetic proteins: Applications beyond oncology. Epigenetics 2017; 12:378-400. [PMID: 28080202 PMCID: PMC5453191 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic chemical probes are potent, cell-active, small molecule inhibitors or antagonists of specific domains in a protein; they have been indispensable for studying bromodomains and protein methyltransferases. The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), comprising scientists from academic and pharmaceutical laboratories, has generated most of the current epigenetic chemical probes. Moreover, the SGC has shared about 4 thousand aliquots of these probes, which have been used primarily for phenotypic profiling or to validate targets in cell lines or primary patient samples cultured in vitro. Epigenetic chemical probes have been critical tools in oncology research and have uncovered mechanistic insights into well-established targets, as well as identify new therapeutic starting points. Indeed, the literature primarily links epigenetic proteins to oncology, but applications in inflammation, viral, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases are now being reported. We summarize the literature of these emerging applications and provide examples where existing probes might be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ackloo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straβe 15, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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70
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Arif A, Terenzi F, Potdar AA, Jia J, Sacks J, China A, Halawani D, Vasu K, Li X, Brown JM, Chen J, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Fox PL. EPRS is a critical mTORC1-S6K1 effector that influences adiposity in mice. Nature 2017; 542:357-361. [PMID: 28178239 PMCID: PMC5480610 DOI: 10.1038/nature21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways that contribute to adiposity and ageing are activated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) axis. However, known mTORC1-S6K1 targets do not account for observed loss-of-function phenotypes, suggesting that there are additional downstream effectors of this pathway. Here we identify glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) as an mTORC1-S6K1 target that contributes to adiposity and ageing. Phosphorylation of EPRS at Ser999 by mTORC1-S6K1 induces its release from the aminoacyl tRNA multisynthetase complex, which is required for execution of noncanonical functions of EPRS beyond protein synthesis. To investigate the physiological function of EPRS phosphorylation, we generated Eprs knock-in mice bearing phospho-deficient Ser999-to-Ala (S999A) and phospho-mimetic (S999D) mutations. Homozygous S999A mice exhibited low body weight, reduced adipose tissue mass, and increased lifespan, similar to S6K1-deficient mice and mice with adipocyte-specific deficiency of raptor, an mTORC1 constituent. Substitution of the EprsS999D allele in S6K1-deficient mice normalized body mass and adiposity, indicating that EPRS phosphorylation mediates S6K1-dependent metabolic responses. In adipocytes, insulin stimulated S6K1-dependent EPRS phosphorylation and release from the multisynthetase complex. Interaction screening revealed that phospho-EPRS binds SLC27A1 (that is, fatty acid transport protein 1, FATP1), inducing its translocation to the plasma membrane and long-chain fatty acid uptake. Thus, EPRS and FATP1 are terminal mTORC1-S6K1 axis effectors that are critical for metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Arif
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Fulvia Terenzi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Alka A Potdar
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Arnab China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Dalia Halawani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Kommireddy Vasu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sara C Kozma
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Thomas
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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71
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Song HI, Yoon MS. PLD1 regulates adipogenic differentiation through mTOR - IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636/639. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36968. [PMID: 27872488 PMCID: PMC5181839 DOI: 10.1038/srep36968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) plays a known role in several differentiation processes, but its role in adipogenic differentiation remains unknown. In the present study, we identified PLD1 as a negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation. We showed that PLD activity was downregulated by both 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and insulin upon induction of differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipogenic cells. In line with this observation, PLD activity decreased in both high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and ob/ob mice. We also found that differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was enhanced by the depletion of PLD1 levels or inhibition of PLD1 activity by VU0155069, a PLD1-specific inhibitor. Conversely, treatment with phosphatidic acid (PA), a PLD product, and overexpression of PLD1 both caused a decrease in adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, the elevated differentiation in PLD1-knockdown 3T3-L1 cells was reduced by either PA treatment or PLD1 expression, confirming negative roles of PLD1 and PA in adipogenic differentiation. Further investigation revealed that PA displaces DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) from mTORC1, which subsequently phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at serine 636/639 in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, our findings provide convincing evidence for a direct role of PLD1 in adipogenic differentiation by regulating IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636/639 through DEPTOR displacement and mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-In Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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72
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Abstract
Signal-directed chromatin recruitment of mammalian Polycomb complexes is a fundamental component of epigenetic regulation. In this issue, Yi et al. (2016) reveal how mTORC1 activation deploys the ribosomal serine/threonine kinase S6K1 and Polycomb proteins at genomic regulatory regions to repress expression of anti-adipogenic developmental regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster H Juan
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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