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Villa O, Wohlfahrt JC, Mdla I, Petzold C, Reseland JE, Snead ML, Lyngstadaas SP. Proline-Rich Peptide Mimics Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Rat Oral Mucosa Incisional Wound Healing. J Periodontol 2015; 86:1386-95. [PMID: 26252748 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proline-rich peptides have been shown to promote periodontal regeneration. However, their effect on soft tissue wound healing has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP), and a synthetic proline-rich peptide (P2) on acute wound healing after a full-thickness flap procedure in an incisional rat model. METHODS This experimental study has a split-mouth, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Test and control wounds were created on the palatal mucosa of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats. Wounds were histologically processed, and reepithelialization, leukocyte infiltration, and angiogenesis were assessed at days 1, 3, and 7 post-surgery. RESULTS EMD and P2 significantly promoted early wound closure at day 1 (P <0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). EMD maintained a significant acceleration of reepithelialization at day 3 (P = 0.004). Wounds treated by EMD and P2 showed increased angiogenesis during the first 3 days of healing (P = 0.03 and 0.001, respectively). Leukocyte infiltration was decreased in EMD-treated wounds at day 1 (P = 0.03), and P2 and TRAP induced a similar effect at days 3 (P = 0.002 and P <0.0001, respectively) and 7 (P = 0.005 and P <0.001). CONCLUSION EMD and P2 promoted reepithelialization and neovascularization in full-thickness surgical wounds on rat oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Villa
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan C Wohlfahrt
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo
| | | | - Christiane Petzold
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Staale P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Recent results indicate that the reduction of β-adrenergic signaling impairs angiogenesis under ischemic conditions. Because angiogenesis may occur in the absence of ischemia, it remains to be determined whether and how β-adrenergic signaling regulates angiogenesis, which develops under normoxic conditions. The effect of β-adrenergic ligands on angiogenesis was investigated using 3-dimensional cultures of mouse aortic rings embedded in collagen type I, in which luminized microvessels develop in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Under normoxic conditions, both isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonist, and forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, were unable to influence aortic microvessel sprouting. On the contrary, treatment with propranolol, a β-AR antagonist, caused an approximately 70% increase in VEGF-mediated microvessel sprouting. This effect was abolished in rings from both double β-AR and β1-AR knockout mice, but not in rings from β2-AR knockout mice. Significant increases in microvessel sprouting were also observed when mouse aortic rings from C57BL/6 mice were treated with the β1-AR-selective antagonists metoprolol and bisoprolol or with the β2-AR-selective antagonist ICI 118,551. Conversely, carvedilol, a nonselective β-AR antagonist, was unable to affect aortic sprouting. These findings suggest that some β-blockers display proangiogenic activity through a mechanism that is independent of their ability to antagonize catecholamine action. The present results also identify a new function for β-AR signaling as a facilitator for VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and have implications for understanding the mechanisms that regulate angiogenic responses under normoxic conditions.
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Schulze M, Dathe M, Waberski D, Müller K. Liquid storage of boar semen: Current and future perspectives on the use of cationic antimicrobial peptides to replace antibiotics in semen extenders. Theriogenology 2015; 85:39-46. [PMID: 26264695 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are of great importance in boar semen extenders to ensure long shelf life of spermatozoa and to reduce transmission of pathogens into the female tract. However, the use of antibiotics carries a risk of developing resistant bacterial strains in artificial insemination laboratories and their spread via artificial insemination. Development of multiresistant bacteria is a major concern if mixtures of antibiotics are used in semen extenders. Minimal contamination prevention techniques and surveillance of critical hygiene control points proved to be efficient in reducing bacterial load and preventing development of antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, novel antimicrobial concepts are necessary for efficient bacterial control in extended boar semen with a minimum risk of evoking antibiotic resistance. Enhanced efforts have been made in recent years in the design and use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. The male genital tract harbors a series of endogenic substances with antimicrobial activity and additional functions relevant to the fertilization process. However, exogenic AMPs often exert dose- and time-dependent toxic effects on mammalian spermatozoa. Therefore, it is important that potential newly designed AMPs have only minor impacts on eukaryotic cells. Recently, synthetic magainin derivatives and cyclic hexapeptides were tested for their application in boar semen preservation. Bacterial selectivity, proteolytic stability, thermodynamic resistance, and potential synergistic interaction with conventional antibiotics propel predominantly cyclic hexapeptides into highly promising, leading candidates for further development in semen preservation. The time scale for the development of resistant pathogens cannot be predicted at this moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schulze
- Institute for Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow Inc., Bernau, Germany.
| | - M Dathe
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine of Clinics, Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Schulze M, Grobbel M, Müller K, Junkes C, Dathe M, Rüdiger K, Jung M. Challenges and Limits Using Antimicrobial Peptides in Boar Semen Preservation. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50 Suppl 2:5-10. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schulze
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow Inc.; Bernau Germany
| | - M Grobbel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; Berlin Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; Berlin Germany
| | - K Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; Berlin Germany
| | - C Junkes
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology; Berlin Germany
| | - M Dathe
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology; Berlin Germany
| | - K Rüdiger
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow Inc.; Bernau Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute for the Reproduction of Farm Animals Schönow Inc.; Bernau Germany
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Ruan XY, Liang YC, DU B, Lin YT, Guo YD, Zhao J, Li S, Li JF, Sun QJ, DU YF. Potential role of recombinant adeno-associated virus human thioredoxin-PR39 in cell and vascular protection against hypoxia. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1605-1610. [PMID: 26136866 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to successfully construct a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector containing the human thioredoxin (hTRX)-PR39 chimeric gene (rAAV/hTRX-PR39), and verify that the vector was able to maintain a sustained, stable and efficient expression to achieve protein production in the cell. In the present study, a chicken embryo model was utilized to analyze the therapeutical effect of rAAV/hTRX-PR39 in cerebral ischemia diseases. ECV304 cells were transfected with rAAV/hTRX-PR39 and incubated under conditions of 20, 5 and 1% O2. Subsequently, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 and syndecan-4 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Under hypoxic conditions, the mRNA expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, FGFR-1 and syndecan-4 were found to increase in the PR39-transfected group when compared with the control group, while no statistically significant difference was observed between the PR39-transfected group and the control group under conditions of 20% O2. In addition, hTRX-PR39 was shown to increase the density of the vasculature and the survival rate of the chick embryos. Under hypoxic conditions, it was hypothesized that rAAV/hTRX-PR39 was capable of promoting angiogenesis, which may subsequently protect the cells from impairment by hypoxia. In conclusion, rAAV/hTRX-PR39 was demonstrated to promote vascularization and cell survival in hypoxia; thus, rAAV/hTRX-PR39 may have potential for use in therapy targeting cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yun Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Chun Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Bin DU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - You-Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Dong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Feng Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Jian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Feng DU
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Madonna R, Cadeddu C, Deidda M, Giricz Z, Madeddu C, Mele D, Monte I, Novo G, Pagliaro P, Pepe A, Spallarossa P, Tocchetti CG, Varga ZV, Zito C, Geng YJ, Mercuro G, Ferdinandy P. Cardioprotection by gene therapy. Int J Cardiol 2015; 191:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Activation of Cell Surface Bound 20S Proteasome Inhibits Vascular Cell Growth and Arteriogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:719316. [PMID: 26146628 PMCID: PMC4471257 DOI: 10.1155/2015/719316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arteriogenesis is an inflammatory process associated with rapid cellular changes involving vascular resident endothelial progenitor cells (VR-EPCs). Extracellular cell surface bound 20S proteasome has been implicated to play an important role in inflammatory processes. In our search for antigens initially regulated during collateral growth mAb CTA 157-2 was generated against membrane fractions of growing collateral vessels. CTA 157-2 stained endothelium of growing collateral vessels and the cell surface of VR-EPCs. CTA 157-2 bound a protein complex (760 kDa) that was identified as 26 kDa α7 and 21 kDa β3 subunit of 20S proteasome in mass spectrometry. Furthermore we demonstrated specific staining of 20S proteasome after immunoprecipitation of VR-EPC membrane extract with CTA 157-2 sepharose beads. Functionally, CTA 157-2 enhanced concentration dependently AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) cleavage from LLVY (N-Succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr) by recombinant 20S proteasome as well as proteasomal activity in VR-EPC extracts. Proliferation of VR-EPCs (BrdU incorporation) was reduced by CTA 157-2. Infusion of the antibody into the collateral circulation reduced number of collateral arteries, collateral proliferation, and collateral conductance in vivo. In conclusion our results indicate that extracellular cell surface bound 20S proteasome influences VR-EPC function in vitro and collateral growth in vivo.
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 in Physiological and Pathophysiological Angiogenesis: Applications and Therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:549412. [PMID: 26146622 PMCID: PMC4471260 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all cells, tissues, and organs. Under extended exposure to reduced oxygen levels, cells are able to survive through the transcriptional activation of a series of genes that participate in angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and cell proliferation. The oxygen-sensitive transcriptional activator HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1) is a key transcriptional mediator of the response to hypoxic conditions. The HIF-1 pathway was found to be a master regulator of angiogenesis. Whether the process is physiological or pathological, HIF-1 seems to participate in vasculature formation by synergistic correlations with other proangiogenic factors such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), PlGF (placental growth factor), or angiopoietins. Considering the important contributions of HIF-1 in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, it should be considered a promising target for treating ischaemic diseases or cancer. In this review, we discuss the roles of HIF-1 in both physiological/pathophysiological angiogenesis and potential strategies for clinical therapy.
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Zhang H, Xia X, Han F, Jiang Q, Rong Y, Song D, Wang Y. Cathelicidin-BF, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Bungarus fasciatus, Attenuates Disease in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium Model of Colitis. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1648-61. [PMID: 25807257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are molecules of innate immunity. Cathelicidin-BF is the first cathelicidin peptide found in reptiles. However, the immunoregulatory and epithelial barrier protective properties of C-BF have not been reported. Inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can lead to colon cancer, the third most common malignant tumor. The objective is to develop the new found cathelicidin-BF as a therapeutic to patients of ulcerative colitis. The morphology of the colon epithelium was observed by H&E staining; apoptosis index and infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic epithelium were measured by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry; the expression level of endogenous mCRAMP was analyzed by immunofluorescence; and phosphorylation of the transcription factors c-jun and NF-κB in colon were analyzed by Western blot. Our results showed that the morphology of the colon epithelium in the C-BF+DSS group was improved compared with the DSS group. Apoptosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic epithelium were also significantly attenuated in the C-BF+DSS group compared with the DSS group, and the expression level of endogenous mCRAMP in the DSS group was significantly higher than other groups. DSS-induced phosphorylation level of c-jun and NF-κB while C-BF effectively inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65). The barrier protective effect of C-BF was still excellent. In conclusion, C-BF effectively attenuated inflammation and improved disrupted barrier function. Notably, this is the first report to demonstrate that C-BF attenuates DSS-induced UC both through the regulation of intestinal immune and retention of barrier function, and the exact pathway was through NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yili Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Li C, Blencke HM, Haug T, Stensvåg K. Antimicrobial peptides in echinoderm host defense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:190-197. [PMID: 25445901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules in innate immunity. Here we briefly summarize characteristic traits of AMPs and their mechanisms of antimicrobial activity. Echinoderms live in a microbe-rich marine environment and are known to express a wide range of AMPs. We address two novel AMP families from coelomocytes of sea urchins: cysteine-rich AMPs (strongylocins) and heterodimeric AMPs (centrocins). These peptide families have conserved preprosequences, are present in both adults and pluteus stage larvae, have potent antimicrobial properties, and therefore appear to be important innate immune effectors. Strongylocins have a unique cysteine pattern compared to other cysteine-rich peptides, which suggests a novel AMP folding pattern. Centrocins and SdStrongylocin 2 contain brominated tryptophan residues in their native form. This review also includes AMPs isolated from other echinoderms, such as holothuroidins, fragments of beta-thymosin, and fragments of lectin (CEL-III). Echinoderm AMPs are crucial molecules for the understanding of echinoderm immunity, and their potent antimicrobial activity makes them potential precursors of novel drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hans-Matti Blencke
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tor Haug
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Tumor-associated macrophages are a useful biomarker to predict recurrence after surgical resection of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Surg 2015; 260:1088-94. [PMID: 25389924 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PNETs) have poorer survival than those with functional PNETs. Our objective was to identify risk factors for recurrence after resection to better define surveillance parameters to improve long-term outcomes. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for NF-PNET patients who underwent resection at the University of Michigan from 1995 to 2012. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from patients with and without disease recurrence was performed for Ki-67 and the macrophage marker CD68, as tumor-associated macrophages are important for PNET development and progression. Clinicopathological factors and patient outcomes were measured. RESULTS Ninety-seven NF-PNET patients underwent surgical resection. There was a recurrence rate of 14.4% (14/97). The median time to recurrence was 0.61 years, with 10 (71%) patients recurring within the first 2 years. Six of 7 patients (86%) monitored at 6-month surveillance intervals were diagnosed with recurrence on their first computed tomographic scan or during the intervening intervals. By Cox proportional hazards analysis, the most significant independent risk factors for recurrence were higher grade, stage, and intraoperative blood loss. High CD68 score and Ki-67 index correlated with recurrence risk, and Ki-67 index inversely correlated with time to recurrence. In patients who otherwise had few risk factors, a high CD68 score was a significant prognostic factor for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS In patients with NF-PNETs, risk factors associated with recurrence were high EBL, grade, stage, CD68 score, and Ki-67 index. The CD68 score was an important prognostic factor in patients who otherwise had few clinicopathological risk factors; therefore, the CD68 score should be considered when planning surveillance strategies. We recommend that NF-PNET patients at high risk of recurrence undergo initial surveillance every 3 months for 2 years after surgery.
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Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:353-77. [PMID: 25547201 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the interface of the external environment and the mucosal surface of the female reproductive tract (FRT) lies a first-line defense against pathogen invasion that includes antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Comprised of a unique class of multifunctional, amphipathic molecules, AMP employ a wide range of functions to limit microbial invasion and replication within host cells as well as independently modulate the immune system, dampen inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. The role of AMP in barrier defense at the level of the skin and gut has received much attention as of late. Given the far reaching implications for women's health, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and sexually transmissible and polymicrobial diseases, we herein review the distribution and function of key AMP throughout the female reproductive mucosa and assess their role as an essential immunological barrier to microbial invasion throughout the reproductive cycle of a woman's lifetime. METHODS A comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline was conducted related to AMP general structure, function, signaling, expression, distribution and barrier function of AMP in the FRT, hormone regulation of AMP, the microbiome of the FRT, and AMP in relation to implantation, pregnancy, fertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, complications of pregnancy and assisted reproductive technology. RESULTS AMP are amphipathic peptides that target microbes for destruction and have been conserved throughout all living organisms. In the FRT, several major classes of AMP are expressed constitutively and others are inducible at the mucosal epithelium and by immune cells. AMP expression is also under the influence of sex hormones, varying throughout the menstrual cycle, and dependent on the vaginal microbiome. AMP can prevent infection with sexually transmissible and opportunistic pathogens of the female reproductive tissues, although emerging understanding of vaginal dysbiosis suggests induction of a unique AMP profile with increased susceptibility to these pathogens. During pregnancy, AMP are key immune effectors of the fetal membranes and placenta and are dysregulated in states of intrauterine infection and other complications of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS At the level of the FRT, AMP serve to inhibit infection by sexually and vertically transmissible as well as by opportunistic bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa and must do so throughout the hormone flux of menses and pregnancy. Guarding the exclusive site of reproduction, AMP modulate the vaginal microbiome of the lower FRT to aid in preventing ascending microbes into the upper FRT. Evolving in parallel with, and in response to, pathogenic insults, AMP are relatively immune to the resistance mechanisms employed by rapidly evolving pathogens and play a key role in barrier function and host defense throughout the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Yarbrough
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
| | - Sean Winkle
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, , Phoenix, AZ 85004-2157, USA
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Gaczynska M, Osmulski PA. Harnessing proteasome dynamics and allostery in drug design. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2286-301. [PMID: 24410482 PMCID: PMC4241894 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The proteasome is the essential protease that is responsible for regulated cleavage of the bulk of intracellular proteins. Its central role in cellular physiology has been exploited in therapies against aggressive cancers where proteasome-specific competitive inhibitors that block proteasome active centers are very effectively used. However, drugs regulating this essential protease are likely to have broader clinical usefulness. The non-catalytic sites of the proteasome emerge as an attractive alternative target in search of highly specific and diverse proteasome regulators. RECENT ADVANCES Crystallographic models of the proteasome leave the false impression of fixed structures with minimal molecular dynamics lacking long-distance allosteric signaling. However, accumulating biochemical and structural observations strongly support the notion that the proteasome is regulated by precise allosteric interactions arising from protein dynamics, encouraging the active search for allosteric regulators. Here, we discuss properties of several promising compounds that affect substrate gating and processing in antechambers, and interactions of the catalytic core with regulatory proteins. CRITICAL ISSUES Given the structural complexity of proteasome assemblies, it is a painstaking process to better understand their allosteric regulation and molecular dynamics. Here, we discuss the challenges and achievements in this field. We place special emphasis on the role of atomic force microscopy imaging in probing the allostery and dynamics of the proteasome, and in dissecting the mechanisms involving small-molecule allosteric regulators. FUTURE DIRECTIONS New small-molecule allosteric regulators may become a next generation of drugs targeting the proteasome, which is critical to the development of new therapies in cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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Tazzyman S, Murdoch C, Yeomans J, Harrison J, Muthana M. Macrophage-mediated response to hypoxia in disease. HYPOXIA 2014; 2:185-196. [PMID: 27774476 PMCID: PMC5045066 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s49717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a critical role in the pathobiology of various inflamed, diseased tissues, including malignant tumors, atherosclerotic plaques, myocardial infarcts, the synovia of rheumatoid arthritic joints, healing wounds, and sites of bacterial infection. These areas of hypoxia form when the blood supply is occluded and/or the oxygen supply is unable to keep pace with cell growth and/or infiltration of inflammatory cells. Macrophages are ubiquitous in all tissues of the body and exhibit great plasticity, allowing them to perform divergent functions, including, among others, patrolling tissue, combating invading pathogens and tumor cells, orchestrating wound healing, and restoring homeostasis after an inflammatory response. The number of tissue macrophages increases markedly with the onset and progression of many pathological states, with many macrophages accumulating in avascular and necrotic areas, where they are exposed to hypoxia. Recent studies show that these highly versatile cells then respond rapidly to the hypoxia present by altering their expression of a wide array of genes. Here we review the evidence for hypoxia-driven macrophage inflammatory responses in various disease states, and how this influences disease progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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65
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Hypoxic signaling during tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19791-815. [PMID: 25365172 PMCID: PMC4264139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic wounds, autologous tissue repair is often not sufficient to heal the wound. These patients might benefit from regenerative medicine or the implantation of a tissue-engineered scaffold. Both wound healing and tissue engineering is dependent on the formation of a microvascular network. This process is highly regulated by hypoxia and the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factors-1α (HIF-1α) and -2α (HIF-2α). Even though much is known about the function of HIF-1α in wound healing, knowledge about the function of HIF-2α in wound healing is lacking. This review focuses on the function of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in microvascular network formation, wound healing, and therapy strategies.
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66
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Talwar T, Srivastava MVP. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor and other growth factors in post-stroke recovery. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:1-6. [PMID: 24753650 PMCID: PMC3992742 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major health problem world-wide and its burden has been rising in last few decades. Until now tissue plasminogen activator is only approved treatment for stroke. Angiogenesis plays a vital role for striatal neurogenesis after stroke. Administration of various growth factors in an early post ischemic phase, stimulate both angiogenesis and neurogenesis and lead to improved functional recovery after stroke. However vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) is the most potent angiogenic factor for neurovascularization and neurogenesis in ischemic injury can be modulated in different ways and thus can be used as therapy in stroke. In response to the ischemic injury VEGF is released by endothelial cells through natural mechanism and leads to angiogenesis and vascularization. This release can also be up regulated by exogenous administration of Mesenchymal stem cells, by various physical therapy regimes and electroacupuncture, which further potentiate the efficacy of VEGF as therapy in post stroke recovery. Recent published literature was searched using PubMed and Google for the article reporting on methods of up regulation of VEGF and therapeutic potential of growth factors in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Talwar
- Department of Neurology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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67
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Gao Y, Rong Y, Wang Y, Xiong H, Huang X, Han F, Feng J, Wang Y. Expression pattern of porcine antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and its induction by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4ac. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:260-5. [PMID: 24929581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PR-39 is a gene-encoded, proline-arginine-rich porcine antimicrobial peptide with multiple biological functions. In the current study, the tissue-specific mRNA expression of PR-39 was investigated in Chinese Jinhua pigs, and the effect of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4ac (K88ac) fimbriae challenge on the mRNA expression of PR-39 in various tissues was compared between Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The three most stable expressed housekeeping genes were validated before evaluating PR-39 expression. PR-39 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the bone marrow compared with the spleen, thymus, MLN, liver and ileum. The ETEC F4ac challenge could up-regulate PR-39 mRNA expression in both Jinhua and Landrace pigs, but the changes were different between the two breeds. Jinhua pigs responded more strongly to ETEC F4ac challenge than did Landrace pigs, because the interaction between the breed and challenge significantly impact PR-39 mRNA in the thymus, liver and ileum. The PR-39 mRNA expression levels of challenged Jinhua pigs were significantly higher in the spleen, thymus, liver, ileum and MLN compared with challenged Landrace pigs. These differences in the mRNA expression of PR-39 could be a result of genetic differences in the resistance to ETEC F4ac infection between the two breeds, but this speculation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Gao
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yili Rong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haitao Xiong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Feifei Han
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Veldhuizen EJA, Schneider VAF, Agustiandari H, van Dijk A, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven JLM, Bikker FJ, Haagsman HP. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of PR-39 derived peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95939. [PMID: 24755622 PMCID: PMC3995882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine cathelicidin PR-39 is a host defence peptide that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune defence of the pig against infections. Besides direct antimicrobial activity, it is involved in immunomodulation, wound healing and several other biological processes. In this study, the antimicrobial- and immunomodulatory activity of PR-39, and N- and C-terminal derivatives of PR-39 were tested. PR-39 exhibited an unexpected broad antimicrobial spectrum including several Gram positive strains such as Bacillus globigii and Enterococcus faecalis. Of organisms tested, only Staphylococcus aureus was insensitive to PR-39. Truncation of PR-39 down to 15 (N-terminal) amino acids did not lead to major loss of activity, while peptides corresponding to the C-terminal part of PR-39 were hampered in their antimicrobial activity. However, shorter peptides were all much more sensitive to inhibition by salt. Active peptides induced ATP leakage and loss of membrane potential in Bacillus globigii and Escherichia coli, indicating a lytic mechanism of action for these peptides. Finally, only the mature peptide was able to induce IL-8 production in porcine macrophages, but some shorter peptides also had an effect on TNF-α production showing differential regulation of cytokine induction by PR-39 derived peptides. None of the active peptides showed high cytotoxicity highlighting the potential of these peptides for use as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktoria A. F. Schneider
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Herfita Agustiandari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna L. M. Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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69
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Barlow PG, Findlay EG, Currie SM, Davidson DJ. Antiviral potential of cathelicidins. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:55-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The global burden of morbidity and mortality arising from viral infections is high; however, the development of effective therapeutics has been slow. As our understanding of innate immunity has expanded over recent years, knowledge of natural host defenses against viral infections has started to offer potential for novel therapeutic strategies. An area of current research interest is in understanding the roles played by naturally occurring cationic host defense peptides, such as the cathelicidins, in these innate antiviral host defenses across different species. This research also has the potential to inform the design of novel synthetic antiviral peptide analogs and/or provide rationale for therapies aimed at boosting the natural production of these peptides. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of the antiviral activities of cathelicidins, an important family of cationic host defense peptides, and consider the implications for novel antiviral therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Health, Life & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Silke M Currie
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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70
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Sun L, Hao Y, Nie X, Xu J, Li Z, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang X. Recombinant AAV-PR39-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor 1α gene expression attenuates myocardial infarction. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:171-7. [PMID: 24253102 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PR39 is an angiogenic masterswitch protein, belonging to the second generation of angiogenic growth factors. However, the role of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying the PR39 fusion gene (AAV-PR39) in acute myocardial infarction remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of AAV-PR39 in an experimental animal model of acute myocardial infarction. The PR39 gene was fused with the transmembrane peptide, TAT, 6xHis‑tag and NT4 signal sequences. AAV-PR39 was then obtained by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. A total of 18 healthy Chinese mini pigs were randomly divided into an experimental groups (the AAV-PR39-treated group) and a control group [phosphated-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group]. Following the induction of myocardial infarction, enhanced 3.0T MR imaging was performed to observe the changes in myocardial signal intensity at 0 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor‑1α (HIF-1α) in the myocardial tissues was determined by SABC immunohistochemistry. In addition, in vitro experiments using CRL-1730 endothelial cells transfected with AAV vector containing NT4-TAT-His-PR39 revealed that the AAV-PR39-treated group had a significantly higher expression of HIF-1α compared with the control group. Moreover, PR39 regulated the HIF-1α-induced expression of angiogenic growth factors. Under hypoxic conditions, the anti-apoptotic effects in the AAV-PR39 group were more pronounced than those observed in the control (PBS-treated) group. In vivo, the enforced expression of recombinant PR39 elevated the level of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and decreased the size of the infarcted areas by upregulating the expression of HIF-1α in the areas surrounding the infarct area. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the recombinant AAV-PR39-mediated HIF-1α expression attenuates myocardial infarction, indicating that AAV-PR39 may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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71
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Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:761-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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72
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Abstract
Vascularization of engineered tissues is critical for success. Adequate and physiologically regulated blood supply is important for viability of the implanted tissue but even more important for the proper function of parenchymal cells, which is the desired clinical outcome for most applications in regenerative medicine. Several methods are being developed to stimulate revascularization of engineered tissue. Prevascularized scaffolds with a hierarchical vascular pattern, allowing surgical hook-up of the inflow and outflow tracts, that are already preseeded and cultured with primary vascular cells or precursors will be required for larger tissues or tissues with an immediate high metabolism, such as myocardium. The preimplantation presence of a mature vasculature will improve differentiation and maturation of the parenchyma, thus meeting the functional demands of the host. This may also be true for smaller or metabolically less-active tissues, yet for viability and immediate function they may rely on facilitated postimplantation ingrowth of the host vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Post
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenza Caolo
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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73
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Abstract
RATIONALE Arteriogenesis is the process of formation of arterial conduits. Its promotion is an attractive therapeutic strategy in occlusive atherosclerotic diseases. Despite the functional and clinical importance of arteriogenesis, the biology of the process is poorly understood. Synectin, a gene previously implicated in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor signaling, offers a unique opportunity to determine relative contributions of various cell types to arteriogenesis. OBJECTIVE We investigated the cell-autonomous effects of a synectin knockout in arterial morphogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS A floxed synectin knockin mouse line was crossbred with endothelial-specific (Tie2, Cdh5, Pdgfb) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-specific Cre driver mouse lines to produce cell type-specific deletions. Ablation of synectin expression in endothelial, but not smooth muscle cells resulted in the presence of developmental arterial morphogenetic defects (smaller size of the arterial tree, reduced number of arterial branches and collaterals) and impaired arteriogenesis in adult mice. CONCLUSIONS Synectin modulates developmental and adult arteriogenesis in an endothelial cell-autonomous fashion. These findings show for the first time that endothelial cells are central to both developmental and adult arteriogenesis and provide a model for future studies of factors involved in this process.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteries/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Genotype
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Moraes
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | | | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Zhen W. Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Anthony Lanahan
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanover, NH
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Lavine KJ, Kovacs A, Weinheimer C, Mann DL. Repetitive myocardial ischemia promotes coronary growth in the adult mammalian heart. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000343. [PMID: 24080909 PMCID: PMC3835243 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease and ischemic cardiomyopathy represent the leading cause of heart failure and continue to grow at exponential rates. Despite widespread availability of coronary bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention, subsequent ischemic events and progression to heart failure continue to be common occurrences. Previous studies have shown that a subgroup of patients develop collateral blood vessels that serve to connect patent and occluded arteries and restore perfusion to ischemic territories. The presence of coronary collaterals has been correlated with improved clinical outcomes; however, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To date, no mouse models of coronary arterial growth have been described. Using a closed-chest model of myocardial ischemia, we have demonstrated that brief episodes of repetitive ischemia are sufficient to promote the growth of both large coronary arteries and the microvasculature. Induction of large coronary artery and microvascular growth resulted in improvements in myocardial perfusion after prolonged ischemia and protected from subsequent myocardial infarction. We further show that repetitive ischemia did not lead to increased expression of classic proangiogenic factors but instead resulted in activation of the innate immune system and recruitment of macrophages to growing blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS These studies describe a novel model of coronary angiogenesis and implicate the cardiac macrophage as a potential mediator of ischemia-driven coronary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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75
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Antimicrobial peptides: versatile biological properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:675391. [PMID: 23935642 PMCID: PMC3710626 DOI: 10.1155/2013/675391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are diverse group of biologically active molecules with multidimensional properties. In recent past, a wide variety of AMPs with diverse structures have been reported from different sources such as plants, animals, mammals, and microorganisms. The presence of unusual amino acids and structural motifs in AMPs confers unique structural properties to the peptide that attribute for their specific mode of action. The ability of these active AMPs to act as multifunctional effector molecules such as signalling molecule, immune modulators, mitogen, antitumor, and contraceptive agent makes it an interesting candidate to study every aspect of their structural and biological properties for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. In addition, easy cloning and recombinant expression of AMPs in heterologous plant host systems provided a pipeline for production of disease resistant transgenic plants. Besides these properties, AMPs were also used as drug delivery vectors to deliver cell impermeable drugs to cell interior. The present review focuses on the diversity and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of AMPs along with its multidimensional properties that could be exploited for the application of these bioactive peptides as a potential and promising drug candidate in pharmaceutical industries.
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76
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Abstract
Rapamycin is a canonical allosteric inhibitor of the mammalian tarpet of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase with immunosuppressive and proapoptotic activities. We found that in vitro rapamycin also regulates the proteasome, which is an essential intracellular protease of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Rapamycin inhibits proteinase and selected peptidase activities of the catalytic core proteasome at low micromolar concentrations. Moreover, the drug interferes with binding of the 19S cap essential for processing of polyubiquitinylated substrates and with the PA200 proteasome activator to the 20S catalytic core proteasome. These protein complexes are known to bind to specific grooves on the α face region of the 20S core. Treatment with rapamycin affects the conformational dynamics of the proteasomal gate, which is centrally positioned within the α face and allosterically regulated element responsible for the intake of substrates. We showed that rapamycin shares all the proteasome targeting properties not only with other two-domain, closed-ring analogs (rapalogs) but also with its single domain mimics and seco-rapamycin, which is the first in vivo open-ring metabolite of rapamycin that does not affect mTOR. We hypothesize that rapamycin and related compounds bind to the α face and allosterically impact proteasome function. This article discusses the implications of our findings for the mechanism of in vivo actions of rapamycin and for the design of novel allosteric drugs targeting the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel A Osmulski
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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77
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Wang C, Tian LL, Li S, Li HB, Zhou Y, Wang H, Yang QZ, Ma LJ, Shang DJ. Rapid cytotoxicity of antimicrobial peptide tempoprin-1CEa in breast cancer cells through membrane destruction and intracellular calcium mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60462. [PMID: 23577112 PMCID: PMC3618425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporin-1CEa is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin secretions of the Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis). We have previously reported the rapid and broad-spectrum anticancer activity of temporin-1CEa in vitro. However, the detailed mechanisms for temporin-1CEa-induced cancer cell death are still weakly understood. In the present study, the mechanisms of temporin-1CEa-induced rapid cytotoxicity on two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, were investigated. The MTT assay and the LDH leakage assay indicated that one-hour of incubation with temporin-1CEa led to cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The morphological observation using electronic microscopes suggested that one-hour exposure of temporin-1CEa resulted in profound morphological changes in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The membrane-disrupting property of temporin-1CEa was further characterized by induction of cell-surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, elevation of plasma membrane permeability and rapid depolarization of transmembrane potential. Moreover, temporin-1CEa evoked intracellular calcium ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevations as well as collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm). In summary, the present study indicates that temporin-1CEa triggers rapid cell death in breast cancer cells. This rapid cytotoxic activity might be mediated by both membrane destruction and intracellular calcium mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Li Tian
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Pharmacology, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Bing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - He Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing-Zhu Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - De-Jing Shang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Faculty of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- * E-mail:
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78
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in many cellular processes including protein degradation. Degradation of a protein via this system involves two successive steps: ubiquitination and degradation. Ubiquitination tags the target protein with ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), such as ubiquitin, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and NEDD8, via a cascade involving three enzymes: activating enzyme E1, conjugating enzyme E2 and E3 ubiquitin ligases. The proteasomes recognize the UBL-tagged substrate proteins and degrade them. Accumulating evidence indicates that allostery is a central player in the regulation of ubiquitination, as well as deubiquitination and degradation. Here, we provide an overview of the key mechanistic roles played by allostery in all steps of these processes, and highlight allosteric drugs targeting them. Throughout the review, we emphasize the crucial mechanistic role played by linkers in allosterically controlling the UPS action by biasing the sampling of the conformational space, which facilitate the catalytic reactions of the ubiquitination and degradation. Finally, we propose that allostery may similarly play key roles in the regulation of molecular machines in the cell, and as such allosteric drugs can be expected to be increasingly exploited in therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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79
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A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:22-35. [PMID: 23246832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic effects. Not only do they possess an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral function, they also show a chemotactic and immunostimulatory/-modulatory effect. Moreover, they are capable of inducing wound healing, angiogenesis and modulating apoptosis. Recent insights even indicate for a role of these peptides in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent and relevant insights concerning the human cathelicidin LL-37.
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80
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Kale AJ, Moore BS. Molecular mechanisms of acquired proteasome inhibitor resistance. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10317-27. [PMID: 22978849 DOI: 10.1021/jm300434z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) has transformed the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. To date, two PIs have been FDA approved, the boronate peptide bortezomib and, most recently, the epoxyketone peptide carfilzomib. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to PIs, for which the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, may limit their efficacy. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the molecular understanding of PI resistance through acquired bortezomib resistance in human cell lines and evolved salinosporamide A (marizomib) resistance in bacteria. Resistance mechanisms discussed include the up-regulation of proteasome subunits and mutations of the catalytic β-subunits. Additionally, we explore potential strategies to overcome PI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kale
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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81
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Abstract
Hundreds of misleading reports are published every year containing data on human cancer cell lines that are derived from some other species, tissue or individual to that claimed. In consequence, millions of dollars provided for cancer research are being spent on the production of misleading data. This review describes how cross-contamination occurs, catalogues the use of false cell lines in leading biomedical journals, and suggests ways to resolve the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Masters
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, UCL, London, U.K. (E-mail,
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82
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Abstract
Arteriosclerotic vascular disease is the most common cause of death and a major cause of disability in the developed world. Adverse outcomes of arteriosclerotic vascular disease are related to consequences of tissue ischemia and necrosis affecting the heart, brain, limbs, and other organs. Collateral artery growth or arteriogenesis occurs naturally and can help restore perfusion to ischemic tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of collateral artery growth may provide therapeutic options for patients with ischemic vascular disease. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role of monocytes and macrophages in collateral arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Fung
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Armin Helisch
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanon, NH, USA
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83
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Abstract
The vascular network delivers oxygen (O(2)) and nutrients to all cells within the body. It is therefore not surprising that O(2) availability serves as a primary regulator of this complex organ. Most transcriptional responses to low O(2) are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), highly conserved transcription factors that control the expression of numerous angiogenic, metabolic, and cell cycle genes. Accordingly, the HIF pathway is currently viewed as a master regulator of angiogenesis. HIF modulation could provide therapeutic benefit for a wide array of pathologies, including cancer, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, wound healing, and neovascular eye diseases. Hypoxia promotes vessel growth by upregulating multiple pro-angiogenic pathways that mediate key aspects of endothelial, stromal, and vascular support cell biology. Interestingly, recent studies show that hypoxia influences additional aspects of angiogenesis, including vessel patterning, maturation, and function. Through extensive research, the integral role of hypoxia and HIF signaling in human disease is becoming increasingly clear. Consequently, a thorough understanding of how hypoxia regulates angiogenesis through an ever-expanding number of pathways in multiple cell types will be essential for the identification of new therapeutic targets and modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Krock
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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84
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Steinstraesser L, Hirsch T, Schulte M, Kueckelhaus M, Jacobsen F, Mersch EA, Stricker I, Afacan N, Jenssen H, Hancock REW, Kindrachuk J. Innate defense regulator peptide 1018 in wound healing and wound infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39373. [PMID: 22879874 PMCID: PMC3412849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate defense regulators (IDRs) are synthetic immunomodulatory versions of natural host defense peptides (HDP). IDRs mediate protection against bacterial challenge in the absence of direct antimicrobial activity, representing a novel approach to anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapy. Previously, we reported that IDR-1018 selectively induced chemokine responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory responses. As there has been an increasing appreciation for the ability of HDPs to modulate complex immune processes, including wound healing, we characterized the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 in vitro. Further, we investigated the efficacy of IDR-1018 in diabetic and non-diabetic wound healing models. In all experiments, IDR-1018 was compared to the human HDP LL-37 and HDP-derived wound healing peptide HB-107. IDR-1018 was significantly less cytotoxic in vitro as compared to either LL-37 or HB-107. Furthermore, administration of IDR-1018 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fibroblast cellular respiration. In vivo, IDR-1018 demonstrated significantly accelerated wound healing in S. aureus infected porcine and non-diabetic but not in diabetic murine wounds. However, no significant differences in bacterial colonization were observed. Our investigation demonstrates that in addition to previously reported immunomodulatory activities IDR-1018 promotes wound healing independent of direct antibacterial activity. Interestingly, these effects were not observed in diabetic wounds. It is anticipated that the wound healing activities of IDR-1018 can be attributed to modulation of host immune pathways that are suppressed in diabetic wounds and provide further evidence of the multiple immunomodulatory activities of IDR-1018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Steinstraesser
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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85
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Su CH, Wu YJ, Wang HH, Yeh HI. Nonviral gene therapy targeting cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H629-38. [PMID: 22821991 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00126.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of gene therapy is either to introduce a therapeutic gene into or replace a defective gene in an individual's cells and tissues. Gene therapy has been urged as a potential method to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium and peripheral tissues after extensive investigation in recent preclinical and clinical studies. A successful gene therapy mainly relies on the development of the gene delivery vector. Developments in viral and nonviral vector technology including cell-based gene transfer will further improve transgene delivery and expression efficiency. Nonviral approaches as alternative gene delivery vehicles to viral vectors have received significant attention. Recently, a simple and safe approach of gene delivery into target cells using naked DNA has been improved by combining several techniques. Among the physical approaches, ultrasonic microbubble gene delivery, with its high safety profile, low costs, and repeatable applicability, can increase the permeability of cell membrane to macromolecules such as plasmid DNA by its bioeffects and can provide as a feasible tool in gene delivery. On the other hand, among the promising areas for gene therapy in acquired diseases, ischemic cardiovascular diseases have been widely studied. As a result, gene therapy using advanced technology may play an important role in this regard. The aims of this review focus on understanding the cellular and in vivo barriers in gene transfer and provide an overview of currently used chemical vectors and physical tools that are applied in nonviral cardiovascular gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huang Su
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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86
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Soehnlein O, Wantha S, Simsekyilmaz S, Döring Y, Megens RTA, Mause SF, Drechsler M, Smeets R, Weinandy S, Schreiber F, Gries T, Jockenhoevel S, Möller M, Vijayan S, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Agerberth B, Pham CT, Gallo RL, Hackeng TM, Liehn EA, Zernecke A, Klee D, Weber C. Neutrophil-derived cathelicidin protects from neointimal hyperplasia. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:103ra98. [PMID: 21974936 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation is used to dilate arteries narrowed by atherosclerotic plaques and to revascularize coronary arteries occluded by atherothrombosis in myocardial infarction. Commonly applied drug-eluting stents release antiproliferative or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the incidence of in-stent stenosis. However, these stents may still lead to in-stent stenosis; they also show increased rates of late stent thrombosis, an obstacle to optimal revascularization possibly related to endothelial recovery. Here, we examined the contribution of neutrophils and neutrophilic granule proteins to arterial healing after injury. We found that neutrophil-borne cathelicidin (mouse CRAMP, human LL-37) promoted reendothelization and thereby limited neointima formation after stent implantation. We then translated these findings to an animal model using a neutrophil-instructing, biofunctionalized, miniaturized Nitinol stent coated with LL-37. This stent reduced in-stent stenosis in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, suggesting that LL-37 may promote vascular healing after interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University München, Munich 80336, Germany.
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87
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Kwak JH, Jung JK, Lee H. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors; a patent review (2006-2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 21:1897-910. [PMID: 22098320 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.638285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear factor (NF)-κB, as transcription factor, is linked to the expression of various genes and plays an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal NF-κB signaling results in human diseases, such as immune disorders, inflammation and various cancers. Therefore, regulation of NF-κB may treat or improve the symptoms in human disorders. AREAS COVERED This review provides information on recent NF-κB inhibitor-related patents from 2006 to 2010. The patents are explained and categorized by mechanism. The reader will gain an understanding of NF-κB function and the structure and biological activity of recently developed NF-κB inhibitors that may be new drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION NF-κB plays an essential role in the human body and thus regulation of NF-κB is very important for the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, patented compounds and peptides are available as lead compounds in drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kwak
- Chungbuk National University, College of Pharmacy, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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88
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Choi KY, Chow LNY, Mookherjee N. Cationic host defence peptides: multifaceted role in immune modulation and inflammation. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:361-70. [PMID: 22739631 DOI: 10.1159/000336630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are innate immune effector molecules found in diverse species. HDPs exhibit a wide range of functions ranging from direct antimicrobial properties to immunomodulatory effects. Research in the last decade has demonstrated that HDPs are critical effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity. Various studies have hypothesized that the antimicrobial property of certain HDPs may be largely due to their immunomodulatory functions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the role of HDPs in immunity is very complex and involves various receptors, signalling pathways and transcription factors. This review will focus on the multiple functions of HDPs in immunity and inflammation, with special reference to cathelicidins, e.g. LL-37, certain defensins and novel synthetic innate defence regulator peptides. We also discuss emerging concepts of specific HDPs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including the potential use of cationic peptides as therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Choi
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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89
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Ma D, Lin L, Zhang K, Han Z, Shao Y, Wang R, Liu S. Discovery and characterization of Coturnix chinensis
avian β
-defensin 10, with broad antibacterial activity. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:224-32. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deying Ma
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Ruiqin Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Harbin 150001 China
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90
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Huang M, Nguyen P, Jia F, Hu S, Gong Y, de Almeida PE, Wang L, Nag D, Kay MA, Giaccia AJ, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Double knockdown of prolyl hydroxylase and factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor with nonviral minicircle gene therapy enhances stem cell mobilization and angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2011; 124:S46-54. [PMID: 21911818 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.014019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under normoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is rapidly degraded by 2 hydroxylases: prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) and factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH). Because HIF-1α mediates the cardioprotective response to ischemic injury, its upregulation may be an effective therapeutic option for ischemic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS PHD and FIH were cloned from mouse embryonic stem cells. The best candidate short hairpin (sh) sequences for inhibiting PHD isoenzyme 2 and FIH were inserted into novel, nonviral, minicircle vectors. In vitro studies after cell transfection of mouse C2C12 myoblasts, HL-1 atrial myocytes, and c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells demonstrated higher expression of angiogenesis factors in the double-knockdown group compared with the single-knockdown and short hairpin scramble control groups. To confirm in vitro data, shRNA minicircle vectors were injected intramyocardially after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in adult FVB mice (n=60). Functional studies using MRI, echocardiography, and pressure-volume loops showed greater improvement in cardiac function in the double-knockdown group. To assess mechanisms of this functional recovery, we performed a cell trafficking experiment, which demonstrated significantly greater recruitment of bone marrow cells to the ischemic myocardium in the double-knockdown group. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed significantly higher activation of endogenous c-kit(+) cardiac progenitor cells. Immunostaining showed increased neovascularization and decreased apoptosis in areas of injured myocardium. Finally, western blots and laser-capture microdissection analysis confirmed upregulation of HIF-1α protein and angiogenesis genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HIF-1α upregulation by double knockdown of PHD and FIH synergistically increases stem cell mobilization and myocardial angiogenesis, leading to improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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91
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van Dijk A, Molhoek E, Bikker F, Yu PL, Veldhuizen E, Haagsman H. Avian cathelicidins: Paradigms for the development of anti-infectives. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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92
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Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates glucose metabolism through glucose transporter 1 induced by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in adipocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1602-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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93
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The potential of antimicrobial peptides as biocides. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6566-96. [PMID: 22072905 PMCID: PMC3210996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute a diverse class of naturally occurring antimicrobial molecules which have activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides are exciting leads in the development of novel biocidal agents at a time when classical antibiotics are under intense pressure from emerging resistance, and the global industry in antibiotic research and development stagnates. This review will examine the potential of antimicrobial peptides, both natural and synthetic, as novel biocidal agents in the battle against multi-drug resistant pathogen infections.
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94
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Tammar wallaby mammary cathelicidins are differentially expressed during lactation and exhibit antimicrobial and cell proliferative activity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:431-9. [PMID: 21824524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins secreted in milk may be central to autocrine feedback in the mammary gland for optimal development in addition to conferring innate immunity to both the mammary gland and the neonate. This study exploits the unique reproductive strategy of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) model to analyse differential splicing of cathelicidin genes and to evaluate the bactericidal activity and effect of the protein on mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Two linear peptides, Con73 and Con218, derived from the heterogeneous carboxyl end of cathelicidin transcripts, MaeuCath1 and MaeuCath7 respectively, were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Both Con73 and Con218 significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella enterica. In addition both MaeuCath1 and MaeuCath7 stimulated proliferation of primary tammar wallaby mammary epithelial cells (WallMEC). Lactation-phase specific alternate spliced transcripts were determined for MaeuCath1 showing utilisation of both antimicrobial and proliferative functions are required by the mammary gland and the suckled young. The study has shown for the first time that temporal regulation of milk cathelicidins may be crucial in antimicrobial protection of the mammary gland and suckled young and mammary cell proliferation.
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95
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Bisht M, Dhasmana DC, Bist SS. Angiogenesis: Future of pharmacological modulation. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 42:2-8. [PMID: 20606828 PMCID: PMC2885631 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.62395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a fundamental biological process that is regulated by a fine balance between pro- and antiangiogenic molecules, and is deranged in various diseases. Historically, angiogenesis was only implicated in few diseases, such as, cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. However, in recent years, it has been increasingly evident that excessive, insufficient or abnormal angiogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of many more disorders. Research in angiogenesis offers a potential to cure a variety of diseases such as Alzheimer's and AIDS. Modulation of angiogenesis may have an impact on diseases in the twenty-first century similar to that which the discovery of antibiotics had in the twentieth century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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96
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Scocchi M, Tossi A, Gennaro R. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: converging to a non-lytic mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2317-30. [PMID: 21594684 PMCID: PMC11114787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides are a group of cationic host defense peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates characterized by a high content of proline residues, often associated with arginine residues in repeated motifs. Those isolated from some mammalian and insect species, although not evolutionarily related, use a similar mechanism to selectively kill Gram-negative bacteria, with a low toxicity to animals. Unlike other types of antimicrobial peptides, their mode of action does not involve the lysis of bacterial membranes but entails penetration into susceptible cells, where they then act intracellularly. Some aspects of the transport system and cytoplasmic targets have been elucidated. These features make them attractive both as anti-infective lead compounds and as a new class of potential cell-penetrating peptides capable of internalising membrane-impermeant drugs into both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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97
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Ruschak AM, Slassi M, Kay LE, Schimmer AD. Novel proteasome inhibitors to overcome bortezomib resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1007-17. [PMID: 21606441 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is an intracellular enzyme complex that degrades ubiquitin-tagged proteins and thereby regulates protein levels within the cell. Given this important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, it is perhaps somewhat surprising that proteasome inhibitors have a therapeutic window. Proteasome inhibitors have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma and are under evaluation for the treatment of other malignancies. Bortezomib is the first and only Food and Drug Administration-approved proteasome inhibitor that inhibits this enzyme complex in a reversible fashion. Although bortezomib improves clinical outcomes when used as a single agent, most patients do not respond to this drug and those who do respond almost uniformly relapse. As such, efforts are underway to develop proteasome inhibitors that act through mechanisms distinct from that of bortezomib. Specifically, inhibitors that bind the active site of the proteasome and inhibit the complex irreversibly have been developed and are in advanced clinical trials. Inhibitors that act on sites of the proteasome outside of the catalytic center have also been identified and are in preclinical development. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of the proteasome. We then focus on the molecular biology, chemistry, and the preclinical and clinical efficacy of novel proteasome inhibitors as strategies to inhibit this target and overcome some forms of bortezomib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Ruschak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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98
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Suzuki K, Nagaoka I. Effect of antimicrobial cathelicidin peptides on the endothelial cell apoptosis. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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99
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100
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Coulon C, Georgiadou M, Roncal C, De Bock K, Langenberg T, Carmeliet P. From vessel sprouting to normalization: role of the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein/hypoxia-inducible factor oxygen-sensing machinery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2331-6. [PMID: 20966400 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.214106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The accepted model of vessel branching distinguishes several endothelial cell fates. At the forefront of a vessel sprout, "tip cells" guide the sprouting vessel toward an angiogenic stimulus. Behind the tip, "stalk cells" proliferate to elongate the vessel branch and create a lumen. In mature vessels, endothelial cells acquire a streamlined shape to optimally conduct blood flow. For this purpose, endothelial cells switch to the "phalanx" cell fate, which is characterized by quiescent and nonproliferating cells aligned in a tight cobblestonelike layer. Vessel maturation also requires the recruitment of mural cells (ie, smooth muscle cells and pericytes). These cell fates are often altered in pathological conditions, most prominently during the formation of tumor vasculature. Given the essential role of hypoxia as the driving force for initiating angiogenesis, it is not surprising that the hypoxia-sensing machinery controls key steps in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Coulon
- Vesalius Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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