Cuproptosis: lipoylated TCA cycle proteins-mediated novel cell death pathway

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing strengthens cuproptosis/chemodynamic/ferroptosis synergistic cancer therapy

Copper-based nanomaterials demonstrate promising potential in cancer therapy. Cu+ efficiently triggers a Fenton-like reaction and further consumes the high level of glutathione, initiating chemical dynamic therapy (CDT) and ferroptosis. Cuproptosis, a newly identified cell death modality that represents a great prospect in cancer therapy, is activated. However, active homeostatic systems rigorously keep copper levels within cells exceptionally low, which hinders the application of cooper nanomaterials-based therapy. Herein, a novel strategy of CRISPR-Cas9 RNP nanocarrier to deliver cuprous ions and suppress the expression of copper transporter protein ATP7A for maintaining a high level of copper in cytoplasmic fluid is developed. The Cu2O and organosilica shell would degrade under the high level of glutathione and weak acidic environment, further releasing RNP and Cu+. The liberated Cu+ triggered a Fenton-like reaction for CDT and partially transformed to Cu2+, consuming intracellular GSH and initiating cuproptosis and ferroptosis efficiently. Meanwhile, the release of RNP effectively reduced the expression of copper transporter ATP7A, subsequently increasing the accumulation of cooper and enhancing the efficacy of CDT, cuproptosis, and ferroptosis. Such tumor microenvironment responsive multimodal nanoplatform opens an ingenious avenue for colorectal cancer therapy based on gene editing enhanced synergistic cuproptosis/CDT/ferroptosis.

GSH exhaustion via inhibition of xCT-GSH-GPX4 pathway synergistically enhanced DSF/Cu-induced cuproptosis in myelodysplastic syndromes

The clinical application of the therapeutic approach in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains an insurmountable challenge for the high propensity for progressing to acute myeloid leukemia and predominantly affecting elderly individuals. Thus, the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory network of different programmed cell death holds great promise for the identification of therapeutic targets and provides insights into new therapeutic avenues. Herein, we found that disulfiram/copper (DSF/Cu) significantly repressed the cell viability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, destroyed mitochondrial morphology, and altered oxygen consumption rate. Further studies verified that DSF/Cu induces cuproptosis, as evidenced by the depletion of glutathione (GSH), aggregation of lipoylated DLAT, and induced loss of Fe-S cluster-containing proteins, which could be rescued by tetrathiomolybdate and knockdown of ferredoxin 1 (FDX1). Additionally, GSH contributed to the tolerance of DSF/Cu-mediated cuproptosis, while pharmacological chelation of GSH triggered ROS accumulation and sensitized cell death. The xCT-GSH-GPX4 axis is the ideal downstream component of ferroptosis that exerts a powerful protective mechanism. Notably, classical xCT inhibitors were capable of leading to the catastrophic accumulation of ROS and exerting synergistic cell death, while xCT overexpression restored these phenomena. Simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, has beneficial effects in repurposing for inhibiting GPX4. Similarly, the combination treatment of DSF/Cu and simvastatin dramatically decreased the expression of GPX4 and Fe-S proteins, ultimately accelerating cell death. Moreover, we identified that the combination treatment of DSF/Cu and simvastatin also had a synergistic antitumor effect in the MDS mouse model, with the reduced GPX4, increased COX-2 and accumulated lipid peroxides. Overall, our study provided insight into developing a novel synergistic strategy to sensitize MDS therapy by targeting ferroptosis and cuproptosis.

Tumor microenvironment activation amplify oxidative stress promoting tumor energy remodeling for mild photothermal therapy and cuproptosis

Tumor metabolic reprogramming requires high levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain treatment resistance, which poses major challenges to chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. Especially, high levels of ATP promote copper ion efflux for limiting the curative effect of cuproptosis. Here, an H2S-responsive mesoporous Cu2Cl(OH)3-loading chemotherapeutic cisplatin (CDDP) was synthesized, and the final nanoparticle, CDDP@Cu2Cl(OH)3-CDs (CDCuCDs), was encapsulated by electrostatic action with carbon dots (CDs). CDCuCDs reacted with overproduction H2S in colon tumor to produce photothermic copper sulfide for photothermal therapy. CDDP was released by lysis to achieve chemotherapeutic effects. Importantly, CDDP elevated H2O2 levels in cells through a cascade reaction and continuously transforms H2O2 into highly cytotoxic •OH through chemodynamic therapy between H2O2 and Cu+, which enables nanoparticles to generate •OH and improve the chemotherapeutic efficacy. Highly toxic •OH disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, prohibiting it from performing normal energy-supplying functions. Down-regulated ATP inhibits heat shock protein expression, which promotes the therapeutic effect of mild photothermal therapy and reduces the efflux of intracellular copper ions, thus improving the therapeutic effect of cuproptosis. Our research provides a potential therapeutic strategy using overproduction H2S responses in tumors, allowing tumor microenvironment-activated •OH nanogenerators to promote tumor energy remodeling for cancer treatment.

Transcriptomic profiling and risk assessment in bladder cancer: Insights from copper death-related genes

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to investigate the role of copper death-related genes (CRGs) in bladder cancer (BC) for improved prognosis assessment.

METHODS

Multi-omics techniques were utilized to analyze CRG expression in BC tissues from TCGA and GEO databases. Consensus clustering categorized patients into molecular subtypes based on clinical characteristics and immune cell infiltration.

RESULTS

An innovative risk assessment model identified eight critical genes associated with BC risk. In vitro and in vivo experiments validated LIPT1's significant impact on copper-induced cell death, proliferation, migration, and invasion in BC.

CONCLUSION

This multi-omics analysis elucidates the pivotal role of CRGs in BC progression, suggesting enhanced risk assessment through molecular subtype categorization and identification of key genes like LIPT1. Insights into these mechanisms offer the potential for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies for BC patients.

A cuproptosis-related prognostic signature for guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment in uveal melanoma patients

Background

Cuproptosis, one of the most recently discovered forms of cell death, is induced by the disruption of copper binding to the mitochondrial respiratory acylation components. However, the mechanism underlying cuproptosis in uveal melanoma (UM) has not yet been adequately studied.

Methods

RNA and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed cuproptosis-related genes were identified by R software. A prognostic signature was constructed by applying LASSO regression and Cox regression models. The associations between the signature and the immune microenvironment, overall survival, and drug sensitivity were studied. In addition, qPCR and Western blotting were performed on UM cells and RPE cell lines to verify the expression levels of the genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) and dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) in UM cases.

Results

Using a cuproptosis-related prognostic signature, UM samples were classified into high- and low-risk groups. A significant difference in overall survival between the two risk groups was evident. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that the signature is a reliable predictor of prognosis. Immune cell infiltration, drug sensitivity, and immune checkpoint expression were analysed. Significant immune difference between the two high-risk groups was found, and the high expression of immune checkpoints in high-risk groups suggests significant immunotherapy potential. In addition, drug sensitivity analysis experiments suggest that erlotinib may be a potential treatment for high-risk patients. The results of in vitro experiments confirmed that DLD and DLST had higher expression levels in UM cell lines.

Conclusions

The prognostic signature developed in this study is a reliable biomarker for predicting the prognosis of UM and may serve as a tool for personalised treatment of patients with UM.

Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.

Development of prognostic model incorporating a ferroptosis/cuproptosis-related signature and mutational landscape analysis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a prevalent and aggressive malignancy. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis are recently discovered forms of programmed cell death (PCD) that have attracted much attention. However, their interactions and impacts on MIBC overall survival (OS) and treatment outcomes remain unclear.

METHODS

Data from the TCGA-BLCA project (as the training set), cBioPortal database, and GEO datasets (GSE13507 and GSE32894, as the test sets) were utilized to identify hub ferroptosis/cuproptosis-related genes (FRGs and CRGs) and develop a prognostic signature. Differential expression analysis (DEA) was conducted, followed by univariate and multivariate Cox's regression analyses and multiple machine learning (ML) techniques to select genetic features. The performance of the ferroptosis/cuproptosis-related signature was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Mutational and tumour immune microenvironment landscapes were also explored. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments confirmed the expression patterns of the hub genes, and functional assays assessed the effects of SCD knockdown on cell viability, proliferation, and migration.

RESULTS

DEA revealed dysregulated FRGs and CRGs in the TCGA MIBC cohort. SCD, DDR2, and MT1A were identified as hub genes. A prognostic signature based on the sum of the weighted expression of these genes demonstrated strong predictive efficacy in the training and test sets. Nomogram incorporating this signature accurately predicted 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival probabilities in the TCGA cohort and GSE13507 dataset. Copy number variation (CNV) and tumour immune microenvironment analysis revealed that high risk score level groups were associated with immunosuppression and lower tumour purity. The associations of risk scores with immunotherapy and chemical drugs were also explored, indicating their potential for guiding treatment for MIBC patients. The dysregulated expression patterns of three hub genes were validated by RT-qPCR experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting hub FRGs and CRGs could be a promising therapeutic approach for MIBC. Our prognostic model offers a new framework for MIBC subtyping and can inform personalized therapeutic strategies.

Enzalutamide Sensitizes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Copper-Mediated Cell Death

Despite the initial efficacy of enzalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), inevitable resistance remains a significant challenge. Here, the synergistic induction of copper-dependent cell death (cuproptosis) in CRPC cells is reported by enzalutamide and copper ionophores (elesclomol/disulfiram). Mechanistically, enzalutamide treatment increases mitochondrial dependence in CRPC cells, rendering them susceptible to cuproptosis, as evidenced by specific reversal with the copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate. This susceptibility is characterized by hallmarks of cuproptosis, including lipoylated protein aggregation and iron-sulfur cluster protein instability. Interestingly, the mitochondrial matrix reductase, FDX1, specifically correlates with elesclomol sensitivity, suggesting a potential mechanistic divergence between the two copper ionophores. Notably, this synergistic effect extends beyond in vitro models, demonstrating efficacy in 22Rv1 xenografts, mouse Pten p53 knockout organoids. Importantly, enzalutamide significantly enhances copper ionophore-mediated cytotoxicity in enzalutamide-resistant cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that enzalutamide and copper ionophores synergistically induce cuproptosis, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for CRPC, potentially including enzalutamide-resistant cases.

Exploring and clinical validation of prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of copper homeostasis-related gene dysregulation in acute myeloid leukemia

The patterns and biological functions of copper homeostasis-related genes (CHRGs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unclear. We explored the patterns and biological functions of CHRGs in AML. Using independent cohorts, including TCGA-GTEx, GSE114868, GSE37642, and clinical samples, we identified 826 common differentially expressed genes. Specifically, 12 cuproptosis-related genes (e.g., ATP7A, ATP7B) were upregulated, while 17 cuproplasia-associated genes (e.g., ATOX1, ATP7A) were downregulated in AML. We used LASSO-Cox, Kaplan-Meier, and Nomogram analyses to establish prognostic risk models, effectively stratifying patients with AML into high- and low-risk groups. Subgroup analysis revealed that high-risk patients exhibited poorer overall survival and involvement in fatty acid metabolism, apoptosis, and glycolysis. Immune infiltration analysis indicated differences in immune cell composition, with notable increases in B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells in the low-risk group, and increased monocytes and neutrophils in the high-risk group. Single-cell sequencing analysis corroborated the expression characteristics of critical CHRGs, such as MAPK1 and ATOX1, associated with the function of T, B, and NK cells. Drug sensitivity analysis suggested potential therapeutic agents targeting copper homeostasis, including Bicalutamide and Sorafenib. PCR validation confirmed the differential expression of 4 cuproptosis-related genes (LIPT1, SLC31A1, GCSH, and PDHA1) and 9 cuproplasia-associated genes (ATOX1, CCS, CP, MAPK1, SOD1, COA6, PDK1, DBH, and PDE3B) in AML cell line. Importantly, these genes serve as potential biomarkers for patient stratification and treatment. In conclusion, we shed light on the expression patterns and biological functions of CHRGs in AML. The developed risk models provided prognostic implications for patient survival, offering valuable information on the regulatory characteristics of CHRGs and potential avenues for personalized treatment in AML.

The role of cuproptosis-related genes in pan-cancer and the development of cuproptosis-related risk model in colon adenocarcinoma

Cancer is widely regarded as a leading cause of death in humans, with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) ranking among the most prevalent types. Cuproptosis is a novel form of cell death mediated by protein lipoylation. Cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) participate in tumourigenesis and development. Their role in pan-cancer and COAD require further investigation. This study comprehensively evaluated the relationship among CRGs, pan-cancer, and COAD. Our research revealed the differential expression of CRGs and the cuproptosis potential index (CPI) between normal and tumour tissues, and further explored the correlation of CRGs or CPI with prognosis, immune infiltration, tumor mutant burden(TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and drug sensitivity in pan-cancer. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in the high CPI group of most tumours. FDX1 and CDKN2A were chosen for further exploration, and we found an independent association between FDX1 and CDKN2A and prognosis, immune infiltration, TMB, and MSI in pan-cancer. Furthermore, a prognostic risk model based on the association between CRGs and COAD was built, and the correlations between the risk score and prognosis, immune-related characteristics, and drug sensitivity were analysed. COAD was then divided into three subtypes using cluster analysis, and the differences among the subtypes in prognosis, CPI, immune-related characteristics, and drug sensitivity were determined. Due to the level of LIPT1 was notably positive related with the risk score, the cytological identification was carried out to identify the association of LIPT1 with proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells. In summary, CRGs can be used as potential prognostic biomarkers to predict immune infiltration levels in patients with pan-cancer. In addition, the risk model could more accurately predict the prognosis and immune infiltration levels of COAD and better guide the direction of clinical medication. Thus, FDX1, CDKN2A, and LIPT1 may serve as prospective new targets for cancer therapy.

Superior cuproptotic efficacy of diethyldithiocarbamate-Cu4O3 nanoparticles over diethyldithiocarbamate-Cu2O nanoparticles in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma

Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) is a serious health concern. The stemness of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a key driver for HC tumorigenesis, apoptotic resistance, and metastasis, and functional mitochondria are critical for its maintenance. Cuproptosis is Cu-dependent non-apoptotic pathway (mitochondrial dysfunction) via inactivating mitochondrial enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase "PDH" and succinate dehydrogenase "SDH"). To effectively treat metastatic HC, it is necessary to induce selective cuproptosis (for halting cancer stemness genes) with selective oxidative imbalance (for increasing cell susceptibility to cuproptosis and inducing non-CSCs death). Herein, two types of Cu oxide nanoparticles (Cu4O3 "C(I + II)" NPs and Cu2O "C(I)" NPs) were used in combination with diethyldithiocarbamate (DD, an aldehyde dehydrogenase "ALDH" inhibitor) for comparative anti-HC investigation. DC(I + II) NPs exhibited higher cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and anti-migration impact than DC(I) NPs in the treated human HC cells (HepG2 and/or Huh7). Moreover, DC(I + II) NPs were more effective than DC(I) NPs in the treatment of HC mouse groups. This was mediated via higher selective accumulation of DC(I + II) NPs in only tumor tissues and oxidant activity, causing stronger selective inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes (PDH, SDH, and ALDH2) than DC(I)NPs. This effect resulted in more suppression of tumor and metastasis markers as well as stemness gene expressions in DC(I + II) NPs-treated HC mice. In addition, both nanocomplexes normalized liver function and hematological parameters. The computational analysis found that DC(I + II) showed higher binding affinity to most of the tested enzymes. Accordingly, DC(I + II) NPs represent a highly effective therapeutic formulation compared to DC(I) NPs for metastatic HC.

The crosstalk between copper-induced oxidative stress and cuproptosis: a novel potential anticancer paradigm

Copper is a crucial trace element that plays a role in various pathophysiological processes in the human body. Copper also acts as a transition metal involved in redox reactions, contributing to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under prolonged and increased ROS levels, oxidative stress occurs, which has been implicated in different types of regulated cell death. The recent discovery of cuproptosis, a copper-dependent regulated cell death pathway that is distinct from other known regulated cell death forms, has raised interest to researchers in the field of cancer therapy. Herein, the present work aims to outline the current understanding of cuproptosis, with an emphasis on its anticancer activities through the interplay with copper-induced oxidative stress, thereby providing new ideas for therapeutic approaches targeting modes of cell death in the future.

The Convergence of Sonodynamic Therapy and Cuproptosis in the Dual-Responsive Biomimetic CytoNano for Precision Mitochondrial Intervention in Cancer Treatment

The integration of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with cuproptosis for targeted cancer treatment epitomizes a significant advancement in oncology. Herein, we present a dual-responsive therapeutic system, "CytoNano", which combines a cationic liposome infused with copper-nitride nanoparticles and oxygen-rich perfluorocarbon (Lip@Cu3N/PFC-O2), all enveloped in a biomimetic coating of neutrophil membrane and acid-responsive carboxymethylcellulose. CytoNano leverages the cellular mimicry of neutrophils and acid-responsive materials, enabling precise targeting of tumors and their acidic microenvironment. This strategic design facilitates the targeted release of Lip@Cu3N/PFC-O2 within the tumor, enhancing cancer cell uptake and mitochondrial localization. Consequently, it amplifies the therapeutic efficacy of both Cu3N-driven SDT and cuproptosis while preserving healthy tissues. Additionally, CytoNano's ultrasound responsiveness enhances intratumoral oxygenation, overcoming physiological barriers and initiating a combined sonodynamic-cuproptotic effect that induces multiple cell death pathways. Thus, we pioneer a biomimetic approach in precise sonodynamic cuproptosis, revolutionizing cancer therapy.

Cuproptosis-Related Genes as Prognostic Biomarkers for Sepsis: Insights into Immune Function and Personalized Immunotherapy

Background

This study aimed to discover diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for sepsis immunotherapy through analyzing the novel cellular death process, cuproptosis.

Methods

We used transcriptome data from sepsis patients to identify key cuproptosis-related genes (CuRGs). We created a predictive model and used the CIBERSORT algorithm to observe the link between these genes and the septic immune microenvironment. We segregated sepsis patients into three subgroups, comparing immune function, immune cell infiltration, and differential analysis. Single-cell sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR were used to view the regulatory effect of CuRGs on the immune microenvironment and compare the mRNA levels of these genes in sepsis patients and healthy controls. We established a sepsis forecast model adapted to heart rate, body temperature, white blood cell count, and cuproptosis key genes. This was followed by a drug sensitivity analysis of cuproptosis key genes.

Results

Our results filtered three key genes (LIAS, PDHB, PDHA1) that impact sepsis prognosis. We noticed that the high-risk group had poorer immune cell function and lesser immune cell infiltration. We also discovered a significant connection between CuRGs and immune cell infiltration in sepsis. Through consensus clustering, sepsis patients were classified into three subgroups. The best immune functionality and prognosis was observed in subgroup B. Single-cell sequencing exposed that the key genes manage the immune microenvironment by affecting T cell activation. The qPCR results highlighted substantial mRNA level reduction of the three key genes in the SP compared to the HC. The prediction model, which combines CuRGs and traditional diagnostic indicators, performed better in accuracy than the other markers. The drug sensitivity analysis listed bisphenol A as highly sensitive to all the key genes.

Conclusion

Our study suggests these CuRGs may offer substantial potential for sepsis prognosis prediction and personalized immunotherapy.

Inflammatory immunity and bacteriological perspectives: A new direction for copper treatment of sepsis

Copper is an essential trace element for all aerobic organisms because of its unique biological functions. In recent years, researchers have discovered that copper can induce cell death through various regulatory mechanisms, thereby inducing inflammation. Efforts have also been made to alter the chemical structure of copper to achieve either anticancer or anti-inflammatory effects. The copper ion can exhibit bactericidal effects by interfering with the integrity of the cell membrane and promoting oxidative stress. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection. Some studies have revealed that copper is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and is closely related to its prognosis. During the infection of sepsis, the body may enhance the antimicrobial effect by increasing the release of copper. However, to avoid copper poisoning, all organisms have evolved copper resistance genes. Therefore, further analysis of the complex relationship between copper and bacteria may provide new ideas and research directions for the treatment of sepsis.

FDX1 as a novel biomarker and treatment target for stomach adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is one of the main reasons for cancer-related deaths worldwide. This investigation aimed to define the connection between STAD and Cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs). Cuproptosis is a newly identified form of mitochondrial cell death triggered by copper.

AIM

To explore the identification of potential biomarkers for STAD disease based on cuproptosis.

METHODS

A predictive model using Gene Ontology (GO), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis analyzed gene interconnections, focusing on 3 copper-related genes and their expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas-STAD. Networks for mRNA-miRNA and mRNA-transcription factor interactions were constructed. The prognostic significance of CRG scores was evaluated using time-receiver operating characteristic, Kaplan-Meier curves, and COX regression analysis. Validation was conducted with datasets GSE26942, GSE54129, and GSE66229. Expression of copper-related differentially expressed genes was also analyzed in various human tissues and gastric cancer subpopulations using the human protein atlas.

RESULTS

Three significant genes (FDX1, LIAS, MTF1) were identified and selected via LASSO analysis to predict and classify individuals with STAD into high and low CRG score subgroups. These genes were down-regulated in both risk categories. GO and KEGG analyses highlighted their involvement mainly in the electron transport chain. After validating their differential expression, FDX1 emerged as the most accurate diagnostic marker for gastric cancer. Additionally, the RCircos package localized FDX1 on chromosome 11.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that FDX1 could be a potential biomarker and treatment target for gastric malignancy, providing new ideas for further scientific research.

Carrier-Free Self-Assembly Nano-Sonosensitizers for Sonodynamic-Amplified Cuproptosis-Ferroptosis in Glioblastoma Therapy

Cuproptosis is a newly discovered form of programmed cell death significantly depending on the transport efficacy of copper (Cu) ionophores. However, existing Cu ionophores, primarily small molecules with a short blood half-life, face challenges in transporting enough amounts of Cu ions into tumor cells. This work describes the construction of carrier-free nanoparticles (Ce6@Cu NPs), which self-assembled by the coordination of Cu2+ with the sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), facilitating sonodynamic-triggered combination of cuproptosis and ferroptosis. Ce6@Cu NPs internalized by U87MG cells induce a sonodynamic effect and glutathione (GSH) depletion capability, promoting lipid peroxidation and eventually inducing ferroptosis. Furthermore, Cu+ concentration in tumor cells significantly increases as Cu2+ reacts with reductive GSH, resulting in the downregulation of ferredoxin-1 and lipoyl synthase. This induces the oligomerization of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, causing proteotoxic stress and irreversible cuproptosis. Ce6@Cu NPs possess a satisfactory ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, resulting in significant accumulation in orthotopic U87MG-Luc glioblastoma. The sonodynamic-triggered combination of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in the tumor by Ce6@Cu NPs is evidenced both in vitro and in vivo with minimal side effects. This work represents a promising tumor therapeutic strategy combining ferroptosis and cuproptosis, potentially inspiring further research in developing logical and effective cancer therapies based on cuproptosis.

Analyzing Immune Cell Infiltration and Copper Metabolism in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Background

Diabetes impairs wound healing, notably in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Stress, marked by the accumulation of lipoylated mitochondrial enzymes and the depletion of Fe-S cluster proteins, triggers cuproptosis-a distinct form of cell death. The involvement of copper in the pathophysiology of DFU has been recognized, and currently, a copper-based therapeutic strategy is emerging as a viable option for enhancing ulcer healing. This study investigates genes linked to copper metabolism in DFU, aiming to uncover potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Methods

Two diabetic wound Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were analyzed to study immune cell dysregulation in diabetic wounds. Differentially expressed genes related to copper metabolism were identified and analyzed using machine learning methods. Gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and immune infiltration analyses were performed using DFU samples. The expression of identified genes was validated using qRT-PCR and single-cell RNA sequencing.

Results

Ten genes associated with copper metabolism were identified. Among these, SLC31A1 and ADNP were found to be significantly differentially expressed in DFU. Notably, SLC31A1 exhibited higher expression in macrophages, whereas ADNP was found to be highly expressed in fibroblasts and chondrocytes.

Conclusion

The study indicates a close link between copper metabolism, the infiltration of immune cells, and DFU. It proposes that copper metabolism could influence the progression of DFU through the activation of immune responses. These observations offer fresh perspectives on the underlying mechanisms of DFU and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Identification of cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNA and construction of a novel prognostic signature for bladder cancer: An observational study

Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (BLCA), a prevalent and lethal cancer, lacks understanding regarding the roles and prognostic value of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs), a novel form of cell death induced by copper. We collected RNA-seq data, clinical information, and prognostic data for 414 BLCA samples and 19 matched controls from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Using multivariate and univariate Cox regression analyses, we identified CRLs to create a prognostic signature. Patients were then divided into low- and high-risk groups based on their risk scores. We analyzed overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier method, evaluated stromal and immune scores, and explored functional differences between these risk groups with gene set enrichment analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were also conducted to understand the links between CRLs and BLCA development. We developed a prognostic signature using 4 independent CRLs: RC3H1-IT1, SPAG5-AS1, FAM13A-AS1, and GNG12-AS1. This signature independently predicted the prognosis of BLCA patients. High-risk patients had worse outcomes, with gene set enrichment analysis revealing enrichment in tumor- and immune-related pathways in the high-risk group. Notably, high-risk patients exhibited enhanced responses to immunotherapy and conventional chemotherapy drugs like sunitinib, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine. The independent prognostic signature variables RC3H1-IT1, SPAG5-AS1, FAM13A-AS1, and GNG12-AS1 predicted the prognoses of BLCA patients and provided a basis for the study of the mechanism of CRLs in BLCA development and progression, and the guidance of clinical treatments for patients with BLCA.

A Unique Approach: Biomimetic Graphdiyne-Based Nanoplatform to Treat Prostate Cancer by Combining Cuproptosis and Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy

Purpose

Current treatment approaches for Prostate cancer (PCa) often come with debilitating side effects and limited therapeutic outcomes. There is urgent need for an alternative effective and safe treatment for PCa.

Methods

We developed a nanoplatform to target prostate cancer cells based on graphdiyne (GDY) and a copper-based metal-organic framework (GDY-CuMOF), that carries the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) for cancer treatment. Moreover, to provide GDY-CuMOF@DOX with homotypic targeting capability, we coated the PCa cell membrane (DU145 cell membrane, DCM) onto the surface of GDY-CuMOF@DOX, thus obtaining a biomimetic nanoplatform (DCM@GDY-CuMOF@DOX). The nanoplatform was characterized by using transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray diffraction, etc. Drug release behavior, antitumor effects in vivo and in vitro, and biosafety of the nanoplatform were evaluated.

Results

We found that GDY-CuMOF exhibited a remarkable capability to load DOX mainly through π-conjugation and pore adsorption, and it responsively released DOX and generated Cu+ in the presence of glutathione (GSH). In vivo experiments demonstrated that this nanoplatform exhibits remarkable cell-killing efficiency by generating lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediating cuproptosis. In addition, DCM@GDY-CuMOF@DOX effectively suppresses tumor growth in vivo without causing any apparent side effects.

Conclusion

The constructed DCM@GDY-CuMOF@DOX nanoplatform integrates tumor targeting, drug-responsive release and combination with cuproptosis and chemodynamic therapy, offering insights for further biomedical research on efficient PCa treatment.

Elesclomol Loaded Copper Oxide Nanoplatform Triggers Cuproptosis to Enhance Antitumor Immunotherapy

The induction of cuproptosis, a recently identified form of copper-dependent immunogenic cell death, is a promising approach for antitumor therapy. However, sufficient accumulation of intracellular copper ions (Cu2+) in tumor cells is essential for inducing cuproptosis. Herein, an intelligent cuproptosis-inducing nanosystem is constructed by encapsulating copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with the copper ionophore elesclomol (ES). After uptake by tumor cells, ES@CuO is degraded to release Cu2+ and ES to synergistically trigger cuproptosis, thereby significantly inhibiting the tumor growth of murine B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, ES@CuO further promoted cuproptosis-mediated immune responses and reprogrammed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by increasing the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and secreted inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, combining ES@CuO with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy substantially increased the antitumor efficacy in murine melanoma. Overall, the findings of this study can lead to the use of a novel strategy for cuproptosis-mediated antitumor therapy, which may enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Elucidating cuproptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Emerging research into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) up until January 2024 has highlighted the critical role of cuproptosis, a unique cell death mechanism triggered by copper overload, in the disease's development. This connection offers new insights into MASLD's complex pathogenesis, pointing to copper accumulation as a key factor that disrupts lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The identification of cuproptosis as a significant contributor to MASLD underscores the potential for targeting copper-mediated pathways for novel therapeutic approaches. This promising avenue suggests that managing copper levels could mitigate MASLD progression, offering a fresh perspective on treatment strategies. Further investigations into how cuproptosis influences MASLD are essential for unraveling the detailed mechanisms at play and for identifying effective interventions. The focus on copper's role in liver health opens up the possibility of developing targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of MASLD, moving beyond symptomatic treatment to tackle the root of the problem. The exploration of cuproptosis in the context of MASLD exemplifies the importance of understanding metal homeostasis in metabolic diseases and represents a significant step forward in the quest for more effective treatments. This research direction lights path for innovative MASLD management and reversal.

Cellular Trojan Horse initiates bimetallic Fe-Cu MOF-mediated synergistic cuproptosis and ferroptosis against malignancies

Disruptions in metal balance can trigger a synergistic interplay of cuproptosis and ferroptosis, offering promising solutions to enduring challenges in oncology. Here, we have engineered a Cellular Trojan Horse, named MetaCell, which uses live neutrophils to stably internalize thermosensitive liposomal bimetallic Fe-Cu MOFs (Lip@Fe-Cu-MOFs). MetaCell can instigate cuproptosis and ferroptosis, thereby enhancing treatment efficacy. Mirroring the characteristics of neutrophils, MetaCell can evade the immune system and not only infiltrate tumors but also respond to inflammation by releasing therapeutic components, thereby surmounting traditional treatment barriers. Notably, Lip@Fe-Cu-MOFs demonstrate notable photothermal effects, inciting a targeted release of Fe-Cu-MOFs within cancer cells and amplifying the synergistic action of cuproptosis and ferroptosis. MetaCell has demonstrated promising treatment outcomes in tumor-bearing mice, effectively eliminating solid tumors and forestalling recurrence, leading to extended survival. This research provides great insights into the complex interplay between copper and iron homeostasis in malignancies, potentially paving the way for innovative approaches in cancer treatment.

A combination of cuproptosis and lncRNAs predicts the prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in cervical cancer

BACKGROUND

Cuproptosis induces proteotoxic stress and eventually leads to cell death. However, the relationship between cuproptosis and lncRNAs in cervical cancer has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we aim to explore the association among lncRNAs, cuproptosis and clinical features in cervical cancer.

METHODS

RNA sequencing, genetic mutations, and clinical data of CESC patients were obtained from TCGA. Cuproptosis-associated genes were gathered. WGCNA was used to cluster important modules, and KEGG, GO, GSEA and GSVA were used to explore functional and pathway enrichment. The association between immune microenvironment and cuproptosis-related lncRNAs was performed by using cibersort algorithm and other platforms, including XCELL, TIMER, QUANTISEQ, MCPCOUNTER and EPIC. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to detect the expression of LINC01833 and LINC02321, and CCK-8 and cell scratch assays were used to assess cell proliferation and migration capabilities after LINCRNA interference.

RESULTS

202 upregulated and 45 downregulated lncRNAs were selected. The survival analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in survival rates between the high-risk and low-risk groups. The prognosis of tumour mutation burden and the degree of immune infiltration were differed noticeably between the high-risk and low-risk groups. BHG712, TL-2-105, FR-180204, Masitinib, TAK-715, ODI-027, JW-7-24-2, and OSI-930 had substantially higher IC50 values in the high-risk group. Notably, we found AL360178.1 was associated with RNF44 E3 ubiquitin ligase expression. In cervical cancer cell lines, LINC01833 and LINC02321 displayed significant upregulation. Efficient siRNA transfection led to a decreased expression of LINC01833 and LINC02321. This knockdown significantly hindered both cell proliferation and migration capabilities in cervical cancer cells compared to the negative control.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we constructed five cuprotosis-related lncRNA prognostic models, which may be new tumor therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.

Systematic analysis of cuproptosis abnormalities and functional significance in cancer

BACKGROUND

Cuproptosis is a recently discovered type of cell death, but the role and behavior of cuproptosis-related genes (CuRGs) in cancers remain unclear. This paper aims to address these issues by analyzing the multi-omics characteristics of cancer-related genes (CuRGs) across various types of cancer.

METHOD

To investigate the impact of somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) and DNA methylation on CRG expression, we will analyze the correlation between these factors. We developed a cuproptosis index (CPI) model to measure the level of cuproptosis and investigate its functional roles. Using this model, we assessed the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer patients and analyzed genetic changes and immune infiltration features in different CPI levels.

RESULTS

The study's findings indicate that the majority of cancer-related genes (CuRGs) were suppressed in tumors and had a positive correlation with somatic copy number alterations (SCNA), while having a negative correlation with DNA methylation. This suggests that both SCNA and DNA methylation have an impact on the expression of CuRGs. The CPI model is a reliable predictor of survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer and can serve as an independent prognostic factor. Patients with a higher CPI have a worse prognosis. We conducted a deeper analysis of the genetic alterations and immune infiltration patterns in both CPI positive and negative groups. Our findings revealed significant differences, indicating that CuRGs may play a crucial role in tumor immunity mechanisms. Additionally, we have noticed a positive correlation between CuRGs and various crucial pathways that are linked to the occurrence, progression, and metastasis of tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our study systematically analyzes cuproptosis and its regulatory genes, emphasizing the potential of using cuproptosis as a basis for cancer therapy.

Copper homeostasis in chronic kidney disease and its crosstalk with ferroptosis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Renal fibrosis can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, there is still no effective treatment to prevent or delay the progression of CKD into ESRD. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of CKD is essential for preventing and treating CKD. There are a variety of trace elements in the human body that interact with each other within a complex regulatory network. Iron and copper are both vital trace elements in the body. They are critical for maintaining bodily functions, and the dysregulation of their metabolism can cause many diseases, including kidney disease. Ferroptosis is a new form of cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to kidney disease. However, the role of abnormal copper metabolism in kidney disease and its relationship with ferroptosis remains unclear. Here, our current knowledge regarding copper metabolism, its regulatory mechanism, and the role of abnormal copper metabolism in kidney diseases is summarized. In addition, we discuss the relationship between abnormal copper metabolism and ferroptosis to explore the possible pathogenesis and provide a potential therapeutic target for CKD.

Ferroptosis and cuproptposis in kidney Diseases: dysfunction of cell metabolism

Metal ions play an important role in living organisms and are involved in essential physiological activities. However, the overload state of ions can cause excess free radicals, cell damage, and even cell death. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis are specific forms of cell death that are distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other regulated cell death. These unique modalities of cell death, dependent on iron and copper, are regulated by multiple cellular metabolic pathways, including steady-state metal redox treatment mitochondrial activity of lipid, amino acid and glucose metabolism, and various signaling pathways associated with disease. Although the mechanisms of ferroptosis and cuproptosis are not yet fully understood, there is no doubt that ion overload plays a crucial act in these metal-dependent cell deaths. In this review, we discussed the core roles of ion overload in ferroptosis and cuproptosis, the association between metabolism imbalance and ferroptosis and cuproptosis, the extract the diseases caused by ion overload and current treatment modalities.

Copper metabolism and cuproptosis in human malignancies: Unraveling the complex interplay for therapeutic insights

Copper, a vital trace element, orchestrates diverse cellular processes ranging from energy production to antioxidant defense and angiogenesis. Copper metabolism and cuproptosis are closely linked in the context of human diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. Cuproptosis refers to a specific type of copper-mediated cell death or copper toxicity triggered by disruptions in copper metabolism within the cells. This phenomenon encompasses a spectrum of mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and perturbations in metal ion equilibrium. Mechanistically, cuproptosis is driven by copper binding to the lipoylated enzymes within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This interaction participates in protein aggregation and proteotoxic stress, ultimately culminating in cell death. Targeting copper metabolism and its associated pathways in cancer cells hold therapeutic potential by selectively targeting and eliminating cancerous cells. Strategies to modulate copper levels, enhance copper excretion, or interfere with cuproptotic pathways are being explored to identify novel therapeutic targets for cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes. Understanding the relationship between cuproptosis and copper metabolism in human malignancies remains an active area of research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the association among copper metabolism, copper homeostasis, and carcinogenesis, explicitly emphasizing the cuproptosis mechanism and its implications for cancer pathogenesis. Additionally, we emphasize the therapeutic aspects of targeting copper and cuproptosis for cancer treatment.

Identification and immunological role of cuproptosis in osteoporosis

Background

osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder disease features low bone mass and poor bone architecture, which predisposes to increased risk of fracture. Copper death is a newly recognized form of cell death caused by excess copper ions, which presumably involve in various disease. Accordingly, we intended to investigate the molecular clusters related to the cuproptosis in osteoporosis and to construct a predictive model.

Methods

we investigated the expression patterns of cuproptosis regulators and immune signatures in osteoporosis based on the GSE56815 dataset. Through analysis of 40 osteoporosis samples, we investigated molecular clustering on the basis of cuproptosis--related genes, together with the associated immune cell infiltration. The WGCNA algorithm was applied to detect cluster-specific differentially expressed genes. Afterwards, the optimum machine model was selected by calculating the performance of the support vector machine model, random forest model, eXtreme Gradient Boosting and generalized linear model. Nomogram, decision curve analysis, calibration curves, and the GSE7158 dataset was utilizing to confirm the prediction efficiency.

Results

Differences between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic controls confirm poorly adjusted copper death-related genes and triggered immune responses. In osteoporosis, two clusters of molecules in connection with copper death proliferation were outlined. The assessed levels of immune infiltration showed prominent heterogeneity between the different clusters. Cluster 2 was characterized by a raised immune score accompanied with relatively high levels of immune infiltration. The functional analysis we performed showed a close relationship between the different immune responses and specific differentially expressed genes in cluster 2. The random forest machine model showed the optimum discriminatory performance due to relatively low residuals and root mean square errors. Finally, a random forest model based on 5 genes was built, showing acceptable performance in an external validation dataset (AUC = 0.750). Calibration curve, Nomogram, and decision curve analyses also evinced fidelity in predicting subtypes of osteoporosis.

Conclusion

Our study identifies the role of cuproptosis in OP and essentially illustrates the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to OP heterogeneity.

Effects of dietary copper intake on blood lipids in women of childbearing age and the potential role of gut microbiota

Background

Copper (Cu) is a vital trace element involved in numerous physiological processes, including glycolysis and lipid metabolism. Imbalances in Cu homeostasis can contribute to various diseases. However, current research on the impact of Cu on lipid metabolism has yielded inconsistent findings. Moreover, studies investigating the effects of dietary Cu intake on blood lipids among women of childbearing age are rare. Understanding of this relationship could enhance lipid management, given that most women obtain Cu through their diet. Additionally, the gut microbiota may play a role in this process. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary Cu intake on blood lipids in women of childbearing age and to analyze the role of gut microbiota in this process.

Methods

This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to conduct a preliminary analysis of the correlation between dietary Cu levels and blood lipid indicators in women of childbearing age. Subsequently, an on-site research was conducted to further investigate this relationship, followed by animal experiments to verify the effect of different Cu doses on blood lipid levels. Multiple linear regression models, ANOVA, XGBOOST were employed to analyze the impact of Cu on blood lipids and the role of intestinal microbiota in this process.

Results

In the population study, the NHANES results were consistent with on-site findings. The TG, and TC levels in women with childbearing were increased with higher dietary Cu intake. Animal experiments have shown that as Cu intake increases, TC levels increase. Furthermore, when the Cu intake reached 8 mg/day (the recommended dietary Cu intake limit of China, RDI), the TG levels in the research animals decrease, alongside a reduction in the abundance of Weissella cibaria (probiotics related to lipid metabolism), and the levels of LPS and IL-6 increase.

Conclusion

The blood lipid levels of women of childbearing age increase with higher dietary Cu intake. RDI of 8 mg/day for women of childbearing age in China may need to be appropriately reduced. Regulating the gut microbiota, especially by increasing the abundance of Weissella cibaria may be an effective intervention for blood lipids.

Identification of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs signature for predicting the prognosis in patients with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), with low survival rate, is the most frequent subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Recently, more and more studies indicate that cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a vital role in the occurrence and development of many types of cancers. However, the roles of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRlncRNAs) in the KIRC was uncertain.

RESULTS

In our study, CRlncRNAs were obtained by coexpression between differentially expressed and prognostic CRGs and differentially expressed and prognostic lncRNAs, and an 8-CRlncRNAs (AC007743.1, AC022915.1, AP005136.4, APCDD1L-DT, HAGLR, LINC02027, MANCR and SMARCA5-AS1) risk model was established according to least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression. This risk model could differentiate immune cell infiltration, immune function and gene mutation.

CONCLUSIONS

This 8-CRlncRNAs risk model may be promising for the clinical prediction of prognoses, tumor immune, immunotherapy response and chemotherapeutic response in KIRC patients.

Integrated analysis identifies cuproptosis-related gene DLAT and its competing endogenous RNAs network to predict the prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis. However, the relationship between cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and its competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network with the prognosis of PAAD patients remains unclear. To investigate this relationship, we calculated the difference in CRGs between PAAD tissues and normal tissues using the 'limma' R package. Additionally, we employed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic signature for CRGs. Survival analysis of patients with PAAD was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Furthermore, we used bioinformatics tools to screen for CRGs-related MicroRNA (miRNA) and lncRNAs. To validate these findings, we conducted real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), CCK-8, colony formation, and Transwell assays to assess the effect of DLAT in vitro. Our results revealed a cuproptosis-related prognostic signature consisting of 3 prognostic genes (DLAT, LIAS, and LIPT1). Notably, patients with a high-risk score for the CRGs signature exhibited poor prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) (P < .05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the prognostic signature of CRGs. The results showed that the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year area under the curve values for predicting OS were 0.62, 0.66, and 0.79, respectively. Additionally, the CRGs-related ceRNA network revealed the regulatory axis of LINC00857/has-miR-1179/DLAT in PAAD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of LINC00857 and DLAT inhibited the growth and invasion of PAAD cells. This study identified a CRG-related prognostic signature consisting of 3 biomarkers (DLAT, LIAS, and LIPT1) for PAAD. Furthermore, ceRNA network analysis suggested the involvement of the LINC00857/has-miR-1179/DLAT axis in the development of PAAD. Overall, this study provides theoretical support for the investigation of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as potential therapeutic targets in PAAD.

Identification of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs with the significance in prognosis and immunotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Cuproptosis, a recently characterized programmed cell death mechanism, has emerged as a potential contributor to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune modulation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have demonstrated diverse regulatory roles in cancer and hold promise as biomarkers. However, the involvement and prognostic significance of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain poorly understood. Based on TCGA-OSCC data, we integrated single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), the LASSO algorithm, and the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm. We identified 11 CRLs through differential expression, Spearman correlation, and univariate Cox regression analyses. Two distinct CRL-related subtypes were unveiled, delineating divergent survival patterns, tumor microenvironments (TME), and mutation profiles. A robust CRL-based signature (including AC107027.3, AC008011.2, MYOSLID, AC005785.1, AC019080.5, AC020558.2, AC025265.1, FAM27E3, and LINC02367) prognosticated OSCC outcomes, immunotherapy responses, and anti-tumor strategies. Superior predictive power compared to other lncRNA models was demonstrated. Functional assessments confirmed the influence of FAM27E3, LINC02367, and MYOSLID knockdown on OSCC cell behaviors. Remarkably, the CRLs-based signature maintained stability across OSCC patient subgroups, underscoring its clinical potential for survival prediction. This study elucidates CRLs' roles in TME of OSCC and establishes a potential signature for precision therapy.

The Prognosis and Immunotherapy Prediction Model of Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Patient was Constructed Based on Cuproptosis-Related LncRNA

Cuproptosis can serve as potential prognostic predictors in patients with cancer. However, the role of this relationship in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) remains unclear. 376 OV tumor samples were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to cuproptosis were obtained through correlation analysis. The risk assessment model was further constructed by univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO Cox regression. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the regulatory effect of relevant risk assessment models on tumor mutational burden (TMB) and immune microenvironment. We obtained 5 lncRNAs (AC025287.2, AC092718.4, AC112721.2, LINC00996, and LINC01639) and incorporated them into the Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve analysis of the prognosis found that the high-risk group was associated with a poorer prognosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed stronger predictive power compared to other clinicopathological features. Immune infiltration analysis showed that high-risk scores were inversely correlated with CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, NK cells, and B cells. Functional enrichment analysis found that they may act via the extracellular matrix (ECM)-interacting proteins and other pathways. We successfully constructed a reliable cuproptosis-related lncRNA model for the prognosis of OV.

Cuproptosis: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Copper-Induced Cell Death and Its Implication in Cancer Therapy

Copper, an essential element for various biological processes, demands precise regulation to avert detrimental health effects and potential cell toxicity. This paper explores the mechanisms of copper-induced cell death, known as cuproptosis, and its potential health and disease implications, including cancer therapy. Copper ionophores, such as elesclomol and disulfiram, increase intracellular copper levels. This elevation triggers oxidative stress and subsequent cell death, offering potential implications in cancer therapy. Additionally, copper ionophores disrupt mitochondrial respiration and protein lipoylation, further contributing to copper toxicity and cell death. Potential targets and biomarkers are identified, as copper can be targeted to those proteins to trigger cuproptosis. The role of copper in different cancers is discussed to understand targeted cancer therapies using copper nanomaterials, copper ionophores, and copper chelators. Furthermore, the role of copper is explored through diseases such as Wilson and Menkes disease to understand the physiological mechanisms of copper. Exploring cuproptosis presents an opportunity to improve treatments for copper-related disorders and various cancers, with the potential to bring significant advancements to modern medicine.

Lipid changes and molecular mechanism inducing cuproptosis in Cryptocaryon irritans after copper-zinc alloy exposure

Cryptocaryons irritans is a ciliate parasite responsible for cryptocaryoniasis, leading to considerable economic losses in aquaculture. It is typically managed using a copper-zinc alloy (CZA), effectively diminishing C. irritans infection rates while ensuring the safety of aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism underlying cuproptosis induced C. irritans mortality following exposure to CZA remains enigmatic. Therefore, this study delves into assessing the efficacy of CZA, investigate cuproptosis as a potential mechanism of CZA action against C. irritans, and determine the alterations in antioxidant enzymes, peroxidation, and lipid metabolism. The mRNA expression of dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase was upregulated after 40 and 70 min, while aconitase 1 was implicated in cuproptosis following 70 min of CZA exposure. Furthermore, the relative mRNA levels of glutathione reductase experienced a significant increase after 40 and 70 min of CZA exposure. In contrast, the relative mRNA levels of glutathione S-transferase and phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased after 70 min, suggesting a disruption in antioxidant defense and an imbalance in copper ions. Lipidomics results also unveiled an elevation in glycerophospholipids metabolism and the involvement of the lipoic acid pathway, predominantly contributing to cuproptosis. In summary, exposure to CZA induces cuproptosis in C. irritans, impacts glutathione-related enzymes, and alters glycerophospholipids, consequently triggering lipid oxidation.

Cuproptosis-Related lncRNAs Modulate the Prognosis of MIBC by Regulating the Expression Pattern of Immunosuppressive Molecules Within the Tumor Microenvironment

Background

Cuproptosis-related gene and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) modulation of cancer regulation is well-established. This investigation aimed to elucidate the prognostic implications of cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

Methods

Employing the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and IMvigor210 cohorts, bioinformatics and statistical analyses probed the prognostic relevance of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs.

Results

Co-expression analysis revealed tight associations between lncRNA expression and cuproptosis-linked genes, with 13 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs found to correlate with MIBC prognosis. Lasso regression identified a six-lncRNA prognostic signature, enabling patient stratification into high- and low-risk categories. Tissue validation substantiated differential expression of FAM13A-AS1, GHRLOS, LINC00456, OPA1-AS1, RAP2C-AS1, and UBE2Q1-AS1 between MIBC tumor and normal tissues. Comparative analyses of tumor microenvironments and immune profiles between risk groups disclosed elevated immunosuppressive molecule expression, including programmed cell death-1 (PD-L1) and T-cell immunoglobulin-3 (TIM-3), in high-risk individuals.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that cuproptosis-related lncRNAs may modulate the expression of immunosuppressive molecules, thereby influencing MIBC tumorigenesis and progression. Further exploration is warranted to unveil novel therapeutic targets for MIBC based on the expression patterns of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs and their impact on immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.

Identification of cuproptosis-related diagnostic biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Recent studies have identified cuproptosis as a novel cell death mechanism. However, the role of cuproptosis-related genes in the pathogenesis of IPF is still unclear. Two IPF datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus database were studied. Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis, functional enrichment analyses, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, CIBERSORT, unsupervised clustering, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to conduct our research. The dysregulated cuproptosis-related genes and immune responses were identified between IPF patients and controls. Two cuproptosis-related molecular clusters were established in IPF, the high immune score group (C1) and the low immune score group (C2). Significant heterogeneity in immunity between clusters was revealed by functional analyses results. The module genes with the strongest correlation to the 2 clusters were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis results. Seven hub genes were found using the Cytoscape software. Ultimately, 2 validated diagnostic biomarkers of IPF, CDKN2A and NEDD4, were obtained. Subsequently, the results were validated in GSE47460. Our investigation illustrates that CDKN2A and NEDD4 may be valid biomarkers that were useful for IPF diagnosis and copper-related clustering.

Novel cuproptosis-related prognostic gene profiles in preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder with complex pathogenesis. Cuproptosis is a novel identified form of programmed cell death, however, the link between cuproptosis and clinical outcomes in PE is still not fully understood. In this study, we searched for cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in the placental tissues of normal and PE patients to clarify the importance of cuproptosis in the development of PE and provide potential predictive indicators for the occurrence of PE.

METHODS

Using RNA sequencing data in the GEO database, we conducted functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), supported by linear regression model and operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve analysis, and summarized the role of CRGs in preeclampsia.

RESULTS

A total of 2831 differentially expressed genes related to PE were screened through multiple database analyses. After further intersection with 19 reported CRGs, 5 CRGs have been closely associated with the pathogenesis of PE, including NFE2L2, PDHA1, PDHB, DLD and GLS. NFE2L2 was identified as a key central gene. Pearson correlation analysis showed that CRGs could be related to several maternal and fetal outcome factors, including the highest pregnancy blood pressure, placenta weight, umbilical blood flow pulsatility index (PI), and neonatal weight. Linear regression equation revealed that the expression of NFE2L2 is negatively correlated with the highest pregnancy blood pressure and umbilical blood flow PI but positively correlated with placental weight and neonatal weight. QRT-PCR showed that the expression of these CRGs was significantly lower in placental tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

This cuproptosis pattern may be a potential prognostic factor in patients with PE and could provide new insights into disease progression.

LncRNA AP000842.3 Triggers the Malignant Progression of Prostate Cancer by Regulating Cuproptosis Related Gene NFAT5

OBJECTIVES

Prostate cancer (PRAD) is a highly malignant disease with poor prognosis, and its development is regulated by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways. LncRNAs and miRNAs have significant regulatory roles in PRAD through the ceRNA network. Cuproptosis is a unique form of programmed cell death that is involved in various signaling pathways and biological processes related to tumor development. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), a transcription factor that activates T cells, has been implicated in cuproptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism by which NFAT5 is involved in the ceRNA network in PRAD remains unclear.

METHODS

Through bioinformatics analysis, we found the ceRNA axis that regulates cuproptosis. By performing ROS assay and copper ion concentration assay, we demonstrated that inhibiting NFAT5 can increase the sensitivity of PRAD to cuproptosis inducers. By using luciferase assay, we discovered that AP000842.3 acts as the ceRNA of miR-206 to regulate the expression of NFAT5.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that lncRNA AP000842.3, as a ceRNA of miR-206, was involved in the regulation of levels of the transcription factor NFAT5 associated with cuproptosis in PRAD. First, knocking down NFAT5 can increase the sensitivity of PRAD to cuproptosis inducers. Meanwhile, changes in the expression of AP000842.3 and miR-206 could affect the proliferation of PRAD by regulating NFAT5. Mechanistically, AP000842.3 acts as the ceRNA of miR-206 to regulate the expression of NFAT5. In addition, the effects of lncRNA AP000842.3 on malignant progression of PRAD and NFAT5 were partially dependent on miR-206.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our study reveals a key ceRNA regulatory network in PRAD and can be regarded as a new potential target for PRAD diagnosis and treatment.

Cepharanthine, a regulator of keap1-Nrf2, inhibits gastric cancer growth through oxidative stress and energy metabolism pathway

Cepharanthine (CEP), a bioactive compound derived from Stephania Cephalantha Hayata, is cytotoxic to various malignancies. However, the underlying mechanism of gastric cancer is unknown. CEP inhibited the cellular activity of gastric cancer AGS, HGC27 and MFC cell lines in this study. CEP-induced apoptosis reduced Bcl-2 expression and increased cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, Bax, and Bad expression. CEP caused a G2 cell cycle arrest and reduced cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases 2 (CDK2) expression. Meanwhile, it increased oxidative stress, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in gastric cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, CEP inhibited Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1) expression while activating NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocations, increasing transcription of Nrf2 target genes quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). Furthermore, a combined analysis of targeted energy metabolism and RNA sequencing revealed that CEP could alter the levels of metabolic substances such as D (+) - Glucose, D-Fructose 6-phosphate, citric acid, succinic acid, and pyruvic acid, thereby altering energy metabolism in AGS cells. In addition, CEP significantly inhibited tumor growth in MFC BALB/c nude mice in vivo, consistent with the in vitro findings. Overall, CEP can induce oxidative stress by regulating Nrf2/Keap1 and alter energy metabolism, resulting in anti-gastric cancer effects. Our findings suggest a potential application of CEP in gastric cancer treatment.

Two lncRNA signatures with cuproptosis as a novel prognostic model and clinicopathological value for endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Cuproptosis may contribute to tumorigenesis. However, the predictive value and therapeutic significance of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs) in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA) remains unknown.

METHODS

We obtained RNA-seq data from TCGA database and searched the Literature to identify cuproptosis-related genes. Using machine learning models, we identified prognostic lncRNAs for cuproptosis. Immune properties and drug sensitivity were investigated based on these signatures. Further, a ceRNA network was constructed by bioinformatics and in vitro experiments were performed.

RESULTS

We determined two cuproptosis-related signatures to build the prognostic model in EEA. Afterward, the risk scores of two cuproptosis-related signatures were associated with clinicopathological molecular typing and as independent prognostic factors for EEA. In addition, we observed significant differences in immune function, checkpoints, and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration between the two risk groups. Furthermore, chemotherapy drugs such as AKT inhibitors exhibited lower IC50 values in the high-risk group. We speculate that ACOXL-AS1 can be served as an endogenous 'sponge' to regulate the expression of MTF1 by miR-421. Through in vitro experiments, we preliminarily validated the ceRNA network relationship in the cellular model.

CONCLUSION

In EEAs, this study proposed a broad molecular signature of CRLs are promising biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses.

Research progress in cuproptosis in liver cancer

Copper, like iron, is an essential trace metal element for human cells. The role of iron overload and ferroptosis has been gradually clarified in tumors, but the role of copper overload and cuproptosis is still being explored. Cuproptosis is a novel mode of cell death, secondary to impaired mitochondrial function induced by copper overload, and characterized by copper-dependent and programmed. The excessive copper leads to protein toxicity stress by binding to sulfhydryl proteins in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of mitochondria, disrupting cellular homeostasis and triggering cuproptosis. Copper accumulation has carcinogenic effects on normal cells, dual effects on tumor cells. Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China and even globally, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common histological subtype. Copper exhibits dualism in HCC, as it both contributes to the growth and invasion of HCC cells, and exerts anticancer effects by inducing cuproptosis. Also, cuproptosis-related genes can be the evaluation of immunotherapy effect and the construction of prognostic models. Clarifying the role of copper death in liver cancer can help explore new methods for liver cancer screening, treatment, and prognosis evaluation.

Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in mitochondria

Mitochondria serve as sites for energy production and are essential for regulating various forms of cell death induced by metal metabolism, targeted anticancer drugs, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Cuproptosis is an autonomous form of cell death that depends on copper (Cu) and mitochondrial metabolism. Although the recent discovery of cuproptosis highlights the significance of Cu and mitochondria, there is still a lack of biological evidence and experimental verification for the underlying mechanism. We provide an overview of how Cu and cuproptosis affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Through comparison with ferroptosis, similarities and differences in mitochondrial metabolism between cuproptosis and ferroptosis have been identified. These findings provide implications for further exploration of cuproptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between cuproptosis and immunotherapy or radiosensitivity. Ultimately, we emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis as a novel approach for disease treatment.

Cuproptosis and its application in different cancers: an overview

Heavy metal ions are essential micronutrients for human health. They are also indispensable to maintaining health and regular operation of organs. Increasing or decreasing these metal ions will lead to cell death, such as ferroptosis. Tsvetkov et al. have recently proposed a novel cell death method called "Cuproptosis". Many researchers have linked this form of death to the diagnosis, prognosis, microenvironment infiltration, and prediction of immunotherapeutic efficacy of various tumors to better understand these tumors. Similarly, with the proposal of this mechanism, the killing effect of copper ionophores on cancer cells has come to our attention again. We introduced the mechanism of cuproptosis in detail and described the establishment of the corresponding prognostic model and risk score for uveal melanoma through cuproptosis. In addition, we describe the current progress in the study of cancer in other organs through cuproptosis and summarize the treatment of tumours by copper ionophore and its future research direction. With further research, the concept of cuproptosis may help us understand cancer and guide its clinical treatment.

Different types of cell death in diabetic endothelial dysfunction

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by disorders of insulin secretion and utilization. Long-term hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism cause vascular endothelial cell damage. Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of diabetic vascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and atherosclerosis. Importantly, cell death is thought to be a key factor contributing to vascular endothelial injury. Morphologically, cell death can be divided into three forms: type I apoptosis, type II autophagy, and type III necrosis. According to the difference in function, cell death can be divided into accidental cell death (ACD) and regulated cell death (RCD). RCD is a controlled process involving numerous proteins and precise signaling cascades. Multiple subroutines covered by RCD may be involved in diabetic endothelial dysfunction, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, entosis, ferroptosis, ferroautophagy, parthanatos, netotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, cuproptosis, and PANoptosis. This article briefly reviews the mechanism and significance of cell death associated with diabetic endothelial dysfunction, which will help deepen the understanding of diabetic endothelial cell death and provide new therapeutic ideas.

Distinct Types of Cell Death and Implications in Liver Diseases: An Overview of Mechanisms and Application

Cell death is associated with a variety of liver diseases, and hepatocyte death is a core factor in the occurrence and progression of liver diseases. In recent years, new cell death modes have been identified, and certain biomarkers have been detected in the circulation during various cell death modes that mediate liver injury. In this review, cell death modes associated with liver diseases are summarized, including some cell death modes that have emerged in recent years. We described the mechanisms associated with liver diseases and summarized recent applications of targeting cell death in liver diseases. It provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases. In addition, multiple cell death modes can contribute to the same liver disease. Different cell death modes are not isolated, and they interact with each other in liver diseases. Future studies may focus on exploring the regulation between various cell death response pathways in liver diseases.

MELK promotes HCC carcinogenesis through modulating cuproptosis-related gene DLAT-mediated mitochondrial function

Cuproptosis caused by copper overload is mediated by a novel regulatory mechanism that differs from previously documented mechanisms regulating cell death. Cells dependent on mitochondrial respiration showed increased sensitivity to a copper ionophore elesclomol that induced cuproptosis. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase(MELK) promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression through the PI3K/mTOR pathway, which exerts its effects partly by targeting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(PDHc) and reprogramming the morphology and function of mitochondria. However, the role of MELK in cuproptosis remains unclear. Here, we validated that elevated MELK expression enhanced the activity of PI3K/mTOR signaling and subsequently promoted Dihydrolipoamide S-Acetyltransferase (DLAT) expression and stabilized mitochondrial function. This regulatory effect helped to improve mitochondrial respiration, eliminate excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduce intracellular oxidative stress/damage and the possibility of mitochondria-induced cell fate alternations, and ultimately promote the progression of HCC. Meanwhile, elesclomol reduced translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20(TOM 20) expression and increased DLAT oligomers. Moreover, the above changes of MELK to HCC were abolished by elesclomol. In conclusion, MELK enhanced the levels of the cuproptosis-related signature(CRS) gene DLAT (especially the proportion of DLAT monomer) by activating the PI3K/mTOR pathway, thereby promoting elesclomol drug resistance, altering mitochondrial function, and ultimately promoting HCC progression.

Cuproptosis-related gene DLAT serves as a prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: multi-database and experimental verification

OBJECTIVE

Renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cancer. Here we aim to explore the prognosis and immunotherapeutic value of copper death-related gene Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) in ccRCC.

METHODS

The mRNA and protein expressions and methylation level of DLAT, as well as the relation of DLAT to survival prognosis, clinical characteristics, biological function, and immune microenvironment and responses in patients with ccRCC were evaluated using multiple databases. In addition, 75 paired ccRCC tissue samples and 3 kinds of cell lines were tested for experimental validation.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis of multiple databases, qRT-PCR, and western blot verified that DLAT expression in ccRCC was lower than that in paracancerous tissues. Patients with low expression of DLAT had a lower survival rate, worse clinical prognosis, stronger immune cell infiltration and expression of immunosuppressive points, and higher tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores.

CONCLUSIONS

DLAT was identified as an independent prognostic factor in ccRCC and was closely related to the prognosis and immune responses of patients with ccRCC.