51
|
Chagas ATDA, Carmo AO, Costa MA, Resende LC, Brandão Dias PFP, Martins APV, Kalapothakis E. Description and comparison of two economically important fish species mitogenomes: Prochilodus argenteus and Prochilodus costatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2852-3. [PMID: 26171874 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1053125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prochilodus spp. are important Brazilian freshwater migratory fishes with substantial economic and ecological importance. Prochilodus argenteus and Prochilodus costatus are morphologically similar and a molecular species delimitation is impaired due to high degree of sequence identity among the available genetic markers. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. argenteus and P. costatus and their comparison to the mitogenome of P. lineatus are described. The three species displayed a similar mtDNA annotation. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with other Characiformes species. The genus Prochilodus was recovered as a monophyletic group, as well as the family Prochilodontidae, both with high bootstrap probability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Torres de Azevedo Chagas
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Anderson Oliveira Carmo
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Maísa Aparecida Costa
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cardoso Resende
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Vimieiro Martins
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Dillman CB, Sidlauskas BL, Vari RP. A morphological supermatrix‐based phylogeny for the Neotropical fish superfamily Anostomoidea (Ostariophysi: Characiformes): phylogeny, missing data and homoplasy. Cladistics 2015; 32:276-296. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Casey B. Dillman
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC‐159 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
| | - Brian L. Sidlauskas
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC‐159 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97331‐3803 USA
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center 2024 W. Main St. A200 Durham NC 27705 USA
| | - Richard P. Vari
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution PO Box 37012 MRC‐159 Washington DC 20013‐7012 USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Rangel-Serpa F, Torres M. Reproductive seasonality of Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in a tropical mountain river. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive seasonality in tropical freshwater fishes is strongly influenced by rainfall. In lowlands, floods spill laterally to floodplains and fishes usually breed during the flooding season. In mountain rivers, floods are sudden and flush out aquatic organisms. Fishes in mountain rivers usually breed during dry seasons, what has been hypothesized as a strategy to reduce mortality due to strong floods. If that is the case, mouth-brooding fishes should suffer less from strong floods and should have more prolonged breeding seasons in mountain rivers. Here we investigated the breeding activity of a mouth-brooding cichlid (Geophagus steindachneri) in a mountain river in Colombia using three kinds of evidence: monthly variation of gonad weight, macroscopic and histological observations of the gonads, and occurrence of mouth-brooding females. Analysis was made on adults captured monthly throughout a year. The results indicate that G. steindachneri breeds during the dry season in the mountain river studied. Female mouth brooding was related with a halt in the maturation of their ovaries. Other factors than the flushing-out effect of floods on offspring may be determining dry-season breeding of fishes in tropical mountain rivers.
Collapse
|
54
|
Vaughn CC, Atkinson CL, Julian JP. Drought-induced changes in flow regimes lead to long-term losses in mussel-provided ecosystem services. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1291-305. [PMID: 25859334 PMCID: PMC4377272 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme hydro-meteorological events such as droughts are becoming more frequent, intense, and persistent. This is particularly true in the south central USA, where rapidly growing urban areas are running out of water and human-engineered water storage and management are leading to broad-scale changes in flow regimes. The Kiamichi River in southeastern Oklahoma, USA, has high fish and freshwater mussel biodiversity. However, water from this rural river is desired by multiple urban areas and other entities. Freshwater mussels are large, long-lived filter feeders that provide important ecosystem services. We ask how observed changes in mussel biomass and community composition resulting from drought-induced changes in flow regimes might lead to changes in river ecosystem services. We sampled mussel communities in this river over a 20-year period that included two severe droughts. We then used laboratory-derived physiological rates and river-wide estimates of species-specific mussel biomass to estimate three aggregate ecosystem services provided by mussels over this time period: biofiltration, nutrient recycling (nitrogen and phosphorus), and nutrient storage (nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon). Mussel populations declined over 60%, and declines were directly linked to drought-induced changes in flow regimes. All ecosystem services declined over time and mirrored biomass losses. Mussel declines were exacerbated by human water management, which has increased the magnitude and frequency of hydrologic drought in downstream reaches of the river. Freshwater mussels are globally imperiled and declining around the world. Summed across multiple streams and rivers, mussel losses similar to those we document here could have considerable consequences for downstream water quality although lost biofiltration and nutrient retention. While we cannot control the frequency and severity of climatological droughts, water releases from reservoirs could be used to augment stream flows and prevent compounded anthropogenic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caryn C Vaughn
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, Department of Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Carla L Atkinson
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, Department of Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Jason P Julian
- Department of Geography, Texas State University San Marcos, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
German DP, Sung A, Jhaveri P, Agnihotri R. More than one way to be an herbivore: convergent evolution of herbivory using different digestive strategies in prickleback fishes (Stichaeidae). ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:161-70. [PMID: 25769813 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In fishes, the evolution of herbivory has occured within a spectrum of digestive strategies, with two extremes on opposite ends: (i) a rate-maximization strategy characterized by high intake, rapid throughput of food through the gut, and little reliance on microbial digestion or (ii) a yield-maximization strategy characterized by measured intake, slower transit of food through the gut, and more of a reliance on microbial digestion in the hindgut. One of these strategies tends to be favored within a given clade of fishes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rate or yield digestive strategies can arise in convergently evolved herbivores within a given lineage. In the family Stichaeidae, convergent evolution of herbivory occured in Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus, and despite nearly identical diets, these two species have different digestive physiologies. We found that C. violaceus has more digesta in its distal intestine than other gut regions, has comparatively high concentrations (>11 mM) of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, the endpoints of microbial fermentation) in its distal intestine, and a spike in β-glucosidase activity in this gut region, findings that, when coupled to long retention times (>20 h) of food in the guts of C. violaceus, suggest a yield-maximizing strategy in this species. X. mucosus showed none of these features and was more similar to its sister taxon, the omnivorous Xiphister atropurpureus, in terms of digestive enzyme activities, gut content partitioning, and concentrations of SCFA in their distal intestines. We also contrasted these herbivores and omnivores with other sympatric stichaeid fishes, Phytichthys chirus (omnivore) and Anoplarchus purpurescens (carnivore), each of which had digestive physiologies consistent with the consumption of animal material. This study shows that rate- and yield-maximizing strategies can evolve in closely related fishes and suggests that resource partitioning can play out on the level of digestive physiology in sympatric, closely related herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
| | - Aaron Sung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Parth Jhaveri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Ritika Agnihotri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Changes in digestive traits and body nutritional composition accommodate a trophic niche shift in Trinidadian guppies. Oecologia 2014; 177:245-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
57
|
Winemiller KO, Montaña CG, Roelke DL, Cotner JB, Montoya JV, Sanchez L, Castillo MM, Layman CA. Pulsing hydrology determines top-down control of basal resources in a tropical river–floodplain ecosystem. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-1822.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
58
|
Vieira TB, Tejerina-Garro FL. Assessment of fish assemblages in streams of different orders in the Upper Paraná River basin, Central Brazil. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-476620141042175183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test whether the richness observed and the biomass per trophic group of fish assemblages vary depending on the order (1st and 2nd) of the streams located in three different basins of the Upper Paraná River Basin, Central Brazil. Samples were collected between April and September, 2009, in 27 streams of the Meia Ponte, Piracanjuba and Santa Maria River basins. A total of 4,879 specimens were collected distributed in 59 species and 19 families. The statistical analyses carried out indicate that the observed richness and biomass of omnivore fish were influenced by the interaction of two factors: stream order and basin. The 2nd order streams located in the Santa Maria basin presented significant differences in the observed richness and omnivore biomass when compared to i) 1st order streams in the same basin (only richness) or in the Piracanjuba and Meia Ponte basin; ii) 2nd order streams in the Piracanjuba (only omnivore biomass) and Meia Ponte Rivers basins. Results are discussed considering the influence of geomorphic processes on fish assemblages and food availability.
Collapse
|
59
|
Examination of a Culturable Microbial Population from the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Wood-Eating Loricariid Catfish Panaque nigrolineatus. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/d5030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
60
|
Baigún C, Minotti P, Oldani N. Assessment of sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) fisheries in the lower Paraná River basin (Argentina) based on hydrological, biological, and fishery indicators. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252013000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses the change in fish exploitation patterns of the sábalo fisheries of the lower Paraná River basin based on hydrological, biological, and fishery indicators. From historical catch records, we recorded a shift from a lightly and moderate exploited status before 2001 to a heavily exploited one, as a result of the development of sábalo exports from 2001 onwards. Channel and floodplain connectivity indices demonstrated that the Paraná exhibited highly favorable hydrological conditions between 1972 and 1999 but more adverse conditions from 1999 to 2009, as a consequence of flood pulses reduction coincident with a fishing mortality increment. A total catch of 15,000 tons, including local consumption, regional market, informal sales, and exportation volumes, was estimated as the maximum sustainable catch. That level was instead exceeded 3 fold in 2004, in parallel with a decrease in the mean fish length from 48 to 42 cm, along with a reduction in both the mesh size from 16 to 12 cm and megaspawner proportion, and an increase of fishing mortality. Although growth overfishing was not noted, an analysis of the spawning potential ratio trend indicated that recruitment overfishing took place during 2005, since the fishing mortality rate was 4 times greater than the natural mortality rate. These observations suggest that less favorable hydrological conditions after 1999 coupled with a coincident high fishing pressure could have impacted the sábalo population biomass. Management of sábalo fisheries requires to set aside a single economic vision of the resource use moving to an ecosystem-oriented approach that incorporate, among others components, the hydrological regime, species life history traits, fishing impacts on other species, and main stakeholders socioeconomic requirements as key elements for the preservation of fishery sustainability.
Collapse
|
61
|
Whiles MR, Hall RO, Dodds WK, Verburg P, Huryn AD, Pringle CM, Lips KR, Kilham SS, Colón-Gaud C, Rugenski AT, Peterson S, Connelly S. Disease-Driven Amphibian Declines Alter Ecosystem Processes in a Tropical Stream. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
62
|
Marshall MC, Binderup AJ, Zandonà E, Goutte S, Bassar RD, El-Sabaawi RW, Thomas SA, Flecker AS, Kilham SS, Reznick DN, Pringle CM. Effects of consumer interactions on benthic resources and ecosystem processes in a neotropical stream. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45230. [PMID: 23028865 PMCID: PMC3461008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of consumers on their resources has been demonstrated in many systems but is often confounded by trophic interactions with other consumers. Consumers may also have behavioral and life history adaptations to each other and to co-occurring predators that may additionally modulate their particular roles in ecosystems. We experimentally excluded large consumers from tile periphyton, leaves and natural benthic substrata using submerged electrified frames in three stream reaches with overlapping consumer assemblages in Trinidad, West Indies. Concurrently, we assessed visits to (non-electrified) control frames by the three most common large consumers-primarily insectivorous killifish (Rivulus hartii), omnivorous guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and omnivorous crabs (Eudaniela garmani). Consumers caused the greatest decrease in final chlorophyll a biomass and accrual rates the most in the downstream reach containing all three focal consumers in the presence of fish predators. Consumers also caused the greatest increase in leaf decay rates in the upstream reach containing only killifish and crabs. In the downstream reach where guppies co-occur with predators, we found significantly lower benthic invertebrate biomass in control relative to exclosure treatments than the midstream reach where guppies occur in the absence of predators. These data suggest that differences in guppy foraging, potentially driven by differences in their life history phenotype, may affect ecosystem structure and processes as much as their presence or absence and that interactions among consumers may further mediate their effects in these stream ecosystems.
Collapse
|
63
|
Speranza ED, Cappelletti N, Migoya MC, Tatone LM, Colombo JC. Migratory behaviour of a dominant detritivorous fish Prochilodus lineatus evaluated by multivariate biochemical and pollutant data. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:848-865. [PMID: 22803738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the migration pathways and ranges of a dominant detritivorous fish Prochilodus lineatus along pollution gradients in the Río de la Plata basin using multivariate analysis of biochemical and pollutant data. Biochemical composition (water, ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, neutral lipids classes and fatty acids), aliphatic hydrocarbons (ALI), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) and organochlorine pesticides (OClP) were determined in muscle samples of P. lineatus collected in Metropolitan Buenos Aires, the lower Paraná River (Paraná: 200-1000 km from Buenos Aires) and the middle Paraná and Paraguay Rivers (North: 1000-1400 km north). Biochemical variables and pollutants exhibited large variability [Lipids 1.1-89.5% wet mass; ALI 1.4-413; LABs not detectable (n.d.)-115.2; PCBs n.d.-27.9; OClPs n.d.-11.8 µg g(-1) dry mass], due to the contrast of Buenos Aires with North fish. Fish from Buenos Aires were fatty (lipids 24.7 ± 12.3% wet mass), enriched in 18 carbon fatty acids and severely contaminated (ALI 152.4 ± 72.3; LABs 65.1 ± 26.4; PCBs 15.2 ± 6.8; OClPs 1.8 ± 1.9 µg g(-1) dry mass mean ±S.D.). In contrast, fish from North were lean (4.1 ± 3.1% wet mass), enriched in long chain (>20 carbons) polyunsaturated fatty acids, with average one to two orders of magnitude lower pollutant levels (ALI 41.2 ± 51.9; PCBs 2.2 ± 3.5; LABs 8.8 ± 21.1; OClPs 0.67 ± 0.75 µg g(-1) dry mass mean ±S.D.). Paraná showed intermediate values in all variables, denoting the mixing of different fish stocks. Based on principal component analysis, 14 outliers from 60 North and Paraná samples (representing 26 from 108 individual fish) were identified as pertaining to the Buenos Aires group with very similar lipid and pollutant levels. Data suggest that P. lineatus migrates a highly variable distance, exceeding 800-1000 km in multiple spatial and temporal overlapping ranges. Chemometric analysis of biochemical and pollutant data effectively discriminates fish according to the chemical signature acquired by detritus feeding in pristine and contaminated urban or industrial areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E D Speranza
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela (1888), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gurgel LDL, Verani JR, Chellappa S. Reproductive ecology of Prochilodus brevis an endemic fish from the semiarid Region of Brazil. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:810532. [PMID: 22629205 PMCID: PMC3354708 DOI: 10.1100/2012/810532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercially important migratory fish Prochilodus brevis is from the Neotropical region, and understanding the reproductive ecology of this potamodromous fish is essential for its conservation and management. This study investigated the length-mass relationship, sex ratio, length at first gonadal maturity, gonadal development stages, gonadosomatic index, condition factor, and reproductive period of P. brevis. Temporal distribution of rainfall, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and electrical conductivity of the water were related to the reproductive period of this fish. Rainfall seems to be the main environmental factor which modulates changes in limnological parameters and the timing of the spawning period of this fish. P. brevis migrates into lower reaches of the river to feed during the dry season and returns to the upper reaches during the rainy season to spawn. Inadequate facilities for migration create obstacles for spawning success of this ecologically important fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane de Lima Gurgel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Whelan J, Gouffon J, Zhao Y. Effects of dietary stearidonic acid on biomarkers of lipid metabolism. J Nutr 2012; 142:630S-634S. [PMID: 22279143 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.149138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stearidonic acid (SDA), a highly unsaturated (n-3) PUFA, is effectively metabolized to EPA with a bioequivalence of ~5:1 as determined by the omega-3 index, a biomarker for risk of cardiovascular disease. The AHA has recommended that individuals increase their consumption of highly unsaturated (n-3) PUFA, particularly EPA and DHA, but there are concerns about achieving the recommendations through fish consumption. SDA is considered a biological surrogate for EPA. SDA-enriched soybean oil whose SDA content is ~30% could be a novel mechanism to seamlessly incorporate highly unsaturated (n-3) PUFA into the food supply; however, the effects of SDA are poorly understood, particularly at the transcriptional level. This paper reviews the human literature of the effects of dietary SDA on circulating lipids as directly compared with EPA at bioequivalent doses. These results were then compared to the effects of SDA on expression patterns of hepatic lipolytic and lipogenic genes in swine fed diets containing SDA at levels similar with those doses used in human trials. Supplementing SDA at doses of 3.7-4.2 g/d, of which the bioequivalence to EPA is ≤1 g/d, had little impact on modifying circulating TG and total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, recapitulating the results with EPA at doses of 1.0-1.5 g/d. These results were generally supported by the gene expression patterns in swine. Although many lipolytic and lipogenic genes remained unchanged, several lipogenic genes were downregulated and a number of other biomarkers considered atheroprotective, such as C-reactive protein and paraoxonase, were favorably modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Klemmer AJ, Wissinger SA, Greig HS, Ostrofsky ML. Nonlinear effects of consumer density on multiple ecosystem processes. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:770-80. [PMID: 22339437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. In the face of human-induced declines in the abundance of common species, ecologists have become interested in quantifying how changes in density affect rates of biophysical processes, hence ecosystem function. We manipulated the density of a dominant detritivore (the cased caddisfly, Limnephilus externus) in subalpine ponds to measure effects on the release of detritus-bound nutrients and energy. 2. Detritus decay rates (k, mass loss) increased threefold, and the loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from detrital substrates doubled across a range of historically observed caddisfly densities. Ammonium and total soluble phosphorus concentrations in the water column also increased with caddisfly density on some dates. Decay rates, nutrient release and the change in total detritivore biomass all exhibited threshold or declining responses at the highest densities. 3. We attributed these threshold responses in biophysical processes to intraspecific competition for limiting resources manifested at the population level, as density-dependent per-capita consumption, growth, development and case : body size in caddisflies was observed. Moreover, caddisflies increasingly grazed on algae at high densities, presumably in response to limiting detrital resources. 4. These results provide evidence that changes in population size of a common species will have nonlinear, threshold effects on the rates of biophysical processes at the ecosystem level. Given the ubiquity of negative density dependence in nature, nonlinear consumer density-ecosystem function relationships should be common across species and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Klemmer
- Biology Department, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16225, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Mouchet MA, Bouvier C, Bouvier T, Troussellier M, Escalas A, Mouillot D. Genetic difference but functional similarity among fish gut bacterial communities through molecular and biochemical fingerprints. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:568-80. [PMID: 22092438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the major involvement of gut microflora in the digestive function of various macro-organisms, bacterial communities inhabiting fish guts may be the main actors of organic matter degradation by fish. Nevertheless, the extent and the sources of variability in the degradation potential of gut bacterial communities are largely overlooked. Using Biolog Ecoplate™ and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), we explored functional (i.e. the ability to degrade organic matter) and genetic (i.e. identification of DGGE banding patterns) diversity of fish gut bacterial communities, respectively. Gut bacterial communities were extracted from fish species characterized by different diets sampled along a salinity gradient in the Patos-Mirim lagoons complex (Brazil). We found that functional diversity was surprisingly unrelated to genetic diversity of gut bacterial communities. Functional diversity was not affected by the sampling site but by fish species and diet, whereas genetic diversity was significantly influenced by all three factors. Overall, the functional diversity was consistently high across fish individuals and species, suggesting a wide functional niche breadth and a high potential of organic matter degradation. We conclude that fish gut bacterial communities may strongly contribute to nutrient cycling regardless of their genetic diversity and environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud A Mouchet
- UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-UM1-IRD-Ifremer Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hall RO, Taylor BW, Flecker AS. Detritivorous fish indirectly reduce insect secondary production in a tropical river. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00042.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
69
|
Jardine TD, Pettit NE, Warfe DM, Pusey BJ, Ward DP, Douglas MM, Davies PM, Bunn SE. Consumer-resource coupling in wet-dry tropical rivers. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:310-22. [PMID: 22103689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Jardine
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT, Correa C, Dalton CM, Hendry AP. Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human-induced trait change. Evol Appl 2011; 5:183-91. [PMID: 25568040 PMCID: PMC3353338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced trait change has been documented in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These trait changes are driven by phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution. While efforts to manage human-induced trait change are beginning to receive some attention, managing its ecological consequences has received virtually none. Recent work suggests that contemporary trait change can have important effects on the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, trait changes caused by human activity may be shaping ecological dynamics on a global scale. We present evidence for important ecological effects associated with human-induced trait change in a variety of study systems. These effects can occur over large spatial scales and impact system-wide processes such as trophic cascades. Importantly, the magnitude of these effects can be on par with those of traditional ecological drivers such as species presence. However, phenotypic change is not always an agent of ecological change; it can also buffer ecosystems against change. Determining the conditions under which phenotypic change may promote vs prevent ecological change should be a top research priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Duke University Marine Laboratory Beaufort, NC, USA ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Cristian Correa
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Dalton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Guillemot N, Kulbicki M, Chabanet P, Vigliola L. Functional redundancy patterns reveal non-random assembly rules in a species-rich marine assemblage. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26735. [PMID: 22039543 PMCID: PMC3198825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between species and the functional diversity of assemblages is fundamental in ecology because it contains key information on functional redundancy, and functionally redundant ecosystems are thought to be more resilient, resistant and stable. However, this relationship is poorly understood and undocumented for species-rich coastal marine ecosystems. Here, we used underwater visual censuses to examine the patterns of functional redundancy for one of the most diverse vertebrate assemblages, the coral reef fishes of New Caledonia, South Pacific. First, we found that the relationship between functional and species diversity displayed a non-asymptotic power-shaped curve, implying that rare functions and species mainly occur in highly diverse assemblages. Second, we showed that the distribution of species amongst possible functions was significantly different from a random distribution up to a threshold of ∼90 species/transect. Redundancy patterns for each function further revealed that some functions displayed fast rates of increase in redundancy at low species diversity, whereas others were only becoming redundant past a certain threshold. This suggested non-random assembly rules and the existence of some primordial functions that would need to be fulfilled in priority so that coral reef fish assemblages can gain a basic ecological structure. Last, we found little effect of habitat on the shape of the functional-species diversity relationship and on the redundancy of functions, although habitat is known to largely determine assemblage characteristics such as species composition, biomass, and abundance. Our study shows that low functional redundancy is characteristic of this highly diverse fish assemblage, and, therefore, that even species-rich ecosystems such as coral reefs may be vulnerable to the removal of a few keystone species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guillemot
- UR-CoRéUs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Noumea, New Caledonia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Jardine TD, Pusey BJ, Hamilton SK, Pettit NE, Davies PM, Douglas MM, Sinnamon V, Halliday IA, Bunn SE. Fish mediate high food web connectivity in the lower reaches of a tropical floodplain river. Oecologia 2011; 168:829-38. [PMID: 21983712 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Jardine
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Oliveira C, Avelino GS, Abe KT, Mariguela TC, Benine RC, Ortí G, Vari RP, Corrêa e Castro RM. Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:275. [PMID: 21943181 PMCID: PMC3190395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. RESULTS In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. CONCLUSION A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Oliveira
- Dept. Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleisy S Avelino
- Dept. Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly T Abe
- Dept. Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane C Mariguela
- Dept. Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Benine
- Dept. Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Dept. Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, USA
| | - Richard P Vari
- Dept. Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, USA
| | - Ricardo M Corrêa e Castro
- Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto (LIRP), Dept. Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Townsend SA, Webster IT, Schult JH. Metabolism in a groundwater-fed river system in the Australian wet/dry tropics: tight coupling of photosynthesis and respiration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1899/10-066.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Townsend
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0820 Australia
| | - Ian T. Webster
- CSIRO Land & Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Julia H. Schult
- Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport, Palmerston, Northern Territory 0830 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lance MJ, Baxter CV. Abundance, Production, and Tissue Composition of Mountain Whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a Central Idaho Wilderness Stream. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.3955/046.085.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
76
|
Boëchat IG, Krüger A, Giani A, Figueredo CC, Gücker B. Agricultural land-use affects the nutritional quality of stream microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:568-76. [PMID: 21623845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how the lipid composition (fatty acids and sterols) of benthic microbial mats, which represent an important basal food resource for stream food webs, differs between tropical streams located in protected pristine and agricultural Cerrado savannah areas. The total microbial biomass and lipid composition differed significantly between pristine and agricultural streams in parallel with differences in water quality and hydrodynamic characteristics. Agricultural streams exhibited lower total biomass of benthic microbial mats than pristine streams. However, the higher concentrations of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LIN, 18:2ω6), α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3), that were observed in agricultural streams suggest enhanced lipid complexity and a higher nutritional quality of the microbial community relative to pristine streams. Meanwhile, pristine stream microbial communities had higher total concentrations of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol than those of agricultural streams, reflecting their heterotrophic microbial communities. Moreover, stream morphotype and associated differences in the hydrodynamic characteristics affected the community composition and thereby also the lipid composition of microbial mats. Land-use-induced changes in the total biomass and lipid composition of microbial communities may affect the trophic transfer of energy in stream food webs, leading to changes in the composition and productivity of primary consumers and their predators, and thereby affecting stream ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iola G Boëchat
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Tancredo Neves, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Systemic thinking from a scientific and spiritual perspective. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/20412561111128500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to enhance awareness and foment the concept of “eco‐citizenship” within today's students in higher education.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a literature review on environmental issues and spiritual thinking, student reports, discussion.FindingsThe paper's three main findings are: the need to develop educational methodologies that allow students to become advocates of a new society and way of thinking is insufficiently addressed so far; exposing students to such learning triggers a factual mindset change; and faculty and student engagement on matters of spirituality and environmental issues is becoming pivotal in a period where natural resource limitations in conjunction with overpopulation are stressing ecological systems to a threshold where it cannot be sustainable any further.Research limitations/implicationsFurther implementation of similar courses, and monitoring of students' long‐term behavioral changes are suggested to verify if such courses trigger a domino effect in terms of the emergence of the “eco‐citizen”.Originality/valueThis was the first time that such an educational approach was employed, where students not only critically investigated the course material in respect to environmental science and spirituality but also became facilitators to their own community, assisting in the development of good citizenship and enhancement of responsibility. It is clear to the authors that community interaction is very important in the curriculum design as the working ground to bring real world experience to the classroom as well as for the development of environmental and spiritual awareness. Based on the students' community activities and personal comments, in regard to the course focus and its effectiveness in changing their attitudes towards a more sustainable way of living, it was demonstrated that the course was successful.
Collapse
|
78
|
|
79
|
Ecological Effects of Live Salmon Exceed Those of Carcasses During an Annual Spawning Migration. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
80
|
Holtgrieve GW, Schindler DE. Marine-derived nutrients, bioturbation, and ecosystem metabolism: reconsidering the role of salmon in streams. Ecology 2011; 92:373-85. [DOI: 10.1890/09-1694.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
81
|
Anderson EP, Maldonado-Ocampo JA. A regional perspective on the diversity and conservation of tropical Andean fishes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:30-39. [PMID: 20735451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tropical Andes harbor an extraordinarily varied concentration of species in a landscape under increasing pressure from human activities. Conservation of the region's native plants and animals has received considerable international attention, but the focus has been on terrestrial biota. The conservation of freshwater fauna, particularly the conservation of fishes, has not been emphasized. Tropical Andean fishes are among the most understudied vertebrates in the world. We estimate that between 400 and 600 fish species inhabit the diverse aquatic environments in the region. Nearly 40% of these species are endemic. Tropical Andean fishes are vulnerable to ongoing environmental changes related to deforestation, water withdrawals, water pollution, species introductions, and hydropower development. Additionally, their distributions and population dynamics may be affected by hydrologic alterations and warmer water temperatures associated with projected climate change. Presently, at least three species are considered extinct, some populations are endangered, and some species are likely to decline or disappear. The long-term persistence of tropical Andean fishes will depend on greater consideration of freshwater systems in regional conservation initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Anderson
- The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lecerf A, Richardson JS. Assessing the functional importance of large-bodied invertebrates in experimental headwater streams. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
83
|
Colón-Gaud C, Whiles MR, Lips KR, Pringle CM, Kilham SS, Connelly S, Brenes R, Peterson SD. Stream invertebrate responses to a catastrophic decline in consumer diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/09-102.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Checo Colón-Gaud
- Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico–Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931 USA
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Matt R. Whiles
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Karen R. Lips
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| | | | - Susan S. Kilham
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Scott Connelly
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Scot D. Peterson
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the overexploited Amazonian fish, Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine and Schomburgk 1841). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
85
|
Devictor V, Mouillot D, Meynard C, Jiguet F, Thuiller W, Mouquet N. Spatial mismatch and congruence between taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity: the need for integrative conservation strategies in a changing world. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:1030-40. [PMID: 20545736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional and phylogenetic diversity are increasingly quantified in various fields of ecology and conservation biology. The need to maintain diversity turnover among sites, so-called beta-diversity, has also been raised in theoretical and applied ecology. In this study, we propose the first comprehensive framework for the large-scale mapping of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity and of their respective turnover. Using high-resolution data on the spatial distribution and abundance of birds at a country scale, we disentangled areas of mismatches and congruencies between biodiversity components. We further revealed unequal representation of each component in protected areas: functional diversity was significantly under-represented whereas taxonomic diversity was significantly over-represented in protected areas. Our results challenge the use of any one diversity component as a surrogate for other components and stress the need to adopt an integrative approach to biodiversity conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devictor
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS-UM2 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Atkinson CL, Opsahl SP, Covich AP, Golladay SW, Conner LM. Stable isotopic signatures, tissue stoichiometry, and nutrient cycling (C and N) of native and invasive freshwater bivalves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/09-083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla L. Atkinson
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia 39870 USA
- Institute of Ecology, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Stephen P. Opsahl
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia 39870 USA
| | - Alan P. Covich
- Institute of Ecology, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Stephen W. Golladay
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia 39870 USA
| | - L. Mike Conner
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, Georgia 39870 USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Murdock JN, Gido KB, Dodds WK, Bertrand KN, Whiles MR. Consumer return chronology alters recovery trajectory of stream ecosystem structure and function following drought. Ecology 2010; 91:1048-62. [DOI: 10.1890/08-2168.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
88
|
Blanchet S, Grenouillet G, Beauchard O, Tedesco PA, Leprieur F, Dürr HH, Busson F, Oberdorff T, Brosse S. Non-native species disrupt the worldwide patterns of freshwater fish body size: implications for Bergmann’s rule. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:421-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
89
|
Stassen MJM, van de Ven MWPM, van der Heide T, Hiza MAG, van der Velde G, Smolders AJP. Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252010005000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relative importance of flood pulse dynamics and megafan behaviour for the Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) catches in the neotropical Pilcomayo River is studied. The Sábalo catches can mainly be explained by decreased river discharges in the preceding years resulting in smaller inundated areas during rainy season floods and thereby in a decreased area of feeding grounds for the fishes. The decreased river discharges and the related decline of Sábalo catches in the 1990's can be linked to the 90-95 El Niño event. In 2007 the Sábalo catches were comparable to the catches before the "El Niño" event. The connectivity (continuity) between the main river and flood plain areas, which is influenced by sedimentation processes, is also of great importance and very probably plays a more important role since the late 1990's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinke J. M. Stassen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Foundation 'Los Amigos del Pilcomayo', Bolivia
| | - Max W. P. M. van de Ven
- Foundation 'Los Amigos del Pilcomayo', Bolivia; Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gerard van der Velde
- Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; VIIINational Natural History Museum Naturalis, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. P. Smolders
- Foundation 'Los Amigos del Pilcomayo', Bolivia; Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Ambio Chaco, Bolivia; B-WARE Research Centre, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gaston
- Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. k.j.gaston@sheffi eld.ac.uk
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Hotchkiss ER, Hall RO. Linking calcification by exotic snails to stream inorganic carbon cycling. Oecologia 2010; 163:235-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
92
|
Vaughn CC. Biodiversity Losses and Ecosystem Function in Freshwaters: Emerging Conclusions and Research Directions. Bioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
93
|
Bertrand KN, Gido KB, Dodds WK, Murdock JN, Whiles MR. Disturbance frequency and functional identity mediate ecosystem processes in prairie streams. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
94
|
Solomon CT, Hotchkiss ER, Moslemi JM, Ulseth AJ, Stanley EH, Hall RO, Flecker AS. Sediment size and nutrients regulate denitrification in a tropical stream. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1899/07-157.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Hotchkiss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Moslemi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Amber J. Ulseth
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Emily H. Stanley
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Robert O. Hall
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Alexander S. Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Krushelnycky PD, Gillespie RG. Sampling across space and time to validate natural experiments: an example with ant invasions in Hawaii. Biol Invasions 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
96
|
Zavaleta E, Pasari J, Moore J, Hernández D, Suttle KB, Wilmers CC. Ecosystem Responses to Community Disassembly. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1162:311-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
97
|
Strickland MS, Lauber C, Fierer N, Bradford MA. Testing the functional significance of microbial community composition. Ecology 2009; 90:441-51. [PMID: 19323228 DOI: 10.1890/08-0296.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical assumption underlying terrestrial ecosystem models is that soil microbial communities, when placed in a common environment, will function in an identical manner regardless of the composition of that community. Given high species diversity in microbial communities and the ability of microbes to adapt rapidly to new conditions, this assumption of functional redundancy seems plausible. We test the assumption by comparing litter decomposition rates in experimental microcosms inoculated with distinct microbial communities. We find that rates of carbon dioxide production from litter decomposition were dependent upon the microbial inoculum, with differences in the microbial community alone accounting for substantial (approximately 20%) variation in total carbon mineralized. Communities that shared a common history with a given foliar litter exhibited higher decomposition rates when compared to communities foreign to that habitat. Our results suggest that the implicit assumption in ecosystem models (i.e., microbial communities in the same environment are functionally equivalent) is incorrect. To predict accurately how biogeochemical processes will respond to global change may require consideration of the community composition and/or adaptation of microbial communities to past resource environments.
Collapse
|
98
|
Luck GW, Harrington R, Harrison PA, Kremen C, Berry PM, Bugter R, Dawson TP, de Bello F, Díaz S, Feld CK, Haslett JR, Hering D, Kontogianni A, Lavorel S, Rounsevell M, Samways MJ, Sandin L, Settele J, Sykes MT, van den Hove S, Vandewalle M, Zobel M. Quantifying the Contribution of Organisms to the Provision of Ecosystem Services. Bioscience 2009. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2009.59.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
99
|
Lorion CM, Kennedy BP. Riparian forest buffers mitigate the effects of deforestation on fish assemblages in tropical headwater streams. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 19:468-479. [PMID: 19323203 DOI: 10.1890/08-0050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Riparian forest buffers may play a critical role in moderating the impacts of deforestation on tropical stream ecosystems, but very few studies have examined the ecological effects of riparian buffers in the tropics. To test the hypothesis that riparian forest buffers can reduce the impacts of deforestation on tropical stream biota, we sampled fish assemblages in lowland headwater streams in southeastern Costa Rica representing three different treatments: (1) forested reference stream reaches, (2) stream reaches adjacent to pasture with a riparian forest buffer averaging at least 15 m in width on each bank, and (3) stream reaches adjacent to pasture without a riparian forest buffer. Land cover upstream from the study reaches was dominated by forest at all of the sites, allowing us to isolate the reach-scale effects of the three study treatments. Fish density was significantly higher in pasture reaches than in forest and forest buffer reaches, mostly due to an increase in herbivore-detritivores, but fish biomass did not differ among reach types. Fish species richness was also higher in pasture reaches than in forested reference reaches, while forest buffer reaches were intermediate. Overall, the taxonomic and trophic structure of fish assemblages in forest and forest buffer reaches was very similar, while assemblages in pasture reaches were quite distinct. These patterns were persistent across three sampling periods during our 15-month study. Differences in stream ecosystem conditions between pasture reaches and forested sites, including higher stream temperatures, reduced fruit and seed inputs, and a trend toward increased periphyton abundance, appeared to favor fish species normally found in larger streams and facilitate a native invasion process. Forest buffer reaches, in contrast, had stream temperatures and allochthonous inputs more similar to forested streams. Our results illustrate the importance of riparian areas to stream ecosystem integrity in the tropics and provide support for Costa Rican legislation protecting riparian forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Lorion
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Whelan J. Dietary stearidonic acid is a long chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid with potential health benefits. J Nutr 2009; 139:5-10. [PMID: 19056654 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.094268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic and health-promoting effects of (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) from fish are well known, although these same benefits may not be shared by their precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). World-wide agencies and scientific organizations (i.e. FDA, AHA, International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, Institute of Medicine, WHO, etc.) have made similar dietary recommendations for (n-3) LCPUFA; however, due to concerns regarding the safety of consuming fish, alternative sources of (n-3) LCPUFA are being investigated. One such lipid is stearidonic acid (SDA), a naturally occurring (n-3) PUFA that may have similar biological properties to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a major (n-3) PUFA in fish oil. Existing and novel plant sources rich in SDA are being cultivated and promoted as potential alternatives to marine-based (n-3) PUFA. This critical review provides a direct comparison of SDA with other dietary (n-3) PUFA under similar experimental conditions. The comparative results suggest that SDA shares many of the biological effects of (n-3) LCPUFA and functions most similarly to dietary EPA compared with ALA when consumed in a typical Western diet. Therefore, although SDA may not replace fish as a major dietary source of (n-3) LCPUFA, it could become a prominent surrogate for EPA in the commercial development of foods fortified with (n-3) PUFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
| |
Collapse
|