51
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Ferri F, Smith PH, Lemmon M, Rennó NO. Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferri
- Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS), “G. Colombo,”; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Peter H. Smith
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Texas A and M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Nilton O. Rennó
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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52
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Golombek MP, Grant JA, Parker TJ, Kass DM, Crisp JA, Squyres SW, Haldemann AFC, Adler M, Lee WJ, Bridges NT, Arvidson RE, Carr MH, Kirk RL, Knocke PC, Roncoli RB, Weitz CM, Schofield JT, Zurek RW, Christensen PR, Fergason RL, Anderson FS, Rice JW. Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies; National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - T. J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - A. F. C. Haldemann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. J. Lee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. T. Bridges
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- U.S. Geological Survey; Menlo Park California USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - P. C. Knocke
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. B. Roncoli
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. T. Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. W. Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - F. S. Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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53
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Fenton LK, Bandfield JL, Ward AW. Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Sedimentary history as analyzed from multiple data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori K. Fenton
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Joshua L. Bandfield
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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54
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Wdowiak TJ, Klingelhöfer G, Wade ML, Nuñez JI. Extracting science from Mössbauer spectroscopy on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Wdowiak
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Manson L. Wade
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
- Russell Mathematics and Science Center; Alabama School of Fine Arts; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - Jorge I. Nuñez
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
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55
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Schuerger AC, Mancinelli RL, Kern RG, Rothschild LJ, McKay CP. Survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis on spacecraft surfaces under simulated martian environments: implications for the forward contamination of Mars. ICARUS 2003; 165:253-276. [PMID: 14649627 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a Mars simulation chamber (MSC) to characterize the survival of endospores of Bacillus subtilis under high UV irradiation and simulated martian conditions. The MSC was used to create Mars surface environments in which pressure (8.5 mb), temperature (-80, -40, -10, or +23 degrees C), gas composition (Earth-normal N2/O2 mix, pure N2, pure CO2, or a Mars gas mix), and UV-VIS-NIR fluence rates (200-1200 nm) were maintained within tight limits. The Mars gas mix was composed of CO2 (95.3%), N2 (2.7%), Ar (1.7%), O2 (0.2%), and water vapor (0.03%). Experiments were conducted to measure the effects of pressure, gas composition, and temperature alone or in combination with Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR light environments. Endospores of B. subtilis, were deposited on aluminum coupons as monolayers in which the average density applied to coupons was 2.47 x 10(6) bacteria per sample. Populations of B. subtilis placed on aluminum coupons and subjected to an Earth-normal temperature (23 degrees C), pressure (1013 mb), and gas mix (normal N2/O2 ratio) but illuminated with a Mars-normal UV-VIS-NIR spectrum were reduced by over 99.9% after 30 sec exposure to Mars-normal UV fluence rates. However, it required at least 15 min of Mars-normal UV exposure to reduce bacterial populations on aluminum coupons to non-recoverable levels. These results were duplicated when bacteria were exposed to Mars-normal environments of temperature (-10 degrees C), pressure (8.5 mb), gas composition (pure CO2), and UV fluence rates. In other experiments, results indicated that the gas composition of the atmosphere and the temperature of the bacterial monolayers at the time of Mars UV exposure had no effects on the survival of bacterial endospores. But Mars-normal pressures (8.5 mb) were found to reduce survival by approximately 20-35% compared to Earth-normal pressures (1013 mb). The primary implications of these results are (a) that greater than 99.9% of bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft are likely to be inactivated within a few tens of seconds to a few minutes on the surface of Mars, and (b) that within a single Mars day under clear-sky conditions bacterial populations on sun-exposed surfaces of spacecraft will be sterilized. Furthermore, these results suggest that the high UV fluence rates on the martian surface can be an important resource in minimizing the forward contamination of Mars.
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Horneck G, Facius R, Reitz G, Rettberg P, Baumstark-Khan C, Gerzer R. Critical issues in connection with human missions to Mars: protection of and from the Martian environment. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2003; 31:87-95. [PMID: 12577948 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human missions to Mars are planned to happen within this century. Activities associated therewith will interact with the environment of Mars in two reciprocal ways: (i) the mission needs to be protected from the natural environmental elements that can be harmful to human health, the equipment or to their operations; (ii) the specific natural environment of Mars should be protected so that it retains its value for scientific and other purposes. The following environmental elements need to be considered in order to protect humans and the equipment on the planetary surface: (i) cosmic ionizing radiation, (ii) solar particle events; (iii) solar ultraviolet radiation; (iv) reduced gravity; (v) thin atmosphere; (vi) extremes in temperatures and their fluctuations; and (vii) surface dust. In order to protect the planetary environment, the requirements for planetary protection as adopted by COSPAR for lander missions need to be revised in view of human presence on the planet. Landers carrying equipment for exobiological investigations require special consideration to reduce contamination by terrestrial microorganisms and organic matter to the greatest feasible extent. Records of human activities on the planet's surface should be maintained in sufficient detail that future scientific experimenters can determine whether environmental modifications have resulted from explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Horneck
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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58
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59
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Merrison JP, Bertelsen P, Frandsen C, Gunnlaugsson P, Knudsen JM, Lunt S, Madsen MB, Mossin LA, Nielsen J, Nørnberg P, Rasmussen KR, Uggerhøj E. Simulation of the Martian dust aerosol at low wind speeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Merrison
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. Frandsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Gunnlaugsson
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Lunt
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Ørsted Laboratory; Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. A. Mossin
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - J. Nielsen
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; Aarhus University; Denmark
| | | | - E. Uggerhøj
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities; Aarhus University; Denmark
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60
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Bishop JL, Murchie SL, Pieters CM, Zent AP. A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: Physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Bishop
- SETI Institute/NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Scott L. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Carlé M. Pieters
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Aaron P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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61
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62
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Tyler D. Simulation of surface meteorology at the Pathfinder and VL1 sites using a Mars mesoscale model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Fonti S, Jurewicz A, Blanco A, Blecka MI, Orofino V. Presence and detection of carbonates on the Martian surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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64
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Malin MC, Edgett KS. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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65
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Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Christensen PR. Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure and aerosol distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Sullivan R, Thomas P, Veverka J, Malin M, Edgett KS. Mass movement slope streaks imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Hort M, Weitz CM. Theoretical modeling of eruption plumes on Mars under current and past climates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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68
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Abstract
Imagine a planet very much like the Earth, with similar size, rotation rate and inclination of rotation axis, possessing an atmosphere and a solid surface, but lacking oceans and dense clouds of liquid water. We might expect such a desert planet to be dominated by large variations in day-night and winter-summer weather. Dust storms would be common. Observations and simulations of martian climate confirm these expectations and provide a wealth of detail that can help resolve problems of climate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leovy
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Box 351640, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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69
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Bridges NT, Crisp JA, Bell JF. Characteristics of the Pathfinder APXS sites: Implications for the composition of Martian rocks and soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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71
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72
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Sullivan R, Greeley R, Kraft M, Wilson G, Golombek M, Herkenhoff K, Murphy J, Smith P. Results of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder windsock experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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73
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Bougher SW, Engel S, Roble RG, Foster B. Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres: 3. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at solstices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Ahlf P, Cantwell E, Ostrach L, Pline A. Mars scientific investigations as a precursor for human exploration. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000; 47:535-545. [PMID: 11708369 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(00)00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the past two years, NASA has begun to develop and implement plans for investigations on robotic Mars missions which are focused toward returning data critical for planning human missions to Mars. The Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Orbiter and Lander missions will mark the first time that experiments dedicated to preparation for human exploration will be carried out. Investigations on these missions and future missions range from characterization of the physical and chemical environment of Mars, to predicting the response of biology to the Mars environment. Planning for such missions must take into account existing data from previous Mars missions which were not necessarily focused on human exploration preparation. At the same time, plans for near term missions by the international community must be considered to avoid duplication of effort. This paper reviews data requirements for human exploration and applicability of existing data. It will also describe current plans for investigations and place them within the context of related international activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ahlf
- Life Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
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75
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Kraft MD, Greeley R. Rock coatings and aeolian abrasion on Mars: Application to the Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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76
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Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Christensen PR. Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of dust opacity during aerobraking and science phasing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Clancy RT, Sandor BJ, Wolff MJ, Christensen PR, Smith MD, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Wilson RJ. An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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Bell JF, McSween HY, Crisp JA, Morris RV, Murchie SL, Bridges NT, Johnson JR, Britt DT, Golombek MP, Moore HJ, Ghosh A, Bishop JL, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Economou T, Greenwood JP, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hargraves RM, Hviid S, Knudsen JM, Madsen MB, Reid R, Rieder R, Soderblom L. Mineralogic and compositional properties of Martian soil and dust: Results from Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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79
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Golombek MP, Bridges NT. Erosion rates on Mars and implications for climate change: Constraints from the Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Greeley R, Kraft MD, Kuzmin RO, Bridges NT. Mars Pathfinder landing site: Evidence for a change in wind regime from lander and orbiter data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Rennó NO, Nash AA, Lunine J, Murphy J. Martian and terrestrial dust devils: Test of a scaling theory using Pathfinder data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Hargraves RB, Knudsen JM, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Gunnlaugsson HP, Hviid SF, Madsen MB, Olsen M. Magnetic enhancement on the surface of Mars? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Hinson DP, Simpson RA, Twicken JD, Tyler GL, Flasar FM. Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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84
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Lewis SR, Collins M, Read PL, Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Huot JP. A climate database for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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85
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Bougher SW, Engel S, Roble RG, Foster B. Comparative terrestrial planet thermospheres: 2. Solar cycle variation of global structure and winds at equinox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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86
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Wade ML, Agresti DG, Wdowiak TJ, Armendarez LP, Farmer JD. A Mossbauer investigation of iron-rich terrestrial hydrothermal vent systems: lessons for Mars exploration. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1999; 104:8489-507. [PMID: 11542933 DOI: 10.1029/1998je900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal spring systems may well have been present on early Mars and could have served as a habitat for primitive life. The integrated instrument suite of the Athena Rover has, as a component on the robotic arm, a Mossbauer spectrometer. In the context of future Mars exploration we present results of Mossbauer analysis of a suite of samples from an iron-rich thermal spring in the Chocolate Pots area of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and from Obsidian Pool (YNP) and Manitou Springs, Colorado. We have found that Mossbauer spectroscopy can discriminate among the iron-bearing minerals in our samples. Those near the vent and on the surface are identified as ferrihydrite, an amorphous ferric mineraloid. Subsurface samples, collected from cores, which are likely to have undergone inorganic and/or biologically mediated alteration (diagenesis), exhibit spectral signatures that include nontronite (a smectite clay), hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), small-particle/nanophase goethite (alpha-FeOOH), and siderite (FeCO3). We find for iron minerals that Mossbauer spectroscopy is at least as efficient in identification as X-ray diffraction. This observation is important from an exploration standpoint. As a planetary surface instrument, Mossbauer spectroscopy can yield high-quality spectral data without sample preparation (backscatter mode). We have also used field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), in conjunction with energy-dispersive X ray (EDX) fluorescence spectroscopy, to characterize the microbiological component of surface sinters and the relation between the microbiological and the mineralogical framework. Evidence is presented that the minerals found in these deposits can have multi-billion-year residence times and thus may have survived their possible production in a putative early Martian hot spring up to the present day. Examples include the nanophase property and the Mossbauer signature for siderite, which has been identified in a 2.09-billion-year old hematite-rich chert stromatolite. Our research demonstrates that in situ Mossbauer spectroscopy can help determine whether hydrothermal mineral deposits exist on Mars, which is significant for exobiology because of the issue of whether that world ever had conditions conductive to the origin of life. As a useful tool for selection of samples suitable for transport to Earth, Mossbauer spectroscopy will not only serve geological interests but will also have potential for exopaleontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wade
- Astro and Solar System Physics Program, Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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87
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Golombek MP, Anderson RC, Barnes JR, Bell JF, Bridges NT, Britt DT, Brückner J, Cook RA, Crisp D, Crisp JA, Economou T, Folkner WM, Greeley R, Haberle RM, Hargraves RB, Harris JA, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid SF, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Kallemeyn PH, Keller HU, Kirk RL, Knudsen JM, Larsen S, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Magalhães JA, Maki JN, Malin MC, Manning RM, Matijevic J, McSween HY, Moore HJ, Murchie SL, Murphy JR, Parker TJ, Rieder R, Rivellini TP, Schofield JT, Seiff A, Singer RB, Smith PH, Soderblom LA, Spencer DA, Stoker CR, Sullivan R, Thomas N, Thurman SW, Tomasko MG, Vaughan RM, Wänke H, Ward AW, Wilson GR. Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission: Launch through landing, surface operations, data sets, and science results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Thomas N, Britt DT, Herkenhoff KE, Murchie SL, Semenov B, Keller HU, Smith PH. Observations of Phobos, Deimos, and bright stars with the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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89
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Bridges NT, Greeley R, Haldemann AFC, Herkenhoff KE, Kraft M, Parker TJ, Ward AW. Ventifacts at the Pathfinder landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98je02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Haberle RM, Joshi MM, Murphy JR, Barnes JR, Schofield JT, Wilson G, Lopez-Valverde M, Hollingsworth JL, Bridger AFC, Schaeffer J. General circulation model simulations of the Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Keating GM, Bougher SW, Zurek RW, Tolson RH, Cancro GJ, Noll SN, Parker JS, Schellenberg TJ, Shane RW, Wilkerson BL, Murphy JR, Hollingsworth JL, Haberle RM, Joshi M, Pearl JC, Conrath BJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Blanchard RC, Wilmoth RG, Rault DF, Martin TZ, Lyons DT, Esposito PB, Johnston MD, Whetzel CW, Justus CG, Babicke JM. The structure of the upper atmosphere of mars: In situ accelerometer measurements from mars global surveyor. Science 1998; 279:1672-6. [PMID: 9497278 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5357.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) z-axis accelerometer has obtained over 200 vertical structures of thermospheric density, temperature, and pressure, ranging from 110 to 170 kilometers, compared to only three previous such vertical structures. In November 1997, a regional dust storm in the Southern Hemisphere triggered an unexpectedly large thermospheric response at mid-northern latitudes, increasing the altitude of thermospheric pressure surfaces there by as much as 8 kilometers and indicating a strong global thermospheric response to a regional dust storm. Throughout the MGS mission, thermospheric density bulges have been detected on opposite sides of the planet near 90 degreesE and 90 degreesW, in the vicinity of maximum terrain heights. This wave 2 pattern may be caused by topographically-forced planetary waves propagating up from the lower atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Keating
- G. M. Keating, R. H. Tolson, G. J. Cancro, S. N. Noll, J. S. Parker, T. J. Schellenberg, R. W. Shane, B. L. Wilkerson, The George Washington University at NASA Langley, MS 269, Hampton, VA 23681, USA. S. W. Bougher and J. M. Babicke, Universi
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