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Balligand JL, Michel LYM. Clinical pharmacology of β-3 adrenergic receptor agonists for cardiovascular diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1073-1084. [PMID: 37728503 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2193681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few agonists of the third isotype of beta-adrenergic receptors, the β3-adrenoreceptor, are currently used clinically, and new agonists are under development for the treatment of overactive bladder disease. As the receptor is expressed in human cardiac and vascular tissues, it is important to understand their beneficial (or adverse) effect(s) on these targets. AREAS COVERED We discuss the most recent results of clinical trials testing the benefit and safety of β3-adrenoreceptor activation on cardiovascular outcomes in light of current knowledge on the receptor biology, genetic polymorphisms, and agonist pharmacology. EXPERT OPINION While evidence from small clinical trials is limited so far, the β3-agonist, mirabegron seems to be safe in patients at high cardiovascular risk but produces benefits on selected cardiovascular outcomes only at higher than standard doses. Activation of cardiovascular β3-adrenoreceptors deserves to be tested with more potent agonists, such as vibegron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC) and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Y M Michel
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC) and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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Liu L, Wess J. Adipocyte G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Potential Targets for Novel Antidiabetic Drugs. Diabetes 2023; 72:825-834. [PMID: 37339353 PMCID: PMC10281224 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The functional state of adipocytes plays a central role in regulating numerous important metabolic functions, including energy and glucose homeostasis. While white adipocytes store excess calories as fat (triglycerides) and release free fatty acids as a fuel source in times of need, brown and beige adipocytes (so-called thermogenic adipocytes) convert chemical energy stored in substrates (e.g., fatty acids or glucose) into heat, thus promoting energy expenditure. Like all other cell types, adipocytes express many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are linked to four major functional classes of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13). During the past few years, novel experimental approaches, including the use of chemogenetic strategies, have led to a series of important new findings regarding the metabolic consequences of activating or inhibiting distinct GPCR/G protein signaling pathways in white, brown, and beige adipocytes. This novel information should guide the development of novel drugs capable of modulating the activity of specific adipocyte GPCR signaling pathways for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
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53
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Kishimoto I. Subclinical Reactive Hypoglycemia with Low Glucose Effectiveness-Why We Cannot Stop Snacking despite Gaining Weight. Metabolites 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 37367911 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has grown worldwide owing to modern obesogenic lifestyles, including frequent snacking. Recently, we studied continuous glucose monitoring in obese/overweight men without diabetes and found that half of them exhibit glucose levels less than 70 mg/dL after a 75-g oral glucose load without notable hypoglycemic symptoms. Interestingly, people with "subclinical reactive hypoglycemia (SRH)" snack more frequently than those without it. Since the ingestion of sugary snacks or drinks could further induce SRH, a vicious cycle of "Snacking begets snacking via SRH" can be formed. Glucose effectiveness (Sg) is an insulin-independent mechanism that contributes to most of the whole-body glucose disposal after an oral glucose load in people without diabetes. Our recent data suggest that both higher and lower Sg are associated with SRH, while the latter but not the former is linked to snacking habits, obesity, and dysglycemia. The present review addresses the possible role of SRH in snacking habits in people with obesity/overweight, taking Sg into account. It is concluded that, for those with low Sg, SRH can be regarded as a link between snacking and obesity. Prevention of SRH by raising Sg might be key to controlling snacking habits and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kishimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Toyooka Public Hospital, 1094, Tobera, Toyooka 668-8501, Hyogo, Japan
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54
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Cuciureanu M, Caratașu CC, Gabrielian L, Frăsinariu OE, Checheriță LE, Trandafir LM, Stanciu GD, Szilagyi A, Pogonea I, Bordeianu G, Soroceanu RP, Andrițoiu CV, Anghel MM, Munteanu D, Cernescu IT, Tamba BI. 360-Degree Perspectives on Obesity. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1119. [PMID: 37374323 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Alarming statistics show that the number of people affected by excessive weight has surpassed 2 billion, representing approximately 30% of the world's population. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of one of the most serious public health problems, considering that obesity requires an integrative approach that takes into account its complex etiology, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Only an understanding of the connections between the many contributors to obesity and the synergy between treatment interventions can ensure satisfactory outcomes in reducing obesity. Mechanisms such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its associated complications. Compounding factors such as the deleterious effects of stress, the novel challenge posed by the obesogenic digital (food) environment, and the stigma associated with obesity should not be overlooked. Preclinical research in animal models has been instrumental in elucidating these mechanisms, and translation into clinical practice has provided promising therapeutic options, including epigenetic approaches, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. However, more studies are necessary to discover new compounds that target key metabolic pathways, innovative ways to deliver the drugs, the optimal combinations of lifestyle interventions with allopathic treatments, and, last but not least, emerging biological markers for effective monitoring. With each passing day, the obesity crisis tightens its grip, threatening not only individual lives but also burdening healthcare systems and societies at large. It is high time we took action as we confront the urgent imperative to address this escalating global health challenge head-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cuciureanu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cătălin-Cezar Caratașu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Levon Gabrielian
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Otilia Elena Frăsinariu
- Department of Mother and Child, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Elisabeta Checheriță
- 2nd Dental Medicine Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Trandafir
- Department of Mother and Child, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Szilagyi
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ina Pogonea
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Gabriela Bordeianu
- Department of Biochemistry, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Petru Soroceanu
- Department of Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Călin Vasile Andrițoiu
- Specialization of Nutrition and Dietetics, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Mihalache Anghel
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Diana Munteanu
- Institute of Mother and Child, "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2062 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Irina Teodora Cernescu
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Department of Pharmacology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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55
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Blondin DP. Human thermogenic adipose tissue. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 80:102054. [PMID: 37269791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human thermogenic adipose tissue has long been touted as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current knowledge of in vivo human thermogenic adipose tissue metabolism. We explore the evidence provided by retrospective and prospective studies describing the association of brown adipose tissue (BAT) [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation and various cardiometabolic risk factors. Although these studies have been invaluable in generating hypothesis, it has also raised some questions about the reliability of this method as an indicator of BAT thermogenic capacity. We discuss the evidence in support of human BAT functioning as a local thermogenic organ and energy sink, as an endocrine organ, and as a biomarker of adipose tissue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave North, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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56
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Onikanni SA, Yang CY, Noriega L, Wang CH. U0126 Compound Triggers Thermogenic Differentiation in Preadipocytes via ERK-AMPK Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097987. [PMID: 37175694 PMCID: PMC10178890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, thermogenic differentiation and activation in brown and white adipose tissues have been regarded as one of the major innovative and promising strategies for the treatment and amelioration of obesity. However, the pharmacological approach towards this process has had limited and insufficient commitments, which presents a greater challenge for obesity treatment. This research evaluates the effects of U0126 compound on the activation of thermogenic differentiation during adipogenesis. The results show that U0126 pretreatment primes both white and brown preadipocytes to upregulate thermogenic and mitochondrial genes as well as enhance functions during the differentiation process. We establish that U0126-mediated thermogenic differentiation induction occurs partially via AMPK activation signaling. The findings of this research suggest U0126 as a promising alternative ligand in pursuit of a pharmacological option to increase thermogenic adipocyte formation and improve energy expenditure. Thus it could pave the way for the discovery of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of obesity and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Amos Onikanni
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Cheng-Ying Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Lloyd Noriega
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
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57
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Guilherme A, Rowland LA, Wang H, Czech MP. The adipocyte supersystem of insulin and cAMP signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:340-354. [PMID: 35989245 PMCID: PMC10339226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue signals to brain, liver, and muscles to control whole body metabolism through secreted lipid and protein factors as well as neurotransmission, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Adipocytes sequester triglyceride (TG) in fed conditions stimulated by insulin, while in fasting catecholamines trigger TG hydrolysis, releasing glycerol and fatty acids (FAs). These antagonistic hormone actions result in part from insulin's ability to inhibit cAMP levels generated through such G-protein-coupled receptors as catecholamine-activated β-adrenergic receptors. Consistent with these antagonistic signaling modes, acute actions of catecholamines cause insulin resistance. Yet, paradoxically, chronically activating adipocytes by catecholamines cause increased glucose tolerance, as does insulin. Recent results have helped to unravel this conundrum by revealing enhanced complexities of these hormones' signaling networks, including identification of unexpected common signaling nodes between these canonically antagonistic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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58
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Tao Z, Cheng Z. Hormonal regulation of metabolism-recent lessons learned from insulin and estrogen. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:415-434. [PMID: 36942499 PMCID: PMC10031253 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal signaling plays key roles in tissue and metabolic homeostasis. Accumulated evidence has revealed a great deal of insulin and estrogen signaling pathways and their interplays in the regulation of mitochondrial, cellular remodeling, and macronutrient metabolism. Insulin signaling regulates nutrient and mitochondrial metabolism by targeting the IRS-PI3K-Akt-FoxOs signaling cascade and PGC1α. Estrogen signaling fine-tunes protein turnover and mitochondrial metabolism through its receptors (ERα, ERβ, and GPER). Insulin and estrogen signaling converge on Sirt1, mTOR, and PI3K in the joint regulation of autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism. Dysregulated insulin and estrogen signaling lead to metabolic diseases. This article reviews the up-to-date evidence that depicts the pathways of insulin signaling and estrogen-ER signaling in the regulation of metabolism. In addition, we discuss the cross-talk between estrogen signaling and insulin signaling via Sirt1, mTOR, and PI3K, as well as new therapeutic options such as agonists of GLP1 receptor, GIP receptor, and β3-AR. Mapping the molecular pathways of insulin signaling, estrogen signaling, and their interplays advances our understanding of metabolism and discovery of new therapeutic options for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Tao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
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59
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Robinson EL, Bagchi RA, Major JL, Bergman BC, Madsuda JL, McKinsey TA. HDAC11 inhibition triggers bimodal thermogenic pathways to circumvent adipocyte catecholamine resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.29.534830. [PMID: 37034582 PMCID: PMC10081236 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of adipocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) induces expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), promoting non-shivering thermogenesis. Association of β-ARs with a lysine myristoylated form of A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12)/gravin-α is required for downstream signaling that culminates in UCP1 induction. Conversely, demyristoylation of gravin-α by histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) suppresses this pathway. Whether inhibition of HDAC11 in adipocytes is sufficient to drive UCP1 expression independently of β-ARs is not known. Here, we demonstrate that adipocyte-specific deletion of HDAC11 in mice leads to robust induction of UCP1 in adipose tissue (AT), resulting in increased body temperature. These effects are mimicked by treating mice in vivo or human AT ex vivo with an HDAC11-selective inhibitor, FT895. FT895 triggers biphasic, gravin-α myristoylation-dependent induction of UCP1 protein expression, with a non-canonical acute response that is post-transcriptional and independent of protein kinase A (PKA), and a delayed response requiring PKA activity and new Ucp1 mRNA synthesis. Remarkably, HDAC11 inhibition promotes UCP1 expression even in models of adipocyte catecholamine resistance where β-AR signaling is blocked. These findings define cell autonomous, multi-modal roles for HDAC11 as a suppressor of thermogenesis, and highlight the potential of inhibiting HDAC11 to therapeutically alter AT phenotype independently of β-AR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
| | - Rushita A. Bagchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
| | - Jennifer L. Major
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
| | - Bryan C. Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
| | - Jennifer L. Madsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Timothy A. McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045-2507; USA
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60
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Ginting RP, Lee JM, Lee MW. The Influence of Ambient Temperature on Adipose Tissue Homeostasis, Metabolic Diseases and Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060881. [PMID: 36980222 PMCID: PMC10047443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a recognized energy storage organ during excessive energy intake and an endocrine and thermoregulator, which interacts with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue dysfunction is observed in most obese mouse models and humans. However, most studies using mouse models were conducted at room temperature (RT), where mice were chronically exposed to mild cold. In this condition, energy use is prioritized for thermogenesis to maintain body temperature in mice. It also leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, followed by the activation of β-adrenergic signaling. As humans live primarily in their thermoneutral (TN) zone, RT housing for mice limits the interpretation of disease studies from mouse models to humans. Therefore, housing mice in their TN zone (~28–30 °C) can be considered to mimic humans physiologically. However, factors such as temperature ranges and TN pre-acclimatization periods should be examined to obtain reliable results. In this review, we discuss how adipose tissue responds to housing temperature and the outcomes of the TN zone in metabolic disease studies. This review highlights the critical role of TN housing in mouse models for studying adipose tissue function and human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehna Paula Ginting
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-413-5029
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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Gaspar RS, Delafiori J, Zuccoli G, Carregari VC, Prado TP, Morari J, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Solon CS, Catharino RR, Araujo EP, Martins-de-Souza D, Velloso LA. Exogenous succinate impacts mouse brown adipose tissue mitochondrial proteome and potentiates body mass reduction induced by liraglutide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E226-E240. [PMID: 36724126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00231.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the leading noncommunicable diseases in the world. Despite intense efforts to develop strategies to prevent and treat obesity, its prevalence continues to rise worldwide. A recent study has shown that the tricarboxylic acid intermediate succinate increases body energy expenditure by promoting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis through the activation of uncoupling protein-1; this has generated interest surrounding its potential usefulness as an approach to treat obesity. It is currently unknown how succinate impacts brown adipose tissue protein expression, and how exogenous succinate impacts body mass reduction promoted by a drug approved to treat human obesity, the glucagon-like-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide. In the first part of this study, we used bottom-up shotgun proteomics to determine the acute impact of exogenous succinate on the brown adipose tissue. We show that succinate rapidly affects the expression of 177 brown adipose tissue proteins, which are mostly associated with mitochondrial structure and function. In the second part of this study, we performed a short-term preclinical pharmacological intervention, treating diet-induced obese mice with a combination of exogenous succinate and liraglutide. We show that the combination was more efficient than liraglutide alone in promoting body mass reduction, food energy efficiency reduction, food intake reduction, and an increase in body temperature. Using serum metabolomics analysis, we showed that succinate, but not liraglutide, promoted a significant increase in the blood levels of several medium and long-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, exogenous succinate promotes rapid changes in brown adipose tissue mitochondrial proteins, and when used in association with liraglutide, increases body mass reduction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exogenous succinate induces major changes in brown adipose tissue protein expression affecting particularly mitochondrial respiration and structural proteins. When given exogenously in drinking water, succinate mitigates body mass gain in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity; in addition, when given in association with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, succinate increases body mass reduction promoted by liraglutide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeany Delafiori
- INNOVARE Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Thais P Prado
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carina S Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- INNOVARE Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling-Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Straat ME, Hoekx CA, van Velden FHP, Pereira Arias-Bouda LM, Dumont L, Blondin DP, Boon MR, Martinez-Tellez B, Rensen PCN. Stimulation of the beta-2-adrenergic receptor with salbutamol activates human brown adipose tissue. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100942. [PMID: 36812890 PMCID: PMC9975328 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
While brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated by the beta-3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) in rodents, in human brown adipocytes, the ADRB2 is dominantly present and responsible for noradrenergic activation. Therefore, we performed a randomized double-blinded crossover trial in young lean men to compare the effects of single intravenous bolus of the ADRB2 agonist salbutamol without and with the ADRB1/2 antagonist propranolol on glucose uptake by BAT, assessed by dynamic 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (i.e., primary outcome). Salbutamol, compared with salbutamol with propranolol, increases glucose uptake by BAT, without affecting the glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue. The salbutamol-induced glucose uptake by BAT positively associates with the increase in energy expenditure. Notably, participants with high salbutamol-induced glucose uptake by BAT have lower body fat mass, waist-hip ratio, and serum LDL-cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, specific ADRB2 agonism activates human BAT, which warrants investigation of ADRB2 activation in long-term studies (EudraCT: 2020-004059-34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike E Straat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn A Hoekx
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floris H P van Velden
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lenka M Pereira Arias-Bouda
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; Department of Physiology-Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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GPCR in Adipose Tissue Function-Focus on Lipolysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020588. [PMID: 36831123 PMCID: PMC9953751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue can be divided anatomically, histologically, and functionally into two major entities white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT, respectively). WAT is the primary energy depot, storing most of the bioavailable triacylglycerol molecules of the body, whereas BAT is designed for dissipating energy in the form of heat, a process also known as non-shivering thermogenesis as a defense against a cold environment. Importantly, BAT-dependent energy dissipation directly correlates with cardiometabolic health and has been postulated as an intriguing target for anti-obesity therapies. In general, adipose tissue (AT) lipid content is defined by lipid uptake and lipogenesis on one side, and, on the other side, it is defined by the breakdown of lipids and the release of fatty acids by lipolysis. The equilibrium between lipogenesis and lipolysis is important for adipocyte and general metabolic homeostasis. Overloading adipocytes with lipids causes cell stress, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and adipose tissue inflammation, which can affect the whole organism (metaflammation). The most important consequence of energy and lipid overload is obesity and associated pathophysiologies, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The fate of lipolysis products (fatty acids and glycerol) largely differs between AT: WAT releases fatty acids into the blood to deliver energy to other tissues (e.g., muscle). Activation of BAT, instead, liberates fatty acids that are used within brown adipocyte mitochondria for thermogenesis. The enzymes involved in lipolysis are tightly regulated by the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is activated or inhibited by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that interact with heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins). Thus, GPCRs are the upstream regulators of the equilibrium between lipogenesis and lipolysis. Moreover, GPCRs are of special pharmacological interest because about one third of the approved drugs target GPCRs. Here, we will discuss the effects of some of most studied as well as "novel" GPCRs and their ligands. We will review different facets of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies, obtained with both pharmacological and genetic approaches. Finally, we will report some possible therapeutic strategies to treat obesity employing GPCRs as primary target.
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhao B, Burley G, Yang Z, Luo Y, Li A, Zhang R, Liu Z, Shi Y, Wang Q. The combined effect of metformin and mirabegron on diet-induced obesity. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e207. [PMID: 36818016 PMCID: PMC9928947 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-obesity medications act by suppressing energy intake (EI), promoting energy expenditure (EE), or both. Metformin (Met) and mirabegron (Mir) cause weight loss by targeting EI and EE, respectively. However, anti-obesity effects during concurrent use of both have yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effects, metabolic benefits, and underlying mechanisms of Met/Mir combination therapy in two clinically relevant contexts: the prevention model and the treatment model. In the prevention model, Met/Mir caused further 12% and 14% reductions in body weight (BW) gain induced by a high-fat diet compared to Met or Mir alone, respectively. In the treatment model, Met/Mir additively promoted 17% BW loss in diet-induced obese mice, which was 13% and 6% greater than Met and Mir alone, respectively. Additionally, Met/Mir improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These benefits of Met/Mir were associated with increased EE, activated brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and white adipose tissue browning. Significantly, Met/Mir did not cause cardiovascular dysfunction in either model. Together, the combination of Met and Mir could be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity by targeting both EI and EE simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupDiabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ben‐Chi Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - George Burley
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupDiabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Zhi‐Can Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yi Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - An‐Qi Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Ruo‐Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhi‐Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yan‐Chuan Shi
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research GroupDiabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Clinical MedicineSt Vincent's Clinical CampusFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Qiao‐Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and AgingSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversitySun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
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Kosmalski M, Deska K, Bąk B, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. Pharmacological Support for the Treatment of Obesity-Present and Future. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030433. [PMID: 36767008 PMCID: PMC9914730 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing civilization problem, associated with a number of negative health consequences affecting almost all tissues and organs. Currently, obesity treatment includes lifestyle modifications (including diet and exercise), pharmacologic therapies, and in some clinical situations, bariatric surgery. These treatments seem to be the most effective method supporting the treatment of obesity. However, they are many limitations to the options, both for the practitioners and patients. Often the comorbidities, cost, age of the patient, and even geographic locations may influence the choices. The pharmacotherapy of obesity is a fast-growing market. Currently, we have at our disposal drugs with various mechanisms of action (directly reducing the absorption of calories-orlistat, acting centrally-bupropion with naltrexone, phentermine with topiramate, or multidirectional-liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide). The drugs whose weight-reducing effect is used in the course of the pharmacotherapy of other diseases (e.g., glucose-sodium cotransporter inhibitors, exenatide) are also worth mentioning. The obesity pharmacotherapy is focusing on novel therapeutic agents with improved safety and efficacy profiles. These trends also include an assessment of the usefulness of the weight-reducing properties of the drugs previously used for other diseases. The presented paper is an overview of the studies related to both drugs currently used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity and those undergoing clinical trials, taking into account the individual approach to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Kacper Deska
- Students’ Scientific Association Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (K.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Bąk
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Łódź, Poland
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, 02-957 Warszawa, Poland
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Eljalby M, Huang X, Becher T, Wibmer AG, Jiang CS, Vaughan R, Schöder H, Cohen P. Brown adipose tissue is not associated with cachexia or increased mortality in a retrospective study of patients with cancer. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E144-E153. [PMID: 36576355 PMCID: PMC9902220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although brown fat is strongly associated with a constellation of cardiometabolic benefits in animal models and humans, it has also been tied to cancer cachexia. In humans, cancer-associated cachexia increases mortality, raising the possibility that brown fat in this context may be associated with increased cancer death. However, the effect of brown fat on cancer-associated cachexia and survival in humans remains unclear. Here, we retrospectively identify patients with and without brown fat on fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans obtained as part of routine cancer care and assemble a cohort to address these questions. We did not find an association between brown fat status and cachexia. Furthermore, we did not observe an association between brown fat and increased mortality in patients with cachexia. Our analyses controlled for confounding factors including age at cancer diagnosis, sex, body mass index, cancer site, cancer stage, outdoor temperature, comorbid conditions (heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease), and β-blocker use. Taken together, our results suggest that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia and does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study finds that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia. Moreover, this work shows that brown fat does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eljalby
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tobias Becher
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- First Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas G Wibmer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
| | - Roger Vaughan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Abstract
Rather than serving as a mere onlooker, adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ and active participant in disease initiation and progression. Disruptions of biological processes operating within adipose can disturb healthy systemic physiology, the sequelae of which include metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. A burgeoning interest in the field of adipose research has allowed for the elucidation of regulatory networks underlying both adipose tissue function and dysfunction. Despite this progress, few diseases are treated by targeting maladaptation in the adipose, an oft-overlooked organ. In this review, we elaborate on the distinct subtypes of adipocytes, their developmental origins and secretory roles, and the dynamic interplay at work within the tissue itself. Central to this discussion is the relationship between adipose and disease states, including obesity, cachexia, and infectious diseases, as we aim to leverage our wealth of knowledge for the development of novel and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Auger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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69
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Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y. Thermogenic Brown Fat in Humans: Implications in Energy Homeostasis, Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. World J Mens Health 2023:41.e26. [PMID: 36792089 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals including humans, there are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissues (BATs). White adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, while BAT is a specialized tissue for non-shivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. It is now established that BAT, through its thermogenic and energy dissipating activities, plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, whole-body energy expenditure, and body fatness. Moreover, increasing evidence has demonstrated that BAT secretes various paracrine and endocrine factors, which influence other peripheral tissues and control systemic metabolic homeostasis, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. In fact, clinical studies have revealed an association of BAT not only with metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver, but also with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Thus, BAT is an intriguing tissue combating obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on human BAT, focusing its patho-physiological roles in energy homeostasis, obesity and related metabolic disorders. The effects of aging and sex on BAT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Thermogenic Adipose Redox Mechanisms: Potential Targets for Metabolic Disease Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010196. [PMID: 36671058 PMCID: PMC9854447 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have several negative health outcomes on affected humans. Dysregulated energy metabolism is a key component underlying the pathophysiology of these conditions. Adipose tissue is a fundamental regulator of energy homeostasis that utilizes several redox reactions to carry out the metabolism. Brown and beige adipose tissues, in particular, perform highly oxidative reactions during non-shivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. The appropriate regulation of energy metabolism then requires coordinated antioxidant mechanisms to counterbalance the oxidation reactions. Indeed, non-shivering thermogenesis activation can cause striking changes in concentrations of both oxidants and antioxidants in order to adapt to various oxidative environments. Current therapeutic options for metabolic diseases either translate poorly from rodent models to humans (in part due to the challenges of creating a physiologically relevant rodent model) or tend to have numerous side effects, necessitating novel therapies. As increased brown adipose tissue activity results in enhanced energy expenditure and is associated with beneficial effects on metabolic health, such as decreased obesity, it has gathered great interest as a modulator of metabolic disease. One potential reason for the beneficial health effects may be that although non-shivering thermogenesis is enormously oxidative, it is also associated with decreased oxidant formation after its activation. However, targeting its redox mechanisms specifically to alter metabolic disease remains an underexplored area. Therefore, this review will discuss the role of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis, non-shivering thermogenesis in adults, and redox mechanisms that may serve as novel therapeutic targets of metabolic disease.
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Mirabegron-induced brown fat activation does not exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice with a functional hepatic ApoE-LDLR pathway. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106634. [PMID: 36574856 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL316,243 protects mice from atherosclerosis development, and the presence of metabolically active BAT is associated with cardiometabolic health in humans. In contrast, exposure to cold or treatment with the clinically used β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron to activate BAT exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)- and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice, both lacking a functional ApoE-LDLR pathway crucial for lipoprotein remnant clearance. We, therefore, investigated the effects of mirabegron treatment on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis development in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized lipoprotein metabolism model with a functional ApoE-LDLR clearance pathway. Mirabegron activated BAT and induced white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, accompanied by selectively increased fat oxidation and attenuated fat mass gain. Mirabegron increased the uptake of fatty acids derived from triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins by BAT and WAT, which was coupled to increased hepatic uptake of the generated cholesterol-enriched core remnants. Mirabegron also promoted hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production, likely due to an increased flux of fatty acids from WAT to the liver, and resulted in transient elevation in plasma TG levels followed by a substantial decrease in plasma TGs. These effects led to a trend toward lower plasma cholesterol levels and reduced atherosclerosis. We conclude that BAT activation by mirabegron leads to substantial metabolic benefits in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, and mirabegron treatment is certainly not atherogenic. These data underscore the importance of the choice of experimental models when investigating the effect of BAT activation on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Chen Y, Hu Q, Wang C, Wang T. The crosstalk between BAT thermogenesis and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1132830. [PMID: 37153220 PMCID: PMC10160478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1132830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic defects increase the risk of skeletal muscle diseases, and muscle impairment might worsen metabolic disruption, leading to a vicious cycle. Both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle play important roles in non-shivering thermogenesis to regulate energy homeostasis. BAT regulates body temperature, systemic metabolism, and seretion of batokines that have positive or negative impacts on skeletal muscle. Conversely, muscle can secrete myokines that regulate BAT function. This review explained the crosstalk between BAT and skeletal muscle, and then discussed the batokines and highlighted their impact on skeletal muscle under physiological conditions. BAT is now considered a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes treatment. Moreover, manipulation of BAT may be an attractive approach for the treatment of muscle weakness by correcting metabolic deficits. Therefore, exploring BAT as a potential treatment for sarcopenia could be a promising avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Health Management Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Changyi Wang, ; Tiantian Wang,
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Changyi Wang, ; Tiantian Wang,
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Harb E, Kheder O, Poopalasingam G, Rashid R, Srinivasan A, Izzi-Engbeaya C. Brown adipose tissue and regulation of human body weight. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3594. [PMID: 36398906 PMCID: PMC10077912 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of the global population is affected by obesity. Traditional non-surgical measures for weight loss have limited efficacy and tolerability. Therefore, there is a need for novel, effective therapies. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been implicated in physiological energy expenditure, indicating that it could be targeted to achieve weight loss in humans. The use of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography-(PET-CT) imaging has enabled the discovery of functionally active BAT in the supraclavicular, subclavian, and thoracic spine regions of human adults. This review aims to discuss the reasons behind the renewed interest in BAT, assess whether it is metabolically important in humans, and evaluate its feasibility as a therapeutic target for treating obesity. SOURCES OF MATERIAL PubMed Central, Europe PMC, Medline. FINDINGS In vivo studies have shown that BAT activity is regulated by thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, BAT uniquely contains uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that is largely responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure can increase BAT recruitment through the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT); however, this technique has practical limitations that may preclude its use. Currently available medicines for humans, such as the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron or the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid, have generated excitement, although adverse effects are a concern. Capsinoids represent a tolerable alternative, which require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS The use of currently available BAT-activating agents alone is unlikely to achieve significant weight loss in humans. A combination of BAT activation with physical exercise and modern, successful dietary strategies represents a more realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Harb
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Omar Kheder
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Razi Rashid
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akash Srinivasan
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chang JS. Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of simultaneous fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in brown adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1106544. [PMID: 36896177 PMCID: PMC9989468 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes is a specialized fat cell that dissipates nutrient-derived chemical energy in the form of heat, instead of ATP synthesis. This unique feature provides a marked capacity for brown adipocyte mitochondria to oxidize substrates independent of ADP availability. Upon cold exposure, brown adipocytes preferentially oxidize free fatty acids (FFA) liberated from triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplets to support thermogenesis. In addition, brown adipocytes take up large amounts of circulating glucose, concurrently increasing glycolysis and de novo FA synthesis from glucose. Given that FA oxidation and glucose-derived FA synthesis are two antagonistic mitochondrial processes in the same cell, it has long been questioned how brown adipocytes run FA oxidation and FA synthesis simultaneously. In this review, I summarize mechanisms regulating mitochondrial substrate selection and describe recent findings of two distinct populations of brown adipocyte mitochondria with different substrate preferences. I further discuss how these mechanisms may permit a concurrent increase in glycolysis, FA synthesis, and FA oxidation in brown adipocytes.
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75
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Growth Hormone Improves Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315310. [PMID: 36499637 PMCID: PMC9740214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been linked to GH resistance. In CKD, GH treatment enhances muscular performance. We investigated the impact of GH on cachexia brought on by CKD. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in c57BL/6J mice. After receiving GH (10 mg/kg/day) or saline treatment for six weeks, CKD mice were compared to sham-operated controls. GH normalized metabolic rate, increased food intake and weight growth, and improved in vivo muscular function (rotarod and grip strength) in CKD mice. GH decreased uncoupling proteins (UCP)s and increased muscle and adipose tissue ATP content in CKD mice. GH decreased lipolysis of adipose tissue by attenuating expression and protein content of adipose triglyceride lipase and protein content of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase in CKD mice. GH reversed the increased expression of beige adipocyte markers (UCP-1, CD137, Tmem26, Tbx1, Prdm16, Pgc1α, and Cidea) and molecules implicated in adipose tissue browning (Cox2/Pgf2α, Tlr2, Myd88, and Traf6) in CKD mice. Additionally, GH normalized the molecular markers of processes connected to muscle wasting in CKD, such as myogenesis and muscle regeneration. By using RNAseq, we previously determined the top 12 skeletal muscle genes differentially expressed between mice with CKD and control animals. These 12 genes' aberrant expression has been linked to increased muscle thermogenesis, fibrosis, and poor muscle and neuron regeneration. In this study, we demonstrated that GH restored 7 of the top 12 differentially elevated muscle genes in CKD mice. In conclusion, GH might be an effective treatment for muscular atrophy and browning of adipose tissue in CKD-related cachexia.
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76
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Brain-to-BAT - and Back?: Crosstalk between the Central Nervous System and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue in Development and Therapy of Obesity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121646. [PMID: 36552107 PMCID: PMC9775239 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The body of mammals harbors two distinct types of adipose tissue: while cells within the white adipose tissue (WAT) store surplus energy as lipids, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is nowadays recognized as the main tissue for transforming chemical energy into heat. This process, referred to as 'non-shivering thermogenesis', is facilitated by the uncoupling of the electron transport across mitochondrial membranes from ATP production. BAT-dependent thermogenesis acts as a safeguarding mechanism under reduced ambient temperature but also plays a critical role in metabolic and energy homeostasis in health and disease. In this review, we summarize the evolutionary structure, function and regulation of the BAT organ under neuronal and hormonal control and discuss its mutual interaction with the central nervous system. We conclude by conceptualizing how better understanding the multifaceted communicative links between the brain and BAT opens avenues for novel therapeutic approaches to treat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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77
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Li Q, Spalding KL. The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1003219. [PMID: 36483678 PMCID: PMC9723158 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes can increase in volume up to a thousand-fold, storing excess calories as triacylglycerol in large lipid droplets. The dramatic morphological changes required of adipocytes demands extensive cytoskeletal remodeling, including lipid droplet and plasma membrane expansion. Cell growth-related signalling pathways are activated, stimulating the production of sufficient amino acids, functional lipids and nucleotides to meet the increasing cellular needs of lipid storage, metabolic activity and adipokine secretion. Continued expansion gives rise to enlarged (hypertrophic) adipocytes. This can result in a failure to maintain growth-related homeostasis and an inability to cope with excess nutrition or respond to stimuli efficiently, ultimately leading to metabolic dysfunction. We summarize recent studies which investigate the functional and cellular structure remodeling of hypertrophic adipocytes. How adipocytes adapt to an enlarged cell size and how this relates to cellular dysfunction are discussed. Understanding the healthy and pathological processes involved in adipocyte hypertrophy may shed light on new strategies for promoting healthy adipose tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kirsty L. Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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78
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Martinez-Sanchez N, Sweeney O, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Caron A, Stanley SA, Domingos AI. The sympathetic nervous system in the 21st century: Neuroimmune interactions in metabolic homeostasis and obesity. Neuron 2022; 110:3597-3626. [PMID: 36327900 PMCID: PMC9986959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system maintains metabolic homeostasis by orchestrating the activity of organs such as the pancreas, liver, and white and brown adipose tissues. From the first renderings by Thomas Willis to contemporary techniques for visualization, tracing, and functional probing of axonal arborizations within organs, our understanding of the sympathetic nervous system has started to grow beyond classical models. In the present review, we outline the evolution of these findings and provide updated neuroanatomical maps of sympathetic innervation. We offer an autonomic framework for the neuroendocrine loop of leptin action, and we discuss the role of immune cells in regulating sympathetic terminals and metabolism. We highlight potential anti-obesity therapeutic approaches that emerge from the modern appreciation of SNS as a neural network vis a vis the historical fear of sympathomimetic pharmacology, while shifting focus from post- to pre-synaptic targeting. Finally, we critically appraise the field and where it needs to go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen Sweeney
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Physician-Scientist Graduate Program, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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79
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Wang O, Han L, Lin H, Tian M, Zhang S, Duan B, Chung S, Zhang C, Lian X, Wang Y, Lei Y. Fabricating 3-dimensional human brown adipose microtissues for transplantation studies. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:518-534. [PMID: 36330162 PMCID: PMC9619153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanting cell cultured brown adipocytes (BAs) represents a promising approach to prevent and treat obesity (OB) and its associated metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, transplanted BAs have a very low survival rate in vivo. The enzymatic dissociation during the harvest of fully differentiated BAs also loses significant cells. There is a critical need for novel methods that can avoid cell death during cell preparation, transplantation, and in vivo. Here, we reported that preparing BAs as injectable microtissues could overcome the problem. We found that 3D culture promoted BA differentiation and UCP-1 expression, and the optimal initial cell aggregate size was 100 μm. The microtissues could be produced at large scales via 3D suspension assisted with a PEG hydrogel and could be cryopreserved. Fabricated microtissues could survive in vivo for long term. They alleviated body weight and fat gain and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced OB and T2DM mice. Transplanted microtissues impacted multiple organs, secreted protein factors, and influenced the secretion of endogenous adipokines. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on fabricating human BA microtissues and showing their safety and efficacy in T2DM mice. The proposal of transplanting fabricated BA microtissues, the microtissue fabrication method, and the demonstration of efficacy in T2DM mice are all new. Our results show that engineered 3D human BA microtissues have considerable advantages in product scalability, storage, purity, safety, dosage, survival, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Li Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | - Haishuang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mingmei Tian
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA.
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80
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Brown fat holds promise for addressing obesity and a host of related ills. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2216435119. [PMID: 36227944 PMCID: PMC9618075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216435119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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81
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Alsenousy AHA, El-Tahan RA, Ghazal NA, Piñol R, Millán A, Ali LMA, Kamel MA. The Anti-Obesity Potential of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats: Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Adipose Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102134. [PMID: 36297569 PMCID: PMC9607364 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a pandemic disease that is rapidly growing into a serious health problem and has economic impact on healthcare systems. This bleak image has elicited creative responses, and nanotechnology is a promising approach in obesity treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on a high-fat-diet rat model of obesity and compared their effect to a traditional anti-obesity drug (orlistat). METHODS The obese rats were treated daily with orlistat and/or SPIONs once per week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. Then, the animals were sacrificed to obtain white adipose tissues (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) for assessment of the expression of thermogenic genes and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN). RESULTS For the first time, we reported promising ameliorating effects of SPIONs treatments against weight gain, hyperglycemia, adiponectin, leptin, and dyslipidemia in obese rats. At the molecular level, surprisingly, SPIONs treatments markedly corrected the disturbed expression and protein content of inflammatory markers and parameters controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and functions in BAT and WAT. CONCLUSIONS SPIONs have a powerful anti-obesity effect by acting as an inducer of WAT browning and activator of BAT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha H. A. Alsenousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Rasha A. El-Tahan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Nesma A. Ghazal
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Rafael Piñol
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Millán
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
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82
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Hankir MK, Hoffmann A, Seyfried F. Starving cancer into submission by activating BAT. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1428-1430. [PMID: 36198290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) consumes copious amounts of circulating nutrients to fuel thermogenesis. Recently writing in Nature, Seki et al. show that this property can be leveraged to limit glucose availability for cancer cells and slow tumor growth, thereby adding cancer to the growing list of diseases that can potentially be treated by activating BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
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83
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Chen SS, Lee D, Zhang H, Cao XH, DuPrez K. Long-term IgE immunological tolerance to peanut allergens: An alternative to Noon's daily desensitization paradigm. Cell Immunol 2022; 381:104611. [PMID: 36194940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show that profound afferent long-term peanut-allergen-specific IgE immunological tolerance for 3 to 9 months induced sustained unresponsiveness (SU) in naïve or peanut-sensitized rodents after peanut allergen immunization. Rodents were vaccinated sublingually with a peanut allergen extract or recombinant peanut allergen in chenodeoxycholate (CDCA), a fanesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) agonist that downregulates SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c) and upregulates SHP in bone marrow-derived tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs). Approximately 90 ∼ 95 % of the total circulating PE-potentiated IgE and Ara h1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 6 peanut allergen-specific IgE responses were suppressed by recombinant peanut allergen-conjugated solid magnetic beads (sensitivity of 0.2 IU/ml). In contrast, peanut allergen-specific IgG production was not affected. Similarly, oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, and GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, induced long-term peanut-specific IgE tolerance when administered via the sublingual, oral or i.p. route. Prophylactic Ara h2 DNA immunization with caNRF2 and IL-35 coexpression induced Ara h2 IgE tolerance. In summary, peanut allergen vaccination with select natural molecular ligands of nuclear receptors induced long-term peanut allergen-specific IgE tolerance via the afferent limb, which indicates that vaccination is an immune tolerance-promoting strategy that is effective at the DC level and that differs from Noon's daily desensitization program, which is effective at the mast cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Genetics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, AAIIT LLC, 12528 Kirkham Ct, STE 8, Poway, CA 92064, United States.
| | - David Lee
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Hailan Zhang
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy, AAIIT LLC, 12528 Kirkham Ct, STE 8, Poway, CA 92064, United States
| | - Xi-Hua Cao
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Kevin DuPrez
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics Inc., 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A106, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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84
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Yin X, Chen Y, Ruze R, Xu R, Song J, Wang C, Xu Q. The evolving view of thermogenic fat and its implications in cancer and metabolic diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:324. [PMID: 36114195 PMCID: PMC9481605 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe incidence of metabolism-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached pandemic levels worldwide and increased gradually. Most of them are listed on the table of high-risk factors for malignancy, and metabolic disorders systematically or locally contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis of patients. Importantly, adipose tissue is fundamental to the occurrence and development of these metabolic disorders. White adipose tissue stores excessive energy, while thermogenic fat including brown and beige adipose tissue dissipates energy to generate heat. In addition to thermogenesis, beige and brown adipocytes also function as dynamic secretory cells and a metabolic sink of nutrients, like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Accordingly, strategies that activate and expand thermogenic adipose tissue offer therapeutic promise to combat overweight, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders through increasing energy expenditure and enhancing glucose tolerance. With a better understanding of its origins and biological functions and the advances in imaging techniques detecting thermogenesis, the roles of thermogenic adipose tissue in tumors have been revealed gradually. On the one hand, enhanced browning of subcutaneous fatty tissue results in weight loss and cancer-associated cachexia. On the other hand, locally activated thermogenic adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment accelerate cancer progression by offering fuel sources and is likely to develop resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we enumerate current knowledge about the significant advances made in the origin and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of thermogenic adipocytes in different tumors. Ultimately, we summarize imaging technologies for identifying thermogenic adipose tissue and pharmacologic agents via modulating thermogenesis in preclinical experiments and clinical trials.
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85
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Giordano A, Cinti F, Canese R, Carpinelli G, Colleluori G, Di Vincenzo A, Palombelli G, Severi I, Moretti M, Redaelli C, Partridge J, Zingaretti MC, Agostini A, Sternardi F, Giovagnoni A, Castorina S, Cinti S. The Adipose Organ Is a Unitary Structure in Mice and Humans. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092275. [PMID: 36140375 PMCID: PMC9496043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In mice and humans with obesity, the adipose organ undergoes remarkable morpho-functional alterations. The comprehension of the adipose organ function and organization is of paramount importance to understand its pathology and formulate future therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we performed anatomical dissections, magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography and histological and immunohistochemical assessments of humans and mouse adipose tissues. We demonstrate that most of the two types of adipose tissues (white, WAT and brown, BAT) form a large unitary structure fulfilling all the requirements necessary to be considered as a true organ in both species. A detailed analysis of the gross anatomy of mouse adipose organs in different pathophysiological conditions (normal, cold, pregnancy, obesity) shows that the organ consists of a unitary structure composed of different tissues: WAT, BAT, and glands (pregnancy). Data from autoptic dissection of 8 cadavers, 2 females and 6 males (Age: 37.5 ± 9.7, BMI: 23 ± 2.7 kg/m2) and from detailed digital dissection of 4 digitalized cadavers, 2 females and 2 males (Age: 39 ± 14.2 years, BMI: 22.8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) confirmed the mixed (WAT and BAT) composition and the unitary structure of the adipose organ also in humans. Considering the remarkable endocrine roles of WAT and BAT, the definition of the endocrine adipose organ would be even more appropriate in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Cinti
- UOS Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - R. Canese
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Carpinelli
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Colleluori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Palombelli
- MRI Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - I. Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - M. C. Zingaretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - F. Sternardi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - S. Castorina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - S. Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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86
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Olszewski PK, Noble EE, Paiva L, Ueta Y, Blevins JE. Oxytocin as a potential pharmacological tool to combat obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13106. [PMID: 35192207 PMCID: PMC9372234 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has emerged as an important anorexigen in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. It has been shown that the release of OT and activation of hypothalamic OT neurons coincide with food ingestion. Its effects on feeding have largely been attributed to limiting meal size through interactions in key regulatory brain regions governing the homeostatic control of food intake such as the hypothalamus and hindbrain in addition to key feeding reward areas such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, the magnitude of an anorexigenic response to OT and feeding-related activation of the brain OT circuit are modified by the composition and flavor of a diet, as well as by a social context in which a meal is consumed. OT is particularly effective in reducing consumption of carbohydrates and sweet tastants. Pharmacologic, genetic, and pair-feeding studies indicate that OT-elicited weight loss cannot be fully explained by reductions of food intake and that the overall impact of OT on energy balance is also partly a result of OT-elicited changes in lipolysis, energy expenditure, and glucose regulation. Peripheral administration of OT mimics many of its effects when it is given into the central nervous system, raising the questions of whether and to what extent circulating OT acts through peripheral OT receptors to regulate energy balance. Although OT has been found to elicit weight loss in female mice, recent studies have indicated that sex and estrous cycle may impact oxytocinergic modulation of food intake. Despite the overall promising basic research data, attempts to use OT in the clinical setting to combat obesity and overeating have generated somewhat mixed results. The focus of this mini-review is to briefly summarize the role of OT in feeding and metabolism, address gaps and inconsistencies in our knowledge, and discuss some of the limitations to the potential use of chronic OT that should help guide future research on OT as a tailor-made anti-obesity therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Waikato, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Luis Paiva
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - James E Blevins
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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87
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High-fructose feeding suppresses cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake independently of changes in thermogenesis and the gut microbiome. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100742. [PMID: 36130480 PMCID: PMC9512695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in added sugars are associated with metabolic diseases, and studies have shown a link between these pathologies and changes in the microbiome. Given the reported associations in animal models between the microbiome and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function, and the alterations in the microbiome induced by high-glucose or high-fructose diets, we investigated the potential causal link between high-glucose or -fructose diets and BAT dysfunction in humans. Primary outcomes are changes in BAT cold-induced thermogenesis and the fecal microbiome (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03188835). We show that BAT glucose uptake, but not thermogenesis, is impaired by a high-fructose but not high-glucose diet, in the absence of changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome. We conclude that decreased BAT glucose metabolism occurs earlier than other pathophysiological abnormalities during fructose overconsumption in humans. This is a potential confounding factor for studies relying on 18F-FDG to assess BAT thermogenesis. Fructose overfeeding decreases brown adipose tissue glucose metabolism These changes occur independently of oxidative metabolism No change is observed with glucose overfeeding The gut microbiome is not affected by fructose/glucose overfeeding
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88
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Chen Y, Wu Z, Huang S, Wang X, He S, Liu L, Hu Y, Chen L, Chen P, Liu S, He S, Shan B, Zheng L, Duan SZ, Song Z, Jiang L, Wang QA, Gan Z, Song BL, Liu J, Rui L, Shao M, Liu Y. Adipocyte IRE1α promotes PGC1α mRNA decay and restrains adaptive thermogenesis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1166-1184. [PMID: 36123394 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue undergoes thermogenic remodeling in response to thermal stress and metabolic cues, playing a crucial role in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with adipose dysfunction in obesity and metabolic disease. It remains unclear, however, if ER stress-signaling in adipocytes mechanistically mediates dysregulation of thermogenic fat. Here we show that inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), a key ER stress sensor and signal transducer, acts in both white and beige adipocytes to impede beige fat activation. Ablation of adipocyte IRE1α promotes browning/beiging of subcutaneous white adipose tissue following cold exposure or β3-adrenergic stimulation. Loss of IRE1α alleviates diet-induced obesity and augments the anti-obesity effect of pharmacologic β3-adrenergic stimulation. Notably, IRE1α suppresses stimulated lipolysis and degrades Ppargc1a messenger RNA through its RNase activity to downregulate the thermogenic gene program. Hence, blocking IRE1α bears therapeutic potential in unlocking adipocytes' thermogenic capacity to combat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuyin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songzi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengqi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Shan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zhenji Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences; The Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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89
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Different Protein Sources Enhance 18FDG-PET/MR Uptake of Brown Adipocytes in Male Subjects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163411. [PMID: 36014915 PMCID: PMC9413993 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The unique ability of brown adipocytes to increase metabolic rate suggests that they could be targeted as an obesity treatment. Objective: The objective of the study was to search for new dietary factors that may enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Methods: The study group comprised 28 healthy non-smoking males, aged 21–42 years old. All volunteers underwent a physical examination and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75g-OGTT). Serum atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP, BNP), PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) measurements were taken, and 3-day food intake diaries were completed. Body composition measurements were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and bioimpedance methods. An fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (FDG-18) uptake in BAT was assessed by positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) in all participants after 2 h cold exposure. The results were adjusted for age, daily energy intake, and DXA lean mass. Results: Subjects with detectable BAT (BAT(+)) were characterized by a higher percentage of energy obtained from dietary protein and fat and higher muscle mass (p = 0.01, p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). In the BAT(+) group, animal protein intake was positively associated (p= 0.04), whereas the plant protein intake negatively correlated with BAT activity (p = 0.03). Additionally, the presence of BAT was inversely associated with BNP concentration in the 2 h of cold exposure (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The outcomes of our study suggest that different macronutrient consumption may be a new way to modulate BAT activity leading to weight reduction.
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90
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Ying Z, Tramper N, Zhou E, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Role of thermogenic adipose tissue in lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: lessons from studies in mice and humans. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:905-918. [PMID: 35944189 PMCID: PMC10153643 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes within brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocytes within white adipose tissue dissipate nutritional energy as heat. Studies in mice have shown that activation of thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes enhances the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in plasma to supply these adipocytes with fatty acids for oxidation. This process results in formation of TRL remnants that are removed from the circulation through binding of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on their surface to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on hepatocytes, followed by internalization. Concomitantly, lipolytic processing of circulating TRLs leads to generation of excess surface phospholipids that are transferred to nascent high-density lipoproteins (HDL), increasing their capacity for reverse cholesterol transport. Activation of thermogenic adipocytes thus lowers circulating triglycerides and non-HDL-cholesterol, while it increases HDL-cholesterol. The combined effect is protection from atherosclerosis development, which becomes evident in humanized mouse models with an intact ApoE-LDLR clearance pathway only, and is additive to the effects of classical lipid-lowering drugs including statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors. A large recent study revealed that the presence of metabolically active BAT in humans is associated with lower triglycerides, higher HDL-cholesterol and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases. This narrative review aims to provide leads for further exploration of thermogenic adipose tissue as a therapeutic target. To this end, we describe the latest knowledge on the role of BAT in lipoprotein metabolism and address, for example, the discovery of the β2-adrenergic receptor as the dominant adrenergic receptor in human thermogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Tramper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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91
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Both caffeine and Capsicum annuum fruit powder lower blood glucose levels and increase brown adipose tissue temperature in healthy adult males. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870154. [PMID: 36017333 PMCID: PMC9395699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of respiratory gas exchange, infrared thermography, and blood glucose (BGL) analysis, we have investigated the impact of Capsicum annuum (C. annuum) fruit powder (475 mg) or caffeine (100 mg) on metabolic activity in a placebo controlled (lactose, 100 mg) double-blinded three-way cross-over-design experiment. Metabolic measurements were made on day 1 and day 7 of supplementation in eight adult male participants (22.2 ± 2 years of age, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2, x̅ ± SD). Participants arrived fasted overnight and were fed a high carbohydrate meal (90 g glucose), raising BGL from fasting baseline (4.4 ± 0.3 mmol/L) to peak BGL (8.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L) 45 min after the meal. Participants consumed the supplement 45 min after the meal, and both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder restored BGL (F (8,178) = 2.2, p = 0.02) to near fasting levels within 15 min of supplementation compared to placebo (120 min). In parallel both supplements increased energy expenditure (F (2, 21) = 175.6, p < 0.001) over the 120-min test period (caffeine = 50.74 ± 2 kcal/kg/min, C. annuum fruit = 50.95 ± 1 kcal/kg/min, placebo = 29.34 ± 1 kcal/kg/min). Both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder increased supraclavicular fossa temperature (F (2,42) = 32, p < 0.001) on both day 1 and day 7 of testing over the 120-min test period. No statistical difference in core temperature or reference point temperature, mean arterial pressure or heart rate was observed due to supplementation nor was any statistical difference seen between day 1 and day 7 of intervention. This is important for implementing dietary ingredients as potential metabolism increasing supplements. Together the results imply that through dietary supplements such as caffeine and C. annuum, mechanisms for increasing metabolism can be potentially targeted to improve metabolic homeostasis in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Lachlan Van Schaik,
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Green
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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92
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Mirabegron relaxes arteries from human visceral adipose tissue through antagonism of α1-adrenergic receptors. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107094. [PMID: 35934296 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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93
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Erdogan BR, Liu G, Arioglu-Inan E, Michel MC. Established and emerging treatments for diabetes-associated lower urinary tract dysfunction. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:887-906. [PMID: 35545721 PMCID: PMC9276575 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (LUT) including urinary bladder and urethra (and prostate in men) is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes and can manifest as overactive bladder, underactive bladder, urinary incontinence, and as aggravated symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia. We have performed a selective literature search to review existing evidence on efficacy of classic medications for the treatment of LUT dysfunction in diabetic patients and animals, i.e., α1-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor antagonists, β3-adrenoceptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Generally, these agents appear to have comparable efficacy in patients and/or animals with and without diabetes. We also review effects of antidiabetic medications on LUT function. Such studies have largely been performed in animal models. In the streptozotocin-induced models of type 1 diabetes, insulin can prevent and reverse alterations of morphology, function, and gene expression patterns in bladder and prostate. Typical medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes have been studied less often, and the reported findings are not yet sufficient to derive robust conclusions. Thereafter, we review animal studies with emerging medications perhaps targeting diabetes-associated LUT dysfunction. Data with myoinositol, daidzein, and with compounds that target oxidative stress, inflammation, Rac1, nerve growth factor, angiotensin II receptor, serotonin receptor, adenosine receptor, and soluble guanylyl cyclase are not conclusive yet, but some hold promise as potential treatments. Finally, we review nonpharmacological interventions in diabetic bladder dysfunction. These approaches are relatively new and give promising results in preclinical studies. In conclusion, the insulin data in rodent models of type 1 diabetes suggest that diabetes-associated LUT function can be mostly or partially reversed. However, we propose that considerable additional experimental and clinical studies are needed to target diabetes itself or pathophysiological changes induced by chronic hyperglycemia for the treatment of diabetic uropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül R Erdogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guiming Liu
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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94
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Sponton CH, de Lima-Junior JC, Leiria LO. What puts the heat on thermogenic fat: metabolism of fuel substrates. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:587-599. [PMID: 35697585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its unique capacity to clear macronutrients from circulation and use them to produce heat, thermogenic fat is capable of regulating glucose, lipids, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) circulatory levels. At the same time, its activity yields a higher energy expenditure, thereby conferring protection against cardiometabolic diseases. Our knowledge on the mechanisms of uptake and intracellular metabolism of such energy substrates into thermogenic fat has meaningfully evolved in recent years. This has allowed us to better understand how the thermogenic machinery processes those molecules to utilize them as substrates for heating up the body. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular and cellular regulatory process that governs the uptake and metabolism of such substrates within thermogenic fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Sponton
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz O Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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95
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Abstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial, and relapsing disease whose prevalence has tripled during the last decades and whose incidence is expected to further increase. For these reasons, obesity is considered as a real pandemic, deeply burdening the global health-care systems. From a pathophysiological standpoint obesity is the result of a chronic-positive energy balance which in turn leads to an excessive accumulation of lipids, not only within the adipose organ, but also in different cytotypes, a phenomenon leading to lipotoxicity that deeply compromises several cellular and organs functions. Obesity is therefore associated with over 200 medical complications, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and represents the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. In this review, we describe the main pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity-induced adipose organ dysfunction to insulin resistance and T2DM.
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96
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Kajikawa M, Higashi Y. Obesity and Endothelial Function. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071745. [PMID: 35885049 PMCID: PMC9313026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem and is related to increasing rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Over 1.9 billion adults are overweight or obese worldwide and the prevalence of obesity is increasing. Obesity influences endothelial function through obesity-related complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The excess fat accumulation in obesity causes adipocyte dysfunction and induces oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammation leading to endothelial dysfunction. Several anthropometric indices and imaging modalities that are used to evaluate obesity have demonstrated an association between obesity and endothelial function. In the past few decades, there has been great focus on the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction caused by obesity for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic targets of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kajikawa
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5831
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97
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Horino M, Ikeda K, Yamada T. The Role of Thermogenic Fat Tissue in Energy Consumption. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3166-3179. [PMID: 35877443 PMCID: PMC9317885 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissues are broadly divided into white adipose tissue (WAT) and thermogenic fat tissue (brown adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue). Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the central protein in thermogenesis, and cells that exhibit induced UCP1 expression and appear scattered throughout WAT are called beige adipocytes, and their induction in WAT is referred to as “beiging”. Beige adipocytes can differentiate from preadipocytes or convert from mature adipocytes. UCP1 was thought to contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis; however, recent studies demonstrated the presence of UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms. There is evidence that thermogenic fat tissue contributes to systemic energy expenditure even in human beings. This review discusses the roles that thermogenic fat tissue plays in energy consumption and offers insight into the possibility and challenges associated with its application in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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98
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Cinti F, Cinti S. The Endocrine Adipose Organ: A System Playing a Central Role in COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132109. [PMID: 35805193 PMCID: PMC9265618 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 30 years the adipose cell has been object of several studies, turning its reputation from an inert cell into the main character involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed the clinical scenario of the last two years. Composed by two types of tissue (white and brown), with opposite roles, the adipose organ is now classified as a real endocrine organ whose dysfunction is involved in different diseases, mainly obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this mini-review we aim to retrace the adipose organ history from physiology to physiopathology, to provide therapeutic perspectives for the prevention and treatment of its two main related diseases (obesity and type 2 diabetes) and to summarize the most recent discoveries linking adipose tissue to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cinti
- UOS Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Center of Obesity, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-3396936172
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99
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Loss of adipose TET proteins enhances β-adrenergic responses and protects against obesity by epigenetic regulation of β3-AR expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205626119. [PMID: 35737830 PMCID: PMC9245707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205626119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling plays predominant roles in modulating energy expenditure by triggering lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue, thereby conferring obesity resistance. Obesity is associated with diminished β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) expression and decreased β-adrenergic responses, but the molecular mechanism coupling nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance remains poorly defined. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are dioxygenases that alter the methylation status of DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further oxidized derivatives. Here, we show that TET proteins are pivotal epigenetic suppressors of β3-AR expression in adipocytes, thereby attenuating the responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation. Deletion of all three Tet genes in adipocytes led to increased β3-AR expression and thereby enhanced the downstream β-adrenergic responses, including lipolysis, thermogenic gene induction, oxidative metabolism, and fat browning in vitro and in vivo. In mouse adipose tissues, Tet expression was elevated after mice ate a high-fat diet. Mice with adipose-specific ablation of all TET proteins maintained higher levels of β3-AR in both white and brown adipose tissues and remained sensitive to β-AR stimuli under high-fat diet challenge, leading to augmented energy expenditure and decreased fat accumulation. Consequently, they exhibited improved cold tolerance and were substantially protected from diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and metabolic complications, including insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, TET proteins directly repressed β3-AR transcription, mainly in an enzymatic activity-independent manner, and involved the recruitment of histone deacetylases to increase deacetylation of its promoter. Thus, the TET-histone deacetylase-β3-AR axis could be targeted to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Pinto YO, Festuccia WTL, Magdalon J. The involvement of the adrenergic nervous system in activating human brown adipose tissue and browning. Hormones (Athens) 2022; 21:195-208. [PMID: 35247188 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-022-00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic condition of multifactorial etiology characterized by excessive body fat due to a calorie intake higher than energy expenditure. Given the intrinsic limitations of surgical interventions and the difficulties associated with lifestyle changes, pharmacological manipulation is currently one of the main therapies for metabolic diseases. Approaches aiming to promote energy expenditure through induction of thermogenesis have been explored and, in this context, brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and browning have been shown to be promising strategies. Although such processes are physiologically stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, not all situations that are known to increase adrenergic signaling promote a concomitant increase in BAT activation or browning in humans. Thus, a better understanding of factors involved in the thermogenesis attributed to these tissues is needed to enable the development of future therapies against obesity. Herein we carry out a critical review of original articles in humans under conditions previously known to trigger adrenergic responses-namely, cold, catecholamine-secreting tumor (pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma), burn injury, and adrenergic agonists-and discuss which of them are associated with increased BAT activation and browning. BAT is clearly stimulated in individuals exposed to cold or treated with high doses of the β3-adrenergic agonist mirabegron, whereas browning is certainly induced in patients after burn injury or with pheochromocytoma, as well as in individuals treated with β3-adrenergic agonist mirabegron for at least 10 weeks. Given the potential effect of increasing energy expenditure, adrenergic stimuli are promising strategies in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Oliveira Pinto
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Magdalon
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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