51
|
Sharif B, Fadero T, Maddox AS. Anillin localization suggests distinct mechanisms of division plane specification in mouse oogenic meiosis I and II. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 17:98-106. [PMID: 25818309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anillin is a conserved cytokinetic ring protein implicated in actomyosin cytoskeletal organization and cytoskeletal-membrane linkage. Here we explored anillin localization in the highly asymmetric divisions of the mouse oocyte that lead to the extrusion of two polar bodies. The purposes of polar body extrusion are to reduce the chromosome complement within the egg to haploid, and to retain the majority of the egg cytoplasm for embryonic development. Anillin's proposed roles in cytokinetic ring organization suggest that it plays important roles in achieving this asymmetric division. We report that during meiotic maturation, anillin mRNA is expressed and protein levels steadily rise. In meiosis I, anillin localizes to a cortical cap overlying metaphase I spindles, and a broad ring over anaphase spindles that are perpendicular to the cortex. Anillin is excluded from the cortex of the prospective first polar body, and highly enriched in the cytokinetic ring that severs the polar body from the oocyte. In meiosis II, anillin is enriched in a cortical stripe precisely coincident with and overlying the meiotic spindle midzone. These results suggest a model in which this cortical structure contributes to spindle re-alignment in meiosis II. Thus, localization of anillin as a conserved cytokinetic ring marker illustrates that the geometry of the cytokinetic ring is distinct between the two oogenic meiotic cytokineses in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bedra Sharif
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tanner Fadero
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Belloni G, Colotti G, Giansanti MG. The multiple cellular functions of the oncoprotein Golgi phosphoprotein 3. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3493-506. [PMID: 25691054 PMCID: PMC4414131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) protein, a component of Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), has been defined as a "first-in-class Golgi oncoprotein" and characterized as a Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] effector at the Golgi. GOLPH3 is commonly amplified in several solid tumors. Furthermore this protein has been associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. Highly conserved from yeast to humans, GOLPH3 provides an essential function in vesicle trafficking and Golgi structure. Recent data have also implicated this oncoprotein in regulation of cytokinesis, modulation of mitochondrial mass and cellular response to DNA damage. A minute dissection of the molecular pathways that require GOLPH3 protein will be helpful to develop new therapeutic cancer strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Belloni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Cell division ends with the physical separation of the two daughter cells, a process known as cytokinesis. This final event ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are accurately partitioned between the two nascent cells. Cytokinesis is one of the most dramatic changes in cell shape and requires an extensive reorganization of the cell's cytoskeleton. Here, we describe the cytoskeletal structures, factors, and signaling pathways that orchestrate this robust and yet highly dynamic process in animal cells. Finally, we discuss possible future directions in this growing area of cell division research and its implications in human diseases, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo D'Avino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mark Petronczki
- Cell Division and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK-London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Eikenes ÅH, Malerød L, Christensen AL, Steen CB, Mathieu J, Nezis IP, Liestøl K, Huynh JR, Stenmark H, Haglund K. ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control cytokinetic abscission during germline stem cell division in vivo. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004904. [PMID: 25635693 PMCID: PMC4312039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that involves the cleavage of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. Recent studies have given novel insight into the spatiotemporal regulation and molecular mechanisms controlling abscission in cultured yeast and human cells. The mechanisms of abscission in living metazoan tissues are however not well understood. Here we show that ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission during Drosophila female germline stem cell (fGSC) division. Loss of ALIX or Shrub function in fGSCs leads to delayed abscission and the consequent formation of stem cysts in which chains of daughter cells remain interconnected to the fGSC via midbody rings and fusome. We demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub interact and that they co-localize at midbody rings and midbodies during cytokinetic abscission in fGSCs. Mechanistically, we show that the direct interaction between ALIX and Shrub is required to ensure cytokinesis completion with normal kinetics in fGSCs. We conclude that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and that their complex formation is required for accurate abscission timing in GSCs in vivo. Cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, concludes with a process termed abscission, during which the two daughter cells physically separate. In spite of their importance, the molecular machineries controlling abscission are poorly characterized especially in the context of living metazoan tissues. Here we provide molecular insight into the mechanism of abscission using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. We show that the scaffold protein ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission in Drosophila female germline stem cells (fGSCs). ESCRT-III has been implicated in topologically similar membrane scission events as abscission, namely intraluminal vesicle formation at endosomes and virus budding. Here we demonstrate that ALIX and Shrub co-localize and interact to promote abscission with correct timing in Drosophila fGSCs. We thus show that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs cells and report an evolutionarily conserved function of the ALIX/ESCRT-III pathway during cytokinesis in a multi-cellular organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund H. Eikenes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Lie Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé B. Steen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis P. Nezis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934 F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Haglund K, Nezis IP, Stenmark H. Structure and functions of stable intercellular bridges formed by incomplete cytokinesis during development. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
56
|
Phosphoinositides: Lipids with informative heads and mastermind functions in cell division. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:832-43. [PMID: 25449648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are low abundant but essential phospholipids in eukaryotic cells and refer to phosphatidylinositol and its seven polyphospho-derivatives. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on phosphoinositides in multiple aspects of cell division in animal cells, including mitotic cell rounding, longitudinal cell elongation, cytokinesis furrow ingression, intercellular bridge abscission and post-cytokinesis events. PtdIns(4,5)P₂production plays critical roles in spindle orientation, mitotic cell shape and bridge stability after furrow ingression by recruiting force generator complexes and numerous cytoskeleton binding proteins. Later, PtdIns(4,5)P₂hydrolysis and PtdIns3P production are essential for normal cytokinesis abscission. Finally, emerging functions of PtdIns3P and likely PtdIns(4,5)P₂have recently been reported for midbody remnant clearance after abscission. We describe how the multiple functions of phosphoinositides in cell division reflect their distinct roles in local recruitment of protein complexes, membrane traffic and cytoskeleton remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
Collapse
|
57
|
Giansanti MG, Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Belloni G, Piergentili R. Cytokinesis in Drosophila male meiosis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:185-196. [PMID: 23094234 PMCID: PMC3469441 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm and the duplicated genome into two daughter cells at the end of cell division. This process must be finely regulated to maintain ploidy and prevent tumor formation. Drosophila male meiosis provides an excellent cell system for investigating cytokinesis. Mutants affecting this process can be easily identified and spermatocytes are large cells particularly suitable for cytological analysis of cytokinetic structures. Over the past decade, the powerful tools of Drosophila genetics and the unique characteristics of this cell system have led researchers to identify molecular players of the cell cleavage machinery and to address important open questions. Although spermatocyte cytokinesis is incomplete, resulting in formation of stable intercellular bridges, the molecular mechanisms are largely conserved in somatic cells. Thus, studies of Drosophila male meiosis will shed new light on the complex cell circuits regulating furrow ingression and substantially further our knowledge of cancer and other human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università Sapienza di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Adachi M, Kawasaki A, Nojima H, Nishida E, Tsukita S. Involvement of IQGAP family proteins in the regulation of mammalian cell cytokinesis. Genes Cells 2014; 19:803-20. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Adachi
- Department of Cell Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Biological Science; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
| | - Hisashi Nojima
- Laboratory of Biological Science; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research; London NW7 1AA UK
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Reyes CC, Jin M, Breznau EB, Espino R, Delgado-Gonzalo R, Goryachev AB, Miller AL. Anillin regulates cell-cell junction integrity by organizing junctional accumulation of Rho-GTP and actomyosin. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1263-70. [PMID: 24835458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anillin is a scaffolding protein that organizes and stabilizes actomyosin contractile rings and was previously thought to function primarily in cytokinesis [1-10]. Using Xenopus laevis embryos as a model system to examine Anillin's role in the intact vertebrate epithelium, we find that a population of Anillin surprisingly localizes to epithelial cell-cell junctions throughout the cell cycle, whereas it was previously thought to be nuclear during interphase [5, 11]. Furthermore, we show that Anillin plays a critical role in regulating cell-cell junction integrity. Both tight junctions and adherens junctions are disrupted when Anillin is knocked down, leading to altered cell shape and increased intercellular spaces. Anillin interacts with Rho, F-actin, and myosin II [3, 8, 9], all of which regulate cell-cell junction structure and function. When Anillin is knocked down, active Rho (Rho-guanosine triphosphate [GTP]), F-actin, and myosin II are misregulated at junctions. Indeed, increased dynamic "flares" of Rho-GTP are observed at cell-cell junctions, whereas overall junctional F-actin and myosin II accumulation is reduced when Anillin is depleted. We propose that Anillin is required for proper Rho-GTP distribution at cell-cell junctions and for maintenance of a robust apical actomyosin belt, which is required for cell-cell junction integrity. These results reveal a novel role for Anillin in regulating epithelial cell-cell junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara C Reyes
- The Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meiyan Jin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elaina B Breznau
- The Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rhogelyn Espino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ricard Delgado-Gonzalo
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Ann L Miller
- The Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
GOLPH3 is essential for contractile ring formation and Rab11 localization to the cleavage site during cytokinesis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004305. [PMID: 24786584 PMCID: PMC4006750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) protein has been described as a Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] effector at the Golgi. GOLPH3 is also known as a potent oncogene, commonly amplified in several human tumors. However, the molecular pathways through which the oncoprotein GOLPH3 acts in malignant transformation are largely unknown. GOLPH3 has never been involved in cytokinesis. Here, we characterize the Drosophila melanogaster homologue of human GOLPH3 during cell division. We show that GOLPH3 accumulates at the cleavage furrow and is required for successful cytokinesis in Drosophila spermatocytes and larval neuroblasts. In premeiotic spermatocytes GOLPH3 protein is required for maintaining the organization of Golgi stacks. In dividing spermatocytes GOLPH3 is essential for both contractile ring and central spindle formation during cytokinesis. Wild type function of GOLPH3 enables maintenance of centralspindlin and Rho1 at cell equator and stabilization of Myosin II and Septin rings. We demonstrate that the molecular mechanism underlying GOLPH3 function in cytokinesis is strictly dependent on the ability of this protein to interact with PI(4)P. Mutations that abolish PI(4)P binding impair recruitment of GOLPH3 to both the Golgi and the cleavage furrow. Moreover telophase cells from mutants with defective GOLPH3-PI(4)P interaction fail to accumulate PI(4)P-and Rab11-associated secretory organelles at the cleavage site. Finally, we show that GOLPH3 protein interacts with components of both cytokinesis and membrane trafficking machineries in Drosophila cells. Based on these results we propose that GOLPH3 acts as a key molecule to coordinate phosphoinositide signaling with actomyosin dynamics and vesicle trafficking during cytokinesis. Because cytokinesis failures have been associated with premalignant disease and cancer, our studies suggest novel insight into molecular circuits involving the oncogene GOLPH3 in cytokinesis. In animal cell cytokinesis, constriction of an actomyosin ring at the equatorial cortex of dividing cells must be finely coordinated with plasma membrane remodeling and vesicle trafficking at the cleavage furrow. Accurate control of these events during cell cleavage is essential for maintaining ploidy and preventing neoplastic transformation. GOLPH3 has been recognized as a potent oncogene, involved in the development of several human tumors. However, the precise roles played by GOLPH3 in tumorigenesis are not yet understood. In this manuscript we demonstrate for the first time the requirement for GOLPH3 for cytokinesis. GOLPH3 protein localizes at the cleavage site of Drosophila dividing cells and is essential for cytokinesis in male meiotic cells and larval neuroblasts. We show that this protein acts as a key molecule in coupling plasma membrane remodeling with actomyosin ring assembly and stability during cytokinesis. Our studies indicate a novel connection between GOLPH3 and the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis, opening new fields of investigation into the tumor cell biology of this oncogene.
Collapse
|
61
|
El Amine N, Kechad A, Jananji S, Hickson GRX. Opposing actions of septins and Sticky on Anillin promote the transition from contractile to midbody ring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:487-504. [PMID: 24217622 PMCID: PMC3824009 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, closure of the actomyosin contractile ring (CR) is coupled to the formation of a midbody ring (MR), through poorly understood mechanisms. Using time-lapse microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, we show that the transition from the CR to the MR proceeds via a previously uncharacterized maturation process that requires opposing mechanisms of removal and retention of the scaffold protein Anillin. The septin cytoskeleton acts on the C terminus of Anillin to locally trim away excess membrane from the late CR/nascent MR via internalization, extrusion, and shedding, whereas the citron kinase Sticky acts on the N terminus of Anillin to retain it at the mature MR. Simultaneous depletion of septins and Sticky not only disrupted MR formation but also caused earlier CR oscillations, uncovering redundant mechanisms of CR stability that can partly explain the essential role of Anillin in this process. Our findings highlight the relatedness of the CR and MR and suggest that membrane removal is coordinated with CR disassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Amine
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Green RA, Mayers JR, Wang S, Lewellyn L, Desai A, Audhya A, Oegema K. The midbody ring scaffolds the abscission machinery in the absence of midbody microtubules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:505-20. [PMID: 24217623 PMCID: PMC3824018 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201306036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The septins, but not midbody microtubules, are important for daughter cell cytoplasmic isolation and ESCRT-dependent midbody ring release during abscission. Abscission completes cytokinesis to form the two daughter cells. Although abscission could be organized from the inside out by the microtubule-based midbody or from the outside in by the contractile ring–derived midbody ring, it is assumed that midbody microtubules scaffold the abscission machinery. In this paper, we assess the contribution of midbody microtubules versus the midbody ring in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. We show that abscission occurs in two stages. First, the cytoplasm in the daughter cells becomes isolated, coincident with formation of the intercellular bridge; proper progression through this stage required the septins (a midbody ring component) but not the membrane-remodeling endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Second, the midbody and midbody ring are released into a specific daughter cell during the subsequent cell division; this stage required the septins and the ESCRT machinery. Surprisingly, midbody microtubules were dispensable for both stages. These results delineate distinct steps during abscission and highlight the central role of the midbody ring, rather than midbody microtubules, in their execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Green
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kiyomitsu T, Cheeseman IM. Cortical dynein and asymmetric membrane elongation coordinately position the spindle in anaphase. Cell 2013; 154:391-402. [PMID: 23870127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle position defines the cell-cleavage site during cytokinesis. However, the mechanisms that control spindle positioning to generate equal-sized daughter cells remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that two mechanisms act coordinately to center the spindle during anaphase in symmetrically dividing human cells. First, the spindle is positioned directly by the microtubule-based motor dynein, which we demonstrate is targeted to the cell cortex by two distinct pathways: a Gαi/LGN/NuMA-dependent pathway and a 4.1G/R and NuMA-dependent, anaphase-specific pathway. Second, we find that asymmetric plasma membrane elongation occurs in response to spindle mispositioning to alter the cellular boundaries relative to the spindle. Asymmetric membrane elongation is promoted by chromosome-derived Ran-GTP signals that locally reduce Anillin at the growing cell cortex. In asymmetrically elongating cells, dynein-dependent spindle anchoring at the stationary cell cortex ensures proper spindle positioning. Our results reveal the anaphase-specific spindle centering systems that achieve equal-sized cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Smith TC, Fridy PC, Li Y, Basil S, Arjun S, Friesen RM, Leszyk J, Chait BT, Rout MP, Luna EJ. Supervillin binding to myosin II and synergism with anillin are required for cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3603-19. [PMID: 24088567 PMCID: PMC3842989 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the process by which cytoplasm is apportioned between dividing daughter cells, requires coordination of myosin II function, membrane trafficking, and central spindle organization. Most known regulators act during late cytokinesis; a few, including the myosin II-binding proteins anillin and supervillin, act earlier. Anillin's role in scaffolding the membrane cortex with the central spindle is well established, but the mechanism of supervillin action is relatively uncharacterized. We show here that two regions within supervillin affect cell division: residues 831-1281, which bind central spindle proteins, and residues 1-170, which bind the myosin II heavy chain (MHC) and the long form of myosin light-chain kinase. MHC binding is required to rescue supervillin deficiency, and mutagenesis of this site creates a dominant-negative phenotype. Supervillin concentrates activated and total myosin II at the furrow, and simultaneous knockdown of supervillin and anillin additively increases cell division failure. Knockdown of either protein causes mislocalization of the other, and endogenous anillin increases upon supervillin knockdown. Proteomic identification of interaction partners recovered using a high-affinity green fluorescent protein nanobody suggests that supervillin and anillin regulate the myosin II and actin cortical cytoskeletons through separate pathways. We conclude that supervillin and anillin play complementary roles during vertebrate cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Smith
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
An association between nuclear morphology and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p16INK4A in lung cancer cells. Med Mol Morphol 2013; 47:130-6. [PMID: 24037424 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-013-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear atypia is one of the most important morphological features used to diagnose malignant neoplasms. The potential molecular alteration that causes nuclear atypia remains unknown. P53 and p16INK4A play crucial roles in cell cycle checkpoints and repairing DNA damage to maintain integrity of the genome. Thus, inactivation of p53 and p16INK4A has been hypothesized to alter the chromatin structure and result in nuclear atypia. This study examined 201 primary lung cancers for the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and p16INK4A, and analyzed potential associations with the essential elements of nuclear atypia, such as nuclear size, circularity of the outline, and the density and granularity of chromatin. Tumors that expressed high levels of p53 had larger nuclei with higher chromatin density and distorted nuclear outlines. Tumors that expressed low levels of p16INK4 had larger nuclei with distorted nuclear outlines. Thus, alterations in p53 and p16INK4A may be the potential cause of nuclear atypia in neoplastic cells.
Collapse
|
66
|
Takeda T, Robinson IM, Savoian MM, Griffiths JR, Whetton AD, McMahon HT, Glover DM. Drosophila F-BAR protein Syndapin contributes to coupling the plasma membrane and contractile ring in cytokinesis. Open Biol 2013; 3:130081. [PMID: 23926047 PMCID: PMC3758542 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a highly ordered cellular process driven by interactions between central spindle microtubules and the actomyosin contractile ring linked to the dynamic remodelling of the plasma membrane. The mechanisms responsible for reorganizing the plasma membrane at the cell equator and its coupling to the contractile ring in cytokinesis are poorly understood. We report here that Syndapin, a protein containing an F-BAR domain required for membrane curvature, contributes to the remodelling of the plasma membrane around the contractile ring for cytokinesis. Syndapin colocalizes with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the cleavage furrow, where it directly interacts with a contractile ring component, Anillin. Accordingly, Anillin is mislocalized during cytokinesis in Syndapin mutants. Elevated or diminished expression of Syndapin leads to cytokinesis defects with abnormal cortical dynamics. The minimal segment of Syndapin, which is able to localize to the cleavage furrow and induce cytokinesis defects, is the F-BAR domain and its immediate C-terminal sequences. Phosphorylation of this region prevents this functional interaction, resulting in reduced ability of Syndapin to bind to and deform membranes. Thus, the dephosphorylated form of Syndapin mediates both remodelling of the plasma membrane and its proper coupling to the cytokinetic machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takeda
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yamamoto S, Bayat V, Bellen HJ, Tan C. Protein phosphatase 1ß limits ring canal constriction during Drosophila germline cyst formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70502. [PMID: 23936219 PMCID: PMC3723691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline cyst formation is essential for the propagation of many organisms including humans and flies. The cytoplasm of germline cyst cells communicate with each other directly via large intercellular bridges called ring canals. Ring canals are often derived from arrested contractile rings during incomplete cytokinesis. However how ring canal formation, maintenance and growth are regulated remains unclear. To better understand this process, we carried out an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster germ cells and identified multiple alleles of flapwing (flw), a conserved serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase. Flw had previously been reported to be unnecessary for early D. melanogaster oogenesis using a hypomorphic allele. We found that loss of Flw leads to over-constricted nascent ring canals and subsequently tiny mature ring canals, through which cytoplasmic transfer from nurse cells to the oocyte is impaired, resulting in small, non-functional eggs. Flw is expressed in germ cells undergoing incomplete cytokinesis, completely colocalized with the Drosophila myosin binding subunit of myosin phosphatase (DMYPT). This colocalization, together with genetic interaction studies, suggests that Flw functions together with DMYPT to negatively regulate myosin activity during ring canal formation. The identification of two subunits of the tripartite myosin phosphatase as the first two main players required for ring canal constriction indicates that tight regulation of myosin activity is essential for germline cyst formation and reproduction in D. melanogaster and probably other species as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Change Tan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Citron kinase controls a molecular network required for midbody formation in cytokinesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9782-7. [PMID: 23716662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301328110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions cytoplasmic and genomic materials at the end of cell division. Failure in this process causes polyploidy, which in turn can generate chromosomal instability, a hallmark of many cancers. Successful cytokinesis requires cooperative interaction between contractile ring and central spindle components, but how this cooperation is established is poorly understood. Here we show that Sticky (Sti), the Drosophila ortholog of the contractile ring component Citron kinase (CIT-K), interacts directly with two kinesins, Nebbish [the fly counterpart of human kinesin family member 14 (KIF14)] and Pavarotti [the Drosophila ortholog of human mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 (MKLP1)], and that in turn these kinesins interact with each other and with another central spindle protein, Fascetto [the fly ortholog of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1)]. Sti recruits Nebbish to the cleavage furrow, and both proteins are required for midbody formation and proper localization of Pavarotti and Fascetto. These functions require Sti kinase activity, indicating that Sti plays both structural and regulatory roles in midbody formation. Finally, we show that CIT-K's role in midbody formation is conserved in human cells. Our findings indicate that CIT-K is likely to act at the top of the midbody-formation hierarchy by connecting and regulating a molecular network of contractile ring components and microtubule-associated proteins.
Collapse
|
69
|
Eikenes ÅH, Brech A, Stenmark H, Haglund K. Spatiotemporal control of Cindr at ring canals during incomplete cytokinesis in the Drosophila male germline. Dev Biol 2013; 377:9-20. [PMID: 23499247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During male and female gametogenesis in species ranging from insects to mammals, germ cell cyst formation by incomplete cytokinesis involves the stabilization of cleavage furrows and the formation of stable intercellular bridges called ring canals. Accurate regulation of incomplete cytokinesis is required for both female and male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling complete versus incomplete cytokinesis are largely unknown. Here, we show that the scaffold protein Cindr is a novel component of both mitotic and meiotic ring canals during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Strikingly, unlike other male germline ring canal components, including Anillin and Pavarotti, Cindr and contractile ring F-actin dissociate from mitotic ring canals and translocate to the fusome upon completion of the mitotic germ cell divisions. We provide evidence that the loss of Cindr from mitotic ring canals is coordinated by signals that mediate the transition from germ cell mitosis to differentiation. Interestingly, Cindr loss from ring canals coincides with completion of the mitotic germ cell divisions in both Drosophila females and males, thus marking a common step of gametogenesis. We also show that Cindr co-localizes with Anillin at mitotic and meiotic ring canals and is recruited to the contractile ring by Anillin during male germ cell meiotic cytokinesis. Taken together, our analyses reveal a key step of incomplete cytokinesis at the endpoint of the mitotic germ cell divisions in D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund H Eikenes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Zhou K, Rolls MM, Hanna-Rose W. A postmitotic function and distinct localization mechanism for centralspindlin at a stable intercellular bridge. Dev Biol 2013; 376:13-22. [PMID: 23370148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex composed of the subunits ZEN-4 and CYK-4, recruits and regulates proteins that modulate the actin cytoskeleton to promote cleavage furrow formation and progression during cytokinesis. The ZEN-4 subunit is a kinesin that is proposed to function primarily by bundling microtubules and promoting transport of the complex to the midzone. ZEN-4 and CYK-4 are mutually dependent for localization to the midzone during cytokinesis. Once at the midzone, the CYK-4 subunit functions to recruit actin regulators and the scaffold anillin as well as to regulate RhoA and Rac via its intrinsic GAP domain, ultimately promoting actomyosin contractile ring assembly. We have revealed a distinct mechanism for centralspindlin localization and function at a stable, postmitotic intercellular bridge in the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad. Loss of zen-4 or cyk-4 function disrupts germ cell progression postmitotically. In contrast to the localization and recruitment relationships during mitosis, centralspindlin is maintained at the intercellular bridge by anillin, and CYK-4 is localized independently of ZEN-4 but not vice versa. We present evidence that centralspindlin function at the rachis bridge involves ZEN-4 action on the microtubules as opposed to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton mediated by CYK-4 during cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zebrowski DC, Engel FB. The Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle in Hypertrophy, Tissue Homeostasis, and Regeneration. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 165:67-96. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
72
|
Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors to position the division plane in fission yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:418-28. [PMID: 23149940 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01286-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial control of cytokinesis is essential for proper cell division. The molecular mechanisms that anchor the dynamic assembly and constriction of the cytokinetic ring at the plasma membrane remain unclear. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cytokinetic ring is assembled in the cell middle from cortical node precursors that are positioned by the anillin-like protein Mid1. During mitotic entry, cortical nodes mature and then compact into a contractile ring positioned in the cell middle. The molecular link between Mid1 and medial cortical nodes remains poorly defined. Here we show that Blt1, a previously enigmatic cortical node protein, promotes the robust association of Mid1 with cortical nodes. Blt1 interacts with Mid1 through the RhoGEF Gef2 to stabilize nodes at the cell cortex during the early stages of contractile ring assembly. The Blt1 N terminus is required for localization and function, while the Blt1 C terminus promotes cortical localization by interacting with phospholipids. In cells lacking membrane binding by both Mid1 and Blt1, nodes detach from the cell cortex and generate aberrant cytokinetic rings. We conclude that Blt1 acts as a scaffolding protein for precursors of the cytokinetic ring and that Blt1 and Mid1 provide overlapping membrane anchors for proper division plane positioning.
Collapse
|
73
|
Tseng KF, Foss M, Zhang D. Astral microtubules physically redistribute cortical actin filaments to the incipient contractile ring. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:983-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
74
|
Echard A. Phosphoinositides and cytokinesis: the "PIP" of the iceberg. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:893-912. [PMID: 23012232 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides [Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PtdIns3P), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIns4P), phosphatidylinositol 5-monophosphate (PtdIns5P), phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P(2) ), phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P(2) ), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2) ), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) )] are lowly abundant acidic lipids found at the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. Initially discovered as precursors of second messengers in signal transduction, phosphoinositides are now known to directly or indirectly control key cellular functions, such as cell polarity, cell migration, cell survival, cytoskeletal dynamics, and vesicular traffic. Phosphoinositides actually play a central role at the interface between membranes and cytoskeletons and contribute to the identity of the cellular compartments by recruiting specific proteins. Increasing evidence indicates that several phosphoinositides, particularly PtdIns(4,5)P(2) , are essential for cytokinesis, notably after furrow ingression. The present knowledge about the specific phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide modifying-enzymes involved in cytokinesis will be first presented. The review of the current data will then show that furrow stability and cytokinesis abscission require that both phosphoinositide production and hydrolysis are regulated in space and time. Finally, I will further discuss recent mechanistic insights on how phosphoinositides regulate membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal remodeling for successful furrow ingression and intercellular bridge abscission. This will highlight unanticipated connections between cytokinesis and enzymes implicated in human diseases, such as the Lowe syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA2582, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Giansanti MG, Fuller MT. What Drosophila spermatocytes tell us about the mechanisms underlying cytokinesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:869-81. [PMID: 22927345 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the genomic material and organelles of a dividing cell equitably into two physically distinct daughter cells at the end of cell division. This highly choreographed process involves coordinated reorganization and regulated action of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems, an assortment of motor proteins, and membrane trafficking components. Due to their large size, the ease with which exquisite cytological analysis may be performed on them, and the availability of numerous mutants and other genetic tools, Drosophila spermatocytes have provided an excellent system for exploring the mechanistic basis for the temporally programmed and precise spatially localized events of cytokinesis. Mutants defective in male meiotic cytokinesis can be easily identified in forward genetic screens by the production of multinucleate spermatids. In addition, the weak spindle assembly checkpoint in spermatocytes, which causes only a small delay of anaphase onset in the presence of unattached chromosomes, allows investigation of whether gene products required for spindle assembly and chromosome segregation are also involved in cytokinesis. Perhaps due to the large size of spermatocytes and the requirement for two rapid-fire rounds of division without intervening S or growth phases during meiosis, male meiotic mutants have also revealed much about molecular mechanisms underlying new membrane addition during cytokinesis. Finally, cell type-specific differences in the events that set up and complete cytokinesis are emerging from comparison of spermatocytes with cells undergoing mitosis either elsewhere in the organism or in tissue culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final step in cell division, partitions the contents of a single cell into two. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through cortical remodeling orchestrated by the anaphase spindle. Cytokinesis relies on a tight interplay between signaling and cellular mechanics and has attracted the attention of both biologists and physicists for more than a century. In this review, we provide an overview of four topics in animal cell cytokinesis: (a) signaling between the anaphase spindle and cortex, (b) the mechanics of cortical remodeling, (c) abscission, and (d) regulation of cytokinesis by the cell cycle machinery. We report on recent progress in these areas and highlight some of the outstanding questions that these findings bring into focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Green
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Wainman A, Giansanti MG, Goldberg ML, Gatti M. The Drosophila RZZ complex - roles in membrane trafficking and cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4014-25. [PMID: 22685323 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zw10 protein, in the context of the conserved Rod-Zwilch-Zw10 (RZZ) complex, is a kinetochore component required for proper activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint in both Drosophila and mammals. In mammalian and yeast cells, the Zw10 homologues, together with the conserved RINT1/Tip20p and NAG/Sec39p proteins, form a second complex involved in vesicle transport between Golgi and ER. However, it is currently unknown whether Zw10 and the NAG family member Rod are also involved in Drosophila membrane trafficking. Here we show that Zw10 is enriched at both the Golgi stacks and the ER of Drosophila spermatocytes. Rod is concentrated at the Golgi but not at the ER, whereas Zwilch does not accumulate in any membrane compartment. Mutations in zw10 and RNAi against the Drosophila homologue of RINT1 (rint1) cause strong defects in Golgi morphology and reduce the number of Golgi stacks. Mutations in rod also affect Golgi morphology, whereas zwilch mutants do not exhibit gross Golgi defects. Loss of either Zw10 or Rint1 results in frequent failures of spermatocyte cytokinesis, whereas Rod or Zwilch are not required for this process. Spermatocytes lacking zw10 or rint1 function assemble regular central spindles and acto-myosin rings, but furrow ingression halts prematurely due to defective plasma membrane addition. Collectively, our results suggest that Zw10 and Rint1 cooperate in the ER-Golgi trafficking and in plasma membrane formation during spermatocyte cytokinesis. Our findings further suggest that Rod plays a Golgi-related function that is not required for spermatocyte cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wainman
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mishra M, Huang Y, Srivastava P, Srinivasan R, Sevugan M, Shlomovitz R, Gov N, Rao M, Balasubramanian M. Cylindrical cellular geometry ensures fidelity of division site placement in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3850-7. [PMID: 22505610 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful cytokinesis requires proper assembly of the contractile actomyosin ring, its stable positioning on the cell surface and proper constriction. Over the years, many of the key molecular components and regulators of the assembly and positioning of the actomyosin ring have been elucidated. Here we show that cell geometry and mechanics play a crucial role in the stable positioning and uniform constriction of the contractile ring. Contractile rings that assemble in locally spherical regions of cells are unstable and slip towards the poles. By contrast, actomyosin rings that assemble on locally cylindrical portions of the cell under the same conditions do not slip, but uniformly constrict the cell surface. The stability of the rings and the dynamics of ring slippage can be described by a simple mechanical model. Using fluorescence imaging, we verify some of the quantitative predictions of the model. Our study reveals an intimate interplay between geometry and actomyosin dynamics, which are likely to apply in a variety of cellular contexts.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
To understand the role of cytoskeleton and membrane signaling molecules in erythroblast enucleation, we developed a novel analysis protocol of multiparameter high-speed cell imaging in flow. This protocol enabled us to observe F-actin and phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain (pMRLC) assembled into a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) between nascent reticulocyte and nucleus, in a population of enucleating erythroblasts. CAR formation and subsequent enucleation were not affected in murine erythroblasts with genetic deletion of Rac1 and Rac2 GTPases because of compensation by Rac3. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of all Rac GTPases altered the distribution of F-actin and pMRLC and inhibited enucleation. Erythroblasts treated with NSC23766, cytochalasin-D, colchicine, ML7, or filipin that inhibited Rac activity, actin or tubulin polymerization, MRLC phosphorylation, or lipid raft assembly, respectively, exhibited decreased enucleation efficiency, as quantified by flow cytometry. As assessed by high-speed flow-imaging analysis, colchicine inhibited erythroblast polarization, implicating microtubules during the preparatory stage of enucleation, whereas NSC23766 led to absence of lipid raft assembly in the reticulocyte-pyrenocyte border. In conclusion, enucleation is a multistep process that resembles cytokinesis, requiring establishment of cell polarity through microtubule function, followed by formation of a contractile actomyosin ring, and coalescence of lipid rafts between reticulocyte and pyrenocyte.
Collapse
|
80
|
Lee IJ, Wu JQ. Characterization of Mid1 domains for targeting and scaffolding in fission yeast cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2973-85. [PMID: 22427686 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Division-site selection and contractile-ring assembly are two crucial steps in cytokinesis. In fission yeast, the anillin-like Mid1 protein specifies the division site at the cell equator by assembling cortical nodes, the precursors of the contractile ring. Thus, Mid1 is essential for linking the positional cues for the cleavage site to contractile-ring formation. However, how Mid1 domains cooperate to regulate cytokinesis is poorly understood. Here we unravel the functions of different Mid1 domains (motifs) by a series of truncations. We report that the conserved PH domain stabilizes Mid1 in nodes by binding to lipids and is required for Mid1 cortical localization during interphase in the absence of Cdr2 kinase. Mid1 lacking an internal region that is approximately one third of the full-length protein has higher nuclear and cortical concentration and suppresses the division-site positioning defects in cells with a deletion of the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase Pom1. The N-terminus of Mid1 physically interacts with cytokinesis node proteins. When fused to cortical node protein Cdr2, Mid1(1-100) is sufficient to assemble cytokinesis nodes and the contractile ring. Collectively, our study recognizes domains regulating Mid1 cortical localization and reveals domains sufficient for contractile-ring assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Chen D, Zhang Y, Yi Q, Huang Y, Hou H, Zhang Y, Hao Q, Cooke HJ, Li L, Sun Q, Shi Q. Regulation of asymmetrical cytokinesis by cAMP during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29735. [PMID: 22253767 PMCID: PMC3256179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes undergo an asymmetrical first meiotic division, extruding half of their chromosomes in a small polar body to preserve maternal resources for embryonic development. To divide asymmetrically, mammalian oocytes relocate chromosomes from the center of the cell to the cortex, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we show that upon the elevation of intracellular cAMP level, mouse oocytes produced two daughter cells with similar sizes. This symmetrical cell division could be rescued by the inhibition of PKA, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Live cell imaging revealed that a symmetrically localized cleavage furrow resulted in symmetrical cell division. Detailed analyses demonstrated that symmetrically localized cleavage furrows were caused by the inappropriate central positioning of chromosome clusters at anaphase onset, indicating that chromosome cluster migration was impaired. Notably, high intracellular cAMP reduced myosin II activity, and the microinjection of phospho-myosin II antibody into the oocytes impeded chromosome migration and promoted symmetrical cell division. Our results support the hypothesis that cAMP plays a role in regulating asymmetrical cell division by modulating myosin II activity during mouse oocyte meiosis I, providing a novel insight into the regulation of female gamete formation in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiyi Yi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Heli Hou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaomei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Howard J. Cooke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qinghua Shi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kechad A, Jananji S, Ruella Y, Hickson GRX. Anillin acts as a bifunctional linker coordinating midbody ring biogenesis during cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2012; 22:197-203. [PMID: 22226749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal cell cytokinesis proceeds via constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring (CR) [1, 2]. Upon reaching a diameter of ~1 μm [3], a midbody ring (MR) forms to stabilize the intercellular bridge until abscission [4-6]. How MR formation is coupled to CR closure and how plasma membrane anchoring is maintained at this key transition is unknown. Time-lapse microscopy of Drosophila S2 cells depleted of the scaffold protein Anillin [7-9] revealed that Anillin is required for complete closure of the CR and formation of the MR. Truncation analysis revealed that Anillin N termini connected with the actomyosin CR and supported formation of stable MR-like structures, but these could not maintain anchoring of the plasma membrane. Conversely, Anillin C termini failed to connect with the CR or MR but recruited the septin Peanut to ectopic structures at the equatorial cortex. Peanut depletion mimicked truncation of the Anillin C terminus, resulting in MR-like structures that failed to anchor the membrane. These data demonstrate that Anillin coordinates the transition from CR to MR and that it does so by linking two distinct cortical cytoskeletal elements. One apparently acts as the core structural template for MR assembly, while the other ensures stable anchoring of the plasma membrane beyond the CR stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Kechad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Liu J, Fairn GD, Ceccarelli DF, Sicheri F, Wilde A. Cleavage furrow organization requires PIP(2)-mediated recruitment of anillin. Curr Biol 2011; 22:64-9. [PMID: 22197245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is achieved by a plasma membrane furrow that must ingress between the segregating chromosomes during anaphase [1-3]. The force that drives furrow ingression is generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton, which is linked to the membrane by an as yet undefined molecular mechanism. A key component of the membrane furrow is anillin. Upon targeting to the furrow through its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, anillin acts as a scaffold linking the actomyosin and septin cytoskeletons to maintain furrow stability (reviewed in [4, 5]). We report that the PH domain of anillin interacts with phosphatidylinositol phosphate lipids (PIPs), including PI(4,5)P(2), which is enriched in the furrow. Reduction of cellular PI(4,5)P(2) or mutations in the PH domain of anillin that specifically disrupt the interaction with PI(4,5)P(2), interfere with the localization of anillin to the furrow. Reduced expression of anillin disrupts symmetric furrow ingression that can be restored by targeting ectopically expressed anillin to the furrow using an alternate PI(4,5)P(2) binding module, a condition where the septin cytoskeleton is not recruited to the plasma membrane. These data demonstrate that the anillin PH domain has two functions: targeting anillin to the furrow by binding to PI(4,5)P(2) to maintain furrow organization and recruiting septins to the furrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions induce asymmetric cleavage furrow formation and ingression failure in host cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:5011-22. [PMID: 21969606 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05734-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infection has been suggested to induce host genome duplication and is linked to increased risks of cervical cancer. We describe here the mechanism by which Chlamydia causes a cleavage furrow defect that consistently results in the formation of multinucleated host cells, a phenomenon linked to tumorigenesis. Host signaling proteins essential for cleavage furrow initiation, ingression, and stabilization are displaced from one of the prospective furrowing cortices after Chlamydia infection. This protein displacement leads to the formation of a unique asymmetrical, unilateral cleavage furrow in infected human cells. The asymmetrical distribution of signaling proteins is caused by the physical presence of the Chlamydia inclusion at the cell equator. By using ingested latex beads, we demonstrate that the presence of a large vacuole at the cell equator is sufficient to cause furrow ingression failure and can lead to multinucleation. Interestingly, internalized latex beads of similar size do not localize to the cell equator as efficiently as Chlamydia inclusions; moreover, inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis with antibiotic reduces the frequency at which Chlamydia localizes to the cell equator. Together, these results suggest that Chlamydia effectors are involved in strategic positioning of the inclusion during cell division.
Collapse
|
85
|
Haglund K, Nezis IP, Stenmark H. Structure and functions of stable intercellular bridges formed by incomplete cytokinesis during development. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:1-9. [PMID: 21509167 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.1.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, normally proceeds to completion in living organisms, so that daughter cells physically separate by abscission. In certain tissues and developmental stages, on the other hand, the cytokinesis process is incomplete, giving rise to cells interconnected in syncytia by stable intercellular bridges. This evolutionarily conserved physiological process occurs in the female and male germline in species ranging from insects to humans, and has also been observed in some somatic tissues in invertebrates. Stable intercellular bridges have fascinated cell biologists ever since they were first described more than 50 years ago, and even though substantial progress has been made concerning their ultrastructure and molecular composition, much remains to be understood about their biological functions. Another major question is by which mechanisms complete versus incomplete cytokinesis is determined. In this mini-review we will try to give an overview of the current knowledge about the structure, composition and functions of stable intercellular bridges, and discuss recent insights into the molecular control of the incomplete cytokinesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Lewellyn L, Carvalho A, Desai A, Maddox AS, Oegema K. The chromosomal passenger complex and centralspindlin independently contribute to contractile ring assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:155-69. [PMID: 21464231 PMCID: PMC3082186 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201008138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to their sequential roles in midzone assembly, the CPC and centralspindlin act through independent mechanisms to regulate contractile ring assembly. The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and centralspindlin are conserved cytokinesis regulators that localize to the spindle midzone, which forms between the separating chromosomes. Previous work placed the CPC and centralspindlin in a linear pathway that governs midzone formation. Using Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, we test whether there is a similar linear relationship between centralspindlin and the CPC in contractile ring constriction during cytokinesis. We show that simultaneous inhibition of the CPC kinase Aurora BAIR-2 and the centralspindlin component MKLP1ZEN-4 causes an additive constriction defect. Consistent with distinct roles for the proteins, inhibition of filamentous septin guanosine triphosphatases alleviates constriction defects in Aurora BAIR-2–inhibited embryos, whereas inhibition of Rac does so in MKLP1ZEN-4-inhibited embryos. Centralspindlin and the CPC are not required to enrich ring proteins at the cell equator but instead regulate formation of a compact mature ring. Therefore, in contrast to the linear midzone assembly pathway, centralspindlin and the CPC make independent contributions to control transformation of the sheet-like equatorial band into a ribbon-like contractile ring at the furrow tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Lewellyn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Laporte D, Coffman VC, Lee IJ, Wu JQ. Assembly and architecture of precursor nodes during fission yeast cytokinesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:1005-21. [PMID: 21422229 PMCID: PMC3063137 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201008171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of fission yeast precursor node interaction modules and assembly reveals important steps in contractile ring assembly. The contractile ring is essential for cytokinesis in most fungal and animal cells. In fission yeast, cytokinesis nodes are precursors of the contractile ring and mark the future cleavage site. However, their assembly and architecture have not been well described. We found that nodes are assembled stoichiometrically in a hierarchical order with two modules linked by the positional marker anillin Mid1. Mid1 first recruits Cdc4 and IQGAP Rng2 to form module I. Rng2 subsequently recruits the myosin-II subunits Myo2 and Rlc1. Mid1 then independently recruits the F-BAR protein Cdc15 to form module II. Mid1, Rng2, Cdc4, and Cdc15 are stable node components that accumulate close to the plasma membrane. Both modules recruit the formin Cdc12 to nucleate actin filaments. Myo2 heads point into the cell interior, where they efficiently capture actin filaments to condense nodes into the contractile ring. Collectively, our work characterizing the assembly and architecture of precursor nodes defines important steps and molecular players for contractile ring assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laporte
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Schejter ED, Baylies MK. Born to run: creating the muscle fiber. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 22:566-74. [PMID: 20817426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
From the muscles that control the blink of your eye to those that allow you to walk, the basic architecture of muscle is the same: muscles consist of bundles of the unit muscle cell, the muscle fiber. The unique morphology of the individual muscle fiber is dictated by the functional demands necessary to generate and withstand the forces of contraction, which in turn leads to movement. Contractile muscle fibers are elongated, syncytial cells, which interact with both the nervous and skeletal systems to govern body motion. In this review, we focus on three key cell-cell and cell-matrix contact processes, that are necessary to create this exquisitely specialized cell: cell fusion, cell elongation, and establishment of a myotendinous junction. We address these processes by highlighting recent findings from the Drosophila model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Goyal A, Takaine M, Simanis V, Nakano K. Dividing the spoils of growth and the cell cycle: The fission yeast as a model for the study of cytokinesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:69-88. [PMID: 21246752 PMCID: PMC3044818 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, and ensures completion of both genome segregation and organelle distribution to the daughter cells. Cytokinesis requires the cell to solve a spatial problem (to divide in the correct place, orthogonally to the plane of chromosome segregation) and a temporal problem (to coordinate cytokinesis with mitosis). Defects in the spatiotemporal control of cytokinesis may cause cell death, or increase the risk of tumor formation [Fujiwara et al., 2005 (Fujiwara T, Bandi M, Nitta M, Ivanova EV, Bronson RT, Pellman D. 2005. Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells. Nature 437:1043–1047); reviewed by Ganem et al., 2007 (Ganem NJ, Storchova Z, Pellman D. 2007. Tetraploidy, aneuploidy and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17:157–162.)]. Asymmetric cytokinesis, which permits the generation of two daughter cells that differ in their shape, size and properties, is important both during development, and for cellular homeostasis in multicellular organisms [reviewed by Li, 2007 (Li R. 2007. Cytokinesis in development and disease: variations on a common theme. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:3044–3058)]. The principal focus of this review will be the mechanisms of cytokinesis in the mitotic cycle of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This simple model has contributed significantly to our understanding of how the cell cycle is regulated, and serves as an excellent model for studying aspects of cytokinesis. Here we will discuss the state of our knowledge of how the contractile ring is assembled and disassembled, how it contracts, and what we know of the regulatory mechanisms that control these events and assure their coordination with chromosome segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Goyal
- EPFL SV ISREC UPSIMSV2.1830, Station 19, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masak Takaine
- Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Tsukuba1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Viesturs Simanis
- EPFL SV ISREC UPSIMSV2.1830, Station 19, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Structural Biosciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Tsukuba1-1-1 Tennohdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Laporte D, Zhao R, Wu JQ. Mechanisms of contractile-ring assembly in fission yeast and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:892-8. [PMID: 20708088 PMCID: PMC2991471 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most eukaryotes including fungi, amoebas, and animal cells assemble an actin/myosin-based contractile ring during cytokinesis. The majority of proteins implied in ring formation, maturation, and constriction are evolutionarily conserved, suggesting that common mechanisms exist among these divergent eukaryotes. Here, we review the recent advances in positioning and assembly of the actomyosin ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and animal cells. In particular, major findings have been made recently in understanding ring formation in genetically tractable S. pombe, revealing a dynamic and robust search, capture, pull, and release mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laporte
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Chuang C, Lin SH, Huang F, Pan J, Josic D, Yu-Lee LY. Acetylation of RNA processing proteins and cell cycle proteins in mitosis. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4554-64. [PMID: 20812760 PMCID: PMC2935306 DOI: 10.1021/pr100281h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is a highly regulated process in which errors can lead to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. During this phase of the cell cycle, transcription is silent and RNA translation is inhibited. Thus, mitosis is largely driven by post-translational modification of proteins, including phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Here, we show that protein acetylation is prevalent during mitosis. To identify proteins that are acetylated, we synchronized HeLa cells in early prometaphase and immunoprecipitated lysine-acetylated proteins with antiacetyl-lysine antibody. The immunoprecipitated proteins were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. These include proteins involved in RNA translation, RNA processing, cell cycle regulation, transcription, chaperone function, DNA damage repair, metabolism, immune response, and cell structure. Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analyses confirmed that two RNA processing proteins, eIF4G and RNA helicase A, and several cell cycle proteins, including APC1, anillin, and NudC, were acetylated in mitosis. We further showed that acetylation of APC1 and NudC was enhanced by apicidin treatment, suggesting that their acetylation was regulated by histone deacetylase. Moreover, treating mitotic cells with apicidin or trichostatin A induced spindle abnormalities and cytokinesis failure. These studies suggest that protein acetylation/deacetylation is likely an important regulatory mechanism in mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chuang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Feilei Huang
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Djuro Josic
- COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Li-yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
The myriad roles of Anillin during cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:881-91. [PMID: 20732437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anillin is a highly conserved multidomain protein that interacts with cytoskeletal components as well as their regulators. Throughout phylogeny, Anillins contribute to cytokinesis, the cell shape change that occurs at the end of meiosis and mitosis to separate a cell into daughter cells. Failed cytokinesis results in binucleation, which can lead to genomic instability. Study of Anillin in several model organisms has provided us with insight into how the cytoskeleton is coordinated to ensure that cytokinesis occurs with high fidelity. Here we review Anillin's interacting partners and the relevance of these interactions in vivo. We also discuss questions of how these interactions are coordinated, and finally provide some perspective regarding Anillin's role in cancer.
Collapse
|
93
|
Almonacid M, Paoletti A. Mechanisms controlling division-plane positioning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:874-80. [PMID: 20708089 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A critical and irreversible step in the cell division cycle is cytokinesis which physically separates the two daughter cells. This event is consequently subject to tight spatial and temporal regulation. This review focuses on the spatial regulatory mechanisms controlling the position of the division plane. Studies performed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems have revealed that various signal-emitting spatial cues - mitotic spindle, nucleus, nucleoid or cell tips - can favour or inhibit the assembly of the cytokinetic apparatus in their vicinity. Most often, several mechanisms operate in parallel to integrate spatial information and promote faithful genome segregation as well as proper cytoplasmic division. We primarily describe the spatial regulatory mechanisms operating in the fission yeast model system, where a detailed molecular understanding of cytokinesis has been achieved. In this system, spatial regulations target a major factor controlling the position of the division plane, the anillin-like protein Mid1. These mechanisms are then compared to spatial regulatory mechanisms prevailing in animal cells and rod-shaped bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almonacid
- Institut Curie, Centre de recherche, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Watanabe S, Okawa K, Miki T, Sakamoto S, Morinaga T, Segawa K, Arakawa T, Kinoshita M, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S. Rho and anillin-dependent control of mDia2 localization and function in cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3193-204. [PMID: 20660154 PMCID: PMC2938385 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphanous-related formin, mDia, is an actin nucleation/polymerization factor functioning downstream of the small GTPase Rho. We found that, in addition to the Rho GTPase-mediated activation, the interaction between mDia2 and anillin is required for the localization and function of mDia2 in cytokinesis. Diaphanous-related formin, mDia, is an actin nucleation/polymerization factor functioning downstream of the small GTPase Rho. Although Rho is critically involved in cytokinesis, it remains elusive how Rho effectors and other regulators of cytoskeletons work together to accomplish this process. Here we focused on mDia2, an mDia isoform involved in cytokinesis of NIH 3T3 cells, and analyzed mechanisms of its localization in cytokinesis. We found that targeting of mDia2 to the cleavage furrow requires not only its binding to RhoA but also its diaphanous-inhibitory domain (DID). We then performed pulldown assays using a fragment containing the latter domain as a bait and identified anillin as a novel mDia2 interaction partner. The anillin-binding is competitive with the diaphanous autoregulatory domain (DAD) of mDia2 in its autoinhibitory interaction. A series of RNA interference and functional rescue experiments has revealed that, in addition to the Rho GTPase-mediated activation, the interaction between mDia2 and anillin is required for the localization and function of mDia2 in cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadanori Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Schiel JA, Prekeris R. Making the final cut - mechanisms mediating the abscission step of cytokinesis. ScientificWorldJournal 2010; 10:1424-34. [PMID: 20661535 PMCID: PMC4365978 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of mitotic cell division that results in a physical separation of two daughter cells. Cytokinesis begins in the early stages of anaphase after the positioning of the cleavage plane and after the chromosomes segregate. This involves the recruitment and assembly of an actomyosin contractile ring, which constricts the plasma membrane and compacts midzone microtubules to form an electron-dense region, termed the midbody, located within an intracellular bridge. The resolution of this intracellular bridge, known as abscission, is the last step in cytokinesis that separates the two daughter cells. While much research has been done to delineate the mechanisms mediating actomyosin ring formation and contraction, the machinery that is responsible for abscission remains largely unclear. Recent work from several laboratories has demonstrated that dramatic changes occur in cytoskeleton and endosome dynamics, and are a prerequisite for abscission. However, the mechanistic details that regulate the final plasma membrane fusion during abscission are only beginning to emerge and are the subject of considerable controversy. Here we review recent studies within this field and discuss the proposed models of cell abscission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Schiel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Cell Division Laboratory, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ Centre-ville Montréal, QC Canada H3C 3J7
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Castoreno AB, Smurnyy Y, Torres AD, Vokes MS, Jones TR, Carpenter AE, Eggert US. Small molecules discovered in a pathway screen target the Rho pathway in cytokinesis. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:457-63. [PMID: 20436488 PMCID: PMC2873065 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of small molecules that target the Rho pathway, which is a central regulator of cytokinesis--the final step in cell division. We have developed a way of targeting a small molecule screen toward a specific pathway, which should be widely applicable to the investigation of any signaling pathway. In a chemical genetic variant of a classical modifier screen, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to sensitize cells and identified small molecules that suppressed or enhanced the RNAi phenotype. We discovered promising candidate molecules, which we named Rhodblock, and we identified the target of Rhodblock as Rho kinase. Several Rhodblocks inhibited one function of the Rho pathway in cells: the correct localization of phosphorylated myosin light chain during cytokinesis. Rhodblocks differentially perturb Rho pathway proteins in cells and can be used to dissect the mechanism of the Rho pathway during cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam B. Castoreno
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yegor Smurnyy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Angelica D. Torres
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Martha S. Vokes
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Thouis R. Jones
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Anne E. Carpenter
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Ulrike S. Eggert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Cindr Interacts with Anillin to Control Cytokinesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Biol 2010; 20:944-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
99
|
Goldbach P, Wong R, Beise N, Sarpal R, Trimble WS, Brill JA. Stabilization of the actomyosin ring enables spermatocyte cytokinesis in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1482-93. [PMID: 20237160 PMCID: PMC2861608 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-08-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein anillin is required for completion of cytokinesis. Anillin binds filamentous (F) actin, nonmuscle myosin II, and septins and in cell culture models has been shown to restrict actomyosin contractility to the cleavage furrow. Whether anillin also serves this function during the incomplete cytokinesis that occurs in developing germ cells has remained unclear. Here, we show that anillin is required for cytokinesis in dividing Drosophila melanogaster spermatocytes and that anillin, septins, and myosin II stably associate with the cleavage furrow in wild-type cells. Anillin is necessary for recruitment of septins to the cleavage furrow and for maintenance of F-actin and myosin II at the equator in late stages of cytokinesis. Remarkably, expression of DE-cadherin suppresses the cytokinesis defect of anillin-depleted spermatocytes. DE-cadherin recruits beta-catenin (armadillo) and alpha-catenin to the cleavage furrow and stabilizes F-actin at the equator. Similarly, E-cadherin expression suppresses the cytokinesis defect caused by anillin knockdown in mouse L-fibroblast cells. Our results show that the anillin-septin and cadherin-catenin complexes can serve as alternative cassettes to promote tight physical coupling of F-actin and myosin II to the cleavage furrow and successful completion of cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Goldbach
- *Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Raymond Wong
- *Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, and
| | - Nolan Beise
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada; and
| | - Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - William S. Trimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada; and
| | - Julie A. Brill
- *Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and
- Institute of Medical Science, and
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
A bundle of microtubules known as the spindle midzone is rapidly assembled after anaphase onset, recruiting multiple signaling proteins that regulate cytokinesis. A new study reveals that positive feedback driven by clustering of a kinesin-6 motor underlies the explosive assembly of the spindle midzone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Miller
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|