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Shen XJ, Li T, Fu JJ, Zhang KY, Wang XY, Liu YC, Zhang HJ, Fan C, Fei CZ, Xue FQ. Proteomic analysis of the effect of diclazuril on second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:903-9. [PMID: 24346578 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diclazuril has long been used as an effective benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial for the control of Eimeria tenella that causes coccidiosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticoccidial effects of diclazuril remains elusive. In this study, a proteomic analysis of the effect of diclazuril on second-generation merozoites of E. tenella was performed. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 13 target proteins were found to be significantly affected by diclazuril treatment, with 11 of these proteins being identified as annotated proteins from E. tenella or other Apicomplexa parasites. These proteins contribute to various functions, including metabolism, protein synthesis, and host cell invasion. Using RT-PCR, we identified the potential pattern of transcriptional regulation induced by diclazuril, and we suggest some promising targets for the intervention of E. tenella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jiong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
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52
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Karmahapatra SK, Saha T, Adhikari S, Woodrick J, Roy R. Redox regulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 activity in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats during spontaneous hepatitis. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 388:185-93. [PMID: 24337968 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat is an animal model for Wilson's disease. This animal is genetically predisposed to copper accumulation in the liver, increased oxidative stress, accumulation of DNA damage, and the spontaneous development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, this animal model is useful for studying the relationship of endogenous DNA damage to spontaneous carcinogenesis. In this study, we have investigated the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1)-mediated excision repair of endogenous DNA damage, apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)-sites, which is highly mutagenic and implicated in human cancer. We found that the activity was reduced in the liver extracts from the acute hepatitis period of LEC rats as compared with extracts from the age-matched Long-Evans Agouti rats. The acute hepatitis period had also a heightened oxidative stress condition as assessed by an increase in oxidized glutathione level and loss of enzyme activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a key redox-sensitive protein in cells. Interestingly, the activity reduction was not due to changes in protein expression but apparently by reversible protein oxidation as the addition of reducing agents to extracts of the liver from acute hepatitis period reactivated APE1 activity and thus, confirmed the oxidation-mediated loss of APE1 activity under increased oxidative stress. These findings show for the first time in an animal model that the repair mechanism of AP-sites is impaired by increased oxidative stress in acute hepatitis via redox regulation which contributed to the increased accumulation of mutagenic AP-sites in liver DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendra Krishna Karmahapatra
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical School, Georgetown University Medical Center, LL level, S-122 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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Martinez-Fierro ML, Garza-Veloz I, Carrillo-Sanchez K, Martinez-Gaytan V, Cortes-Flores R, Ochoa-Torres MA, Guerrero GG, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Cancela-Murrieta CO, Zamudio-Osuna M, Badillo-Almaraz JI, Castruita-De la Rosa C. Expression levels of seven candidate genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their association with preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 33:191-203. [PMID: 24295154 PMCID: PMC4017755 DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.853777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression levels of hemeoxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15 and AdipoQ genes to study their association with preeclampsia (PE). Methods A total of 177 pregnant women were recruited: 108 cases and 69 controls. Quantification of gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TaqMan probes. Results Underexpression of VEGF-A and TGF-β1 was a constant in most of the cases (80.91% and 76.36%, respectively) and their expression was associated with onset and/or severity of disease (p values < 0.05). IL-6, IL-15 and AdipoQ, showed low or no expression in PBMC samples evaluated. Conclusion PBMC underexpression of VEGF-A and TGF-β1 is a hallmark of PE in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud , Zacatecas , Mexico
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Chakrabarti R, Bhowmick D, Bhargava V, Bhar K, Siddhanta A. Nuclear pool of phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate 5 kinase 1α is modified by polySUMO-2 during apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:209-14. [PMID: 23994136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate 5 kinase 1α (PIP5K) is mainly localized in the cytosol and plasma membrane. Studies have also indicated its prominent association with nuclear speckles. The exact nature of this nuclear pool of PIP5K is not clear. Using biochemical and microscopic techniques, we have demonstrated that the nuclear pool of PIP5K is modified by SUMO-1 in HEK-293 cells stably expressing PIP5K. Moreover, this SUMOylated pool of PIP5K increased during apoptosis. PolySUMO-2 chain conjugated PIP5K was detected by pull-down experiment using affinity-tagged RNF4, a polySUMO-2 binding protein, during late apoptosis.
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55
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Han F, Zhang B. Characterizing cell-cell interactions induced spatial organization of cell phenotypes: application to density-dependent protein nucleocytoplasmic distribution. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 65:163-72. [PMID: 22915253 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions play an important role in spatial organization (pattern formation) during the development of multicellular organisms. An understanding of these biological roles requires identifying cell phenotypes that are regulated by cell-cell interactions and characterizing the spatial organizations of the phenotypes. However, conventional methods for assaying cell-cell interactions are mainly applicable at a cell population level. These measures are incapable of elucidating the spatial organizations of the phenotypes, resulting in an incomplete view of cell-cell interactions. To overcome this issue, we developed an automated image-based method to investigate cell-cell interactions based on spatial localizations of cells. We demonstrated this method in cultured cells using cell density-dependent nucleocytoplasmic distribution of β-catenin and aryl hydrocarbon receptor as the phenotype. This novel method was validated by comparing with a conventional population-based method, and proved to be more sensitive and reliable. The application of the method characterized how the phenotypes were spatially organized in a population of cultured cells. We further showed that the spatial organization was governed by cell density and was protein-specific. This automated method is very simple, and will be applicable to study cell-cell interactions in different systems from prokaryotic colonies to multicellular organisms. We envision that the ability to extract and interpret how cell-cell interactions determine the spatial organization of a cell phenotype will provide new insights into biology that may be missed by traditional population-averaged studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Han
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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56
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Bey EA, Reinicke KE, Srougi MC, Varnes M, Anderson VE, Pink JJ, Li LS, Patel M, Cao L, Moore Z, Rommel A, Boatman M, Lewis C, Euhus DM, Bornmann WG, Buchsbaum DJ, Spitz DR, Gao J, Boothman DA. Catalase abrogates β-lapachone-induced PARP1 hyperactivation-directed programmed necrosis in NQO1-positive breast cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2110-20. [PMID: 23883585 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving patient outcome by personalized therapy involves a thorough understanding of an agent's mechanism of action. β-Lapachone (clinical forms, Arq501/Arq761) has been developed to exploit dramatic cancer-specific elevations in the phase II detoxifying enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). NQO1 is dramatically elevated in solid cancers, including primary and metastatic [e.g., triple-negative (ER-, PR-, Her2/Neu-)] breast cancers. To define cellular factors that influence the efficacy of β-lapachone using knowledge of its mechanism of action, we confirmed that NQO1 was required for lethality and mediated a futile redox cycle where ∼120 moles of superoxide were formed per mole of β-lapachone in 2 minutes. β-Lapachone induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), stimulated DNA single-strand break-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) hyperactivation, caused dramatic loss of essential nucleotides (NAD(+)/ATP), and elicited programmed necrosis in breast cancer cells. Although PARP1 hyperactivation and NQO1 expression were major determinants of β-lapachone-induced lethality, alterations in catalase expression, including treatment with exogenous enzyme, caused marked cytoprotection. Thus, catalase is an important resistance factor and highlights H2O2 as an obligate ROS for cell death from this agent. Exogenous superoxide dismutase enhanced catalase-induced cytoprotection. β-Lapachone-induced cell death included apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation from mitochondria to nuclei, TUNEL+ staining, atypical PARP1 cleavage, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase S-nitrosylation, which were abrogated by catalase. We predict that the ratio of NQO1:catalase activities in breast cancer versus associated normal tissue are likely to be the major determinants affecting the therapeutic window of β-lapachone and other NQO1 bioactivatable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Bey
- Corresponding Authors: Erik A. Bey, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Box 9300, Room 1835, Morgantown, WV 26506.
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57
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England K, Cotter TG. Direct oxidative modifications of signalling proteins in mammalian cells and their effects on apoptosis. Redox Rep 2013; 10:237-45. [PMID: 16354412 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x70224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of ROS is an inevitable consequence of metabolism. However, high levels of ROS within a cell can be lethal and so the cell has a number of defences against oxidative cell stress. Occasionally the cell's antioxidant mechanisms fail and oxidative stress occurs. High levels of ROS within a cell have a number of direct and indirect consequences on cell signalling pathways and may result in apoptosis or necrosis. Although some of the indirect effects of ROS are well known, limitations in technology mean that the direct effects of the cell's redox environment upon proteins are less understood. Recent work by a number of groups has demonstrated that ROS can directly modify signalling proteins through different modifications, for example by nitrosylation, carbonylation, di-sulphide bond formation and glutathionylation. These modifications modulate a protein's activity and several recent papers have demonstrated their importance in cell signalling events, especially those involved in cell death/survival. Redox modification of proteins allows for further regulation of cell signalling pathways in response to the cellular environment. Understanding them may be critical for us to modulate cell pathways for our own means, such as in cytotoxic drug treatments of cancer cells. Protein modifications mediated by oxidative stress can modulate apoptosis, either through specific protein modifications resulting in regulation of signalling pathways, or through a general increase in oxidised proteins resulting in reduced cellular function. This review discusses direct oxidative protein modifications and their effects on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K England
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Protein recognition of the S23906-1-DNA adduct by nuclear proteins: direct involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Biochem J 2013; 452:147-59. [PMID: 23409959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a view to develop new DNA alkylating antitumour drugs, evaluating the precise mechanism of action and the molecular/cellular consequences of the alkylation is a point of major interest. The benzo-b-acronycine derivative S23906-1 alkylates guanine nucleobases in the minor groove of the DNA helix and presents an original ability to locally open the double helix of DNA, which appears to be associated with its cytotoxic activity. However, the molecular mechanism linking adduct formation to cellular consequences is not precisely known. The objective of the present study was to identify proteins involved in the recognition and mechanism of action of S23906-DNA adducts. We found that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a protein that binds to S23906-alkylated single-stranded, double-stranded and telomeric sequences in a drug-dependent and DNA sequence/structure-dependent manner. We used the CASTing (cyclic amplification of sequence targeting) method to identify GAPDH DNA-binding selectivity and then evaluated its binding to such selected S23906-alkylated sequences. At the cellular level, alkylation of S23906-1 results in an increase in the binding of GAPDH and its protein partner HMG (high-mobility group) B1 to the chromatin. Regarding the multiple roles of GAPDH in apoptosis and DNA repair, the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of GAPDH were evaluated and present opposite effects in two different cellular models.
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Ferrucci A, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Extracellular HIV-1 viral protein R affects astrocytic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and neuronal survival. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:239-53. [PMID: 23728617 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) is a pleiotropic protein accomplishing several functions within the viral life cycle. While Vpr has been described extensively as an intracellular protein, very little is known about its role as an extracellular protein. In fact, HIV-1 Vpr has been detected in the blood, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients, with concentrations increasingly higher in late-stage disease. To determine the role exogenous Vpr plays in HIV-associated central nervous system dysfunction, primary human fetal astrocytes were exposed to recombinant Vpr and a time- and dose-dependent decrease was demonstrated in two fundamental intracellular metabolites (adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and glutathione (GSH)). Additionally, exposure to exogenous Vpr led to increased caspase activity and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and chemoattractants, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and migration inhibition factor. Extracellular Vpr also dampened the glycolytic pathway through impairment of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, causing a decline in the levels of ATP. The reduction in intracellular ATP increased reactive oxygen species buildup, decreasing GSH concentrations, which affected several genes in the oxidative stress pathway. In addition, exposure of the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell line to conditioned medium from exogenous Vpr-treated astrocytes decreased synthesis of GSH, leading to their apoptosis. These observations point to a role that Vpr plays in altering astrocytic metabolism and indirectly affecting neuronal survival. We propose a model that may explain some of the neurological damage and therefore neurocognitive impairment observed during the course of HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Ferrucci
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Wang C, Han C, Li T, Yang D, Shen X, Fan Y, Xu Y, Zheng W, Fei C, Zhang L, Xue F. Nuclear translocation and accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in diclazuril-induced apoptosis in Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). Vet Res 2013; 44:29. [PMID: 23651214 PMCID: PMC3655105 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) has recently been shown to be implicated in numerous apoptotic paradigms, especially in neuronal apoptosis, and has been demonstrated to play a vital role in some neurodegenerative disorders. However, this phenomenon has not been reported in protists. In the present study, we report for the first time that such a mechanism is involved in diclazuril-induced apoptosis in Eimeria tenella (E. tenella). We found that upon treatment of parasites with diclazuril, the expression levels of GAPDH transcript and protein were significantly increased in second-generation merozoites. Then, we examined the subcellular localization of GAPDH by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. The results show that a considerable amount of GAPDH protein appeared in the nucleus within diclazuril-treated second-generation merozoites; in contrast, the control group had very low levels of GAPDH in the nucleus. The glycolytic activity of GAPDH was kinetically analyzed in different subcellular fractions. A substantial decrease (48.5%) in glycolytic activity of GAPDH in the nucleus was displayed. Moreover, the activities of caspases-3, -9, and −8 were measured in cell extracts using specific caspase substrates. The data show significant increases in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities in the diclazuril-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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Zala D, Hinckelmann MV, Yu H, Lyra da Cunha MM, Liot G, Cordelières FP, Marco S, Saudou F. Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport. Cell 2013; 152:479-91. [PMID: 23374344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast axonal transport (FAT) requires consistent energy over long distances to fuel the molecular motors that transport vesicles. We demonstrate that glycolysis provides ATP for the FAT of vesicles. Although inhibiting ATP production from mitochondria did not affect vesicles motility, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH reduced transport in cultured neurons and in Drosophila larvae. GAPDH localizes on vesicles via a huntingtin-dependent mechanism and is transported on fast-moving vesicles within axons. Purified motile vesicles showed GAPDH enzymatic activity and produced ATP. Finally, we show that vesicular GAPDH is necessary and sufficient to provide on-board energy for fast vesicular transport. Although detaching GAPDH from vesicles reduced transport, targeting GAPDH to vesicles was sufficient to promote FAT in GAPDH deficient neurons. This specifically localized glycolytic machinery may supply constant energy, independent of mitochondria, for the processive movement of vesicles over long distances in axons.
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Roselló-Lletí E, Alonso J, Cortés R, Almenar L, Martínez-Dolz L, Sánchez-Lázaro I, Lago F, Azorín I, Juanatey JRG, Portolés M, Rivera M. Cardiac protein changes in ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathy: a proteomic study of human left ventricular tissue. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2471-86. [PMID: 22435364 PMCID: PMC3823441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of heart failure (HF) is characterized by progressive alteration of left ventricle structure and function. Previous works on proteomic analysis in cardiac tissue from patients with HF remain scant. The purpose of our study was to use a proteomic approach to investigate variations in protein expression of left ventricle tissue from patients with ischaemic (ICM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Twenty-four explanted human hearts, 12 from patients with ICM and 12 with DCM undergoing cardiac transplantation and six non-diseased donor hearts (CNT) were analysed by 2DE. Proteins of interest were identified by mass spectrometry and validated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. We encountered 35 differentially regulated spots in the comparison CNT versus ICM, 33 in CNT versus DCM, and 34 in ICM versus DCM. We identified glyceraldehyde 3-phophate dehydrogenase up-regulation in both ICM and DCM, and alpha-crystallin B down-regulation in both ICM and DCM. Heat shock 70 protein 1 was up-regulated only in ICM. Ten of the eleven differentially regulated proteins common to both aetiologies are interconnected as a part of a same network. In summary, we have shown by proteomics analysis that HF is associated with changes in proteins involved in the cellular stress response, respiratory chain and cardiac metabolism. Although we found altered expression of eleven proteins common to both ischaemic and dilated aetiology, we also observed different proteins altered in both groups. Furthermore, we obtained that seven of these eleven proteins are involved in cell death and apoptosis processes, and therefore in HF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Research Center, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
The concept of the cytosol as a space that contains discrete zones of metabolites is discussed relative to the contribution of GAPDH. GAPDH is directed to very specific cell compartments. This chapter describes the utilization of GAPDH's enzymatic function for focal demands (i.e. ATP/ADP and NAD(+)/NADH), and offers a speculative role for GAPDH as perhaps moderating local concentrations of inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ions (i.e. co-substrate and co-product of the glycolytic reaction, respectively). Where known, the structural features of the binding between GAPDH and the compartment components are discussed. The nuances, which are associated with the intracellular distribution of GAPDH, appear to be specific to the cell-type, particularly with regards to the various plasma membrane proteins to which GAPDH binds. The chapter includes discussion on the curious observation of GAPDH being localized to the external surface of the plasma membrane in a human cell type. The default perspective has been that GAPDH localization is synonymous with compartmentation of glycolytic energy. The chapter discusses GAPDH translocation to the nucleus and to non-nuclear cellular structures, emphasizing its glycolytic function. Nevertheless, it is becoming clear that alternate functions of GAPDH play a role in compartmentation, particularly in the translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Abstract
GAPDH interacts with a plethora of diverse cellular proteins. The network of interacting partners, or interactome, is presented for GAPDH with the interacting molecules grouped into specific functional and structural categories. By organizing the binding partners in this way, certain common structural features are beginning to surface, such as acidic dipeptide sequences that are found in several of these binding proteins. Additionally, the consensus sequences for target polynucleotides are being brought to light. The categories, which are presented according to function, offer an opportunity for research into the corresponding structural correlates to these interactions. Recent discoveries of interacting proteins have revealed novel relationships that are generating emerging mechanisms. Proteins that are associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases appear to be particularly prone to binding GAPDH, suggesting that GAPDH may be playing a role in these diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases that are discussed are the conformational diseases of aging, suggesting that GAPDH may be a global sensor for cellular conformational stress. In addition to GAPDH's oxidoreductase activity, several other enzymatic functions have been discovered, including peroxidase, nitrosylase, mono-ADP-ribosylase and kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as an important enzyme for energy metabolism and the production of ATP and pyruvate through anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm. Recent studies have shown that GAPDH has multiple functions independent of its role in energy metabolism. Although increased GAPDH gene expression and enzymatic function is associated with cell proliferation and tumourigenesis, conditions such as oxidative stress impair GAPDH catalytic activity and lead to cellular aging and apoptosis. The mechanism(s) underlying the effects of GAPDH on cellular proliferation remains unclear, yet much evidence has been accrued that demonstrates a variety of interacting partners for GAPDH, including proteins, various RNA species and telomeric DNA. The present mini review summarizes recent findings relating to the extraglycolytic functions of GAPDH and highlights the significant role this enzyme plays in regulating both cell survival and apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Nicholls
- Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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UCP2 inhibition triggers ROS-dependent nuclear translocation of GAPDH and autophagic cell death in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:672-9. [PMID: 23124112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) can moderate oxidative stress by favoring the influx of protons into the mitochondrial matrix, thus reducing electron leakage from respiratory chain and mitochondrial superoxide production. Here, we demonstrate that UCP2 inhibition by genipin or UCP2 siRNA strongly increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production inhibiting pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth. We also show that UCP2 inhibition triggers ROS-dependent nuclear translocation of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), formation of autophagosomes, and the expression of the autophagy marker LC3-II. Consistently, UCP2 over-expression significantly reduces basal autophagy confirming the anti-autophagic role of UCP2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagy induced by UCP2 inhibition determines a ROS-dependent cell death, as indicated by the apoptosis decrease in the presence of the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA), or the radical scavenger NAC. Intriguingly, the autophagy induced by genipin is able to potentiate the autophagic cell death triggered by gemcitabine, the standard chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, supporting the development of an anti-cancer therapy based on UCP2 inhibition associated to standard chemotherapy. Our results demonstrate for the first time that UCP2 plays a role in autophagy regulation bringing new insights into mitochondrial uncoupling protein field.
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Chen YH, Chen JY, Chen YW, Lin ST, Chan HL. High glucose-induced proteome alterations in retinal pigmented epithelium cells and its possible relevance to diabetic retinopathy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3107-24. [PMID: 23051786 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy can cause poor vision and blindness. Previous research has shown that high blood glucose weakens retinal capillaries and induces glycoxidation. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of high blood glucose on development of diabetic retinopathy have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we cultured a retinal pigmented epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) in mannitol-balanced 5.5 mM, 25 mM, and 100 mM d-glucose media, and evaluated protein expression and redox-regulation. We identified 56 proteins that showed significant changes in protein expression, and 33 proteins showing significant changes in thiol reactivity, in response to high glucose concentration. Several proteins that are involved in signal transduction, gene regulation, and transport showed significant changes in expression, whereas proteins involved in metabolism, transport, and cell survival displayed changes in thiol reactivity. Further analyses of clinical plasma specimens confirmed that the proteins lamin B2, PUMA, WTAP, ASGR1, and prohibitin 2 showed type 2 diabetic retinopathy-dependent alterations. In summary, in this study, we used a comprehensive retinal cell-based proteomic approach for the identification of changes in protein expression and redox-associated retinal markers induced by high glucose concentration. Some of the identified proteins have been validated with clinical samples and provide potential targets for the prognosis and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Yao LL, Wang YG, Liu XJ, Zhou Y, Li N, Liu J, Zhu YC. Phenylephrine protects cardiomyocytes from starvation-induced apoptosis by increasing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3518-27. [PMID: 22252379 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is known to be a "housekeeping" protein; studies in non-cardiomyocytic cells have shown that GAPDH plays pro-apoptotic role by translocating from cytoplasm to the nucleus or to the mitochondria. However, the cardiovascular roles of GAPDH are unknown. We observed that phenylephrine (PE) (100 µM) protected against serum and glucose starvation -induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. GAPDH glycolysis activity was positively correlated with the antiapoptotic action of PE. GAPDH activity inhibition blunted PE-induced protection of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiomyocytes. PE-induced Bcl-2 protein increase, Bax mitochondrial decrease and inhibition of cytochrome C release and Caspase 3 activation, as well as ROS production were blunted by GAPDH activity inhibition. Moreover, GAPDH overexpression provided protection against starvation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro and ischemia-induced cardiac infarction in vivo. Inhibition of Akt prevented PE-induced GAPDH activity increase and cardiomyocytes protection. In conclusion, the present study provides the first direct evidence of an antiapoptotic role of GAPDH in PE-induced cardiomyocytes protection; GAPDH activity elevation mainly affects the mitochondria-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.
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70
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CIB1 prevents nuclear GAPDH accumulation and non-apoptotic tumor cell death via AKT and ERK signaling. Oncogene 2012; 32:4017-27. [PMID: 22964641 PMCID: PMC3530648 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CIB1 is a 22-kDa regulatory protein previously implicated in cell survival and proliferation. However, the mechanism by which CIB1 regulates these processes is poorly defined. Here we report that CIB1 depletion in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells promotes non-apoptotic, caspase-independent cell death that is not initiated by increased outer mitochondrial membrane permeability or translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nucleus. Instead, cell death requires nuclear GAPDH accumulation. Furthermore, CIB1 depletion disrupts two commonly dysregulated, oncogenic pathways– PI3K/AKT and Ras/MEK/ERK, resulting in a synergistic mechanism of cell death, which was mimicked by simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of both pathways, but not either pathway alone. In defining each pathway’s contributions, we found that AKT inhibition alone maximally induced GAPDH nuclear accumulation, whereas MEK/ERK inhibition alone had no effect on GAPDH localization. Concurrent GAPDH nuclear accumulation and ERK inhibition were required however, to induce a significant DNA damage response, which was critical to subsequent cell death. Collectively, our results indicate that CIB1 is uniquely positioned to regulate PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling and that simultaneous disruption of these pathways synergistically induces a nuclear GAPDH-dependent cell death. The mechanistic insights into cell death induced by CIB1 interference suggest novel molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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71
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) induces cancer cell senescence by interacting with telomerase RNA component. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13308-13. [PMID: 22847419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206672109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates telomere homeostasis and cellular aging by unclear mechanisms. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key mediator of many oxidative stress responses, involving GAPDH nuclear translocation and induction of cell death. We report here that GAPDH interacts with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), inhibits telomerase activity, and induces telomere shortening and breast cancer cell senescence. The Rossmann fold containing NAD(+) binding region on GAPDH is responsible for the interaction with TERC, whereas a lysine residue in the GAPDH catalytic domain is required for inhibiting telomerase activity and disrupting telomere maintenance. Furthermore, the GAPDH substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) both negatively regulate GAPDH inhibition of telomerase activity. Thus, we demonstrate that GAPDH is regulated to target the telomerase complex, resulting in an arrest of telomere maintenance and cancer cell proliferation.
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72
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Joo HY, Woo SR, Shen YN, Yun MY, Shin HJ, Park ER, Kim SH, Park JE, Ju YJ, Hong SH, Hwang SG, Cho MH, Kim J, Lee KH. SIRT1 interacts with and protects glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from nuclear translocation: implications for cell survival after irradiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:681-6. [PMID: 22789853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon apoptotic stimulation, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a cytosolic enzyme normally active in glycolysis, translocates into the nucleus and activates an apoptotic cascade therein. In the present work, we show that SIRT1 prevents nuclear translocation of GAPDH via interaction with GAPDH. SIRT1 depletion triggered nuclear translocation of cytosolic GAPDH even in the absence of apoptotic stress. Such translocation was not, however, observed when SIRT1 enzymatic activity was inhibited, indicating that SIRT1 protein per se, rather than the deacetylase activity of the protein, is required to inhibit GAPDH translocation. Upon irradiation, SIRT1 prevented irradiation-induced nuclear translocation of GAPDH, accompanied by interaction of SIRT1 and GAPDH. Thus, SIRT1 functions to retain GAPDH in the cytosol, protecting the enzyme from nuclear translocation via interaction with these two proteins. This serves as a mechanism whereby SIRT1 regulates cell survival upon induction of apoptotic stress by means that include irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yoo Joo
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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73
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Lee DY, Park JJ, Barupal DK, Fiehn O. System response of metabolic networks in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to total available ammonium. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:973-88. [PMID: 22787274 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drastic alterations in macronutrients are known to cause large changes in biochemistry and gene expression in the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, metabolomic and proteomic responses to subtle reductions in macronutrients have not yet been studied. When ammonium levels were reduced by 25-100% compared with control cultures, ammonium uptake and growth rates were not affected at 25% or 50% nitrogen-reduction for 28 h. However, primary metabolism and enzyme expression showed remarkable changes at acute conditions (4 h and 10 h after ammonium reduction) compared with chronic conditions (18 h and 28 h time points). Responses of 145 identified metabolites were quantified using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry; 495 proteins (including 187 enzymes) were monitored using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry with label-free spectral counting. Stress response and carbon assimilation processes (Calvin cycle, acetate uptake and chlorophyll biosynthesis) were altered first, in addition to increase in enzyme contents for lipid biosynthesis and accumulation of short chain free fatty acids. Nitrogen/carbon balance metabolism was found changed only under chronic conditions, for example in the citric acid cycle and amino acid metabolism. Metabolism in Chlamydomonas readily responds to total available media nitrogen with temporal increases in short-chain free fatty acids and turnover of internal proteins, long before nitrogen resources are depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yup Lee
- University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, California 95616, USA
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74
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Liiv I, Haljasorg U, Kisand K, Maslovskaja J, Laan M, Peterson P. AIRE-induced apoptosis is associated with nuclear translocation of stress sensor protein GAPDH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:32-7. [PMID: 22613203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator) has a central role in the transcriptional regulation of self-antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells, which is necessary for negative selection of autoreactive T cells. Recent data have shown that AIRE can also induce apoptosis, which may be linked to cross-presentation of these self-antigens. Here we studied AIRE-induced apoptosis using AIRE over-expression in a thymic epithelial cell line as well as doxycycline-inducible HEK293 cells. We show that the HSR/CARD domain in AIRE together with a nuclear localization signal is sufficient to induce apoptosis. In the nuclei of AIRE-positive cells, we also found an increased accumulation of a glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAPDH) reflecting cellular stress and apoptosis. Additionally, AIRE-induced apoptosis was inhibited with an anti-apoptotic agent deprenyl that blocks GAPDH nitrosylation and nuclear translocation. We propose that the AIRE-induced apoptosis pathway is associated with GAPDH nuclear translocation and induction of NO-induced cellular stress in AIRE-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Liiv
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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75
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Cao X, Feng J, Wang D, Sun J, Lu X, Liu H. Primary style protein expression in the self-incompatible/compatible apricot by the 2D-DIGE technique. Gene 2012; 503:110-7. [PMID: 22565192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying self-incompatibility (SI) in the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) at the proteome level, we examined the style proteomes at different stages of flower development: small bud, big bud, 24h after self-pollination and 24h after cross-pollination with cultivar Badanshui in the SI apricot cultivar Xinshiji and the self-compatible (SC) apricot cultivar Katy by 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry (MS). About 1500 style protein spots were detected; 66 were expressed differently in the four stages in Xinshiji. About 1600 style protein spots were detected; 143 were expressed differently in the four stages of flower development in Katy. In Xinshiji, one protein was expressed specifically, four proteins showed up-regulated expression and twenty-nine proteins showed down-regulated expression in the cross-pollinated style compared to the self-pollinated style. Thirteen proteins were identified unambiguously. In Katy, three proteins were expressed specifically, five proteins showed up-regulated expression and thirteen proteins showed down-regulated expression in the cross-pollinated style compared to self-pollinated style. Seven proteins were identified unambiguously. The different reactions of the style at the proteomic level were triggered in Xinshiji and Katy by self pollen and non-self pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cao
- Horticultural Department of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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76
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Baumgarner BL, Riley CP, Sepulveda MS, Brown PB, Meyer JL, Adamec J. Increased expression of GAPDH protein is not indicative of nitrosative stress or apoptosis in liver of starved rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:319-327. [PMID: 21647598 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Short-term starvation has been linked to in vivo protein degradation in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, it is unclear whether this proposed increase in protein degradation is followed by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in liver of starved trout. A preliminary study in our laboratory revealed an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein that increased 4.5-fold in liver of starved trout. GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme involved in other cellular functions, including apoptosis. Increased intracellular nitric oxide (NO) promotes nuclear translocation of GAPDH that is associated with increased apoptosis in mammals. If GAPDH protein is associated with apoptosis in rainbow trout, it could potentially be used as a biomarker of cellular stress in liver of teleost fish species. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased GAPDH protein expression in liver of starved rainbow trout is associated with NO-induced apoptosis. Targeted proteomic analysis using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to determine the level of GAPDH in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cell lysates. Dot blot and DNA fragmentation analyses were conducted to evaluate protein S-nitrosylation and apoptosis, respectively. Results showed that cytoplasmic GAPDH was 3.4-fold higher in liver of starved versus fed rainbow trout but could not be detected in nuclear fractions. Starvation significantly reduced hepato-somatic index but had no effect on iNOS protein expression, protein S-nitrosylation, or apoptosis. Our results indicate that starvation promoted significant reduction in liver mass that was not associated with increased apoptosis or NO-induced stress and that greater GAPDH concentration in liver of starved rainbow trout was located primarily in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Baumgarner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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77
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Nuclear GAPDH: changing the fate of Müller cells in diabetes. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 4:34-41. [PMID: 23538321 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller cells, the primary glial cells are a crucial component of the retinal tissue performing a wide range of functions including maintaining the blood-retinal barrier. Several studies suggest that diabetes leads to Müller cell dysfunction and loss. The pathophysiology of hyperglycemia-induced cellular injury of Müller cells remains only poorly understood. Recently, the concept that translocation of the predominantly cytosolic glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to the nucleus and its accumulation in this cellular compartment alters transcriptional events associated with cell death induction has gained major interest. High glucose conditions induce nuclear translocation and accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus of Müller cells in vivo and in vitro. With regards to Müller cell dysfunction, the effects of nuclear accumulation of GAPDH are multifaceted. Considering the functional versatility of GAPDH including gene regulation, DNA repair, telomere protection, etc., it is of immense importance to explore possible GAPDH actions to unravel the mysteries around the role of GAPDH in hyperglycemia-induced cellular changes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular events associated with the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and how it affects the fate of Müller cells in diabetes.
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78
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Huang Q, Lan F, Zheng Z, Xie F, Han J, Dong L, Xie Y, Zheng F. Akt2 kinase suppresses glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via phosphorylating GAPDH at threonine 237 and decreasing its nuclear translocation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42211-42220. [PMID: 21979951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt) plays important roles in regulation of cell growth and survival, but while many aspects of its mechanism of action are known, there are potentially additional regulatory events that remain to be discovered. Here we detected a 36-kDa protein that was co-immunoprecipitated with protein kinase Bβ (Akt2) in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. The protein was identified to be glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and the interaction of Akt2 and GAPDH was verified by reverse immunoprecipitation. Our further study showed that Akt2 may suppress GAPDH-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Overexpression of GAPDH increased ovarian cancer cell apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2), which was inhibited by Akt2 overexpression and restored by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin or Akt2 siRNA. Akt2 phosphorylated Thr-237 of GAPDH and decreased its nuclear translocation, an essential step for GAPDH-mediated apoptosis. The interaction between Akt2 and GAPDH may be important in ovarian cancer as immunohistochemical analysis of 10 normal and 30 cancerous ovarian tissues revealed that decreased nuclear expression of GAPDH correlated with activation (phosphorylation) of Akt2. In conclusion, our study suggests that activated Akt2 may increase ovarian cancer cell survival via inhibition of GAPDH-induced apoptosis. This effect of Akt2 is partly mediated by its phosphorylation of GAPDH at Thr-237, which results in the inhibition of GAPDH nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojia Huang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China.
| | - Fenghua Lan
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Feilai Xie
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Junyong Han
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Yanchuan Xie
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China
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79
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Sun H, Wang HT, Kwon WS, Kim YJ, In JG, Yang DC. A simple and rapid technique for the authentication of the ginseng cultivar, Yunpoong, using an SNP marker in a large sample of ginseng leaves. Gene 2011; 487:75-9. [PMID: 21835232 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yunpoong is an important Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivar, but no molecular marker has been available to identify Yunpoong from other cultivars. In this study, we developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker for Yunpoong based on analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in an exon region of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene. This SNP marker had high specificity to authenticate Yunpoong in twelve different main ginseng cultivars. For application of the molecular marker, a rapid identification method was established based on the NaOH-Tris method and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order to ensure more efficiency in the cultivar selection. The biggest feature of the NaOH-Tris method was that it made the extraction of DNA very simple and rapid in young leaf tissues. We only spent 1 min to extract DNA and directly used it to do PCR. In this report, the conventional DNA extraction method was used to develop molecular marker process, and the NaOH-Tris method was applied in screening large numbers of cultivars. Moreover, the greatest advantage of the real-time PCR compared with traditional PCR, is time saving and high efficiency. Thus, this strategy provides a rapid and reliable method for the specific identification of Yunpoong in a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material & Processing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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80
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Huang J, Xiong N, Chen C, Xiong J, Jia M, Zhang Z, Cao X, Liang Z, Sun S, Lin Z, Wang T. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: activity inhibition and protein overexpression in rotenone models for Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 192:598-608. [PMID: 21736921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide and an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), induces nigrostriatal injury, Lewy body-like inclusions, and Parkinsonian symptoms in rat models for PD. Our previous data indicated that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) overexpression and glycolytic inhibition were co-current in rotenone-induced PC12 (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells) cell death. However, whether GAPDH overexpression plays any role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we have found that GAPDH overexpression and GAPDH-positive Lewy body-like aggregates in nigral dopaminergic neurons while nigral GAPDH glycolytic activity decreases in rotenone-based PD animal models. Furthermore, GAPDH knockdown reduces rotenone toxicity significantly in PC12. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest that GAPDH contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, possibly representing a new molecular target for neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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81
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Fang HY, Chen SB, Guo DJ, Pan SY, Yu ZL. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in curcumin-treated MCF-7 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:697-703. [PMID: 21239154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CM), a well-known dietary pigment derived from Curcuma longa L., possess anticancer activities against a variety of tumors including human breast carcinoma. In combination with docetaxel, CM has been used in breast cancer management in the clinic. In order to explore the possible mechanism of anticancer activity of CM, in the present study, we aimed to identify proteins involved in the anticancer activity of CM in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic analysis. MCF-7 cells were cultured at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5.0% CO(2). All the following experiments were repeated three times. Cell viability assay showed that after a 48-h incubation CM dose-dependently inhibited cell growth with an IC(50) value of 47.42 μM. Treatment of CM at 47.42 μM for 48 h induced apoptosis as determined by nuclear morphologic changes of Hoechst stained cells and flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V-FITC/PI stained cells. Proteomic analysis identified 12 differentially expressed proteins which contributed to multiple functional activities such as DNA transcription, mRNA splicing and translation, amino acid synthesis, protein synthesis, folding and degradation, lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and cell motility. Among them 7 proteins were up-regulated and 5 down-regulated. The up-regulated ones were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The down-regulated proteins, TDP-43, SF2/ASF and eIF3i, as well as up-regulated ones, 3-PGDH, ERP29, and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit beta positively contribute to the anticancer activity of CM in MCF-7 cells. These molecules are implicated in the bioactivities of CM for the first time. The findings of this study would shed new insights for systematically understanding the mechanisms of CM in breast cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Fang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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82
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Yıldırım V, Ozcan S, Becher D, Büttner K, Hecker M, Ozcengiz G. Characterization of proteome alterations in Phanerochaete chrysosporium in response to lead exposure. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:12. [PMID: 21388532 PMCID: PMC3063812 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total soluble proteome alterations of white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium in response to different doses (25, 50 and 100 μM) of Pb (II) were characterized by 2DE in combination with MALDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS Dose-dependent molecular response to Pb (II) involved a total of 14 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated proteins. The induction of an isoform of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase class V, mRNA splicing factor, ATP-dependent RNA helicase, thioredoxin reductase and actin required a Pb (II) dose of at least 50 μM. Analysis of the proteome dynamics of mid-exponential phase cells of P. chrysosporium subjected to 50 μM lead at exposure time intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, identified a total of 23 proteins in increased and 67 proteins in decreased amount. Overall, the newly induced/strongly up-regulated proteins involved in (i) amelioration of lipid peroxidation products, (ii) defense against oxidative damage and redox metabolism, (iii) transcription, recombination and DNA repair (iv) a yet unknown function represented by a putative protein. CONCLUSION The present study implicated the particular role of the elements of DNA repair, post-tanscriptional regulation and heterotrimeric G protein signaling in response to Pb (II) stress as shown for the first time for a basidiomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Yıldırım
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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83
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Gabert BJ, Kültz D. Osmoprotective proteome adjustments in mouse kidney papilla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1814:435-48. [PMID: 21236367 PMCID: PMC3045564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The papilla of the mammalian kidney must tolerate greatly varying degrees of hyperosmotic stress during urine concentration and depending on whole organism hydration state. To identify proteome adaptations supporting cell function and survival in such a harsh environment we compared the proteome of a) the hyperosmotic renal papilla with that of adjacent iso-osmotic cortex tissue and b) the renal papilla of diuretic versus that of anti-diuretic mice. Though functionally distinct the papilla is in close physical proximity to the renal cortex, an iso-osmotic region. Proteomic differences between the papilla and cortex of C57BL6 mice were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. We found 37 different proteins characteristic of the cortex and 16 proteins over-represented in the papilla. Regional specificity was confirmed by Western blot and further substantiated by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins. Proteins that are characteristic of the renal papilla include αB crystallin, Hsp beta-1, Hsp90, 14-3-3 protein, glutathione S-transferase, aldose reductase, actin and tropomyosin. Gene ontology analysis confirmed a significant increase in molecular functions associated with protein chaperoning and cell stabilization. Proteins over-represented in the cortex were largely related to routine metabolism. During antidiuresis 15 different proteins changed significantly while 18 different proteins changed significantly during diuresis relative to normally hydrated controls. Changes were confirmed by Western blot for selected proteins. Proteins that are significantly altered by diuretic state are associated with cell structure (actin, tubulin), signaling (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, abhydrolase domain-containing protein 14B), chaperone functioning (Hsp beta-1, αB crystallin, T complex protein-1) and anti-oxidant functions (α-enolase, GAPDH and LDH). Taken together our study reveals that specific proteins involved in protein folding, cytoskeletal stabilization, antioxidant responses, and stress signaling contribute greatly to the unique hyperosmotic stress resistant phenotype of the kidney papilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Gabert
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D. Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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84
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Guo W, Zhang Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Mo X, Lu Y. Efficacy of RNAi targeting of pyruvate kinase M2 combined with cisplatin in a lung cancer model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:65-72. [PMID: 20336315 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) is a key enzyme in aerobic glycolysis; inhibition of PKM2 leads to the tumor growth inhibition. In this study, the effects of combined treatment with cisplatin (DDP) and a plasmid that expresses a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting PKM2 on the growth of human A549 xenograft lung cancer model were investigated. METHODS The expression of PKM2 in A549 cells was determined by immunofluorescence. PKM2 expression levels were evaluated by Western blot analysis. In a human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, the effects of treatment with shRNA, with or without cisplatin, on tumor volume were determined. Apoptosis and cell proliferation status were examined to determine the mechanisms of tumor growth inhibition. RESULTS Expression of shRNA targeting PKM2 resulted in inhibition of PKM2 expression in A549 cells. In the lung cancer xenograft model, average tumor volume in the group treated with both cisplatin and shRNA was statistically lower than those of other groups (P < 0.05). The levels of apoptotic cells were significantly higher in samples from animals in the combined treatment group than those from untreated animals (P < 0.05). The cell proliferation rate, as determined by counting cells labeled with an anti-phospho-histone H3, a marker for mitosis, was lower in samples from animals treated with both cisplatin and shRNA than in samples from other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Use of RNA interfering (RNAi) targeting PKM2 significantly inhibited tumor growth when combined with cisplatin in a human A549 lung cancer xenograft model. The enhanced antitumor activity of the combined treatment compared to treatment with shRNA alone may result in part from increased induction of apoptosis and augmented inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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85
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Sokolowska P, Passemard S, Mok A, Schwendimann L, Gozes I, Gressens P. Neuroprotective effects of NAP against excitotoxic brain damage in the newborn mice: implications for cerebral palsy. Neuroscience 2010; 173:156-68. [PMID: 21073926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was shown to be essential for embryogenesis and brain development while NAP, an active motif of ADNP, is neuroprotective in a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we examined the protective potential of ADNP/NAP in a mouse model of excitotoxic brain lesion mimicking brain damage associated with cerebral palsy. We demonstrated that NAP had a potent neuroprotective effect against ibotenate-induced excitotoxic damage in the cortical plate and the white matter of P5 mice, and moderate against brain lesions of P0 mice. In contrast, endogenous ADNP appears not to be involved in the response to excitotoxic challenge in the studied model. Our findings further show that NAP reduced the number of apoptotic neurons through activation of PI-3K/Akt pathway in the cortical plate or both PI-3K/Akt and MAPK/MEK1 kinases in the white matter. In addition, NAP prevented ibotenate-induced loss of pre-oligodendrocytes without affecting the number of astrocytes or activated microglia around the site of injection. These findings indicate that protective actions of NAP are mediated by triggering transduction pathways that are crucial for neuronal and oligodendroglial survival, thus, NAP might be a promising therapeutic agent for treating developing brain damage.
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86
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Wang X, Chang L, Sun Z, Zhang Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins in the Earthworm Eisenia fetida during Escherichia coli O157:H7 Stress. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6547-60. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1007398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, and The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Resource Plant Biology in School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Li Chang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, and The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Resource Plant Biology in School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjun Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, and The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Resource Plant Biology in School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, and The Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Resource Plant Biology in School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, P. R. China
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87
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Schlisser AE, Yan J, Hales BF. Teratogen-induced oxidative stress targets glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the organogenesis stage mouse embryo. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:686-95. [PMID: 20889679 PMCID: PMC2984529 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure during the organogenesis stage of the mouse embryo to the model teratogen, hydroxyurea (HU), induces curly tail and limb malformations. Oxidative stress contributes to the developmental toxicity of HU. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact with polyunsaturated bilipid membranes to form α,β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes; 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), one of the most cytotoxic of these aldehydes, covalently adducts with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The goal of the current study is to determine if HU exposure of CD1 mice on gestation day 9 generates region-specific 4-HNE-protein adducts in the embryo and to identify the proteins targeted. The formation of 4-HNE-protein adducts was elevated in the caudal region of control embryos; HU exposure further increased 4-HNE-protein adduct formation in this area. Interestingly, three of the 4-HNE–modified proteins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2, and aldolase 1, A isoform, are involved in energy metabolism. The formation of 4-HNE-GAPDH protein adducts reduced GAPDH enzymatic activity by 20% and attenuated lactate production by 40%. Furthermore, HU exposure induced the nuclear translocation of GAPDH in the caudal region of exposed embryos; this nuclear translocation may be associated with the reactivation of oxidized proteins involved in DNA repair, such as apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1, and the stimulation of E1A-associated P300 protein/creb-binding protein (p300/CBP) activity, initiating cell death in a p53-dependent pathway. We propose that GAPDH is a redox-sensitive target in the embryo and may play a role in a stress response during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava E Schlisser
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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88
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Pampaloni F, Stelzer EHK, Leicht S, Marcello M. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells are increased in aerobic glycolysis when cultured on flat and stiff collagen-coated surfaces rather than in physiological 3-D cultures. Proteomics 2010; 10:3394-413. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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89
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Urbonavicius S, Lindholt JS, Delbosc S, Urbonaviciene G, Henneberg EW, Vorum H, Meilhac O, Honoré B. Proteins associated with the size and expansion rate of the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall as identified by proteomic analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 11:433-41. [PMID: 20675398 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2010.238139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of biomarkers for the natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) holds the key to non-surgical intervention and improved selection for AAA repair. We aimed to associate the basic proteomic composition of AAA wall tissue with the expansion rate and size in patients with AAA. METHODS A proteomic approach was used, consisting of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins in AAA tissue. Relevant protein spots were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Spearman's correlation analysis revealed 16 protein spots were strongly correlated with AAA expansion rate (ρ>±0.75). Nine protein spots were identified. Six protein spots showed correlation with AAA size (ρ>±0.5). Three protein spots were identified: vitronectin with traces of calreticulin, albumin and a spot containing two proteins: collagen α-3(VI) chain and vitamin D binding protein. Interestingly, in our previous study vitronectin was shown to be down-regulated in a ruptured AAA group compared with non-ruptured AAA. Western blot analysis in the present study confirmed a correlation of vitronectin bands with AAA size in aortic aneurysm tissue. CONCLUSION A proteomic approach seems valuable, and identified several candidates not previously associated with AAA. Larger studies are required to confirm the potential and clinical role of the identified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Urbonavicius
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Hospital, Denmark.
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90
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Kölln J, Zhang Y, Thai G, Demetriou M, Hermanowicz N, Duquette P, van den Noort S, Qin Y. Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by antibodies present in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1968-75. [PMID: 20610654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that B cells and Abs reactive with GAPDH and antitriosephosphate isomerase (TPI) are present in lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the current study, we studied the effect of anti-GAPDH and anti-TPI CSF IgG on the glycolytic enzyme activity of GAPDH and TPI after exposure to intrathecal IgG from 10 patients with MS and 34 patients with other neurologic diseases. The degree of inhibition of GAPDH activity by CSF anti-GAPDH IgG in the seven MS samples tested varied from 13 to 98%, which seemed to correlate with the percentage of anti-GAPDH IgG in the CSF IgG (1-45%). Inhibition of GAPDH activity (18 and 23%) by CSF IgG was seen in two of the 34 patients with other neurologic diseases, corresponding to the low percentage of CSF anti-GAPDH IgG (1 and 8%). In addition, depletion of anti-GAPDH IgG from CSF IgG, using immobilized GAPDH, removed the inhibitory effect of the IgG on GAPDH. No inhibition of GAPDH activity was seen with CSF samples not containing anti-GAPDH IgG. No inhibition of TPI activity was seen with any purified CSF IgG sample. These findings demonstrate an increased percentage of anti-GAPDH Abs in the CSF of patients with MS that can inhibit GAPDH glycolytic enzyme activity and may contribute to neuroaxonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kölln
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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91
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Liu JP, Chen SM, Cong YS, Nicholls C, Zhou SF, Tao ZZ, Li H. Regulation of telomerase activity by apparently opposing elements. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:245-56. [PMID: 20362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, undergo frequent remodeling events that are important in cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and neoplastic immortalization. It is not known how the cellular environment influences telomere remodeling, stability, and lengthening or shortening. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that maintains and lengthens telomeres in the majority of cancers. Recent studies indicate that a number of factors, including hormones, cytokines, ligands of nuclear receptor, vitamins and herbal extracts have significantly influence telomerase activity and, in some instances, the remodeling of telomeres. This review summarizes the advances in understanding of the positive and negative regulation by extracellular factors of telomerase activity in cancer, stem cells and other systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Liu
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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92
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Enokido Y, Tamura T, Ito H, Arumughan A, Komuro A, Shiwaku H, Sone M, Foulle R, Sawada H, Ishiguro H, Ono T, Murata M, Kanazawa I, Tomilin N, Tagawa K, Wanker EE, Okazawa H. Mutant huntingtin impairs Ku70-mediated DNA repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:425-43. [PMID: 20439996 PMCID: PMC2867301 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200905138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutant huntingtin prevents interaction of the DNA damage repair complex component Ku70 with damaged DNA, blocking repair of double-strand breaks. DNA repair defends against naturally occurring or disease-associated DNA damage during the long lifespan of neurons and is implicated in polyglutamine disease pathology. In this study, we report that mutant huntingtin (Htt) expression in neurons causes double-strand breaks (DSBs) of genomic DNA, and Htt further promotes DSBs by impairing DNA repair. We identify Ku70, a component of the DNA damage repair complex, as a mediator of the DNA repair dysfunction in mutant Htt–expressing neurons. Mutant Htt interacts with Ku70, impairs DNA-dependent protein kinase function in nonhomologous end joining, and consequently increases DSB accumulation. Expression of exogenous Ku70 rescues abnormal behavior and pathological phenotypes in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD). These results collectively suggest that Ku70 is a critical regulator of DNA damage in HD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Ortiz-Ortiz MA, Morán JM, Ruiz-Mesa LM, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Fuentes JM. Paraquat exposure induces nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the activation of the nitric oxide-GAPDH-Siah cell death cascade. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:614-22. [PMID: 20478973 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a well-known herbicide that exerts its effects by elevating intracellular levels of superoxide. It has been previously demonstrated that oxidative and nitrosative stress participate to PQ-induced cell death. Here, we document that PQ increases the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in rat mesencephalic cells and causes nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to activate the NO/GAPDH/Siah cell death cascade. PQ exposure increases expression of the p300/CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP) and phosphorylation of p53 at Ser 15, which stimulates p53-dependent transactivation through increased binding with p300. Although this cascade could be inhibited by preincubation with the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor deprenyl, cell death was not prevented. Pretreatment of cells with the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole efficiently prevented the activation of the GAPDH/NO/Siah cell death cascade, thereby protecting cells against PQ-induced toxicity. The results suggest that PQ induces this novel cell death cascade in rat mesencephalic cells, but inhibition of the pathway does not impede cell death because of an oxidative burst generated by the pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ortiz-Ortiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, EU Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Cáceres, Spain
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94
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Sun J, Shi Z, Guo H, Tu C. Changes in the porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell proteome induced by infection with highly virulent classical swine fever virus. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2254-62. [PMID: 20463149 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukopenia and immunosuppression are characteristic clinical manifestations of classical swine fever and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are major targets of classical swine fever virus. To investigate proteomic expression changes in swine PBMCs during lethal CSFV infection, proteins of PBMCs from five lethally CSFV-infected pigs were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. Quantitative intensity analysis revealed that 66 protein spots showed altered expression, 44 of which were identified as 34 unique proteins by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. Cellular functions of these proteins included cytoskeletal, energy metabolism, protein translation and processing, antioxidative stress, heat shock and blood clotting. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of annexin A1 and downregulation of cofilin. Identification of these changed levels of expression provides an understanding at the molecular level of the response of in vivo target cells to CSFV infection and of the pathogenic mechanisms of leukopenia and immunosuppression induced by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Sun
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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95
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Kwon HJ, Rhim JH, Jang IS, Kim GE, Park SC, Yeo EJ. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase stimulates the nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:254-69. [PMID: 20177150 PMCID: PMC2859325 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.4.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-known glycolytic activity, GAPDH displays multiple functions, such as nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and repair, and apoptotic cell death. This functional diversity depends on its intracellular localization. In this study, we explored the signal transduction pathways involved in the nuclear translocation of GAPDH using confocal laser scanning microscopy of immunostained human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). GAPDH was present mainly in the cytoplasm when cultured with 10% FBS. Serum depletion by culturing cells in a serum-free medium (SFM) led to a gradual accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus, and this nuclear accumulation was reversed by the re-addition of serum or growth factors, such as PDGF and lysophosphatidic acid. The nuclear export induced by the re-addition of serum or growth factors was prevented by LY 294002 and SH-5, inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/protein kinase B, respectively, suggesting an involvement of the PI3K signaling pathway in the nuclear export of GAPDH. In addition, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), stimulated the nuclear translocation of GAPDH and prevented serum- and growth factor-induced GAPDH export. AMPK inhibition by compound C or AMPK depletion by siRNA treatment partially prevented SFM- and AICAR-induced nuclear translocation of GAPDH. Our data suggest that the nuclear translocation of GAPDH might be regulated by the PI3K signaling pathway acting mainly as a nuclear export signal and the AMPK signaling pathway acting as a nuclear import signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea
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96
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Hou WR, Hou YL, Du YJ, Zhang T, Hao YZ. cDNA, genomic sequence cloning and overexpression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) from the Giant Panda. Mol Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893310020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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97
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Erb M, Meinen S, Barzaghi P, Sumanovski LT, Courdier-Früh I, Rüegg MA, Meier T. Omigapil ameliorates the pathology of muscle dystrophy caused by laminin-alpha2 deficiency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:787-95. [PMID: 19759319 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Laminin alpha2-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy, called MDC1A, is a rare, devastating genetic disease characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia ("floppy infant syndrome"), peripheral neuropathy, inability to stand or walk, respiratory distress, and premature death in early life. Transgenic overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor protein BCL-2, or deletion of the proapoptotic Bax gene in a mouse model for MDC1A prolongs survival and mitigates pathology, indicating that apoptotic events are involved in the pathology. Here we demonstrate that the proapoptotic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-Siah1-CBP/p300-p53 pathway is activated in a mouse model for MDC1A. Moreover, we show that omigapil, which inhibits GAPDH-Siah1-mediated apoptosis, ameliorates several pathological hallmarks in the MDC1A mouse model. Specifically, we demonstrate that treatment with omigapil inhibits apoptosis in muscle, reduces body weight loss and skeletal deformation, increases locomotive activity, and protects from early mortality. These data qualify omigapil, which is in late phase of clinical development for human use, as a drug candidate for the treatment of MDC1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Erb
- Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Liestal, Switzerland
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98
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Titman CM, Downs JA, Oliver SG, Carmichael PL, Scott AD, Griffin JL. A metabolomic and multivariate statistical process to assess the effects of genotoxins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1913-24. [PMID: 20023725 DOI: 10.1039/b907754e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an increased need to develop robust cellular model systems which could replace or reduce the need for animals in toxicological testing. Current in vitro strategies for genotoxicity testing suffer from a high irrelevant positive rate, requiring the need for the development of new in vitro tools. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used widely to study DNA damage and repair, and a high-throughput green fluorescent protein based assay has been developed to detect genotoxic-induced DNA damage. In this study a combined high resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolomic approach has been used to monitor and distinguish different genotoxic compounds from other types of toxic lesion using the multivariate classification tool partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). The metabolic profiles of extracts of yeast (W303alpha strain) readily distinguished the individual toxins from control cells across 22 different treatments. In addition, these metabolic profiles also demonstrated dose and time responses for selected compounds (methyl methane sulfonate and nocodazole). Finally, predictive models were built for distinguishing the genotoxic carcinogens from the control group according to the metabolic profile of the cell culture media.
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99
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Colell A, Green DR, Ricci JE. Novel roles for GAPDH in cell death and carcinogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1573-81. [PMID: 19779498 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the fact that glucose metabolism has a central role in carcinogenesis. Among the enzymes controlling this energy production pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is of particular interest. Initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, this enzyme is actually tightly regulated and is involved in numerous cellular functions. Particularly intriguing are recent reports describing GAPDH as a regulator of cell death. However, its role in cell death is unclear; whereas some studies point toward a proapoptotic function, others describe a protective role and suggest its participation in tumor progression. In this study, we highlight recent findings and discuss potential mechanisms through which cells regulate GAPDH to fulfill its diverse functions to influence cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Esther Koplowitz, and CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, 08036-Barcelona, Spain.
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100
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Magherini F, Pieri L, Guidi F, Giangrande C, Amoresano A, Bucciantini M, Stefani M, Modesti A. Proteomic analysis of cells exposed to prefibrillar aggregates of HypF-N. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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