51
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Milosevich N, McFarlane J, Gignac MC, Li J, Brown TM, Wilson CR, Devorkin L, Croft CS, Hof R, Paci I, Lum JJ, Hof F. Pan-specific and partially selective dye-labeled peptidic inhibitors of the polycomb paralog proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Transcriptional expressions of Chromobox 1/2/3/6/8 as independent indicators for survivals in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3450-3473. [PMID: 30481161 PMCID: PMC6286817 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromobox (CBX) proteins are important components of epigenetic regulation complexes known to play key roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Little is known about the function of distinct CBXs in HCC. To address this issue, the study investigated the roles of CBXs in the prognosis of HCC using ONCOMINE, UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, c-BioPortal databases. Over expressions of 8 CBXs members were found to be significantly associated with clinical cancer stages and pathological tumor grades in HCC patients. Besides, higher mRNA expressions of CBX1/2/3/6/8 were found to be significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in HCC patients, while higher mRNA expression of CBX7 was associated with favorable OS. Multivariate analysis also showed that high mRNA expressions of CBX1/2/3/6/8 were independent prognostic factors for shorter OS of HCC patients. Moreover, high mutation rate of CBXs (51%) was also observed in HCC patients, and genetic alteration in CBXs was associated with shorter OS and disease-free survival (DFS) in HCC patients. Taken together, these results indicated that CBX1/2/3/6/8 could be prognostic biomarkers for survivals of HCC patients.
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Abstract
Embryonic Stem cells are widely studied to elucidate the disease and developmental processes because of their capability to differentiate into cells of any lineage, Pervasive transcription is a distinct feature of all multicellular organisms and genomic elements such as enhancers and bidirectional or unidirectional promoters regulate these processes. Thousands of loci in each species produce a class of transcripts called noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), that are well known for their influential regulatory roles in multiple biological processes including stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. The number of lncRNA species increases in more complex organisms highlighting the importance of RNA-based control in the evolution of multicellular organisms. Over the past decade, numerous studies have shed light on lncRNA biogenesis and functional significance in the cell and the organism. In this review, we focus primarily on lncRNAs affecting the stem cell state and developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Aich
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Debojyoti Chakraborty
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Mao J, Tian Y, Wang C, Jiang K, Li R, Yao Y, Zhang R, Sun D, Liang R, Gao Z, Wang Q, Wang L. CBX2 Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis via the Phosphorylation of YAP in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:2706-2719. [PMID: 31258779 PMCID: PMC6584921 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobox 2 (CBX2), a chromobox family protein, is a crucial component of the polycomb group complex: polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Research on CBX2 as an oncogene has been published in recent years. However, the connection between CBX2 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been studied. In this article, based on the results of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of HCC and adjacent liver tissue microarrays, we found that high CBX2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. The results of a CCK8 assay, a clonogenic survival assay and a nude mouse tumorigenicity assay showed that knockdown of CBX2 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. According to the results of Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining-based fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, knockdown of CBX2 increased HCC cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the RNA-seq results revealed that knockdown of CBX2 inhibited the expression of WTIP, which is an inhibitor of the Hippo pathway. We used western blotting to validate the mechanism and discovered that knockdown of CBX2 increased the phosphorylation of YAP, which explains why knockdown of CBX2 inhibits proliferation and increases apoptosis in HCC cells. In conclusion, CBX2 could be a potential target for HCC anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Mao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chengye Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Keqiu Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yifan Yao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rixin Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Deguang Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenming Gao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of CBX4 and CBX7 Decrease the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6436825. [PMID: 31211140 PMCID: PMC6532305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6436825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The chromobox (CBX) proteins CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8, also known as Polycomb (Pc) proteins, are canonical components of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Abundant evidence indicates that abnormal expression of Pc proteins is associated with a variety of tumors, but their role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CBX genes and HCC. Methods Nine SNPs on CBX genes (rs7217395, rs2036316 of CBX2; rs3764374, rs1285251, rs2289728 of CBX4; rs7292074 of CBX6; and rs710190, rs139394, rs5750753 of CBX7) were screened and genotyped using MassARRAY technology in 334 HCC cases and 321 controls. The association between SNPs and their corresponding gene expressions was analyzed through bioinformatics methods using the Ensembl database and Blood eQTL browser online tools. Results The results indicated that rs2289728 (G>A) of CBX4 (P = 0.03, OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33-0.94) and rs139394 (C>A) of CBX7 (P = 0.02, OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90) decreased the risk of HCC. Interaction between rs2036316 and HBsAg increased the risk of HCC (P = 0.02, OR = 6.88, 95% CI: 5.20-9.11), whereas SNP-SNP interaction between rs710190 and rs139394 reduced the risk of HCC (P = 0.03, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.91). Gene expression analyses showed that the rs2289728 A allele and the rs139394 A allele significantly reduced CBX4 and CBX7 expression, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CBX4 rs2289728 and CBX7 rs139394 are protective SNPs against HCC. The two SNPs may reduce the risk of HCC while suppressing the expression of CBX4 and CBX7.
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Geyer KK, Munshi SE, Whiteland HL, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Phillips DW, Hoffmann KF. Methyl-CpG-binding (SmMBD2/3) and chromobox (SmCBX) proteins are required for neoblast proliferation and oviposition in the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007107. [PMID: 29953544 PMCID: PMC6023120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While schistosomiasis remains a significant health problem in low to middle income countries, it also represents a recently recognised threat to more economically-developed regions. Until a vaccine is developed, this neglected infectious disease is primarily controlled by praziquantel, a drug with a currently unknown mechanism of action. By further elucidating how Schistosoma molecular components cooperate to regulate parasite developmental processes, next generation targets will be identified. Here, we continue our studies on schistosome epigenetic participants and characterise the function of a DNA methylation reader, the Schistosoma mansoni methyl-CpG-binding domain protein (SmMBD2/3). Firstly, we demonstrate that SmMBD2/3 contains amino acid features essential for 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) binding and illustrate that adult schistosome nuclear extracts (females > males) contain this activity. We subsequently show that SmMBD2/3 translocates into nuclear compartments of transfected murine NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and recombinant SmMBD2/3 exhibits 5mC binding activity. Secondly, using a yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) screen, we show that SmMBD2/3 interacts with the chromo shadow domain (CSD) of an epigenetic adaptor, S. mansoni chromobox protein (SmCBX). Moreover, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) mediated co-localisation of Smmbd2/3 and Smcbx to mesenchymal cells as well as somatic- and reproductive- stem cells confirms the Y2H results and demonstrates that these interacting partners are ubiquitously expressed and found within both differentiated as well as proliferating cells. Finally, using RNA interference, we reveal that depletion of Smmbd2/3 or Smcbx in adult females leads to significant reductions (46-58%) in the number of proliferating somatic stem cells (PSCs or neoblasts) as well as in the quantity of in vitro laid eggs. Collectively, these results further expand upon the schistosome components involved in epigenetic processes and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of SmMBD2/3 and/or SmCBX biology could prove useful in the development of future schistosomiasis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin K. Geyer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina E. Munshi
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Whiteland
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan W. Phillips
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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57
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The molecular selectivity of UNC3866 inhibitor for Polycomb CBX7 protein from molecular dynamics simulation. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 74:339-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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58
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Denton KE, Wang S, Gignac MC, Milosevich N, Hof F, Dykhuizen EC, Krusemark CJ. Robustness of In Vitro Selection Assays of DNA-Encoded Peptidomimetic Ligands to CBX7 and CBX8. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2018; 23:417-428. [PMID: 29309209 PMCID: PMC5962403 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217750871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of protein ligands from a DNA-encoded library is commonly conducted by an affinity selection assay. These assays are often not validated for robustness, raising questions about selections that fail to identify ligands and the utility of enrichment values for ranking ligand potencies. Here, we report a method for optimizing and utilizing affinity selection assays to identify potent and selective peptidic ligands to the highly related chromodomains of CBX proteins. To optimize affinity selection parameters, statistical analyses (Z' factors) were used to define the ability of selection assay conditions to identify and differentiate ligands of varying affinity. A DNA-encoded positional scanning library of peptidomimetics was constructed around a trimethyllysine-containing parent peptide, and parallel selections against the chromodomains from CBX8 and CBX7 were conducted over three protein concentrations. Relative potencies of off-DNA hit molecules were determined through a fluorescence polarization assay and were consistent with enrichments observed by DNA sequencing of the affinity selection assays. In addition, novel peptide-based ligands were discovered with increased potency and selectivity to the chromodomain of CBX8. The results indicate low DNA tag bias and show that affinity-based in vitro selection assays are sufficiently robust for both ligand discovery and determination of quantitative structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E. Denton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sijie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael C. Gignac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Fraser Hof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emily C. Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Casey J. Krusemark
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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59
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From Flies to Mice: The Emerging Role of Non-Canonical PRC1 Members in Mammalian Development. EPIGENOMES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes2010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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60
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Liang YK, Lin HY, Chen CF, Zeng D. Prognostic values of distinct CBX family members in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92375-92387. [PMID: 29190923 PMCID: PMC5696189 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobox (CBX) family proteins are canonical components in polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1), with epigenetic regulatory function and transcriptionally repressing target genes via chromatin modification. A plethora of studies have highlighted the function specifications among CBX family members in various cancer, including lung cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer. Nevertheless, the functions and prognostic roles of distinct CBX family members in breast cancer (BC) remain elusive. In this study, we reported the prognostic values of CBX family members in patients with BC through analysis of a series of databases, including CCLE, ONCOMINE, Xena Public Data Hubs, and Kaplan-Meier plotter. It was found that the mRNA expression of CBX family members were noticeably higher in BC than normal counterparts. CBX2 was highly expressed in Basal-like and HER-2 subtypes, while CBX4 and CBX7 expressions were enriched in Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes of BC. Survival analysis revealed that CBX1, CBX2 and CBX3 mRNA high expression was correlated to worsen relapse-free survival (RFS) for all BC patients, while CBX4, CBX5, CBX6 and CBX7 high expression was correlated to better RFS in this setting. Noteworthily, CBX1 and CBX2 were associated with chemoresistance whereas CBX7 was associated with tamoxifen sensitivity, as well as chemosensitivity in breast tumors. Therefore, we propose that CBX1, CBX2 and CBX7 are potential targets for BC treatment. The results might be beneficial for better understanding the complexity and heterogeneity in the molecular underpinning of BC, and to develop tools to more accurately predict the prognosis of patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ke Liang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hao-Yu Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chun-Fa Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - De Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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61
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Tharkar-Promod S, Johnson DP, Bennett SE, Dennis EM, Banowsky BG, Jones SS, Shearstone JR, Quayle SN, Min C, Jarpe M, Mosbruger T, Pomicter AD, Miles RR, Chen WY, Bhalla KN, Zweidler-McKay PA, Shrieve DC, Deininger MW, Chandrasekharan MB, Bhaskara S. HDAC1,2 inhibition and doxorubicin impair Mre11-dependent DNA repair and DISC to override BCR-ABL1-driven DSB repair in Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 32:49-60. [PMID: 28579617 PMCID: PMC5716937 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) expressing BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein is a major subclass of ALL with poor prognosis. BCR-ABL1-expressing leukemic cells are highly dependent on double-strand break (DSB) repair signals for their survival. Here we report that a first-in-class HDAC1,2 selective inhibitor and doxorubicin (a hyper-CVAD chemotherapy regimen component) impair DSB repair networks in Ph+ B-cell precursor ALL cells using common as well as distinct mechanisms. The HDAC1,2 inhibitor but not doxorubicin alters nucleosomal occupancy to impact chromatin structure, as revealed by MNase-Seq. Quantitative mass spectrometry of the chromatin proteome along with functional assays showed that the HDAC1,2 inhibitor and doxorubicin either alone or in combination impair the central hub of DNA repair, the Mre11–Rad51–DNA ligase 1 axis, involved in BCR-ABL1-specific DSB repair signaling in Ph+ B-cell precursor ALL cells. HDAC1,2 inhibitor and doxorubicin interfere with DISC (DNA damage-induced transcriptional silencing in cis)) or transcriptional silencing program in cis around DSB sites via chromatin remodeler-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively, to further impair DSB repair. HDAC1,2 inhibitor either alone or when combined with doxorubicin decreases leukemia burden in vivo in refractory Ph+ B-cell precursor ALL patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Overall, our novel mechanistic and preclinical studies together demonstrate that HDAC1,2 selective inhibition can overcome DSB repair ‘addiction’ and provide an effective therapeutic option for Ph+ B-cell precursor ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tharkar-Promod
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D P Johnson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S E Bennett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E M Dennis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - B G Banowsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S S Jones
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Regenacy Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - S N Quayle
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Min
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Jarpe
- Regenacy Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Mosbruger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A D Pomicter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R R Miles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - W Y Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - K N Bhalla
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P A Zweidler-McKay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D C Shrieve
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M W Deininger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M B Chandrasekharan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Bhaskara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Connelly KE, Dykhuizen EC. Compositional and functional diversity of canonical PRC1 complexes in mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1860:233-245. [PMID: 28007606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The compositional complexity of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) increased dramatically during vertebrate evolution. What is considered the "canonical" PRC1 complex consists of four subunits originally identified as regulators of body segmentation in Drosophila. In mammals, each of these four canonical subunits consists of two to six paralogs that associate in a combinatorial manner to produce over a hundred possible distinct PRC1 complexes with unknown function. Genetic studies have begun to define the phenotypic roles for different PRC1 paralogs; however, relating these phenotypes to unique biochemical and transcriptional function for the different paralogs has been challenging. In this review, we attempt to address how the compositional diversity of canonical PRC1 complexes relates to unique roles for individual PRC1 paralogs in transcriptional regulation. This review focuses primarily on PRC1 complex composition, genome targeting, and biochemical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Connelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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63
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64
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Luo W, Tan SK. Correlation between CBX8 protein and tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3899-3904. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i27.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromobox protein homolog 8 (CBX8), the core component of the polycomb group (PcG) protein family PRC1 complex, plays an important role in cell proliferation, senescence, maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and/or relapse, and the occurrence of tumors. Recently, CBX8 was found to be overexpressed in a variety of malignant tumors and closely related to the progression and prognosis of tumors. This paper reviews the current progress in research of CBX8 in tumors.
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65
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Genome-wide identification, evolution of chromobox family genes and their expression in Nile tilapia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 203:25-34. [PMID: 27614332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromobox (Cbx) family proteins are transcriptional repressors that involved in epigenetic and developmental processes. In this study, comprehensive analyses of Cbxs were performed using available genome databases from representative animal species. The Cbx family were originated from one Polycomb (Pc) gene like the yeast Pc, which duplicated into two and gave rise to the Pc and the Heterochromatin protein 1 (Hp1) identified in invertebrates from protozoon to lancelet. Rapid expansion of Cbx family members was observed in vertebrates as ~8 (5 Pc and 3 Hp1) were identified in spotted gar, coelacanth and tetrapods. Further expansion of the members to ~14 (9 Pc and 5 Hp1) was observed in teleosts due to the third round genome duplication (3R). Based on transcriptome data from eight adult tilapia tissues, most of the Cbxs were found to be dominantly expressed in the brain, testis, ovary and heart. Analyses of the gonadal transcriptome data from four developmental stages revealed that all Cbxs were expressed in both ovary and testis except Cbx7b, with significant increase of the total and average RPKM from 5 to 90dah (days after hatching). By in situ hybridization, the three most highly and sexual dimorphically expressed Cbx genes in gonads, Cbx1b, Cbx3a and Cbx5, were found to be expressed in phase I and II oocytes of the ovary, and in secondary spermatocytes (Cbx1b and Cbx3a) and spermatids (Cbx5) of the testis. Our results revealed the evolution of Cbx genes and indicated a potential role of Cbxs in epigenetic regulation of gametogenesis.
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Maeng YS, Kwon JY, Kim EK, Kwon YG. Heterochromatin Protein 1 Alpha (HP1α: CBX5) is a Key Regulator in Differentiation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Endothelial Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1512-22. [PMID: 25588582 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As the ability to control the differentiation of endothelial stem/progenitor cells (EPCs) into vascular endothelial cell lineages could be useful for promoting neovascularization, it is important to obtain a deeper understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate EPC differentiation and neovascularization. Heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α) is known to be involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene silencing. However, recent reports demonstrate that HP1α can also activate gene expression during cell differentiation. In this study, microarray analysis revealed that HP1α expression was induced during EPC differentiation and is associated with the expression of outgrowing endothelial cell (OEC)-specific protein markers. To explore the role of HP1α in the differentiation of EPCs to OECs, its expression was knocked-down or over-expressed in differentiating EPCs. Overexpression of HP1α promoted the differentiation and angiogenic activity of EPCs in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of HP1α led to a defect in OEC migration, tube formation, and angiogenic sprouting activity. Gene expression profiling showed increased expression of angiogenic genes, including NOTCH1, cadherin-5, and angiopoietin-like-2, and decreased expression of progenitor cell marker genes, including CD133, CXCR4, and C-KIT, in HP1α-overexpressing EPCs. Also, increased HP1α at an early stage of EPC differentiation may regulate angiogenic gene transcription by interacting with chromatin that modifies epigenetic factors such as the methyl-CpG binding domain, Polycomb group ring finger 2, and DNA methyltransferases. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that HP1α plays an important role in the differentiation and angiogenic function of EPCs by regulating endothelial gene expression. Stem Cells 2015;33:1512-1522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sun Maeng
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute; Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Marino S, Di Foggia V. Invited Review: Polycomb group genes in the regeneration of the healthy and pathological skeletal muscle. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:407-22. [PMID: 26479276 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic repressors required during key developmental processes, such as maintenance of cell identity and stem cell differentiation. To exert their repressive function, PcG proteins assemble on chromatin into multiprotein complexes, known as polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2. In this review, we will focus on the role and mode of function of PcG proteins in the development and regeneration of the skeletal muscle, both in normal and pathological conditions and we will discuss the emerging concept of modulation of their expression to enhance the muscle-specific regenerative process for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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