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Dodson BP, Levine AD. Challenges in the translation and commercialization of cell therapies. BMC Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 26250902 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0190-4.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapies are an emerging form of healthcare that offer significant potential to improve the practice of medicine and provide benefits to patients who currently have limited or no treatment options. Ideally, these innovative therapies can complement existing small molecule, biologic and device approaches, forming a so-called fourth pillar of medicine and allowing clinicians to identify the best treatment approach for each patient. Despite this potential, cell therapies are substantially more complex than small molecule or biologic interventions. This complexity poses challenges for scientists and firms developing cell therapies and regulators seeking to oversee this growing area of medicine. RESULTS In this project, we retrospectively examined the development of seven cell therapies - including three autologous interventions and four allogeneic interventions - with the aim of identifying common challenges hindering attempts to bring new cell therapies to market. We complemented this analysis with a series of qualitative interviews with experts in various aspects of cell therapy. Through our analysis, which included review of extant literature collected from company documents, newspapers, journals, analyst reports and similar sources, and analysis of the qualitative interviews, we identified several common challenges that cell therapy firms must address in both the pre- and post-market stages. Key pre-market challenges included identifying and maintaining stable funding to see firms through lengthy developmental timelines and uncertain regulatory processes. These challenges are not unique to cell therapies, of course, but the novelty of cell-based interventions complicates these efforts compared to small molecule or biologic approaches. The atypical nature of cell therapies also led to post-market difficulties, including challenges navigating the reimbursement process and convincing providers to change their treatment approaches. In addition, scaling up production, distributing cell therapies and managing the costs of production were challenges that started pre-market and continued into the post-market phase. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis highlights several interrelated challenges hindering the development of cell therapies. Identifying strategies to address these challenges may accelerate the development and increase the impact of novel cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P Dodson
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Aaron D Levine
- School of Public Policy, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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52
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French A, Suh JY, Suh CY, Rubin L, Barker R, Bure K, Reeve B, Brindley DA. Global strategic partnerships in regenerative medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 32:436-40. [PMID: 25150363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The approach to research and development in biomedical science is changing. Increasingly, academia and industry seek to collaborate, and share resources and expertise, by establishing partnerships. Here, we explore the co-development partnership landscape in the field of regenerative medicine, focusing on agreements involving one or more private entities. A majority of the largest biopharmaceutical companies have announced strategic partnerships with a specific regenerative medicine focus, signifying the growth and widening appeal of this emerging sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna French
- The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK.
| | - Jane Y Suh
- Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Carol Y Suh
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lee Rubin
- Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Richard Barker
- The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Kim Bure
- Sartorius Stedim, Göttingen, 37079, Germany
| | - Brock Reeve
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David A Brindley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK; The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Centre for Behavioral Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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53
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Lee S, Choi E, Cha MJ, Hwang KC. Cell adhesion and long-term survival of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells: a prerequisite for cell therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:632902. [PMID: 25722795 PMCID: PMC4333334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The literature provides abundant evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive resource for therapeutics and have beneficial effects in regenerating injured tissues due to their self-renewal ability and broad differentiation potential. Although the therapeutic potential of MSCs has been proven in both preclinical and clinical studies, several questions have not yet been addressed. A major limitation to the use of MSCs in clinical applications is their poor viability at the site of injury due to the harsh microenvironment and to anoikis driven by the loss of cell adhesion. To improve the survival of the transplanted MSCs, strategies to regulate apoptotic signaling and enhance cell adhesion have been developed, such as pretreatment with cytokines, growth factors, and antiapoptotic molecules, genetic modifications, and hypoxic preconditioning. More appropriate animal models and a greater understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs will be required for their successful clinical application. Nevertheless, the development of stem cell therapies using MSCs has the potential to treat degenerative diseases. This review discusses various approaches to improving MSC survival by inhibiting anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyun Choi
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Cha
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea
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Mason C, Mason J, Culme-Seymour EJ, Bonfiglio GA, Reeve BC. Cell therapy companies make strong progress from October 2012 to March 2013 amid mixed stock market sentiment. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 12:644-7. [PMID: 23746973 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During Q4 2012 and Q1 2013, the cell therapy industry made strong progress in translation and commercialization. Continued development of the companies included in a dedicated stock market index suggests emergence of this industry as a distinct healthcare sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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55
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Misener R, Fuentes Garí M, Rende M, Velliou E, Panoskaltsis N, Pistikopoulos EN, Mantalaris A. Global superstructure optimisation of red blood cell production in a parallelised hollow fibre bioreactor. Comput Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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56
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Ryu MH, Gomelsky M. Near-infrared light responsive synthetic c-di-GMP module for optogenetic applications. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:802-10. [PMID: 24926804 PMCID: PMC4277780 DOI: 10.1021/sb400182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enormous
potential of cell-based therapeutics is hindered by the
lack of effective means to control genetically engineered cells in
mammalian tissues. Here, we describe a synthetic module for remote
photocontrol of engineered cells that can be adapted for such applications.
The module involves photoactivated synthesis of cyclic dimeric GMP
(c-di-GMP), a stable small molecule that is not produced by higher
eukaryotes and therefore is suitable for orthogonal regulation. The
key component of the photocontrol module is an engineered bacteriophytochrome
diguanylate cyclase, which synthesizes c-di-GMP from GTP in a light-dependent
manner. Bacteriophytochromes are particularly attractive photoreceptors
because they respond to light in the near-infrared window of the spectrum,
where absorption by mammalian tissues is minimal, and also because
their chromophore, biliverdin IXα, is naturally available in
mammalian cells. The second component of the photocontrol module,
a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, maintains near-zero background levels
of c-di-GMP in the absence of light, which enhances the photodynamic
range of c-di-GMP concentrations. In the E. coli model
used in this study, the intracellular c-di-GMP levels could be upregulated
by light by >50-fold. Various c-di-GMP-responsive proteins and
riboswitches
identified in bacteria can be linked downstream of the c-di-GMP-mediated
photocontrol module for orthogonal regulation of biological activities
in mammals as well as in other organisms lacking c-di-GMP signaling.
Here, we linked the photocontrol module to a gene expression output
via a c-di-GMP-responsive transcription factor and achieved a 40-fold
photoactivation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyung Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East
University Avenue, Dept. 3944, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Mark Gomelsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East
University Avenue, Dept. 3944, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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57
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Davies BM, Rikabi S, French A, Pinedo-Villanueva R, Morrey ME, Wartolowska K, Judge A, MacLaren RE, Mathur A, Williams DJ, Wall I, Birchall M, Reeve B, Atala A, Barker RW, Cui Z, Furniss D, Bure K, Snyder EY, Karp JM, Price A, Carr A, Brindley DA. Quantitative assessment of barriers to the clinical development and adoption of cellular therapies: A pilot study. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414551764. [PMID: 25383173 PMCID: PMC4221931 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414551764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a large increase in basic science activity in cell therapy and a growing portfolio of cell therapy trials. However, the number of industry products available for widespread clinical use does not match this magnitude of activity. We hypothesize that the paucity of engagement with the clinical community is a key contributor to the lack of commercially successful cell therapy products. To investigate this, we launched a pilot study to survey clinicians from five specialities and to determine what they believe to be the most significant barriers to cellular therapy clinical development and adoption. Our study shows that the main concerns among this group are cost-effectiveness, efficacy, reimbursement, and regulation. Addressing these concerns can best be achieved by ensuring that future clinical trials are conducted to adequately answer the questions of both regulators and the broader clinical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Davies
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Rikabi
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna French
- The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rafael Pinedo-Villanueva
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark E Morrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karolina Wartolowska
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Judge
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Mathur
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, London Chest Hospital, London, UK ; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Williams
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK ; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea ; Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Brock Reeve
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Richard W Barker
- The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Oxford Centre for Tissue Engineering and Bioprocessing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Furniss
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim Bure
- Sartorius Stedim, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Price
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Carr
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Brindley
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; The Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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58
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Malik NN. Reimbursement and adoption of advanced therapies: the 5-C framework. Regen Med 2014; 9:573-8. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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59
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Bryant J, Hlavaty KA, Zhang X, Yap WT, Zhang L, Shea LD, Luo X. Nanoparticle delivery of donor antigens for transplant tolerance in allogeneic islet transplantation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8887-8894. [PMID: 25066477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human islet cell transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes; however, long-term donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts remains a clinically unmet goal. We have previously shown that recipient infusions of apoptotic donor splenocytes chemically treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (donor ECDI-SP) can mediate long-term acceptance of full major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched murine islet allografts without the use of immunosuppression. In this report, we investigated the use of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) particles in lieu of donor ECDI-SP as a synthetic, cell-free carrier for delivery of donor antigens for the induction of transplant tolerance in full MHC-mismatched murine allogeneic islet transplantation. Infusions of donor antigen-coupled PLG particles (PLG-dAg) mediated tolerance in ∼20% of recipient mice, and the distribution of cellular uptake of PLG-dAg within the spleen was similar to that of donor ECDI-SP. PLG-dAg mediated the contraction of indirectly activated T cells but did not modulate the direct pathway of allorecognition. Combination of PLG-dAg with a short course of low dose immunosuppressant rapamycin at the time of transplant significantly improved the tolerance efficacy to ∼60%. Furthermore, altering the timing of PLG-dAg administration to a schedule that is more feasible for clinical transplantation resulted in equal tolerance efficacy. Thus, the combination therapy of PLG-dAg infusions with peritransplant rapamycin represents a clinically attractive, biomaterials-based and cell-free method for inducing long-term donor-specific tolerance for allogeneic cell transplantation, such as for allogeneic islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bryant
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kelan A Hlavaty
- The Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd/E310, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Woon-Teck Yap
- The Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd/E310, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- The Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine (IBNAM), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd/E136, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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60
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Bubela T, McCabe C. Value-engineered translation for regenerative medicine: meeting the needs of health systems. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 22 Suppl 1:89-93. [PMID: 24304083 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high expectations of economic returns, large investments in regenerative medicine technology have yet to materialize, partly due to a lack of proven business and investment models, regulatory hurdles, and a greater focus on cost-effectiveness for reimbursement decisions by payors. Adoption of new economic modeling methods will better link investment decisions to value-based criteria of health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bubela
- 1 School of Public Health, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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61
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Vertès AA. Deciphering the therapeutic stem cell strategies of large and midsize pharmaceutical firms. Regen Med 2014; 9:479-95. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow adoption of cytotherapeutics remains a vexing hurdle given clinical progress achieved to date with a variety of stem cell lineages. Big and midsize pharmaceutical companies as an asset class still delay large-scale investments in this arena until technological and market risks will have been further reduced. Nonetheless, a handful of stem cell strategic alliance and licensing transactions have already been implemented, indicating that progress is actively monitored, although most of these involve midsize firms. The greatest difficulty is, perhaps, that the regenerative medicine industry is currently only approaching the point of inflexion of the technology development S-curve, as many more clinical trials read out. A path to accelerating technology adoption is to focus on innovation outliers among healthcare actors. These can be identified by analyzing systemic factors (e.g., national science policies and industry fragmentation) and intrinsic factors (corporate culture, e.g., nimble decision-making structures; corporate finance, e.g., opportunity costs and ownership structure; and operations, e.g., portfolio management strategies, threats on existing businesses and patent expirations). Another path is to accelerate the full clinical translation and commercialization of an allogeneic cytotherapeutic product in any indication to demonstrate the disease-modifying potential of the new products for treatment and prophylaxis, ideally for a large unmet medical need such as dry age-related macular degeneration, or for an orphan disease such as biologics-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. In times of decreased industry average research productivities, regenerative medicine products provide important prospects for creating new franchises with a market potential that could very well mirror that achieved with the technology of monoclonal antibodies.
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62
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Stambler I. The Unexpected Outcomes of Anti-Aging, Rejuvenation, and Life Extension Studies: An Origin of Modern Therapies. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:297-305. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Stambler
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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63
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Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are considered a great alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Unlike bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), ASCs can be retrieved in high numbers from lipoaspirate, a by-product of liposuction procedures. Given that ASCs represent an easily accessible and abundant source of multipotent cells, ASCs have garnered attention and curiosity from both scientific and clinical communities for their potential in clinical applications. Furthermore, their unique immunobiology and secretome are attractive therapeutic properties. A decade since the discovery of a stem cell reservoir residing within adipose tissue, ASC-based clinical trials have grown over the years around the world along with assessments made on their safety and efficacy. With the progress of ASCs into clinical applications, the aim towards producing clinical-grade ASCs becomes increasingly important. Several countries have recognised the growing industry of cell therapies and have developed regulatory frameworks to assure their safety. With more research efforts made to understand their effects in both scientific and clinical settings, ASCs hold great promise as a future therapeutic strategy in treating a wide variety of diseases. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the clinical applicability of ASCs as well as their progress in clinical trials across various medical disciplines.
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64
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Liu W, Li Y, Zeng Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Xie L, Li X, Du Y. Microcryogels as injectable 3-D cellular microniches for site-directed and augmented cell delivery. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1864-75. [PMID: 24342043 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of cell therapy for tissue repair and regeneration demands efficient and reliable cell delivery methods. Here we established a novel microengineered cryogel (microcryogel) array chip containing microcryogels with predefined size and shape as injectable cell delivery vehicles. The microscale macroporous cryogels enabled automatic and homogeneous loading of tailored cellular niches (e.g. cells, matrices, bioactive factors) and could be easily harvested from the ready-to-use array chip. In contrast to microscale hydrogels, microcryogels exhibited excellent elasticity and could retain their shape and integrity after injection through the microsyringe routinely used for cell therapy. Human mesenchymal stromal cells loaded within microcryogels could be shielded from the mechanical insult and necrosis caused by during direct cell injection. After subcutaneous injection to the mice, cell-loaded microcryogels exhibited concentrated localization and enhanced retention at the injection site compared to dissociated cells. To demonstrate the potential therapeutic application for ischemic diseases, site-directed induction of angiogenesis was achieved subcutaneously in mice 2weeks after injection of NIH/3T3 fibroblast-loaded microcryogels, indicating long-term engraftment, accumulative paracrine stimulation and augmented host tissue integration. Our results convincingly showed the great promise of microcryogels as 3-D cellular microniches and injectable cell delivery vehicles to tackle major challenges faced by cell therapy-based regenerative medicine including shear-induced damages, uncontrolled localization, poor retention, limited cellular survival and functionalities in vivo.
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65
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Elman JS, Murray RM, Wang F, Shen K, Gao S, Conway KE, Yarmush ML, Tannous BA, Weissleder R, Parekkadan B. Pharmacokinetics of natural and engineered secreted factors delivered by mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89882. [PMID: 24587097 PMCID: PMC3931832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient cell therapy is an emerging drug class that requires new approaches for pharmacological monitoring during use. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a clinically-tested transient cell therapeutic that naturally secrete anti-inflammatory factors to attenuate immune-mediated diseases. MSCs were used as a proof-of-concept with the hypothesis that measuring the release of secreted factors after cell transplantation, rather than the biodistribution of the cells alone, would be an alternative monitoring tool to understand the exposure of a subject to MSCs. By comparing cellular engraftment and the associated serum concentration of secreted factors released from the graft, we observed clear differences between the pharmacokinetics of MSCs and their secreted factors. Exploration of the effects of natural or engineered secreted proteins, active cellular secretion pathways, and clearance mechanisms revealed novel aspects that affect the systemic exposure of the host to secreted factors from a cellular therapeutic. We assert that a combined consideration of cell delivery strategies and molecular pharmacokinetics can provide a more predictive model for outcomes of MSC transplantation and potentially other transient cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Elman
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Murray
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fangjing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Conway
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bakhos A. Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
AIM To provide a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials (CTs) listed in worldwide registries involving new applications for stem cell-based treatments and account for the role of industry. MATERIALS & METHODS We developed a data set of 4749 stem cell CTs up to 2013 in worldwide registries. We defined 1058 novel CTs (i.e., trials that were not observational in nature; did not involve an established stem cell therapy for an established indication, such as hematopoietic stem cells for leukemia; and did not investigate supportive measures). Based on trial descriptions, we manually coded these for eight additional elements. RESULTS Our analysis details the characteristics of novel stem cell CTs (e.g., stem cell types being tested, disease being targeted, and whether interventions were autologous or allogeneic), geotemporal trends, and private sector involvement as sponsor or collaborator. CONCLUSION The field is progressing at a steady pace with emerging business models for stem cell therapeutics. However, therapeutic rhetoric must be tempered to reflect current clinical and research realities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Li
- School of Public Health, 3-279 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Ave, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
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67
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Fischbach MA, Bluestone JA, Lim WA. Cell-based therapeutics: the next pillar of medicine. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ps7. [PMID: 23552369 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, the pharmaceutical industry-long dominated by small-molecule drugs-was revolutionized by the the advent of biologics. Today, biomedicine sits on the cusp of a new revolution: the use of microbial and human cells as versatile therapeutic engines. Here, we discuss the promise of this "third pillar" of therapeutics in the context of current scientific, regulatory, economic, and perceptual challenges. History suggests that the advent of cellular medicines will require the development of a foundational cellular engineering science that provides a systematic framework for safely and predictably altering and regulating cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fischbach
- UCSF Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. fischbach@f schbach-group.org
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68
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Nystedt J, Anderson H, Tikkanen J, Pietilä M, Hirvonen T, Takalo R, Heiskanen A, Satomaa T, Natunen S, Lehtonen S, Hakkarainen T, Korhonen M, Laitinen S, Valmu L, Lehenkari P. Cell surface structures influence lung clearance rate of systemically infused mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:317-26. [PMID: 23132820 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The promising clinical effects of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) rely especially on paracrine and nonimmunogenic mechanisms. Delivery routes are essential for the efficacy of cell therapy and systemic delivery by infusion is the obvious goal for many forms of MSC therapy. Lung adhesion of MSCs might, however, be a major obstacle yet to overcome. Current knowledge does not allow us to make sound conclusions whether MSC lung entrapment is harmful or beneficial, and thus we wanted to explore MSC lung adhesion in greater detail. We found a striking difference in the lung clearance rate of systemically infused MSCs derived from two different clinical sources, namely bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs). The BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs used in this study differed in cell size, but our results also indicated other mechanisms behind the lung adherence. A detailed analysis of the cell surface profiles revealed differences in the expression of relevant adhesion molecules. The UCB-MSCs had higher expression levels of α4 integrin (CD49d, VLA-4), α6 integrin (CD49f, VLA-6), and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) and a higher general fucosylation level. Strikingly, the level of CD49d and CD49f expression could be functionally linked with the lung clearance rate. Additionally, we saw a possible link between MSC lung adherence and higher fibronectin expression and we show that the expression of fibronectin increases with MSC culture confluence. Future studies should aim at developing methods of transiently modifying the cell surface structures in order to improve the delivery of therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nystedt
- Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.
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69
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and MSC-like cells hold great promise and offer many advantages for developing effective cellular therapeutics. Current trends indicate that the clinical application of MSC will continue to increase markedly. For clinical applications, large numbers of MSC are usually required, ideally in an off-the-shelf format, thus requiring extensive MSC expansion ex vivo and subsequent cryopreservation and banking. AREAS COVERED To exploit the full potential of MSC for cell-based therapies requires overcoming significant cell-manufacturing, banking and regulatory challenges. The current review will focus on the identification of optimal cell source for MSC, the techniques for production scale-up, cryopreservation and banking and the regulatory challenges involved. EXPERT OPINION There has been considerable success manufacturing and cryopreserving MSC at laboratory scale. Surprisingly little attention, however, has been given to translate these technologies to an industrial scale. The development of cost-effective advanced technologies for producing and cryopreserving commercial-scale MSC is important for successful clinical cell therapy.
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70
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Generation of mesenchymal stem cells as a medicinal product in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:65-70. [PMID: 23222173 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835c2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as an alternative treatment in solid-organ transplantation. The use of MSCs as a therapeutic product requires the translation of basic research protocols into a production process under good manufacturing practice (GMP) to obtain a safe product of high quality. This requires a different mindset from the academic setting of changing protocols into a well defined, controlled and documented process. This review describes some of the challenges faced by culturing MSCs as a medicinal product. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical-grade MSCs are used in the clinical trials and proved to be safe as a medicinal product. Because of the differences in the type of MSCs and in the production process, clinical outcome is not always comparable. New standardized methods in the culture condition such as the use of alternatives for fetal bovine serum (FBS), standardized plating densities or the use of bioreactors may further standardize the production process. SUMMARY To generate MSCs as a medicinal product in organ transplantation, regulation requires that MSCs have to be generated under GMP. During the whole production process, all critical steps should be known and described. Further steps should be taken to optimize and standardize the production process.
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71
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Rafiq QA, Coopman K, Hewitt CJ. Scale-up of human mesenchymal stem cell culture: current technologies and future challenges. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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72
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Wong VW, Sorkin M, Gurtner GC. Enabling stem cell therapies for tissue repair: current and future challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2012. [PMID: 23178704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells embody the tremendous potential of the human body to develop, grow, and repair throughout life. Understanding the biologic mechanisms that underlie stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration is key to harnessing this potential. Recent advances in molecular biology, genetic engineering, and material science have broadened our understanding of stem cells and helped bring them closer to widespread clinical application. Specifically, innovative approaches to optimize how stem cells are identified, isolated, grown, and utilized will help translate these advances into effective clinical therapies. Although there is growing interest in stem cells worldwide, this enthusiasm must be tempered by the fact that these treatments remain for the most part clinically unproven. Future challenges include refining the therapeutic manipulation of stem cells, validating these technologies in randomized clinical trials, and regulating the global expansion of regenerative stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Wong
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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73
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Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1773-90. [PMID: 23043623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle diseases are major health concerns. For example, ischemic heart disease is the third most common cause of death. Cell therapy is an attractive approach for treating muscle diseases, although this is hampered by the need to generate large numbers of functional muscle cells. Small molecules have become established as attractive tools for modulating cell behavior and, in this review, we discuss the recent, rapid research advances made in the development of small molecule methods to facilitate the production of functional cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. We also describe how new developments in small molecule strategies for muscle disease aim to induce repair and remodelling of the damaged tissues in situ. Recent progress has been made in developing small molecule cocktails that induce skeletal muscle regeneration, and these are discussed in a broader context, because a similar phenomenon occurs in the early stages of salamander appendage regeneration. Although formidable technical hurdles still remain, these new advances in small molecule-based methodologies should provide hope that cell therapies for patients suffering from muscle disease can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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74
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Is belief larger than fact: expectations, optimism and reality for translational stem cell research. BMC Med 2012; 10:133. [PMID: 23131007 PMCID: PMC3520764 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell (SC) therapies hold remarkable promise for many diseases, but there is a significant gulf between public expectations and the reality of progress toward clinical application. Public expectations are fueled by stakeholder arguments for research and public funding, coupled with intense media coverage in an ethically charged arena. We examine media representations in light of the expanding global landscape of SC clinical trials, asking what patients may realistically expect by way of timelines for the therapeutic and curative potential of regenerative medicine? METHODS We built 2 international datasets: (1) 3,404 clinical trials (CT) containing 'stem cell*' from ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Search Portal; and (2) 13,249 newspaper articles on SC therapies using Factiva.com. We compared word frequencies between the CT descriptions and full-text newspaper articles for the number containing terms for SC type and diseases/conditions. We also developed inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify novel SC CTs, mainly regenerative medicine applications. RESULTS Newspaper articles focused on human embryonic SCs and neurological conditions with significant coverage as well of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In contrast, CTs used primarily hematopoietic SCs, with an increase in CTs using mesenchymal SCs since 2007. The latter dominated our novel classification for CTs, most of which are in phases I and II. From the perspective of the public, expecting therapies for neurological conditions, there is limited activity in what may be considered novel applications of SC therapies. CONCLUSIONS Given the research, regulatory, and commercialization hurdles to the clinical translation of SC research, it seems likely that patients and political supporters will become disappointed and disillusioned. In this environment, proponents need to make a concerted effort to temper claims. Even though the field is highly promising, it lacks significant private investment and is largely reliant on public support, requiring a more honest acknowledgement of the expected therapeutic benefits and the timelines to achieving them.
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75
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Bubela T, Reshef A, Li MD, Atkins H, Caulfield T, Culme-Seymour E, Gold ER, Illes J, Isasi R, McCabe C, Ogbogu U, Piret J, Mason C. Enabling advanced cell therapies (EnACT): invitation to an online forum on resolving barriers to clinical translation. Regen Med 2012; 7:735-40. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bubela
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amir Reshef
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew D Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harold Atkins
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Judy Illes
- Faculty of Medicine & National Core for Neuroethics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosario Isasi
- Centre of Genomics & Policy, Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories & Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, UCL, London, UK
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76
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Mesenchymal stem cell 1 (MSC1)-based therapy attenuates tumor growth whereas MSC2-treatment promotes tumor growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45590. [PMID: 23029122 PMCID: PMC3447765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are many promising clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell-based therapies of numerous diseases. Increasingly, however, there is a concern over the use of MSCs because they home to tumors and can support tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, we established that MSCs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment promoted tumor growth and favored angiogenesis. In parallel studies, we also developed a new approach to induce the conventional mixed pool of MSCs into two uniform but distinct phenotypes we termed MSC1 and MSC2. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we tested the in vitro and in vivo stability of MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes as well as their effects on tumor growth and spread. In vitro co-culture of MSC1 with various cancer cells diminished growth in colony forming units and tumor spheroid assays, while conventional MSCs or MSC2 co-culture had the opposite effect in these assays. Co-culture of MSC1 and cancer cells also distinctly affected their migration and invasion potential when compared to MSCs or MSC2 treated samples. The expression of bioactive molecules also differed dramatically among these samples. MSC1-based treatment of established tumors in an immune competent model attenuated tumor growth and metastasis in contrast to MSCs- and MSC2-treated animals in which tumor growth and spread was increased. Also, in contrast to these groups, MSC1-therapy led to less ascites accumulation, increased CD45+leukocytes, decreased collagen deposition, and mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These observations indicate that the MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes may be convenient tools for the discovery of critical components of the tumor stroma. The continued investigation of these cells may help ensure that cell based-therapy is used safely and effectively in human disease.
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77
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Culme-Seymour EJ, Mason C. 'The Little Purple Book', 2nd edition: Cell therapy and regenerative medicine glossary. Regen Med 2012; 7:263-4. [PMID: 22594317 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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78
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Smith DM. Assessing commercial opportunities for autologous and allogeneic cell-based products. Regen Med 2012; 7:721-32. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The two primary cell sources used to produce cell-based therapies are autologous (self-derived) and allogeneic (derived from a donor). This analysis attempts to compare and contrast the two approaches in order to understand whether there is an emerging preference in the market. While the current clinical trials underway are slightly biased to autologous approaches, it is clear that both cell-based approaches are being aggressively pursued. This analysis also breaks down the commercial advantages of each cell-based approach, comparing both cost of goods and the ideal indication type for each. While allogeneic therapies have considerable advantages over autologous therapies, they do have a distinct disadvantage regarding potential immunogenicity. The introduction of the hybrid autologous business model provides the ability for autologous-based therapies to mitigate some of the advantages that allogeneic cell-based therapies enjoy, including cost of goods. Finally, two case studies are presented that demonstrate that there is sufficient space for both autologous and allogeneic cell-based therapies within a single disease area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyn M Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
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79
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Culme-Seymour EJ, Davie NL, Brindley DA, Edwards-Parton S, Mason C. A decade of cell therapy clinical trials (2000–2010). Regen Med 2012; 7:455-62. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha L Davie
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - David A Brindley
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, UK
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80
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Abstract
This article describes the emergence, during 2011, of a community of best practice for the GMP manufacture of cellular therapies in the UK. The community originated in response to the anticipated demand for manufacturing capability as the UK increases its throughput of successful cell therapies. The community will catalyze the development of robust manufacturing processes essential to establishing the cell therapy industry in the UK. The Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Manufacturing Community (amc) was formed in September 2010 as a community of best practice for cell therapy manufacturing in the UK. During 2011, the amc held three technical meetings, established an online presence via a website, Twitter and LinkedIn and now has 191 members. The amc aims to share nonconfidential information, develop best practice, inform and influence. The amc is also well placed to showcase UK GMP cell therapy manufacturing capability, which is currently well distributed and mostly focused on small-scale manufacture for clinical trials. The amc welcomes and encourages anyone with an interest in cell therapy manufacture to join.
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81
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Brindley D, Davie N, Sahlman W, Bonfiglio G, Culme-Seymour E, Reeve B, Mason C. Promising Growth and Investment in the Cell Therapy Industry during the First Quarter of 2012. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:492-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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82
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Brindley DA, Davie NL, Culme-Seymour EJ, Mason C, Smith DW, Rowley JA. Peak serum: implications of serum supply for cell therapy manufacturing. Regen Med 2012; 7:7-13. [PMID: 22168489 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Brindley
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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83
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Abstract
Stock market volatility in the cell therapy industry has greatly hindered the investment necessary to fund translational therapies. Here, we review the volatility of leading companies and suggest that a distinct industry is maturing to a point at which the volatility should subside, providing a more attractive environment for future growth.
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84
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Reeve BC. Creative cross-organizational collaboration: coming to a project near you. Regen Med 2012; 7:237-43. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the pharmaceutical industry has provided investors with robust growth and patients with a range of life-enhancing treatments; academic institutions conducted early-stage research largely supported by the government; disease foundations funded projects in their areas of interest; and venture capital built exciting new startups with bold ambitions. Today, those institutions are all facing scientific, economic and operating challenges. As a result, they are experimenting with new organizational and funding models. We consider some of those models in the life sciences in general, as well as in the development and delivery of novel regenerative medicines. In particular, the changing roles of the venture capital and disease foundation communities are considered in the context of academic and commercial collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock C Reeve
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Holyoke Center, Suite 727W, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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85
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Jaklenec A, Stamp A, Deweerd E, Sherwin A, Langer R. Progress in the tissue engineering and stem cell industry "are we there yet?". TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:155-66. [PMID: 22220809 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This report presents a detailed update to our 2008 publication on the tissue engineering (TE) and stem cell industry. Data are reported through mid 2011 showing an almost three-fold growth in commercial sales over the past 4 years. In addition, the number of companies selling products or offering services has increased over two-fold to 106, and they are generating a remarkable $3.5 billion in sales. Overall, the TE and stem cell sector is spending $3.6 billion and employing almost 14,000 employees. These data suggest the TE and stem cell industry has stabilized and is on a path pointing toward continued success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jaklenec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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86
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Betancourt AM. New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:163-97. [PMID: 22869086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are quickly taking hold as a revolutionary new approach to treat many human diseases. Among the cells used in these treatments, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also often and imprecisely termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are widely used because they are considered clinically safe, unique in their immune-modulating capabilities, easily obtained from adult tissues, and quickly expanded as well as stored. However, despite these established advantages, there are limiting factors to employing MSCs in these therapeutic strategies. Foremost is the lack of a general consensus on a definition of these cells, marring efforts to prepare homogeneous lots and more importantly complicating their in vitro and in vivo investigation. Furthermore, although one of the most profound clinical effects of MSC intravenous administration is the modulation of host immune responses, no adequate ex vivo assays exist to consistently predict the therapeutic effect of each MSC lot in the treated patient. Until these issues are addressed, this very promising and safe new therapeutic approach cannot be used to its full advantage. However, these confounding issues do present exciting opportunities. The first is an opportunity to discover unknown aspects of host immune responses because the unique effect driven by MSC infusion on a patient's immunity has not yet been identified. In addition, there is an opportunity to develop methods, tests, and tools to better define MSCs and MSC-based therapy and provide consistency in preparation and effect. To this end, my laboratory recently developed a new approach to induce uniform pro-inflammatory MSC1 and anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes from bone marrow-derived MSC preparations. I anticipate that MSC1 and MSC2 provide convenient tools with which to address some of these limitations and will help advance safe and effective CBTs for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Betancourt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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