51
|
Sun L, Gao F, Gao Z, Ao L, Li N, Ma S, Jia M, Li N, Lu P, Sun B, Ho M, Jia S, Ding T, Gao W. Shed antigen-induced blocking effect on CAR-T cells targeting Glypican-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001875. [PMID: 33833049 PMCID: PMC8039282 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3), a cell surface glycoprotein that is pathologically highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is an attractive target for immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. The serum GPC3 is frequently elevated in HCC patients due to the shedding effect of cell surface GPC3. The shed GPC3 (sGPC3) is reported to block the function of cell-surface GPC3 as a negative regulator. Therefore, it would be worth investigating the potential influence of antigen shedding in anti-GPC3 CAR-T therapy for HCC. METHODS In this study, we constructed two types of CAR-T cells targeting distinct epitopes of GPC3 to examine how sGPC3 influences the activation and cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo by introducing sGPC3 positive patient serum or recombinant sGPC3 proteins into HCC cells or by using sGPC3-overexpressing HCC cell lines. RESULTS Both humanized YP7 CAR-T cells and 32A9 CAR-T cells showed GPC3-specific antitumor functions in vitro and in vivo. The existence of sGPC3 significantly inhibited the release of cytokines and the cytotoxicity of anti-GPC3 CAR-T cells in vitro. In animal models, mice carrying Hep3B xenograft tumors expressing sGPC3 exhibited a worse response to the treatment with CAR-T cells under both a low and high tumor burden. sGPC3 bound to CAR-T cells but failed to induce the effective activation of CAR-T cells. Therefore, sGPC3 acted as dominant negative regulators when competed with cell surface GPC3 to bind anti-GPC3 CAR-T cells, leading to an inhibitory effect on CAR-T cells in HCC. CONCLUSIONS We provide a proof-of-concept study demonstrating that GPC3 shedding might cause worse response to CAR-T cell treatment by competing with cell surface GPC3 for CAR-T cell binding, which revealed a new mechanism of tumor immune escape in HCC, providing a novel biomarker for patient enrolment in future clinical trials and/or treatments with GPC3-targeted CAR-T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/blood
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Glypicans/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glypicans/blood
- Glypicans/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Liver Neoplasms/blood
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Proof of Concept Study
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhanhui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Jia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland - Saint Lucia Campus, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peihua Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Development of a Tetravalent T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody Against Glypican-3 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Immunother 2021; 44:106-113. [PMID: 33239522 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies benefit from accelerated development of biotechnology, and many immunotherapeutic strategies spring up including vaccines, the immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family of proteins and is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell membranes. Here, the authors describe a new tetravalent BsAb h8B-BsAb targeting GPC3 and CD3 antigens and studied its antitumor activities against HCC. h8B-BsAb was designed based on immunoglobulin G with a fragment variable fused to the light chain, whose biophysical stabilities including degradation resistance and thermostability were improved by introducing disulfide bonds. In vitro activity of h8B-BsAb showed potent T-cell recruitment and activation for HCC cell lysis by the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but no specific killing in GPC3-negative cells. In HCC xenograft mouse studies, h8B-BsAb induced robust regression of tumors. In summary, we engineered a highly stable and efficacious BsAb as a potential candidate for HCC treatment.
Collapse
|
53
|
Gerlza T, Trojacher C, Kitic N, Adage T, Kungl AJ. Development of Molecules Antagonizing Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:316-332. [PMID: 33794555 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) occur in almost every tissue of the human body and consist of a protein core, with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide chains. These glycosaminoglycans are characterized by their polyanionic nature, due to sulfate and carboxyl groups, which are distributed along the chain. These chains can be modified by different enzymes at varying positions, which leads to huge diversity of possible structures with the complexity further increased by varying chain lengths. According to their location, HSPGs are divided into different families, the membrane bound, the secreted extracellular matrix, and the secretory vesicle family. As members of the extracellular matrix, they take part in cell-cell communication processes on many levels and with different degrees of involvement. Of particular therapeutic interest is their role in cancer and inflammation as well as in infectious diseases. In this review, we give an overview of the current status of medical approaches to antagonize HSPG function in pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gerlza
- Karl-Franzens University Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Trojacher
- Karl-Franzens University Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Nikola Kitic
- Karl-Franzens University Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andreas J Kungl
- Karl-Franzens University Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz, Austria.,Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Liu L, Song Z, Gao XD, Chen X, Wu XB, Wang M, Hong YD. Identification of the potential novel biomarkers as susceptibility gene for Wilms tumor. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:316. [PMID: 33765954 PMCID: PMC7992941 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common malignant renal tumor in children. The aim of this study was to identify potential susceptibility gene of WT for better prognosis. Methods Weighted gene coexpression network analysis is used for the detection of clinically important biomarkers associated with WT. Results In the study, 59 tissue samples from National Cancer Institute were pretreated for constructing gene co-expression network, while 224 samples also downloaded from National Cancer Institute were used for hub gene validation and module preservation analysis. Three modules were found to be highly correlated with WT, and 44 top hub genes were identified in these key modules eventually. In addition, both the module preservation analysis and gene validation showed ideal results based on other dataset with 224 samples. Meanwhile, Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes in module were enriched to sister chromatid cohesion, cell cycle, oocyte meiosis. Conclusion In summary, we established a gene co-expression network to identify 44 hub genes are closely to recurrence and staging of WT, and 6 of these hub genes was closely related to the poor prognosis of patients. Our findings revealed that those hub genes may be used as potential susceptibility gene for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of this tumor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08034-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Gao
- College of Health Science and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 420000, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-De Hong
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Glypican-1, -3, -5 (GPC1, GPC3, GPC5) and Hedgehog Pathway Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:345-351. [PMID: 33512817 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are involved in tumor development and may regulate the Hedgehog (HH) pathway. This study aimed to investigate the gene and protein expression of glypican-1 (GPC1), -3 (GPC3), and -5 (GPC5) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and tumor-free lateral margins (TM) and their association with the HH pathway. Quantitative PCR was performed for GPC1, GPC3, GPC5, SHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1 genes in samples of OSCC (n=31), TM (n=12), and non-neoplastic oral mucosa (NNM) of healthy patients (n=6), alongside an immunohistochemical evaluation of GPC1, GPC3, and GPC5 proteins and HH proteins SHH and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1). Double staining for GPC3/SHH, GPC5/SHH, GPC3/tubulin [ac Lys40], GPC5/Tubulin [ac Lys40], and GPC5/GLI1 was also performed. Overexpression of GPC1 and GPC5 in tumor samples and underexpressed levels of GPC3 gene transcripts were observed when compared with TM (standard sample). HH pathway mRNA aberrant expression in OSCC samples and a negative correlation between GPC1 and GPC5 at transcription levels were detected. GPC1 staining was rare in OSCC, but positive cells were found in NNM and TM. Otherwise positive immunostaining for GPC3 and GPC5 was observed in OSCCs, but not in NNM and TM. Blood vessels adjacent to tumor islands were positive for GPC1 and GPC5. Co-localization of GPC3-positive and GPC5-positive cells with SHH and Tubulin [ac Lys40] proteins was noted, as well as of GPC5 and GLI1. The absence of the GPC1 protein in neoplastic cells, underexpression of the GPC3 gene, and co-localization of GPCs and HH proteins may indicate the maintenance of aberrant HH pathway activation in OSCC.
Collapse
|
56
|
Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Adoptive Cell Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biological Rationale and First Results in Early Phase Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020271. [PMID: 33450845 PMCID: PMC7828372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is quickly increasing worldwide. In unresectable HCC, the cornerstone of systemic treatments is switching from tyrosine kinase inhibitors to immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI). Next to ICI, adoptive cell transfer represents another promising field of immunotherapy. Targeting tumor associated antigens such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC3), or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1), T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) engineered T cells are emerging as potentially effective therapies, with objective responses reported in early phase trials. In this review, we address the biological rationale of TCR/CAR engineered T cells in advanced HCC, their mechanisms of action, and results from recent clinical trials.
Collapse
|
58
|
Houvast RD, Vankemmelbeke M, Durrant LG, Wuhrer M, Baart VM, Kuppen PJK, de Geus-Oei LF, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Targeting Glycans and Heavily Glycosylated Proteins for Tumor Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123870. [PMID: 33371487 PMCID: PMC7767531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Distinguishing malignancy from healthy tissue is essential for oncologic surgery. Targeted imaging during an operation aids the surgeon to operate better. The present tracers for detecting cancer are directed against proteins that are overexpressed on the membrane of tumor cells. This review evaluates the use of tumor-associated sugar molecules as an alternative for proteins to image cancer tissue. These sugar molecules are present as glycans on glycosylated membrane proteins and glycolipids. Due to their location and large numbers per cell, these sugar molecules might be better targets for tumor imaging than proteins. Abstract Real-time tumor imaging techniques are increasingly used in oncological surgery, but still need to be supplemented with novel targeted tracers, providing specific tumor tissue detection based on intra-tumoral processes or protein expression. To maximize tumor/non-tumor contrast, targets should be highly and homogenously expressed on tumor tissue only, preferably from the earliest developmental stage onward. Unfortunately, most evaluated tumor-associated proteins appear not to meet all of these criteria. Thus, the quest for ideal targets continues. Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids is a fundamental hallmark of almost all cancer types and contributes to tumor progression. Additionally, overexpression of glycoproteins that carry aberrant glycans, such as mucins and proteoglycans, is observed. Selected tumor-associated glyco-antigens are abundantly expressed and could, thus, be ideal candidates for targeted tumor imaging. Nevertheless, glycan-based tumor imaging is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight the potential of glycans, and heavily glycosylated proteoglycans and mucins as targets for multimodal tumor imaging by discussing the preclinical and clinical accomplishments within this field. Additionally, we describe the major advantages and limitations of targeting glycans compared to cancer-associated proteins. Lastly, by providing a brief overview of the most attractive tumor-associated glycans and glycosylated proteins in association with their respective tumor types, we set out the way for implementing glycan-based imaging in a clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D. Houvast
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.V.); (L.G.D.)
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.V.); (L.G.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Victor M. Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Peter J. K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Cornelis F. M. Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
- Percuros BV, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-752662610
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Barkovskaya A, Buffone A, Žídek M, Weaver VM. Proteoglycans as Mediators of Cancer Tissue Mechanics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569377. [PMID: 33330449 PMCID: PMC7734320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a diverse group of molecules which are characterized by a central protein backbone that is decorated with a variety of linear sulfated glycosaminoglycan side chains. Proteoglycans contribute significantly to the biochemical and mechanical properties of the interstitial extracellular matrix where they modulate cellular behavior by engaging transmembrane receptors. Proteoglycans also comprise a major component of the cellular glycocalyx to influence transmembrane receptor structure/function and mechanosignaling. Through their ability to initiate biochemical and mechanosignaling in cells, proteoglycans elicit profound effects on proliferation, adhesion and migration. Pathologies including cancer and cardiovascular disease are characterized by perturbed expression of proteoglycans where they compromise cell and tissue behavior by stiffening the extracellular matrix and increasing the bulkiness of the glycocalyx. Increasing evidence indicates that a bulky glycocalyx and proteoglycan-enriched extracellular matrix promote malignant transformation, increase cancer aggression and alter anti-tumor therapy response. In this review, we focus on the contribution of proteoglycans to mechanobiology in the context of normal and transformed tissues. We discuss the significance of proteoglycans for therapy response, and the current experimental strategies that target proteoglycans to sensitize cancer cells to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barkovskaya
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Buffone
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Martin Žídek
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Yu L, Yang X, Huang N, Wu M, Sun H, He Q, Lang Q, Zou X, Liu Z, Wang J, Ge L. Generation of fully human anti-GPC3 antibodies with high-affinity recognition of GPC3 positive tumors. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:615-626. [PMID: 33215325 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The acceleration of therapeutic antibody development has been motivated by the benefit to and their demand for human health. In particular, humanized transgenic antibody discovery platforms, combined with immunization, hybridoma fusion and/or single cell DNA sequencing are the most reliable and rapid methods for mining the human monoclonal antibodies. Human GPC3 protein is an oncofetal antigen, and it is highly expressed in most hepatocellular carcinomas and some types of squamous cell carcinomas. Currently, no fully human anti-GPC3 therapeutic antibodies have been reported and evaluated in extensive tumor tissues. Here, we utilized a new humanized transgenic mouse antibody discovery platform (CAMouse) that contains large V(D)J -regions and human gamma-constant regions of human immunoglobulin in authentic configurations to generate fully human anti-GPC3 antibodies. Our experiments resulted in four anti-GPC3 antibodies with high-specific binding and cytotoxicity to GPC3 positive cancer cells, and the antibody affinities are in the nanomolar range. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that these antibodies can recognize GPC3 protein on many types of solid tumors. In summary, the human anti-human GPC3 monoclonal antibodies described here are leading candidates for further preclinical studies of cancer therapy, further, the CAMouse platform is a robust tool for human therapeutic antibody discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qilin He
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Qiaoli Lang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiangang Zou
- Chongqing CAMAB Biotech Ltd., Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, No.51 Changlong Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing CAMAB Biotech Ltd., Chongqing, 402460, China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Geng Z, Zhang Y, Wang S, Li H, Zhang C, Yin S, Xie C, Dai Y. Radiomics Analysis of Susceptibility Weighted Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Exploring the Correlation between Histopathology and Radiomics Features. Magn Reson Med Sci 2020; 20:253-263. [PMID: 32788505 PMCID: PMC8424030 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: No previous researches have extracted radiomics features from susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) for biomedical applications. This research aimed to explore the correlation between histopathology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and radiomics features extracted from SWI. Methods: A total of 53 patients were ultimately enrolled into this retrospective study with MR examinations undertaken at a 3T scanner. About 107 radiomics features were extracted from SWI images of each patient. Then, the Spearman correlation test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the SWI-derived radiomics features and histopathologic indexes including histopathologic grade, microvascular invasion (MVI) as well as the expression status of cytokeratin 7 (CK-7), cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) and Glypican-3 (GPC-3). With SWI-derived radiomics features utilized as independent variables, four logistic regression-based diagnostic models were established for diagnosing patients with positive CK-7, CK-19, GPC-3 and high histopathologic grade, respectively. Then, receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Results: A total of 11, 32, 18 and one SWI-derived radiomics features were significantly correlated with histopathologic grade, the expression of CK-7, the expression of CK-19 and the expression of GPC-3 (P < 0.05), respectively. None of the SWI-derived radiomics features was correlated with MVI status. The areas under the curve were 0.905, 0.837, 0.800 and 0.760 for diagnosing patients with positive CK-19, positive CK-7, high histopathologic grade and positive GPC-3. Conclusion: Extracting the radiomics features from SWI images was feasible to evaluate multiple histopathologic indexes of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare
| | - Shutong Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
| | - Shaohan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
| | - Chuanmiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.,Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center
| | - Yongming Dai
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li X, Wang X, Ito A. An MRI-visible immunoadjuvant based on hollow Gd 2O 3 nanospheres for cancer immunotherapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8186-8189. [PMID: 32618297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03568h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hollow Gd2O3 nanospheres significantly promote the cellular uptake of a tumor antigen by antigen presenting cells, exhibit pH-dependent alteration of the MR signal intensity and markedly enhance the antitumor immunity. Hollow Gd2O3 nanospheres are promising as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible cancer immunoadjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Calvisi DF, Solinas A. Hepatoblastoma: current knowledge and promises from preclinical studies. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:42. [PMID: 32632393 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate for patients with metastatic hepatoblastoma (HB) is steadily increased in the last thirty years from 27% to 79%. These achievements result from accurate risk stratification and effective chemotherapy and surgical care. However, patients with poor prognosis require more effective therapies. Recent years have witnessed new insights on the biology of HB, setting the stage for molecular classification and new targets of therapy. We review here the molecular pathology of HB, focusing on the driver genes involved in the process of oncogenesis and the identification of novel targets. We also address the role of in vivo models in elucidating the mechanisms of development of this disease and the pre-clinical phase of new treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ogasawara A, Sato S, Hasegawa K. Current and future strategies for treatment of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:1678-1689. [PMID: 32578333 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is one of the five histological types of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). OCCC comprises 23% of all EOC cases in Japan, whereas the rate of OCCC in North America and Europe is much lower. OCCC is generally categorized as a rare gynecologic malignancy, and there is limited evidence for specific treatment. The clinical basis for treatment of OCCC is mostly based on retrospective studies, many of which were performed in Japan. Until recently, most randomized clinical trials for EOC have included OCCC; therefore, current treatment for OCCC is basically the same as that for other histologic types of EOC. However, the clinical characteristics of OCCC differ from those of high-grade serous carcinoma, particularly for chemosensitivity, and there is a need to develop new treatment for OCCC. The molecular background of OCCC has unique features: tumors are usually negative for p53 mutations and positive for ARID1A and/or PIK3CA mutations, whereas p53 mutations are common in high-grade serous or endometrioid carcinomas. These features may help in development of new treatment for OCCC. In this review, we described the current evidence for treatment of OCCC, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and we discuss ongoing clinical trials and preclinical studies of new treatment approaches for OCCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ogasawara
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sho Sato
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Taniguchi M, Mizuno S, Yoshikawa T, Fujinami N, Sugimoto M, Kobayashi S, Takahashi S, Konishi M, Gotohda N, Nakatsura T. Peptide vaccine as an adjuvant therapy for glypican-3-positive hepatocellular carcinoma induces peptide-specific CTLs and improves long prognosis. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2747-2759. [PMID: 32449239 PMCID: PMC7419030 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no established postoperative adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and improvement of patient prognosis has been limited. We conducted long‐term monitoring of patients within a phase II trial that targeted a cancer antigen, glypican‐3 (GPC3), specifically expressed in HCC. We sought to determine if the GPC3 peptide vaccine was an effective adjuvant therapy by monitoring disease‐free survival and overall survival. We also tracked GPC3 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, CTL induction, and postoperative plasma GPC3 for a patient group that was administered the vaccine (n = 35) and an unvaccinated patient group that underwent surgery only (n = 33). The 1‐y recurrence rate after surgery was reduced by approximately 15%, and the 5‐y and 8‐y survival rates were improved by approximately 10% and 30%, respectively, in the vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated group. Patients who were positive for GPC3 IHC staining were more likely to have induced CTLs, and 60% survived beyond 5 y. Vaccine efficacy had a positive relationship with plasma concentration of GPC3; high concentrations increased the 5‐y survival rate to 75%. We thus expect GPC3 vaccination in patients with HCC, who are positive for GPC3 IHC staining and/or plasma GPC3 to induce CTL and have significantly improved long‐term prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Taniguchi
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoichi Mizuno
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motokazu Sugimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shin Kobayashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masaru Konishi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Naoto Gotohda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) can simultaneously bind two different epitopes or antigens, allowing for multiple mechanistic functions with synergistic effects. BsAbs have attracted significant scientific attentions and efforts towards their development as drugs for cancers. There are 21 bsAbs currently undergoing clinical trials in China. Here, we review their platform technologies, expression and production, and biological activities and bioassay of these bsAbs, and summarize their structural formats and mechanisms of actions. T-cell redirection and checkpoint inhibition are two main mechanisms of the bsAbs that we discuss in detail. Furthermore, we provide our perspective on the future of bsAb development in China, including CD3-bsAbs for solid tumors and related cytokine release syndromes, expression and chemistry, manufacturing and controls, clinical development, and immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Biolake City C2-1, No. 666 Gaoxin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Jizu Yi
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Biolake City C2-1, No. 666 Gaoxin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Jizu Yi or Pengfei Zhou. or
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd, Biolake City C2-1, No. 666 Gaoxin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Jizu Yi or Pengfei Zhou. or
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Mocan T, Simão AL, Castro RE, Rodrigues CMP, Słomka A, Wang B, Strassburg C, Wöhler A, Willms AG, Kornek M. Liquid Biopsies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Are We Winning? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051541. [PMID: 32443747 PMCID: PMC7291267 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. One of the major problems faced by researchers and clinicians in this area is the lack of reliable disease biomarkers, which would allow for an earlier diagnosis, follow-up or prediction of treatment response, among others. In this regard, the “HCC circulome”, defined as the pool of circulating molecules in the bloodstream derived from the primary tumor, represents an appealing target, the so called liquid biopsy. Such molecules encompass circulating tumor proteins, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), and circulating tumor nucleic acids, namely circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA). In this article, we summarize recent findings highlighting the promising role of liquid biopsies as novel potential biomarkers in HCC, emphasizing on its clinical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - André L. Simão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.S.); (R.E.C.); (C.M.P.R.)
| | - Rui E. Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.S.); (R.E.C.); (C.M.P.R.)
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.S.); (R.E.C.); (C.M.P.R.)
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Aliona Wöhler
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, German Armed Forces Central Hospital Koblenz, 56072 Koblenz, Germany; (A.W.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Arnulf G. Willms
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, German Armed Forces Central Hospital Koblenz, 56072 Koblenz, Germany; (A.W.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Gulberti S, Mao X, Bui C, Fournel-Gigleux S. The role of heparan sulfate maturation in cancer: A focus on the 3O-sulfation and the enigmatic 3O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs). Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
69
|
Brassart-Pasco S, Brézillon S, Brassart B, Ramont L, Oudart JB, Monboisse JC. Tumor Microenvironment: Extracellular Matrix Alterations Influence Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:397. [PMID: 32351878 PMCID: PMC7174611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of various cell types embedded in an altered extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM not only serves as a support for tumor cell but also regulates cell-cell or cell-matrix cross-talks. Alterations in ECM may be induced by hypoxia and acidosis, by oxygen free radicals generated by infiltrating inflammatory cells or by tumor- or stromal cell-secreted proteases. A poorer diagnosis for patients is often associated with ECM alterations. Tumor ECM proteome, also named cancer matrisome, is strongly altered, and different ECM protein signatures may be defined to serve as prognostic biomarkers. Collagen network reorganization facilitates tumor cell invasion. Proteoglycan expression and location are modified in the TME and affect cell invasion and metastatic dissemination. ECM macromolecule degradation by proteases may induce the release of angiogenic growth factors but also the release of proteoglycan-derived or ECM protein fragments, named matrikines or matricryptins. This review will focus on current knowledge and new insights in ECM alterations, degradation, and reticulation through cross-linking enzymes and on the role of ECM fragments in the control of cancer progression and their potential use as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Brassart-Pasco
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Bertrand Brassart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
- CHU Reims, Service Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Oudart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
- CHU Reims, Service Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Jean Claude Monboisse
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire - MEDyC, Reims, France
- CHU Reims, Service Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Nakajima M, Hazama S, Tamada K, Udaka K, Kouki Y, Uematsu T, Arima H, Saito A, Doi S, Matsui H, Shindo Y, Matsukuma S, Kanekiyo S, Tokumitsu Y, Tomochika S, Iida M, Yoshida S, Nakagami Y, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Ueno T, Nagano H. A phase I study of multi-HLA-binding peptides derived from heat shock protein 70/glypican-3 and a novel combination adjuvant of hLAG-3Ig and Poly-ICLC for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers: YNP01 trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1651-1662. [PMID: 32219501 PMCID: PMC7347520 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background This phase I study aimed to evaluate the safety, peptide-specific immune responses, and anti-tumor effects of a novel vaccination therapy comprising multi-HLA-binding heat shock protein (HSP) 70/glypican-3 (GPC3) peptides and a novel adjuvant combination of hLAG-3Ig and Poly-ICLC against metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Methods HSP70/GPC3 peptides with high binding affinities for three HLA types (A*24:02, A*02:01, and A*02:06) were identified with our peptide prediction system. The peptides were intradermally administered with combined adjuvants on a weekly basis. This study was a phase I dose escalation clinical trial, which was carried out in a three patients’ cohort; in total, 11 patients were enrolled for the recommended dose. Results Seventeen patients received this vaccination therapy without dose-limiting toxicity. All treatment-related adverse events were of grades 1 to 2. Peptide-specific CTL induction by HSP70 and GPC3 proteins was observed in 11 (64.7%) and 13 (76.5%) cases, respectively, regardless of the HLA type. Serum tumor marker levels were decreased in 10 cases (58.8%). Immunological analysis using PBMCs indicated that patients receiving dose level 3 presented with significantly reduced T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3)-expressing CD4 + T cells after one course of treatment. PD-1 or TIM3-expressing CD4 + T cells and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT)-expressing CD8 + T cells in PBMCs before vaccination were negative predictive factors for survival. Conclusions This novel peptide vaccination therapy was safe for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00262-020-02518-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Keiko Udaka
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Kouki
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshinari Uematsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Arima
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of AI Applied Quantitative Clinical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shun Doi
- CYTLIMIC Inc, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yukio Tokumitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tomochika
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagami
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kawasaki University School of Medicine, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Liu S, Wang M, Zheng C, Zhong Q, Shi Y, Han X. Diagnostic value of serum glypican-3 alone and in combination with AFP as an aid in the diagnosis of liver cancer. Clin Biochem 2020; 79:54-60. [PMID: 32087138 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a series of studies have been published to examine the possible diagnostic and prognostic values of glypican-3 (GPC3) in liver cancer with conflicting results observed. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the values of preoperative serum GPC3 alone and in combination with AFP for the diagnosis of liver cancer. METHODS An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to quantify serum GPC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma group (HCC, n = 210), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma group (ICC, n = 36), combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma group (cHCC-CC, n = 8), metastatic liver cancer group (MLC, n = 10) and normal controls (NC, n = 134). RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) of GPC3 for HCC versus NC was 0.879, with a sensitivity of 79.52% at an optimal cutoff value of 0.0414 ng/mL; when GPC3 was combined with AFP, the AUC and sensitivity were increased to 0.925 and 88.10%, respectively. In addition, 43 of 68 AFP-negative patients had elevated GPC3 levels. Furthermore, the positive rate of GPC3 was significantly higher than the that of AFP for HCC in early stage. CONCLUSIONS Serum GPC3 was superior to AFP for the diagnosis of early-stage HCC, and may be complementary to AFP for distinguishing HCC from NC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China; Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Cuiling Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiaofeng Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.17, Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China; Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing 100032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wiedemeyer K, Köbel M, Koelkebeck H, Xiao Z, Vashisht K. High glypican-3 expression characterizes a distinct subset of ovarian clear cell carcinomas in Canadian patients: an opportunity for targeted therapy. Hum Pathol 2020; 98:56-63. [PMID: 32017945 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The expression frequency and distribution of glypican-3 (GPC3) was retrospectively assessed by immunohistochemistry in 316 accurately phenotyped ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) specimens from Canadian patients. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this biomarker in OCCC in a mixed-ethnicity Canadian population and to evaluate associations of GPC3 expression with clinicopathological parameters. Tissue microarrays with napsin A or HNF1β positive and WT1-negative OCCC specimens were evaluated using a GPC3 antibody clone 1G12. Membranous, cytoplasmic, and Golgi pattern GPC3 expression was noted in 184 of 316 (58.2%) cases; 63 of 316 (20%) cases showed high GPC3 expression (>50% of tumor cells were positive). GPC3 expression was not associated with age, stage, and residual disease after primary surgery. High GPC3 expression did not correlate with a specific morphological pattern or the presence of endometriosis. Furthermore, GPC3 expression was not significantly associated with survival in the entire cohort. Statistically significant association of high GPC3 expression was noted with higher body mass index, napsin A positivity, estrogen receptor (ER) negativity, and ARID1A retention. In a stratified analysis by ARID1A status, high GPC3 expression was significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes in cases with loss of ARID1A (n=10; log rank p=0.0048). Women diagnosed with OCCC and high GPC3 expression were also more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Considering the tumor-specific membranous expression of GPC3 in 58% of cases and high interobserver reproducibility, GPC3 immunohistochemistry is a robust predictive test for inclusion in clinical trials for GPC3-targeted therapies for OCCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, And Alberta Public Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, And Alberta Public Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly Koelkebeck
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Zhan Xiao
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Noonan A, Pawlik TM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: an update on investigational drugs in phase I and II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:941-949. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1677606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Noonan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy M. Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yamamoto TN, Kishton RJ, Restifo NP. Developing neoantigen-targeted T cell-based treatments for solid tumors. Nat Med 2019; 25:1488-1499. [PMID: 31591590 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulating an immune response against cancer through adoptive transfer of tumor-targeting lymphocytes has shown great promise in hematological malignancies, but clinical efficacy against many common solid epithelial cancers remains low. Targeting 'neoantigens'-the somatic mutations expressed only by tumor cells-might enable tumor destruction without causing undue damage to vital healthy tissues. Major challenges to targeting neoantigens with T cells include heterogeneity and variability in antigen processing and presentation of targets by tumors, and an incomplete understanding of which T cell qualities are essential for clinically effective therapies. Finally, the prospect of targeting somatic tumor mutations to promote T cell destruction of cancer must contend with the biology that not all tumor-expressed 'neoepitopes' actually generate neoantigens that can be functionally recognized and provoke an effective immune response. In this Review, we discuss the promise, progress and challenges for improving neoantigen-targeted T cell-based immunotherapies for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tori N Yamamoto
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|