Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Rosehips of Some Rosa Species

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity of Rosa damascena L. flower petal and receptacle extract

Background: Rosa damascena L. is the most notable species of the Rosaceae family in the world, and has been used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. Bioactive compounds in this flower are known to have several activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the antioxidant and collagenase inhibitory activities of R. damascena L. petal and receptacle extracts were evaluated.  Methods: Ethanolic extraction of R. damascena L. petals (EERP) and R. damascena L. receptacles (EERR) were obtained, and bioactive compounds (flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and triterpenoids) were classified by phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activities were analyzed by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, while anti-collagenase analysis was examined through the inhibition of collagenase. Results: Phytochemical test revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, triterpenes, and tannin. EERP showed higher FRAP activity (164.23 ± 1.34 μM Fe(II)) than EERR (12.85 ± 6.19 μM Fe(II)). EERP also had higher inhibitory activity of collagenase (IC50 = 115.48±1.78 µM/mL) compared to EERR (IC50 = 141.96±6.13 µM/mL). Conclusions: R. damascena L. petal and receptacle ethanol extracts contain several components, such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, triterpenoids, and steroids. These extracts exhibit antioxidant activity and collagenase inhibition. R. damascena L. petal extract showed higher antioxidant activity through FRAP assay and inhibitory activity of collagenase than R. damascena L. receptacle extract.

The Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Whole Foods and Polyphenols on Atherosclerosis

The purpose of this review is to highlight current research on the benefits of supplementation with foods with a diverse polyphenol composition, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains, oils, spices, and teas in blunting atherosclerosis. We searched PubMed for publications utilizing whole food or polyphenols prepared from whole foods in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) knockout mice, and identified 73 studies in which plaque was measured. The majority of the studies reported a reduction in plaque. Nine interventions showed no effect, while three using Agaricus blazei mushroom, HYJA-ri-4 rice variety, and safrole-2', 3'-oxide (SFO) increased plaque. The mechanisms by which atherosclerosis was reduced include improved lipid profile, antioxidant status, and cholesterol clearance, and reduced inflammation. Importantly, not all dietary interventions that reduce plaque showed an improvement in lipid profile. Additionally, we found that, out of 73 studies, only 9 used female mice and only 6 compared both sexes. Only one study compared the two models (LDLR vs. ApoE), showing that the treatment worked in one but not the other. Not all supplementations work in both male and female animals, suggesting that increasing the variety of foods with different polyphenol compositions may be more effective in mitigating atherosclerosis.

Plant Polyphenols, More than Just Simple Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative Stress, Aging and Age-Related Diseases

The present editorial serves as an introduction to the Special Issue "Antioxidant and Anti-aging Action of Plant Polyphenols". It also provides a summary of the polyphenols, their biological properties and possible functions as medicines, the importance of traditional medicines as a source of inspiration, the rationalization of new uses of plant extracts which lead to applications in modern medicine, the status of modern green-chemistry extraction methods, and some reflections on future prospects. Here, the articles from this Special Issue, and the main aspects of the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of plant polyphenols are discussed in the form of seven questions.

Characterization of Rosa canina Fruits Collected in Urban Areas of Slovakia. Genome Size, iPBS Profiles and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

The studies of plant bacterial endophytes, colonizing the plant tissues without any signs of diseases, are essential for understanding of ecological interactions. The aim of our study is to detect microbiological contamination and to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, carotenoid content, genome size, and ploidy of non-cultivated Rosa canina sampled from urban areas. Samples of Rosa canina fruits were collected in three locations in Slovakia. The highest total viable count and the Enterobacteriaceae count in fruits were 4.32 log CFU/g and 4.29 log CFU/g, respectively. Counts of the mesophilic anaerobic sporulating bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., and of the microscopic fungi and yeasts were 3.00, 2.15 log CFU/g, 3.65 log CFU/g, and 2.76 log CFU/g, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, Escherichia coli and Klebsiela oxytoca were the most sensitive species among the assayed microorganisms to the treatment with the ethanolic extracts of Rosa canina fruits. The fruits were rich in bioactive compounds, polyphenols, and carotenoids, that could be related to their antioxidant activity. Genome sizes of analyzed samples ranged from 2.3 to 2.96. DNA-based fingerprinting obtained by iPBS markers of the Rosa canina var. lapidicola Heinr. Braun., was characterized by some distinctive inserted loci. An interdisciplinary study was performed for the dog roses from different parts of Slovakia that resulted in deeper characterization of this species.

Emblicanin rich Emblica officinalis extract encapsulated double emulsion: controlled release of bioactive during phagocytosis and in vitro digestion

ABSTRACT

Controlled release of Emblicanin rich water soluble extract of Emblica officinalis (EEO) from the inner phase of water-in-oil-in-water type double emulsion (DE), during in vitro digestion and phagocytosis was investigated. It was observed that release of EEO (measured as total polyphenols and gallic acid by HPLC) from inner phase of DE was maximum during intestinal digestion followed by gastric and salivary digestion. Main reason was increased particle size of emulsion droplets and change in zeta potential by the action of digestive enzymes. ACE inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity [determined by ABTS (99.58 ± 7.24 mM/mL), DPPH (76.93 ± 0.93 µM/mL) and FRAP (6.34 ± 0.13 mM/mL)] was observed on the higher side in the intestinal digesta of EEO-encapsulated DE (EEODE) as compared to salivary and gastric digesta. However, reverse trend was observed in control sample (unencapsulated-EEO). Phagocytic activity of EEODE increased with increasing its concentration of 2-10 µL. These results indicated that the developed DE matrix was effective in protecting active components of EEO during harsh digestive conditions as evident by sustained/target release. This newly developed EEODE formulation can be used as functional ingredient in the preparation of different dairy and food based functional products.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Rose Fruits (Rosa rugosa)

The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in freeze-dried extracts of rose fruits (Rosa rugosa) obtained using various extraction techniques and to determine the effect of a selected extract on bacterial survival in model fluids imitating protein food. Ethanolic extracts from rose fruits showed higher antioxidant activity compared to other tested extracts. The rose fruits aqueous extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against most of the 10 bacterial strains tested. From the group of Gram-positive bacteria, the Bacillus cereus strain proved to be the most sensitive to the action of the rose extract. From the Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most sensitive. The reduction in the number of bacterial cells in matrices imitating protein food depended on the concentration of the aqueous extract used. However, at none of the concentrations used was a complete inhibition of bacterial growth observed. We have confirmed that the traditional extraction and freeze-drying of rose fruits is still suitable for the food industry due to obtaining extracts with good antibacterial and antioxidant properties and the use of bio-solvents, such as water or ethanol, which are easily available in high purity and completely biodegradable.

Fruit phytochemical composition and color parameters of 21 accessions of five Rosa species grown in North West Iran

BACKGROUND

The genus Rosa comprises economically important horticultural plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. Recently, the use of different Rosa species has increased owing to their multipurpose properties (ornamental, food and medicinal uses). In this study, 21 accessions of Rosa genotypes were compared for fruit phytochemical composition and color parameters.

RESULTS

The highest antioxidant activity (37.86 mg AAE g^-1 FW) and total phenolic (8.17 mg GAE g^-1 FW), total flavonoid (2.53 mg QUE g^-1 FW), total carotenoid (20.21 mg g^-1 FW) and ascorbic acid (84.27 mg g^-1 FW) contents were observed in G20 (R. canina), G8 (R. canina), G9 (R. canina), G5 (R. damascena) and G10 (R. moschata) respectively. Chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were found as the main phenolic constituents of Rosa fruits. High amounts of apigenin, rutin, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid were obtained in fruit extracts of G6, G14, G6, G8, G19, G9, G19 and G12 respectively. Moreover, the level of color parameters also varied among genotypes. The highest values of a*, b*, L* and chroma were obtained in G4 (R. canina). Based on hierarchical clustering analysis with heat-map, five groups of accessions were identified.

CONCLUSION

Different Rosa genotypes are rich in certain phytochemical compounds, with significant variations in their levels being observed. Hence evaluation of Rosa genetic resources can supply valuable data for screening accessions containing high levels of individual phenolics, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds for use in breeding programs and food and pharma industries. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

DETERMINATION METHODS OF FOOD FIBERS CHARACTERISTICS IN MILK MIXTURES WITH THE MODIFIED FAT COMPOSITION

The article presents main determination methods of technological parameters of food fibers in milk mixtures of the modified fat composition. The methods of studying the ability of food fibers to water and fat-absorption are offered. The values that characterize swelling parameters of vegetable ingredients in experimental mixtures are obtained. The effectiveness of the method of IR-spectroscopy for indentifying and comparing water-binding forms in mixtures of food fibers with water and butterdish is proved. The indices of thermal stability and degree of liquid fat outflow for mixtures with the modified fat composition with the maximal replacement of cream butter by 25 % of oil are obtained. The research results indicate objective possibilities for the effective use of food fibers Vicetal for stabilizing the structure and preventing consistence defects of products with the modified fat composition.

Anti-stress effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa gallica officinalis in mice

Rosa gallica, a plant of the Rosa genus, has been used widely since the 13^th century and is cultivated in many areas as a medicinal plant for the preparation of herbal medicines. However, details of the neuropsychological effects of R. gallica remain unclear; therefore we aimed to investigate the neuropsychological effects of a water-soluble extract of R. gallica in male C57BL/6N mice under normal conditions and under chronic stress. We administered a water-soluble extract of R. gallica to mice and performed a series of behavioral experiments to compare the treated animals with the untreated controls. No significant differences in activity level, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, body weight, and body temperature were observed between R. gallica-treated mice and control mice. However, in mice subjected to chronic stress, the observed decrease in activity was smaller in the R. gallica-treated mice than in the control mice. The oral administration of R. gallica did not affect the normal behavior of mice. However, when the mice were subjected to stress, R. gallica exerted an anti-stress effect. Therefore, R. gallica has potential as a medicinal plant for the purpose of stress prevention.

Polyphenolic Composition of Rosa canina, Rosa sempervivens and Pyrocantha coccinea Extracts and Assessment of Their Antioxidant Activity in Human Endothelial Cells

The aim of the present study was the investigation of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts from Rosa canina, Rosa sempervivens and Pyrocantha coccinea. The results showed that the bioactive compounds found at higher concentrations were in the R. canina extract: hyperoside, astragalin, rutin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin; in the R. sempervirens extract: quinic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, astragalin and hyperoside; and in the P. coccinea extract: hyperoside, rutin, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, astragalin, vanillin, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid. The total polyphenolic content was 290.00, 267.67 and 226.93 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dw, and the total flavonoid content 118.56, 65.78 and 99.16 mg Catechin Equivalent (CE)/g dw for R. caninna, R. sempervirens and P. coccinea extracts, respectively. The extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity in DPPH and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)•⁺ assays and protection from ROO•-induced DNA damage in the following potency order: R. canina > R. sempervirens > P. coccinea. Finally, treatment with R. canina and P. coccinea extract significantly increased the levels of the antioxidant molecule glutathione, while R. canina extract significantly decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in endothelial cells. The results herein indicated that the R. canina extract in particular may be used for developing food supplements or biofunctional foods for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced pathological conditions of endothelium.